DEFINITIONS f(x) = 1/(x2 1) sub &

him
even : u
trigo sub
FORMULASSinx
93 b3 (a b)(a2 + ab + b4)
-

THEOREMS
= -

f(-x)
- -

f(x) g(x) = Ic
precise definitions of limits
1.
(b)seX=cox( tanx= (d) cotX = a3 + b3
=
(a + b)(a ab + b4
2

only if If(x) f(x)

=

1. Limf(x)=Lif and
+ (x) = 1
-

f(x) =
odd
f(u)Du him
: I- cose u=
a +
a (a + b)3 a3 + b3 + 3ab(a +b)
. mf(x)=(if for
everydotheris So x ak
1 =

f( u)-
=
SQUEEZE THEOREM Ins In)
(e) sin'x +1052X +cofX= CS22X
n
(f)l+tanix (g) a3 b3 Jab(a b)
-
=
-
2 = 1 = seex (a b)3- = -
-
-

f(x) = g(x)=h(x) if m f(x) =Y

= .

7 1
gix) exists and
x
make f(x) within De
See K (x) =L
withing of a , a f(x) within & of eu u 24
-> x 1
cosl
=

y subject
1-0 -1) U (1 ,0) (h) Sinc x) = sinx (i)Cos)-x) = CosX (j) sinCE-x) (k) x) = sinx
= ,

cosX
, . -
=
R= make
-
,

Limox 0
-

E of L by taking x within s of a . find him: sinty

Y=
e
g .
,
=

xsint= Ja2-x2u asinE

(1) im sinx= 21anX
-
=

Steps (quadratic)
o
(m) Sinc=sin(iT-U)
steps (linear) -x = 0 tan2x = 1- tan2 X
1 work backwards starting with 1 Work backwards Jaz+ x 2 x = at ant
. (a)
2 sin 2x = 2 sinxcoj
(b) Cos2X = ICos" X-1=1 - Isin2x
Ymg(x) then f(g(x) f
.

3
. if b and continuous at b
.
=
for doy not look like X-a
that
=

If(x) 1<E .
2 1
(c) (d) CosIXEy] =
,

Jx2-azx asect
Sin(XIy) sinxcosytcosxsing Sinx siny
,
#
CosXCosy
-
= =
and f cont at
manipulate usng triangle inequality . If gis cont at g(a) then fog cont at
4 a a
2 from
.
f(x) 2 manipulate to get
. . .
,

if needed la+ b1< (9) + 1 b) tan (x=y) Stanx[tany) / (1F+anxtany) (f) Cosh2X-Sinh2X=1
(e) =
-

X 9-
, . INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM
5
number between fla) and 3
. (a)(() 0 2x2 82-10
g 6 (8 + 6) < Control
S+ 6 (b) (f(x) +
RHS 6 subst into OcIX-akg3
f be a cont fu on (a , b] and let N be
let
g(x))) f'(x) = g'(x)
e .
a = = -

.
3 ,
.
·
=
,

if 621 then 6+6: 7 /S doy not have to be 1

2

f (b) f(a) f(b) there exists a number ce (a b) s +f(c) = N

(b) (cf(x))) (f'(x) 2(x 4x 5) =

(d) (f(x)g(x))) f'(x)g(x) f(x)g'(X)

- -
=

proof let 310 choose S= - then

, , ,
.
=
:
, , +

just larger thano) if & also satisfied then 6. if f differentiable at a then it is continuous at a
-S
,
,
1
(e) (xn)) nxn +'(X)
-

0 (x a) 8 = (f(x) 1) (2) (f)

(t) gi-X
, ,

E
=
- =

EEchooges=min 11 E
-
-
= =

6 (6+ 6) < 7 .

, 7 CHAIN RULE.

=> s smaller of both numbers ifa differentiable at a f differentiable at b =

g(a) , then fog differentiable (g) (sinx)' =
cosX

proof let 310 choose 6: min21

:
E3 then , ,
at a,
(fog)' (a) = f ' (b) g'(a)
(h) (CoSX) Sinx (i) (anx)' Secx
(j) /Secx) = sextanx
, = -
=

one sided limits . EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

8
oc(x-a)-6 (f(x) 2
12
=
(k) (10+X)
=
cgi2x (1) (CS(X)' = (S(XLotX
-

if+ continury on a closed interval (a , b] f attain global maxf(c) and global

= -
-

Lima-f(x)=1
,

for any there is a 800s + min f(d) at some numbers cand d in [a b

.
2 : ano
E (m) (lux)' <
.

(n) (ex) eX
x a se
S 7
, =
: =
.

(f(x) 1) E
0 <a x S => . FERMAT'S THEOREM
9
Viz
-
-
<
(p>(sin+x)" =
193 Stan-x)' =

820 5 +0<X-acS =) If(x)-11 <d if f has local max/min at an interior points of its domain and if f is 1
Li+ f(x) for 200 there is
,
a
1 :
any
.
= ,

(S) (sinhx)'
differentiable at c , then fi(a) = o =
coshx It) /coshx)' = sinhx
infinite limits if f'() f
cannot find local max/min just by solving f'(x) 4
. (c f(x)dx c (a + (x)dx(b)(a(f(x)
even 0
(a)
(af(x)dx = jug(x)x
·
=
= 0 ,
=
g(x))dx
.
=
.
3
there 50st0(X-af=f(x] if
=

mf(x) =
v : for
any
M0 is a
may not have local max/min
. hey local max/min ats ,
fic) may
not exist and f'(r) may not 0
Ja f(x)dX Jaf(x)dX j +(x)dx(d) if f(x)x g(x) on (a b] Sf(x)dxxJag(x)dx
=

atire infinite limit (c) = + /

reg 10 ROLLE'S THEOREM
, , ,

M30threij 80 st0(X-aff(x)
.

.
Lmf(x)=-0 for let f be a fl cont on [a b] differentiable on (a b) and f(a) f(b) Jf(x)dx
4
F'(x) = f(x) F(x) Partial fractions
:
any , , , = means = + c

then there exists a number (E (a , b) s +f' (c) 0 =

Jkdx = kX + c Sxx a2dx =
d +an - (a) rational fu partial frac
If(x) 11
.

.
5 N s + x> N = E +
m f(x) 1 for any 220 thre is B
-
:
= a
seems that points at which f (c) = 0 always occur as local maximin pX +
q A
Y
.

I
Sxndx= c(n =
·

+ 1)
Jan x2dx sin-1(a) at
-
=
(x-a)(X b)
for any M30 there is Ns +x > N=) f(x) M X b
X
11 MEAN VALUE THEOREM
Ymf(x)
-
- -

>
6. a . -
= 0 : .

let f be a fl cont on (a , b] and differentiable on (a b)

then there exists
JaYdx (ina)ax
(x2 a2dx 2a(n) *I a)
, =
+ c(a)0 pX+ q A B
. continuory functions
2
+
·
=

f(b-f(a) (x-a)2 X 9 (X a)
2

solle's but fa) fb

-

a number c (a , b) s +f'(l)
-
-

mf(x) exists and=fal Sydx

.

flf cont at a if (n(x)

Jan xzdx zam(a) B
+ c
=
A C
-

px + qx + r
Canchy's MVT let fig be fas cont on (a b] differentiable on (a, b) g'(x) fo
.

:
·

and = f(a)
= +

left (/right) at if Ma-f(x) (/a+f(x)) exists

, , -
+

- cont. from X
,

(x-a)(X-b) (X c) X aX b C
Stanxdx= In
-
a
for (Se(X)
-

any Xe(a b) there exists <E (a b) s +

-
+ C
-

fil)=bfs
,

S
,

~useif it ask
,

-Judydx
.

3
. derivatives ntiable INCREASING / DECREASING IES I Scot Xdx = In(sinx) dx px qx + + A B
xb
1 ur
12 . +
- -

flath)-flas
=

him
+ +
derivative of flf at number a is fisal = or let x=ath,
in (x- a(2(X b) aj
a
let be a fa cont on [a , b] and differentiable (a , b) if f'(x) (/f'(x) 0
X a (x
- -
- -
,
on
h . > 0
Ssecxdx= In (SecX+tanx) + C
log +1 logy)
(lux ,
Lim
·

f (a) = +(x)-f(a) f differentiable at a if f(a) exist

s
X a - f'(x) =
0) for all x = (9 , b) then ,
is increasing //
decreasing , constants on
Scscxdx =
-
In (2ge(x + 1 + x) + c
inverse trigo fu pxz + qx + r A +
BX + C
4
. algebrair +
(X a)(xz + bz)x a x2 b2
applications of differentiation [a b] +
- -

trigofu
,

lett be a fu with domain D f has global max (/global min) at c if f(c)>, f(x) ·
conversetails f increasing ,
+ f'(x) >0 ·
f
decreasing +f (x) <0
exponential fu
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST
.

13
1/ f(c) f(x)) for all XD f(c) is global max value (/global min value) off D . DISK/WASHERMETHOD
5
.

= on
let c be critical number of a cont fuf if f' changes from positive (/regative)
.
· .

+ has local if f(c) f(x) (/f(c) =fix) for all x in an

(/local min) at (a) if a solid is generated by rotating a region about a horizontal line then its volume is computed by the
(/positive) at c then has a local max (/min) atc if fsc) does
·
max < >
to
negative
,
.

disk/ washer method is a formula of the form Sit cradius)" dx or Si Conter radings -- (inner rading) dy
,

open interval Containing

C
(global max (min) may not = local max (/min) Vice versal not ch n atc f hey neither local max/min at a
Stages
,
,
-

a critical number of flf is an interior point c of the domain of f such that either 1) RIVATIVE TEST
e if a solid is obtained by rotating region between curve y =f(x) and x axis from a tob (a< b) about
.

g
the X axis , the volume is
f' () = 0 or f'(c) doy not exist if f' (l) 0 and f"(c) > 0 (/f"(c) < 0) then flay a local min(/max) at a
= given by ST (f(x) " dx
interval [ is concave up (/concave down) if Cuse this mid when splitting region into rectangles perpendicular to live of rotation]
graph of differentiable fl f on open
inconclusive iff" (c) 0
-

·
=

it lies above /below) all its tangent lives on I , or iff' increasing (/decreasing) on I IS CONCAVITY TEST
(b) CYLINDRICAL SHELL METHOD
inflection point of flf is point at which is continuo and changes concavity if solid is
generated by rotating about a vertical live then its volume
regionthe computed by
.

the
-

on an open interval I iff" (x) 30 (/f"(x) <0) is

an a a
left be twice differentiable fo
a .

S
integral , off concave up (/concave down) on I cylindrical shell method is a formula of form S2t Crading) cheight) dx g if
solid is obtained
n **
e
.
for all XI then the graph . a

Jaf(x) dx=
,

definite integral of a cont fulf interval (a b] defined as inflection point atc then eitherf" (C) =0 or f"(c) doe not exist by rotating region between curve y fix & (f(x) 0) and the x axis from a to b 10-as b) about the
=
on
fhaj an
16 if
y
-
,
,

volume is given by S ? 25Xf(x) dx

.

where &X = b , Xi = a+ j0x ,

i = 0 ... n and xi * E[Xi-1 Xi] , ,
= ... n
17 L'HOPITAL'S
. RULE
axis the ,

Cuse this med when region to be rotated is chopped into rectangles whose longer
sides parallel to live
equal subintervals OX=b a are
divide (a b] into
-

supposeim f(x) = g(x)

n
(a) oriff and
gar differentiable ou a opo
·

,
,
N = 0
of rotation]
take sample polinto X *, Xc *.. from subintervals

·
-

interval I containing a and g'x) to on I except possibly at a , then lim Y

~
·

compute the Riemann Sum n left point left Riemann Sum :

Riemann Sum provided the limit on the right exists and 10

) * X right point right
=

]6X= f(Xi
* :
) + f(xc )
* *
[fixi if I
Ya +(x) = g(x)
madgar differentableinter
..

(b) suppose =
0 or 10 .

an antiderivative of a continuous fof is a continuory fr Fs +F'(x) f(x) for all x The

-
=

and g'x) +0 then

. .

on I =
indefinite integral Jf(x) dx= F(X) + c is the clays of all antiderivatives of f
, 2
x= 4
OF CALCULUS
18 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM A(y) π(r= (2) V
4 Y Disk
-

if f continuous on (a 0) then Sf(x)dx= Jaf(x)dx if I Conton (a b) .

b)
= = 1
Shell
g(x) Jaf(t)dt [a,b] and differentiable on (a ,
-
,

(9 b) is confirmary
,

Disk/Washer
, ,
on
1 iff is continuory
.

=
on
then J & f(x)dx= limJaf(x) dx the improper integral convergent Stude
,

if the
,
-

V (2π(3 v =
and f(x) for all (a , b)
Si(y4 10y y)(4 yz)dy
=
+ 24)
xE v=
g'(x) =
. - -
-

corresponding limit exis

divergent otherwise
5) ,
# if f is continuous on [a , b] ,
and F continuous on [a , b]s +F'Ix) .
=
f(x) for all X (a b) the
, ,

infront if parametric
~ X4 =I
6 inverse fus and technique of integration ( +(x) y=f(x) from a to b (acb) is S +If'(X)2 dy
. F(b) F(a) (c) arc smooth
length of a curve
-
=

iff is a fu with domain A and range B its inverse fuf" is the In with domain
one to one ,

. SUBSTITUTION RULE
19 (d) Surface area of revolution of a smooth curve
y=f(x) (f(x> > 0) from a to b (a b) about X-axis
<

Band range As + f"

(y) X = y f(x) for all X A and ye B =

if g' cont on an interval and f cont on the range of n=g(x) then JfIgly) g"x] dx= Sf(u)dy is given by JE25f(x) 1+ If'x() dy
.
=
1
:
.
inverse trigo fis are defined by lone to one at these domains - range)
. ,
:

dy
-

sin"X : <-1 13 + 5- E , ] sin -x=yE) X=Siny

, LOS X F 13 +CO iT] COS X YE>X= LoSy ,
:
, , ,
=
# iff cont and X=g(t) Smooth then (f(x)dX=Sf(g(t) g'lt) t
.
. an integrating factor of the first order linear differential
6 ,
equation +
p(x)y=q(x) ij espixdy
·
tan x (-00 00) + 1 - E ) fan - x
- :
y <=X= tany
, See"X : (-00 -130(1 00) + 10 EUCT ..
, ,
=
, ,
10 let f be one to one cont on an interval I if f differentiable at
. El and f'(a) +0 then solving ODE
.
e
gxd x2 + 3y x)0 . a
,
. =
,

- differentiable at b f(a) and (f-)' (b) +cas

.

-
natural log fa defined as Inx=SYEdt for x>0 Sea-- x = y <=) X=
Secy (same for CS2"x(
ellipsoid equ : logy (M N)=logyMtlogyN 1 Convertequ into standard form
=
&x 3 y 4 =
. .
-
=

exponential fl is inverse fu of natural

cived SA v 2 find
log fa expX ex y <) = X
Iny
ympote integrating factor (x) Ydx
31nx 3
=

*
=
As
,

J
-

n2/a2+ y+b+ z4c =1

-

) logbM-logyN 31nx a take v(x) = e X

.

logp (
+ =
hyperbolic trigofls (a) sinhx=ex-e-X(b) Cshx=
-
= -

Sinh,a
= ,

1/3 rah ↳ denominator

-

ex+e-X T rl
:

(c) tanhx
cone 0 circle equ 3 solve the ege =

x 3 (x
= :

fe is smooth if f f continuou
differentiable and Sphere
4Tr2 4/3πr3
(x h) + (y k)2 r2 logbMK KlogpM y vixyJ vix(q(xdx 2 = = = - 3 . xdy
a
logaN=S
-

2/3πr3
- -
=

hemisphere 2Tr2 0
Ch , k) e centre log b1 =
N x3)x2dx x3) (x +
1) (x3 x2
1/3h(BAl +BAz + /Ba BAz) a x = = = -
= -

frustum ,

logyb=1 blogyk = k
a
logaN = N
 Fermat's
FundamentalTher Inverse Funct
Theorem is
Rolle'sThe orem mean value Theorem closed Interval Method
neither
Find F"
->
use for a fixed
pylpresence of -> prove local max/min or ->
Find extreme values fill be a
11 funct
-> use to show real roots , ,

eg
:
if + (3) ( (constant), +'(ll) = 0 If exist) %- defined on t
, exists
&d
=
a+ c , I largest poss

Existan + (x)) = (9 real

e 3
EG if prove
, ,

4 (f -") (b) Fa
.

) O Existance D contra dic +

1
Ond pts u = a =

supp oseg(x) has local extreme , ,

root f
a
(1) = fixed d... when f (x) 19 , b)
one y =

-Post
=
EG at most

FinaCitiaNAxmin
.

Pt , ) o EG . 2x ,

② f (x) (b , 9)
t 10
contradict differentiable dY make sure y
By
=
Ec FT , since gas is ,
+ 2)
11 , be 10 W
fixed pts C <
,

St f(() = 0 Supposed has a ,

, on IR ,
q' (2 , ) = 0
eg : To find "a + 2,
at
② contradict F(( , ) (1 f (() =
G · (x) xE/R
,
whent() =
=
g = =
, (0
↑ (Crit) =
f(End)=
suppose there are 3 real roofs
+(x , )= + (3)
,
By MVT, + is cont . on [C , <] ,
2nd Derivative test Take max/min
= 2x . (0S(y)
< , < (2, <) =
+(12) =

ot differentiable FTC P2
&H"(k) ++
, is on (C , (2) +
- optimizat pro a lems : =

By ↓hasalocal
,
Rolle's the orem , +'(() = 0 & + "
(1)30=

zi, continuous funct find "()

in
- Find
ab max a ->

finite closed int)

,
7 d E(x , (2) S + + (d ) 0 in + (on
F(b) F(a) Exponential FI
(i (b
, =
+ () = + ( +)d+
.
"
( ) 0 = + has local
=
0 & f
-
,
~
= da f (((2 ((g)s +. +(d , ) 0 x C
-- / Increasing /D e test (works on all) & g F (3) - Find the limits
maxa + C
Ja+H)xd+
=

+ (t) +d +
-

(
, .
:

inflect * pt
-
-
.

f' (l) First Derivative Riemann Sum =x(+1+)d + ① EG In

0
Test
=

lim"
=
Ja + (+) +dt im
roofs 2
-

↳ solve
-

fis continuous at & . =

Express lim) (as defint F (k) +

->
for > ~ concavity & P ,
:
(af(+ (d + + x + (x) -
f(x) .
x 50
Intervals 1-8;1) (+ 01 (0 , 2) (10)
3790+ <(n))
/compute Jac do
=
exp/lim
dreasingonlt tight
Test
=
Sa + (t)d+
increasing f' (x)
+
① [a b] divide into equal
evaluatelim If (9)
-
-
& ,

Definite integrals To
Auto
n suit
,

Findopeninteraktorwhich + (x)
-

find & Therefore t has local max at b

0 +0
f(x) x T Y T P 2x = =
- ->
j81(di
exp(ig() /n f (x)
=
=

-
root S By Fermat's Theorem +"(1) It's x) : = 0
②
=

1311d/2
...

Riemann -> For

Interval +1 " C -
2 + 1 + (1)
,
Compute
loca
may
: inequalities
W

1 -0
,
1 - -
-
Y minx = - 1
, x = G
-> snow---
+ (1) * x DEGS[(5 -

1)d/ Inverse
Hyper TrigOF1
Suppose
-"
increasing Osinha =e" cosha =e" + e
->
EG:
+ - T concave is
01 (5 e
-1
1 up
j4(5
-
=

(65 1)
-

,
( 1)dx
-

EG : 25
-

+
5
-

C 7 3
-

+ is decreasing
-

-> concave down 2

& I
ie")'-ie")'
-

(cosu)=1915+19e"=
test 0 + (()) 25x (3 i) Josh
concavity 1 -> for under-axis
②(sinhi)'
= - -
=
Take + (x) x)10
-

=
(5 + =

(2 , x) ->
sketch 9 raph ② (k) =
i/ 1)
M ->
always J !
lim25) (s
2
x)
- -

+ dx sinne

...
9
(11)
interval
improper integrals
-> mean
value the or em
&
i =1
if </
.

+' (x) 0 2

+
+ (x) 20 if 0 <4 -> do Sub St .
-> continues out J
, ③ cosh' -
sinh=1 coshi
+ (1) * T X Y ④ t increasing on [1, DLetu = =

tani
is

J .a
10 , 13
decreasing
on EG :
+ "((7) -
-
T + is

⑤ any positive
up #1,
concavity For =
down down down
(0)(dx (8))dx
=

+
↑ (()[ + (1) = 0

3-5
=(1) astm
that is ,
255)
Show
& sink"=F
EG .

(e + u = (2 + 1 = 2x sinh(x) = ex .

e-" ->
verify
(2+)
1
dx
g22

ene
=
2xdu

=
Suzdu= - + C
my =

y " =C "
+ cy +

a
Su ~
21
cy +
e "e
-

--
K
C
-"

e"(2y + e ) =
2
- "

=imy( -1 +b)
le + 2"u+ e
=

a) + l u =
+ -

3 sub
-
42
u(2y + u )
=
=
-

+ 1 = 0

42
2yn + 1 =

u2 -

2x4 -
1 = 0

-> solve quadequ ,

u = 2x = (4x72 + 4 : I
2
Jub
->
back e

14(1)
e" =
x= k(2 +
1

a =

inus ,
sinh"(=m(+ J)