BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

THE GAS BURNER

LABORATORY REPORT No. 1

Prepared By:
GROUP 9
GUDOY, BENEDICT L.
BUGAOISAN, NEMALYN
DE GUZMAN, LOVLY VALERIE D.
LIPSOT, DAN LENARD C.

ENGR. RALPH LAWRENCE R. QUEDDENG

INSTRUCTOR

SEPTEMBER 27, 2023

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I. INTRODUCTION

Combustion is a chemical reaction that includes fuel and oxygen that results in the

generation of heat and light in the form of flame (Kondratiev, 2023). Combustion has

a long history dating back to ancient times and is considered to be the oldest

technology and the greatest discovery of mankind (Combustion and Its Types, 2016).

Kondratiev also stated that combustion spans a great variety of phenomena with

widespread application in the industry, the sciences, professions, and the homes

which are based on knowledge of physics, chemistry, and mechanics. A type of

combustion is the so-called complete combustion in which there is enough oxygen to

be paired with every carbon atom (Rose, 2023). It is considered the ideal combustion

since it generates maximum heat and minimal pollutants, making the products non-

toxic and nonpolluting (Nanda, 2023). On the other hand, incomplete combustion

happens when there is a limited supply of oxygen, and because of this, the fuel

doesn’t react completely which produces carbon monoxide (Combustion and Types

of Combustion, 2018).

A great example of exhibiting both complete and incomplete combustion is

through the use of the Bunsen burner. Introduced by the German chemist Robert

Bunsen in the year 1855. A device capable of mixing combustible gas with regulated

air before ignition which creates a hotter flame than using air and gas alone, and it

served as the predecessor of the gas-stove burners and gas furnace (Bunsen burner,
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2020). The intake of air to the burner is controlled with the air holes and collar. When

the air holes of the burner are closed, it produces a luminous flame, a product of

incomplete combustion. On the contrary, opened air holes produce a non-luminous

flame which is a product of complete combustion.

II. OBJECTIVES

To study the parts of the gas burner, as well as the functions of each part and how

to operate and manipulate the burner.

III. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

- Bunsen Burner - Test tube holder

- Graduated Cylinder - Timer

- Nichrome wire - Cardboard

- Test Tubes (2) - Match

IV. PROCEDURES

A. Parts of the Gas Burner

Familiarize yourself with the different parts of the gas burner. Draw and

label the parts and give the function of each.

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Figure 4.1. Drawing of the Bunsen Burner, and its parts and functions.
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B. Operation and Manipulation of the Gas Burner

1. Lighting the Gas Burner

Connect the rubber tubing of the gas burner to the gas outlet. Close the air

holes. Open the gas valve. Light the burner by holding a lighted match to the

side and a little below the top of the barrel of the gas burner as the gas

regulator is slowly being opened. (Note: Do not hold the lighted match

directly above the tip of the gas burner before turning on the gas cock

because these might put off the lighted match.) Open the air holes gradually

and observe the variation of the flame. Regulate the supply of air by adjusting

the air holes until a non-luminous flame is obtained.

2. Gas and Air Control

Its Effects on Luminous and Non-luminous Flame

Measure 20.00 mL of water in a graduated cylinder. Transfer the 10.00

mL each into separate dry test tubes. Close the air holes and light the gas

burner to obtain a luminous flame. Adjust the size of the flame by turning the

gas regulator. Heat the water in one of the test tubes to boiling and record the

time consumed.

Notice what is deposited on the outside walls of the test tube that is

exposed to the luminous flame.

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Open the air holes by turning the air regulator until a bluish, non-luminous

flame is obtained. Heat the water in the other test tube to boiling using the

flame. Record the time consumed.

What generalization can you make from the above observations?

3. Temperature of the flame

The different parts of a non-luminous flame have varying temperatures.

One way to test the temperature of the flame is to use a nichrome wire

which when held in the flame exhibits color change. The approximate

temperature based on the color of the wire is as follows:

500 °C - faint red

700 °C - red

1100 °C - orang

Take a piece of the nichrome wire with a loop at the end which is attached

to a cork. Using a non-luminous flame, insert the looped portion of the wire

into the different parts of the flame taking note of the color produced in the

looped portion of the wire

1. just above the barrel;

2. at the middle of the inner cone;

3. at the tip of the inner cone;

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4. at the space between the tip of the inner cone and the outer

cone;

5. at the tip of the outer cone.

Make a sketch of the flame and indicate the observed color and the

relative temperature of each part specified.

What is the hottest portion of the flame?

Figure 4.2. Drawing of the Non-luminous flame of the Bunsen burner, and
their approximate temperature.

Figure 4.2. Drawing of the parts of the non-luminous flame of the Bunsen burner, and
their approximate temperature.
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V. DATA GATHERING

Table 1. Data gathered on how long it took for the water to boil above the
two
type of flame
Type of Flame Time it took for water to boil
Luminous Flame 1 minute and 11 seconds

Non-luminous Flame 59 seconds

Table 2. Data gathered on the color emitted by the nichrome wire when
exposed to the different parts of the flame
Color emitted by the
Approximated
Part of the flame nichrome wire when
Temperature
exposed to the flame

1. Just above the barrel Faint Red 500 °C

2. At the middle of the inner

Red 700 °C
cone

3. At the tip of the inner cone Orange 1100 °C

4. At the space between the tip
of the inner cone and the outer Orange 1100 °C
cone
5. At the tip of the outer cone Red 700 °C

VI. CONCLUSION

In light of the findings, the researchers were able to conclude that the Bunsen

burner consists of different parts with different functions. The base provides support

to the burner, the barrel is the site where the gas and air mix from the vents and burn

at its upper end, the collar controls the air intake to obtain the desired flame type
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which can be an either luminous or non-luminous flame, the air holes allow air to

enter the burner, the gas nozzle allows the natural gas to enter the Bunsen burner, the

gas hose connects the gas source to the gas nozzle, and the gas valve is used to

control the flow of the gas into the burner.

VII. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What generalization can you make from the above observations on the effects of

luminous and non-luminous flame? (Number 2)

- Based on the observation done by the researchers, they were able to

arrive at the generalization that it took a shorter time for the water to boil

above the non-luminous flame than the luminous flame, since it only took

59 seconds compared to the 1 minute and 11 seconds of the luminous

flame.

2. What is the hottest portion of the flame?

- Based on the observations done by the researchers, they concluded that

the hottest portions of the flame are at the tip of the inner cone and at the

space between the tip of the inner and the outer cone since the nichrome

wire glowed orange when it was exposed on these portions, indicating

that the approximate temperature is 1100 °C. Moreover, the nichrome

wire glowed red at the middle of the inner cone, and at the tip of the outer
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cone, indicating that these parts are at the approximate temperature of

700 °C, which means that these are the second hottest portions of the

flame. Lastly, the least hot portion of the flame is the part just above the

barrel because the nichrome wire glowed a faint red when exposed,

indicating that it has an approximate temperature of 500 °C.

VIII. DOCUMENTATION

Figure 8.1. The researchers connected the Bunsen

burner to the gas source and ignited the burner.

Figure 8.2. The researchers transferred 10.0 mL of water

into each of the test tubes.
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Figure 8.3. The test tubes were heated above a

luminous flame, and a non-luminous flame.

Figure 8.4. The researchers heated the nichrome wired into the
different parts of the flame.
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IX. REFERENCES

Bunsen burner. (2020, May 6). Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Bunsen-burner

Combustion and Its Types. (2016, February 4). BYJU’S.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/combustion-types/

Combustion and Types of Combustion. (2018, April 22). Toppr.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/combustion-and- flame/introduct
ion-and-types-of-combustion/

Kondratiev, V. N. (2023, September 20). combustion. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion

Nanda, V. (2023, April 5). Difference Between Complete Combustion and

Incomplete Combustion.
Tutorialspoint.https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ difference-between-complete
combustion-and-incomplete-combustion

Rose, K. (2023, August 6). What is Complete Combustion?. All the Science.
https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-complete-combustion.htm#image
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Figure 1. Flow Chart of The Gas Burner Experiment

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PEER EVALUATION RATING

GROUP 9
EXPERIMENT NO. 1

NAME GROUP ATTENDANCE SPEED CREDIBILITY OVERALL TOTAL

DESIGNATION AND AND AND PARTICIPATION
COOPERATION ACCURACY HONESTY
20% 25% 25% 30% 100%

Gudoy, 19.67% 24.67% 24.67% 30% 99.01%

Leader
Benedict L.
Bugaoisan, 20% 24% 24.67% 29.67% 98.34%
Co – Leader
Nemalyn
De Guzman, 20% 24% 25% 29.67% 98.67%
Lovely Valerie Member
D.
Lipsot, Dan 19.33% 23% 23.33% 28% 93.66%
Member
Lenard C.

Instructions: After every experiment, all the members of the group will have to
evaluate their fellow members, the leaders will evaluate the assistant leader and
members, the assistant leader will evaluate the leader and members, and the
members will also evaluate their respective leader and assistant leader.
When evaluating, each member of the group must have a copy of
the table shown above, the one who is evaluating (evaluator) will not write and
evaluate his/her name on the table already. After the individual evaluation, the
leader and assistant leader will get the average score of every team member, and
tabulate them in the table above.