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CIE 128 - Lesson 8-9

The document discusses the design of superelevation on highway curves. Superelevation is the transverse slope provided on curved roads to counteract centrifugal force and allow vehicles to safely navigate curves at high speeds. The document covers objectives of superelevation, advantages, and formulas for designing minimum curve radius, degree of curvature, impact factor, ideal embankment angle, and maximum safe speed.

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Daniel Collado
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311 views

CIE 128 - Lesson 8-9

The document discusses the design of superelevation on highway curves. Superelevation is the transverse slope provided on curved roads to counteract centrifugal force and allow vehicles to safely navigate curves at high speeds. The document covers objectives of superelevation, advantages, and formulas for designing minimum curve radius, degree of curvature, impact factor, ideal embankment angle, and maximum safe speed.

Uploaded by

Daniel Collado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 8:

Design of Superelevation on Highway Curves


Superelevation on the horizontal curve is one of the most important
features in the construction of the roads. It is very essential to provide
superelevation in roads for the safe movement of vehicles on the
curved portion of the roads. It helps the fast-moving vehicles to safely
pass through the curved portion of the roads with stability.
Superelevation is the transverse slope provided to counteract the
effect of centrifugal force and reduce the tendency of vehicle to
overturn and to skid laterally outwards by raising the pavement
outer edge with respect to inner edge, superelevation is represented
by "e".

Objectives of Providing Superelevation

• To counteract the effect of centrifugal force acting on the


moving vehicle to pull out the same outward on a horizontal
curve.
• To help a fast-moving vehicle to negotiate a curved path
without overturning and skidding.
• To ensure safety to the fast-moving traffic.
• To prevent damaging effect on the road surface due to
improper distribution of load.

Advantages of Superelevation

• It allows running of vehicle at high speed on a curved path as


on a straight path without any danger of overturning and thus
results into increased volume of traffic.
• It provides even distribution of load on wheels and hence
uniform stress is offered on the foundation which results into
less wear on wheel tires and springs as well as economy in
maintenance cost of the road.

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


• It also helps to keep the vehicles to their proper side on the
pavement and thus prevents collision of vehicles moving in
opposite directions on a curved portion of the road.
• It provides drainage of the whole width of road towards the
inner side. Thus, there is no necessity of providing side drain
on the outer side of the road.

Design of Superelevation on Highway Curves

a. Minimum Radius of Curvature

=
127 ( + )
Where:
R = minimum radius of curvature
e = superelevation
f = coefficient of side friction or skid resistance
V = design speed in kph

b. Degree of Curvature
1145.916
=

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


Where:
D = degree of curvature in degrees
R = radius of curvature in m

c. Centrifugal Ratio or Impact Factor

Where:
V = velocity of car in m/s
R = radius of curvature in m

d. Ideal Angle of Embankment

tan ! =

Where:
Θ = angle of embankment
V = velocity of car in m/s
R = radius of curve in m

e. Maximum speed at which a car can round a curve without


skidding

tan(! + #) =

Where:
Θ = angle of banking
tan α = u
V = velocity of car in m/s
R = radius of curve in m

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. A railway curve having a radius of 420 m has a distance


between their rails of 1.5 m and the outer rail is 15 cm higher
than the inner rail. Find the max speed that the train could
move along its curve so that there will be no lateral pressure
on the wheels and the rails.

2. The rated speed of a highway curve of 100 m radius is 65 kph.


If the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road is
0.60, what is the maximum speed at which a car can round the
curve without skidding?

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


3. Compute the impact factor for a horizontal curve with a
radius of 400 m and if the design speed is 120 kph.

4. A highway curve has a superelevation of 7°. Find the radius f


the curve so that there will be no lateral pressure between the
tires and the roadway at a speed of 40 mph?

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


Lesson 9:

Road Vehicle Performance


Tractive effort (also referred to as thrust) and resistance are the two
primary opposing forces that determine the straight-line
performance of road vehicles. It is simply the force available, at the
roadway surface, to perform work and is expressed in lbs.
Resistance, also expressed in lbs, is defined as the force impeding
vehicle motion.

Three Major Sources of Vehicle Resistance

1. Aerodynamic resistance
2. Rolling resistance (which originates from the roadway
surface–tire interface)
3. Grade or gravitational resistance

' + ( = + ) + (*' + (*( + +

= + ) + (* + +
Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon
Where:
Ra = aerodynamic resistance in lbs
Rrlf = rolling resistance of the front tires in lbs
Rrlr = rolling resistance of the rear tires in lbs
Ff = available tractive effort of the front tires in lbs
Fr = available tractive effort of the rear tires in lbs
W = total weight in lbs
Θg = angle of the grade in degrees
m = vehicle mass in slugs
a = acceleration in ft/s2

Aerodynamic Resistance
- is a resistive force that can have significant impacts on vehicle
performance. At high speeds, where this component of resistance can
become overwhelming, proper vehicle aerodynamic design is
essential.

,
) = - /
2 . '
2
,-. /'
ℎ 1) =
1100

Where:
Ra = aerodynamic resistance in lbs
ρ = air density in slugs/ft3
CD = coefficient of drag (unitless)
Af = frontal area of the vehicle (projected area of the vehicle in the
direction of travel) in ft2
V = speed of the vehicle in ft/s
hpRa = horsepower required to overcome aerodynamic resistance (1
horsepower = 550 ft-lb/s)

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


Rolling Resistance
- refers to the resistance generated from a vehicle’s internal
mechanical friction and from pneumatic tires and their interaction
with the roadway surface.

(* = (* 5 6 !+

For most highway applications θg is quite small, so it can be assumed


that cos θg = 1

(* = (* 5

(* = 0.01 71 + 8
147
(* 5
ℎ (* =
550
Where:
Rrl = rolling resistance in lbs
frl = coefficient of rolling distance (unitless)
V = vehicle speed in ft/s
W = total vehicle weight in lbs
hpRrl = horsepower required to overcome aerodynamic resistance (1
horsepower = 550 ft-lb/s)

Grade Resistance
- is simply the gravitational force (the component parallel to the
roadway) acting on the vehicle.

+ = 569: !+

Highway grades are usually very small, so sin θg = tan θg = G

+ = 5;

Where:
Rg = grade resistance in lbs
G = grade, defined as the vertical rise per some specified horizontal
distance (opposite sided of the force triangle divided by the adjacent)
Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A 2500 lb car is driven at sea level (, = 0.002378 slugs/cu.ft)
on a level paved surface. The car has a - = 0.38 and 20 sq.ft
of frontal area. It is known that a maximum speed, 50 hp is
being expended to overcome rolling and aerodynamic
resistance. Determine the car’s maximum speed.

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


2. A 2000 lb car has - = 0.40, / = 20 sq.ft, and an available
tractive effort of 255 lb. If the car is travelling at an elevation
of 5000 ft (, = 0.002045 slugs/cu.ft) on a paved surface at a
speed of 70 mi/h, what is the maximum grade that this car
could ascend and still maintain the 70 mi/h speed?

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon


3. A 2000-lb car is travelling on a paved surface along Osmena
Blvd. The horsepower required to overcome a rolling
resistance is 50 hp. If the speed of the car is 60 mph, determine
the coefficient of the rolling resistance?

4. A 2000-lb car has an available tractive force of 255 lbs. The car
is traveling along an inclined paved surface on a certain
grade. The speed of the car is 70 mph. What is the maximum
grade that this car could ascend and still maintain the 70 mph
speed if the aerodynamic resistance is 86 lbs, and the rolling
resistance is 34 lbs?

Prepared by: Engr. Roselle D. Tuazon

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