Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 3rd Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala

McGraw-Hill, 2014

Chapter 8

INTERNAL FLOW
PhD James R Vera-Rozo
james.vera@unipamplona.edu.co

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Internal flows through pipes, elbows, tees, valves,
etc., as in this oil refinery, are found in nearly
every industry.
2
 Objectives

• Have a deeper understanding of laminar and turbulent

flow in pipes and the analysis of fully developed flow
• Calculate the major and minor losses associated with
pipe flow in piping networks and determine the pumping
power requirements
• Understand various velocity and flow rate measurement
techniques and learn their advantages and
disadvantages
3
 8–1 ■ INTRODUCTION

• Liquid or gas flow through pipes or ducts is commonly used in heating and cooling applications and fluid
distribution networks.
• The fluid in such applications is usually forced to flow by a fan or pump through a flow section.
• We pay particular attention to friction, which is directly related to the pressure drop and head loss during
flow through pipes and ducts.
• The pressure drop is then used to determine the pumping power requirement.

Circular pipes can withstand

large pressure differences
between the inside and the
outside without undergoing
any significant distortion, but
noncircular pipes cannot.

4
Theoretical solutions are obtained only for a few simple cases such as fully developed laminar flow
in a circular pipe.
Therefore, we must rely on experimental results and empirical relations for most fluid flow problems
rather than closed-form analytical solutions.

The value of the average velocity Vavg at

some streamwise cross-section is
determined from the requirement that the
conservation of mass principle be satisfied

The average velocity

for incompressible
flow in a circular pipe
of radius R

Average velocity Vavg is defined

as the average speed through a
cross section. For fully developed
laminar pipe flow, Vavg is half of
the maximum velocity. 5
8–2 ■ LAMINAR AND Laminar flow is encountered when
highly viscous fluids such as oils flow
TURBULENT FLOWS in small pipes or narrow passages.

Laminar: Smooth
streamlines and highly
ordered motion.
Turbulent: Velocity
fluctuations and highly
disordered motion.
Transition: The flow
fluctuates between
laminar and turbulent
flows.
Most flows encountered
in practice are turbulent.

The behavior of
colored fluid
Laminar and injected into the
turbulent flow flow in laminar
regimes of and turbulent
candle smoke. flows in a pipe. 6
Reynolds Number At large Reynolds numbers, the inertial
forces, which are proportional to the
The transition from laminar to turbulent fluid density and the square of the fluid
flow depends on the geometry, surface velocity, are large relative to the viscous
roughness, flow velocity, surface forces, and thus the viscous forces
temperature, and type of fluid. cannot prevent the random and rapid
The flow regime depends mainly on the fluctuations of the fluid (turbulent).
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces At small or moderate Reynolds
(Reynolds number). numbers, the viscous forces are large
enough to suppress these fluctuations
and to keep the fluid “in line” (laminar).

Critical Reynolds number, Recr:

The Reynolds number at which the
flow becomes turbulent.
The value of the critical Reynolds
number is different for different
geometries and flow conditions.

The Reynolds number can be

viewed as the ratio of inertial
forces to viscous forces
acting on a fluid element. 7
For flow through noncircular The hydraulic diameter Dh = 4Ac/p is
pipes, the Reynolds number defined such that it reduces to ordinary
is based on the hydraulic diameter for circular tubes.
diameter
For flow in a circular pipe:

In the transitional flow region of 2300  Re

 10,000, the flow switches between
laminar and turbulent seemingly randomly. 8
8–3 ■ THE ENTRANCE REGION
Velocity boundary layer: The region of the flow in which the effects of the
viscous shearing forces caused by fluid viscosity are felt.
Boundary layer region: The viscous effects and the velocity changes are
significant.
Irrotational (core) flow region: The frictional effects are negligible and the
velocity remains essentially constant in the radial direction.

The development of the velocity boundary layer in a pipe. The developed

average velocity profile is parabolic in laminar flow, but somewhat flatter or
9
fuller in turbulent flow.
Hydrodynamic entrance region: The region from the pipe inlet to the point
at which the boundary layer merges at the centerline.
Hydrodynamic entry length Lh: The length of this region.
Hydrodynamically developing flow: Flow in the entrance region. This is the
region where the velocity profile develops.
Hydrodynamically fully developed region: The region beyond the entrance
region in which the velocity profile is fully developed and remains unchanged.
Fully developed: When both the velocity profile the normalized temperature
profile remain unchanged.
Hydrodynamically fully developed

In the fully developed flow

region of a pipe, the velocity
profile does not change
downstream, and thus the
wall shear stress remains
constant as well.
10
 The pressure drop is higher in the entrance regions of a pipe, and the
effect of the entrance region is always to increase the average friction
factor for the entire pipe.

The variation of wall shear stress in the flow direction for flow in a pipe
from the entrance region into the fully developed region. 11
Entry Lengths
The hydrodynamic entry length is usually taken to be the distance from
the pipe entrance to where the wall shear stress (and thus the friction
factor) reaches within about 2 percent of the fully developed value.

The pipes used in practice are

hydrodynamic usually several times the
entry length for length of the entrance region,
laminar flow and thus the flow through the
pipes is often assumed to be
hydrodynamic fully developed for the entire
entry length for length of the pipe.
turbulent flow
This simplistic approach gives
reasonable results for long
hydrodynamic entry
pipes but sometimes poor
length for turbulent flow,
results for short ones since it
an approximation
underpredicts the wall shear
stress and thus the friction
factor.

12
8–4 ■ LAMINAR FLOW IN PIPES
We consider steady, laminar, incompressible flow of a fluid with constant
properties in the fully developed region of a straight circular pipe.
In fully developed laminar flow, each fluid particle moves at a constant axial
velocity along a streamline and the velocity profile u(r) remains unchanged in
the flow direction. There is no motion in the radial direction, and thus the
velocity component in the direction normal to the pipe axis is everywhere zero.
There is no acceleration since the flow is steady and fully developed.

Free-body diagram of a ring-shaped differential

fluid element of radius r, thickness dr, and length
dx oriented coaxially with a horizontal pipe in
fully developed laminar flow. 13
 Boundary
conditions

Average velocity

Velocity
profile

Maximim velocity
Free-body diagram of a fluid disk element at centerline
of radius R and length dx in fully developed
14
laminar flow in a horizontal pipe.
Pressure Drop and Head Loss

A pressure drop due to viscous effects represents an irreversible pressure

loss, and it is called pressure loss PL.
pressure loss for all
Circular pipe,
types of fully developed
laminar
internal flows
dynamic Darcy
Head
pressure friction
loss
factor

In laminar flow, the friction factor is a function of the Reynolds number

only and is independent of the roughness of the pipe surface.
The head loss represents the additional height that the fluid needs to be
raised by a pump in order to overcome the frictional losses in the pipe. 15
 Horizontal
pipe

Poiseuille’s
law
For a specified flow rate, the pressure drop and
thus the required pumping power is proportional
to the length of the pipe and the viscosity of the
fluid, but it is inversely proportional to the fourth
power of the diameter of the pipe.

The relation for pressure loss (and

head loss) is one of the most general
relations in fluid mechanics, and it is
valid for laminar or turbulent flows, The pumping power requirement for a laminar
circular or noncircular pipes, and flow piping system can be reduced by a factor
pipes with smooth or rough surfaces. of 16 by doubling the pipe diameter. 16
The pressure drop P equals the pressure loss PL in the case of a
horizontal pipe, but this is not the case for inclined pipes or pipes with
variable cross-sectional area.
This can be demonstrated by writing the energy equation for steady,
incompressible one-dimensional flow in terms of heads as

17
Effect of Gravity on
Velocity and Flow Rate
in Laminar Flow

Free-body diagram of a ring-shaped

differential fluid element of radius r,
thickness dr, and length dx oriented
coaxially with an inclined pipe in fully
developed laminar flow.
18
19
 Laminar Flow in
Noncircular Pipes
The friction factor f relations
are given in Table 8–1 for fully
developed laminar flow in
pipes of various cross
sections. The Reynolds
number for flow in these pipes
is based on the hydraulic
diameter Dh = 4Ac /p, where
Ac is the cross-sectional area
of the pipe and p is its wetted
perimeter

20
 Ejemplo 1
Hay disponibilidad de petróleo a 80°F (r 56.8 lbm/ft3 y m 0.0278 lbm/ft que fluye de manera estacionaria en
una tubería de 0.5 in de diámetro y 120 ft de largo. Durante el flujo, la presión en la entrada y salida de la tubería
se mide en 120 y 14 psi, respectivamente. Determine la razón de flujo del petróleo a través de la tubería, si se
supone que la tubería está:
a) Horizontal

b) Inclinada 20° hacia arriba

c) inclinada 20° hacia abajo.

8–5 ■ TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES
Most flows encountered in engineering practice are turbulent, and thus it is
important to understand how turbulence affects wall shear stress.
Turbulent flow is a complex mechanism dominated by fluctuations, and it is still
not fully understood.
We must rely on experiments and the empirical or semi-empirical correlations
developed for various situations. Turbulent flow is characterized by
disorderly and rapid fluctuations of swirling
regions of fluid, called eddies, throughout
the flow.
These fluctuations provide an additional
mechanism for momentum and energy
transfer.
In turbulent flow, the swirling eddies
transport mass, momentum, and energy to
other regions of flow much more rapidly
than molecular diffusion, greatly enhancing
The intense mixing in turbulent flow mass, momentum, and heat transfer.
brings fluid particles at different
momentums into close contact and As a result, turbulent flow is associated
thus enhances momentum transfer. with much higher values of friction, heat
transfer, and mass transfer coefficients 22
Water exiting a tube: (a) laminar
flow at low flow rate, (b) turbulent
flow at high flow rate, and (c)
same as (b) but with a short
shutter exposure to capture
individual eddies.

23
 The laminar component: accounts for the
friction between layers in the flow direction
The turbulent component: accounts for the
friction between the fluctuating fluid
particles and the fluid body (related to the
fluctuation components of velocity).

Fluctuations of the velocity component u with

time at a specified location in turbulent flow.

The velocity profile and the variation

of shear stress with radial distance
for turbulent flow in a pipe. 24
Turbulent Shear Stress

turbulent shear stress

Turbulent shear
stress

eddy viscosity or turbulent viscosity:

accounts for momentum transport by
turbulent eddies.
Total shear
stress

Fluid particle moving kinematic eddy viscosity or kinematic

upward through a turbulent viscosity (also called the
differential area dA as a eddy diffusivity of momentum).
result of the velocity
fluctuation v. 25
 mixing length lm: related to the average
size of the eddies that are primarily
responsible for mixing

Molecular diffusivity of
momentum v (as well as
µ) is a fluid property, and
its value is listed in fluid
handbooks.
Eddy diffusivity vt (as well
as µt), however, is not a
fluid property, and its
The velocity gradients at the value depends on flow
wall, and thus the wall shear conditions.
stress, are much larger for Eddy diffusivity µt
turbulent flow than they are decreases toward the wall,
for laminar flow, even though becoming zero at the wall.
the turbulent boundary layer Its value ranges from zero
is thicker than the laminar at the wall to several
one for the same value of thousand times the value
free-stream velocity. of the molecular diffusivity
in the core region. 26
Turbulent Velocity Profile The very thin layer next to the wall where
viscous effects are dominant is the viscous
(or laminar or linear or wall) sublayer.
The velocity profile in this layer is very nearly
linear, and the flow is streamlined.
Next to the viscous sublayer is the buffer
layer, in which turbulent effects are becoming
significant, but the flow is still dominated by
viscous effects.
Above the buffer layer is the overlap (or
transition) layer, also called the inertial
sublayer, in which the turbulent effects are
much more significant, but still not dominant.
Above that is the outer (or turbulent) layer in
the remaining part of the flow in which
turbulent effects dominate over molecular
diffusion (viscous) effects.

The velocity profile in fully developed pipe flow is parabolic in laminar

flow, but much fuller in turbulent flow. Note that u(r) in the turbulent
case is the time-averaged velocity component in the axial direction
27
(the overbar on u has been dropped for simplicity).
 friction velocity

law of the wall

The thickness of the viscous sublayer is proportional to the kinematic

viscosity and inversely proportional to the average flow velocity.

Viscous length; it is used to nondimensionalize the distance y from

the surface.

28
Comparison of the law of the wall
and the logarithmic-law velocity
profiles with experimental data
for fully developed turbulent flow
in a pipe.
29
 Velocity
defect law

The deviation of velocity from the centerline value umax - u

is called the velocity defect.

The value n = 7 generally

approximates many flows in practice,
giving rise to the term one-seventh
power-law velocity profile.

Power-law velocity profiles for

fully developed turbulent flow
in a pipe for different
exponents, and its
comparison with the laminar
velocity profile. 30
The Moody Colebrook
equation (for
Chart and smooth and rough
the pipes)
Colebrook The friction factor in fully developed turbulent pipe flow depends
Equation on the Reynolds number and the relative roughness  /D.

Explicit Haaland
equation

The friction
factor is
minimum for a
smooth pipe
and increases
with roughness.
31
32
Ejemplo 2
The Moody Chart 33
 Observations from the Moody chart
• For laminar flow, the friction factor decreases with increasing Reynolds
number, and it is independent of surface roughness.
• The friction factor is a minimum for a smooth pipe and increases with
roughness. The Colebrook equation in this case ( = 0) reduces to the
Prandtl equation.

• The transition region from the laminar to turbulent regime is indicated

by the shaded area in the Moody chart. At small relative roughnesses,
the friction factor increases in the transition region and approaches the
value for smooth pipes.
• At very large Reynolds numbers (to the right of the dashed line on the
Moody chart) the friction factor curves corresponding to specified
relative roughness curves are nearly horizontal, and thus the friction
factors are independent of the Reynolds number. The flow in that
region is called fully rough turbulent flow or just fully rough flow
because the thickness of the viscous sublayer decreases with
increasing Reynolds number, and it becomes so thin that it is negligibly
small compared to the surface roughness height. The Colebrook
equation in the fully rough zone reduces to the von Kármán equation.
34
 In calculations, we should
make sure that we use the
actual internal diameter
of the pipe, which may be
different than the nominal
diameter.

At very large Reynolds numbers, the friction factor

curves on the Moody chart are nearly horizontal, and
thus the friction factors are independent of the
Reynolds number. See Fig. A–12 for a full-page
moody chart.

35
 Types of Fluid Flow Problems
1. Determining the pressure drop (or head
loss) when the pipe length and diameter
are given for a specified flow rate (or
velocity)
2. Determining the flow rate when the pipe
length and diameter are given for a
specified pressure drop (or head loss)
The three types of problems
3. Determining the pipe diameter when the encountered in pipe flow.
pipe length and flow rate are given for a
specified pressure drop (or head loss)

To avoid tedious
iterations in head
loss, flow rate, and
diameter calculations,
these explicit relations
that are accurate to
within 2 percent of the
Moody chart may be
used.
36
 Ejemplo 2

Diagrama de Moody
 Ejemplo 3
Se tiene agua a 70 °F que pasa a través de tubos de cobre con 0.75 in de diámetro interno a una
razón de 0.5 lbm/s. Determine la potencia de bombeo por ft de longitud de tubería que se
necesita para mantener este flujo a la razón especificada.
 Ejemplo 4
Se tiene aire caliente a 1 atm y 100°F que se debe transportar en un ducto plástico circular de
400 ft de largo a una razón de 12 ft3/s. Si la pérdida de carga en la tubería no supera los 50 ft,
determine el diámetro mínimo del ducto.
 Ejemplo 4
Se tiene aire que entra a una sección de 7 m de largo de un ducto rectangular de 15 cm x 20 cm de sección
transversal fabricado de acero comercial a 1 atm y 35°C a una velocidad promedio de 7 m/s. Sin considerar los
efectos de entrada, determine la potencia de ventilador necesaria para superar las pérdidas de presión en esta
sección del ducto. Respuesta: 4.9 W
 Ejemplo 5

En la figura se muestra una parte de un sistema de

protección contra incendios en el cual una bomba saca
agua a 60 °F de un recipiente y la transporta al punto B.
Con una rapidez de flujo de 1500 gal/min.
a. Calcule la altura, h, requerida para el nivel del agua
en el tanque, con el fin de mantener 5.0 psi relativa de
presión en el punto A.
b. Suponiendo que la presión en A es de 5.0 psi relativa
calcule la potencia transmitida por la bomba al agua
con el fin de mantener la presión en el punto B a 85 psi
relativa.
Nota: Incluya cualquier pérdida de energía debido a la
fricción. Pero desprecie cualquier otra forma de pérdida
de energía.
8–6 ■ MINOR LOSSES
The fluid in a typical piping system passes
through various fittings, valves, bends,
elbows, tees, inlets, exits, enlargements,
and contractions in addition to the pipes.
These components interrupt the smooth
flow of the fluid and cause additional
losses because of the flow separation and
mixing they induce.
In a typical system with long pipes, these
losses are minor compared to the total
head loss in the pipes (the major losses)
and are called minor losses.
Minor losses are usually expressed in For a constant-diameter section of a pipe
terms of the loss coefficient KL. with a minor loss component, the loss
coefficient of the component (such as the
gate valve shown) is determined by
measuring the additional pressure loss it
Head loss due
causes and dividing it by the dynamic
to component
pressure in the pipe. 42
When the inlet diameter equals outlet
diameter, the loss coefficient of a
component can also be determined by
measuring the pressure loss across the
component and dividing it by the dynamic
pressure:
KL = PL /(V2/2).
When the loss coefficient for a component
is available, the head loss for that
component is
Minor
loss

Minor losses are also expressed in terms The head loss caused by a
of the equivalent length Lequiv. component (such as the angle
valve shown) is equivalent to the
head loss caused by a section of
the pipe whose length is the
equivalent length.

43
 Total head loss (general)

Total head loss (D = constant)

The head loss at the inlet of a pipe

is almost negligible for well-
rounded inlets (KL = 0.03 for r/D >
0.2) but increases to about 0.50 for
sharp-edged inlets.
44
45
46
47
 The effect of rounding
of a pipe inlet on the
loss coefficient.

Graphical representation of flow

contraction and the associated head
loss at a sharp-edged pipe inlet. 48
All the kinetic energy of the flow is “lost”
(turned into thermal energy) through friction
as the jet decelerates and mixes with ambient
fluid downstream of a submerged outlet.

The losses during changes of direction

can be minimized by making the turn
“easy” on the fluid by using circular
arcs instead of sharp turns.
49
(a) The large head loss in a
partially closed valve is due
to irreversible deceleration,
flow separation, and mixing
of high-velocity fluid coming
from the narrow valve
passage.
(b) The head loss through a
fully-open ball valve, on the
other hand, is quite small.
50
 Ejemplo 6
Una tubería horizontal tiene una expansión repentina desde
D =8 cm hasta D =16 cm. La velocidad del agua en la
1 2

sección más pequeña es de 10 m/s y el flujo es turbulento. La

presión en la sección más pequeña es P =300 kPa. Cuando se
1

considera el factor de corrección de energía cinética como

1.06 tanto en la entrada como en la salida, determine la
presión corriente abajo P , y estime el error que habría
2

ocurrido si se hubiera usado la ecuación de Bernoulli.

Respuesta: 321 kPa, 28 kPa
 Ejemplo 7

Se fabrica un intercambiador de calor simple instalando una

curva de retorno cerrada en dos tuberías de acero Cedula
40 bridados, como se muestra en la figura. Calcule la
diferencia de presión entre la entrada y la salida para un
caudal de 12,5 gal/min de etilenglicol a 77 ° F.
Ejemplo 8
Un sistema de tuberías para una
bomba contiene una T roscada,
como se muestra en la figura, que
permite medir la presión en la
salida de la bomba. Sin embargo,
no hay flujo en la línea que conduce
al manómetro. Calcule la pérdida
de energía cuando 0,40 pies3/s de
agua a 50 °F fluyen en el sistema.
8–7 ■ PIPING NETWORKS AND PUMP SELECTION

For pipes in series, the flow rate is the same

in each pipe, and the total head loss is the
sum of the head losses in individual pipes.
A piping network in an
industrial facility.

For pipes in parallel, the

head loss is the same in
each pipe, and the total flow
rate is the sum of the flow
rates in individual pipes.
54
The relative flow rates in parallel pipes are established from the
requirement that the head loss in each pipe be the same.

The flow rate in one of the parallel branches is proportional

to its diameter to the power 5/2 and is inversely proportional
to the square root of its length and friction factor.

The analysis of piping networks is based on two simple principles:

1. Conservation of mass throughout the system must be satisfied.
This is done by requiring the total flow into a junction to be equal to the
total flow out of the junction for all junctions in the system.
2. Pressure drop (and thus head loss) between two junctions must be
the same for all paths between the two junctions. This is because
pressure is a point function and it cannot have two values at a specified
point. In practice this rule is used by requiring that the algebraic sum of
head losses in a loop (for all loops) be equal to zero.
55
 Ejemplo 9
Se tiene agua a 20°C que será bombeada desde un
depósito (zA =2 m) hasta otro a una elevación
mayor (zB = 9 m) a través de dos tuberías de
plástico de 25 m de largo conectadas en paralelo.
Los diámetros de las dos tuberías son de 3 y 5 cm.
El agua se bombeará con un acoplamiento de
motor-bomba de 68 por ciento de eficiencia que
extrae 7 kW de potencia eléctrica durante la
operación. Las pérdidas menores y la pérdida de
carga en las tuberías que conectan las tuberías
paralelas a los dos depósitos se consideran
despreciables. Determine la razón de flujo total
entre los depósitos y las razones de flujo a través
de cada una de las tuberías paralelas
 Ejemplo 10

Se tiene agua a 70°F que fluye por medio de gravedad desde un

depósito grande a una elevación hasta uno más pequeño a
través de un sistema de tubería de hierro fundido de 120 ft de
largo y 2 in de diámetro que incluye cuatro codos embridados
estándar, una entrada redondeada, una salida con borde agudo y
una válvula de compuerta completamente abierta. Si se
considera la superficie libre del depósito más bajo como el
nivel de referencia, determine la elevación z1 del depósito más
alto para una razón de flujo de 10 ft3/min. Respuesta: 23.1ft
Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines

the steady-flow
energy equation

When a pump moves a fluid from one reservoir

to another, the useful pump head requirement The efficiency of the pump–motor
is equal to the elevation difference between combination is the product of the
the two reservoirs plus the head loss. pump and the motor efficiencies. 58
Characteristic pump curves for centrifugal pumps, the
system curve for a piping system, and the operating point.
59
Ejemplo 8: Flujo en una tubería con bomba: Gasto desconocido.
¿Cuál es el flujo volumétrico, Q, a través
del sistema mostrado en la Figura 1? Las
curvas características de la bomba se
muestran en la Figura 2. ¿Cuál es la
potencia requerida en la bomba?

Figura 1. Sistema de tuberías con bomba.

Figura 2. Curvas características de la

bomba.
Solución:
Se conoce: Tubería de acero comercial que conecta dos depósitos de agua. Se conocen las pérdidas
menores y las curvas características de una bomba conectada a la tubería.
Encontrar: El gasto y la potencia requerida en la bomba.
Consideraciones: (1) Flujo permanente. (2) Flujo incompresible.
Propiedades: Para el agua  = 1.94 slug/ft3,  = 1.210-5 ft2/s. Los coeficientes de pérdida son de Ke =
0.4 para la entrada, Ks = 1.0 para la salida y KC90° = 0.9.
Análisis: De la Ec.(8.31):
𝑃1 𝑃2 ℎ𝑙𝑇 𝐿 𝑉ത 2 𝑉ത 2 𝐿 𝑉ത 2
+ 𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝑙𝑇 ; donde 𝐻𝑙𝑇 = =𝑓 + ෍𝐾 = 𝑓 + ෍𝐾
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝐿 𝑉ത 2
𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = + 𝑧2 + 𝑓 + ෍ 𝐾 2 z2 = 20.3
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 ft

16𝑄2 4𝑄
ത2
𝑉 = 2 4 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 𝐷 𝜋𝐷𝜈

1 z1 = 0
∆𝑃 𝐿 8𝑄2
𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = + 𝑧2 + 𝑓 + ෍ 𝐾
𝛾 𝐷 𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷4
Para tubería de acero comercial, de la Fig.8.12,
𝑒 = 0.00015 ft
𝑒 0.00015 ft
= = 0.000075
𝐷 2 ft
① Con este valor de e/D, del diagrama de
Moody se obtiene el valor de f considerando,
como una primera aproximación, la región
completamente rugosa:
𝑓 (1) =
0.0112
lb 144 in2
10 − 35 2 × 8𝑄 2
𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = in ft 2 + 20.3 ft + 0.0112 1 040 ft + 0.4 + 0.9 + 1.0
slug ft 2 ft ft
1.94 3 32.2 2 32.2 2 𝜋 2 2 ft 4
ft s s
2 z2 = 20.3
ft

𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = 0.013𝑄2 − 37.3

1 z1 = 0
Solución:
𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = 0.013𝑄2 − 37.3
4𝑄 4𝑄
𝑅𝑒 = = = 53 052𝑄
𝜋𝐷𝜈 ft 2
𝜋 2 ft 1.2 × 10−5
s 77%
𝑒
= 0.000075
𝐷

𝑓 (2)
= 48 ft
𝐻 0.0118 = 0.0133𝑄2 − 37.3 = 48 ft
𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢
40 ft

lbf ft 3
62.4 3 80 48 ft
𝛾𝑄𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 ft s
𝑊ሶ 𝑏 = =
𝜂𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 𝜂𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎
ft. lbf 1 hp
𝑊ሶ 𝑏 = 311 190 × = 566 hp
s ft. lbf
550
s

Q 𝐻𝑏,𝑢 (Gráfica) 𝐻𝑏,𝑢 (Ecuación)

Re f
[ft3/s] [ft] [ft]
100 40 93
80 48 46 4.2106 0.0118
0.0118

0.0112

Fig. 8.13 Diagrama de Moody

Ejemplo 8.9: Selección del diámetro de la tubería y la bomba.
Se va a seleccionar el diámetro de la tubería y la bomba para el
sistema mostrado en la Figura 1. El gasto es de 450 gpm y la
tubería es de acero comercial cédula 40. La longitud total de la
tubería, incluyendo una longitud equivalente por pérdidas
menores, es de 1800 ft. Seleccione la bomba con base en las
curvas características mostradas en la Figura 2 y suponga que el
agua está a 50 °F.

Figura 1. Sistema de tubería con

bomba.

Figura 2. Curvas características de

la bomba.
Solución:
Se conoce: Gasto y longitud total de un sistema de tubería.
Encontrar: Seleccionar el diámetro adecuado y la bomba para el sistema.
Consideraciones: (1) Flujo permanente. (2) Flujo incompresible. (3) 2 = 1,0.
Propiedades: Para el agua a 50 °F,  = 1.410-5 ft2/s.
Análisis: De la Ec.(8.31):
2 2
𝑃1 𝑉ത1 𝑃2 𝑉ത2
+ 𝛼1 + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎,𝑢 = + 𝛼2 + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝑙𝑇
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
2
𝑉ത2 ℎ𝑙𝑇 𝐿 𝑉ത 2 𝐿𝑒 𝑉ത 2 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒 𝑉ത 2
𝐻𝑏;𝑢 = + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝑙𝑇 ; donde 𝐻𝑙𝑇 = =𝑓 +𝑓 =𝑓
2𝑔 𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔
16𝑄2 4𝑄
ത 2
𝑉 = 2 4 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋 𝐷 𝜋𝜈𝐷
8𝑄2 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒
𝐻𝑏,𝑢 = 1 + 𝑓 + 𝑧2
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷4 𝐷
8𝑄2 1 800 ft
𝐻𝑏,𝑢 = 1+𝑓 + 10 ft
ft 𝐷
32.2 2 𝜋 2 𝐷4
s
0.0252𝑄2 1 800 ft
𝐻𝑏,𝑢 = 1 + 𝑓 + 10 ft
𝐷4 𝐷
 2
gal 1 min 1 ft 3
0.0252 450 × ×
min 60 s 7.48 gal 1 800 ft
𝐻𝑏,𝑢 = 1+𝑓 + 10 ft
𝐷4 𝐷
0.02533 1 800 ft
𝐻𝑏,𝑢 = 1 + 𝑓 + 10 ft
𝐷4 𝐷

Para tubería de acero comercial:

𝑒 = 0.00015 ft gal 1 min 1 ft 3
4 450 × ×
4𝑄 min 60 s 7.48 gal 9.12 × 104
𝑒 0.00015 ft 𝑅𝑒 = = 2 =
= 𝜋𝜈𝐷 ft 𝐷 ft
𝐷 𝐷 ft 𝜋 1.4 × 10−5 𝐷
s

nom [in] Dint [in] Dint [ft] Re e/D f Hb.u [ft]

2 2.067 0.17225 5.3105 0.0009 0.0200 6052
3 3.068 0.25567 3.6105 0.0006 0.0188 800
4 4.026 0.33550 2.7105 0.0005 0.0188 214
5 5.047 0.42058 2.2105 0.0004 0.0182 74
6 6.065 0.50542 1.8105 0.0003 0.0180 35
5 in

6 in
11 hp