Ontario Grade t OMathematics CHAPTER 1 - LINE SEGMENTS

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CHAPTER!
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G LINE SEGMENTS
G 1.1 Distance Between Two Points

G 1.2 Midpoint
G
,-. 1.3 Slope of a Line
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1.4 Slopes of Parallel Lines

G 1.5 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines

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m1 • m2 =-1
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Ontario Grade IO Mathematics CHAPTER 1- LINE SEGMENTS 2 -
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•-
1.1 Distance Between Two Points •
•
The distance between two Points P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) is given by the formula
•
•,,..
•
r
•
Examples: •
1. Find the distance between (-3, 4) and (6, -5). •
•
(-3, 4) (6, -5) •
(x1, y1) (x2, y2) •
= +(-5-4) 2 •
= .j9 2 +(-9) 2 = .j81+81 •
= -,Jl62, = .j81•2 •,-
= •
D 12.73 •
•
I 2. Given vertices at points A (6, -4), B (1, 5), and C (-3, 1), what kind of triangle do they form?

Distance AB= .j(6-1) 2 +(-4-5) 2

•
•
= .j52+(-9)2 Distance AC= .j(6--3) 2+(-4-1) 2 •
= .J25+81
= .j92+(-5)2 •
AB=.Jfo6
= .j81 +25 •
AB~ 10.3 AC=.Jfo6 •
AC~ 10.3 •
•
Distance BC= .J1--3) 2+(5-1) 2
= .J42 +42 -••
= .j16+ 16 •
= •
BC= •
BC~ 5.7 •
Since AB = AC, the triangle is isosceles.
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 Ontario Grade 1OMathematics CHAPTER I - LINE SEGMENTS 3
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Exercises 1.1

r. 1. Find the distance between each pair of points.

'-
'-
'-
- a. (7, 4) and (8, 10)

c. (-5,6)and(-4,- 8)
b. (-6, 4) and (3, -2)

d. (-3, -4) and (-2, -9)

-• 2. Given the coordinates of the vertices of each triangle, what kind of triangle is it?

a. A (-2, 7), B (-7, 7), and C (-7, -5) b. A (0, 1), B (-3, -3), and C (3, -3)

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1-

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c. A (-4, 0), B (4, 0), and C (0,

3. The distance between two points is .fi6. If one coordinate is (2, 5) and the other is (x, 1), find x.

•,.,. 4. The coordinates of two rectangles are:

r.
Rectangle A: (-1, -5), (-1, -2), (5, -2), (5, -5) and Rectangle B: (4, 7), (-4, 7), (-4, -1), (4, -1)

•,.
For each rectangle, find the perimeter, the area, and the length of the diagonal.

G a. Rectangle A b. Rectangle B
(i) the perimeter (i) the perimeter

(ii) the area (ii) the area

ro (iii) the length of the diagonal (iii) the length of the diagonal

,.
5. A circle with a centre at (-3, 4) has a point (4, -6) on its circumference. Determine the radius.

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Ontario Gradel OMathematics CHAPTER 1 - LINE SEGMENTS 4 --

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1.2 Mid-point

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Given any two points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2, y2), use the following formula to find the coordinates of the
mid-point of the line segment between them.
-
Xi + X2
(
2
Yi + Ji )
' 2 -
'
Examples: --
..-
I. Find the mid-point of the line segment joining (-4, 6) and (8, -2).
-
Solution by formula: --
--
The mid-point is ((xi: xz), CYi: Yz\
Remember (-4, 6) and (8, -2) correspond to (x 1, y1) and (x2, y2), so ( -
4 +8 , 6- 2 )
2 2
= ( i, i ).
2 2
-
---
The mid-point is (2, 2)
-
Solution by graphing: ----
Graph the endpoints. Then measure the length of the line and take half of it to find the
...
midpoint.
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OnC-ario Grade 10 Mathematics CHAPTER J - LINE SEGMENTS s

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6 2. Find the other end-point of a line segment with one end-point at (-4, -8) and a mid-point at (I, -3 ).

Solution by fomrnla:

• Mid-point is ( Xi +xi, Yi+ Yi) =(I, -3) and (x,, y,) = (-4, -8).
2 2

••
6 X 1 +X 2
= 1 and x1 = -4 Yi+Y 2 =-3andy1=-8
2 2
-4+x2 = 1 -8+Y2=-3

•• 2
-4 + x2 = 2 -8 + y2 = -6
2

••• The other end-point is (6, 2) .

•• Solution by graphing:

•
Graph the endpoint and midpoint. Then extend the line joining these points the same distance
to find the other endpoint.

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3. A parallelogram has the following vertices: A (-3, 3), B (4, 1), C (-2, -2), and D (-9, 0). Find
'I the point of intersection where the diagonals bisect each other.

Solution by fonnula:
1j

•
lj
Midpoint of AC (xi +x2 Yi+ Y2 )= (-3-2 3-2)= (=2 _!_)
2 ' 2 2 ' 2
MidpointofBD (x1+X2 Yi+Yi)= (4-9 l+O)= (-~ _!_)
2 '2

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2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2'2
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The diagonals bisect each other at (- ~, _!_)
2 2

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Ontario Grade 10 Mathematics CHAPTER I -LINE SEGMENTS 6
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Solution by graphing:
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Graph the points A (3, -3), B (4, 1), C (-2, -2), and D (-9, 0) to find the parallelogram. Then
join the diagonals. ~:
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The diagonals bisect each other at (_ 2_, _!_) .
2 2 -
-
Exercises 1.2
--
1. Find the mid-point of each line segment with the given end-points.
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a. (4, 2) and (6, 8) b. (-3, -3) and (-1, -7)

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c. (-l,-2)and(-6,5) d. (3x, -7x) and (x, -x)

---
-
2. One end-point and the mid-point of each line segment are given. Find the coordinates of the other
' end-point.

a. End-point= (3, -4); Mid-point= (3, 6) b. End-point= (8, -1 ); Mid-point= (5, -5)
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Ontario Grade 10 Mathematics CHAPTER J - LINE SEGMENTS 7

••
c. End-point= (-6,-4); Mid-point= (-3, -2)

•• 3. The end-points of the diameter of a circle are (6, 4) and (-2, 0). Find the centre of the circle .

••
••
•• 4. A triangle has vertices at (4, 4), (-6, 2) and (2, 0) .

a. Find the coordinates of the mid-points of b. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle

•• each side. formed by joining the mid-points .

••
••
••
••
5. A rectangle has vertices (-4, 4), (7, 4), (-4, -2), and (7, -2) .

a. Find the mid-point of each diagonal. b. Show that the diagonals bisect each other.

••
••
•• 6. A map's numerical coordinates are in kilometres. Town A is at (16.3, 2.9) and town Bis at
(4.5, 6.3). A road is to be constructed on a direct line between the two towns. Each town is

••
responsible for the construction up to the mid-point at a cost of $150 000 for each kilometre .
Determine the cost for each town .

••
••
••
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••
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Ontario Grade 10 Mathematics CHAPTER 1 - LINE SEGMENTS 8

1.3 Slope of a Line

The slope is a measure of how steep a line is. The slope also describes
the direction of the line.

Positive Slope Negative Slope Zero Slope Undefined Slope

Rise
The numerical value of a slope can be thought of as -
Run. rise

run

The slope of the line segment joining P1(x1, y1), and P2(x2, y2) is given
by the fonnula (slope= rise).
-
Slope of P1P2 = y2 - Yi , x2 :;t:x1 or m = y 2 -
X2 -xi
Yi
X2 -xi
(m = slope).
run
--
Examples:

1. Find the slope of the line segment joining each of the following points. -
a. (-3, 4) and (5, -6)
m = y 2 -y1 ; (-3, 4) and (5, -6)
-
X2-X1

-6-4
=-----
-10
5--3 8
m=- -
5
4
The slope is - 2..
4 -
b. (7, 2) and (-8, 2) 2-2 0
m=----
-8-7 -15
m = 0 The slo e is zero horizontal line .

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•,.
•• Ontario Grade 10 Mathematics CHAPTER 1- LINE SEGMENTS 9

•• c. (5, 3) and (5, -4)

m=--
-4-3
5-5 0
-7

•• m = undefined
The slope is undefined (vertical line) .

•• 2. The slope of a line is 2. The line passes through (-1, -2) and (4, y). Find the value of y.

•• m=
y 2 -y1
X2-X1
·m=2
'
:. 2 = Yi -yl
X2-X1
(-1, -2) (4, y)

•• _ y--2 _ y+2
2-----

••
4--1 5
y + 2 = 10 and y = 8

•• Exercises 1.3

•• 1. Find the slop of the line passing through the following points .

•• a. (6, 8) and (2, 1) b. (3, -1) and (-5, 4)

•• c. (3, 4) and (-6, 4) d. (4, 6) and (4, -1)

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•• e. (3.6, 5.2) and (-4.8, -7.5)

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(I • 2. The slope of a line is and it passes though (-1, 3) and (x, 5). Find the value of x.

••
5

•• 3. The slope of a line is -1 and it passes though (-2, 6) and (5, y). Find the value of y.

••
••
••
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Ontario Gracie lO Mathematics CHAPTER 1 - LINE SEGMENTS 10

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4. A ladder is leaning against a building. The bottom of the ladder is 1.85 m from the building. The
ladder reaches up 2.1 m up the side of the building. What is the slope of the ladder? ...
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5. A triangle has vertices (-2, -1), (-1, -6), and (5, 6). Detennine the slope of each side.
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6. Points are collinear if they lie on the same line. If the three points (-2, -1 ), (1, I) and (7, y) are
-
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collinear, then find y. ...

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