Chapter 6 Communication Style

Chapter 6; variation in communication styles
- Communication style ; set of specific speech related characteristic, cueing other on how to
interpret a message
- Effective communication ; shown to produce better health outcomes, greater satisfaction,
increased understanding , shorter hospital stay and decreased costs .
- Style; manner in which one communicate. modify our own personal style to fit our professional
role . verbal; word spoken, and non verbal; pitch,tone,facial expression, gresture , body posture,
movement , eye contact, distance from person
Basic concepts
- Metacommunication
o Any exchange of info between people carries messages about how to interpret the
communication
o Metacommunication; describe all the factors that influence how messages are perceived
. provide info to interpret what is going on . hidden within verbalization or non verbal
communication, gesture and expressions.
- Verbal communication
o Words are symbol used to think about ideas and to communicate with others
o Choice of words influence by factors and by situation in which communication is taking
place
o Meaning of words may vary depending on background, culture, experiences.
 Meaning
 Denotation and connotation.
 Denotation; general meaning assigned to a word
 Connotation; personalized meaning of word
 Many message convey only part of the intended meaning
- Verbal style factors that influence nurse -person professional communication
1. Moderate pitch and tone in vocalization; oral delivery of a verbal message,

expressed through tone , inflection (pitch and tone) and sighing= paralanguage .
affect how verbal message is likely to be interpreted . varying pitch help other
perceive more positively . if tone doesn’t fit words = message less easily understood
and less likely to be believed . firm steady tone more reassuring . flat monotone
when upset= matter were no consequence, confuse person . allow therapeutic
silence
2. Vary vocalizations; some sound punctuate, some have lyrical and singsong quality
with some cultures
3. Encourage involvement; encourage people to actively involved in their care and
assume responsibility for own health
4. Validate the person worth; caring send a message of worth . right of individual to be
treated with respect . confirm autonomy (make own decisions) . uncaring= disregard
validity of the person feelings by ignoring or imposing a value judgement (changing
topic, offering reassurance without supporting evidence or presuming to know what
the person mean
5. Advocate for the person when necessary; must assume an assertive style of
communication to obtain best care for people
6. Provide needed info appropriately; more goal focused , self disclosure must be
limited
- Non verbal communication

o Give us cues about what is being communicated . give meaning about purpose of our
message nonverbally which can increase the accuracy and efficiency of its impact on the
other person . emotional meaning
- Aspects of non verbal style that influence nurse person professional communication
o Aware of how nonverbal message are conveyed ; position of hands, look on our face,
movement of body give cues regarding meaning . leaning forward; worth listening to
1. Allow silences; use this therapeutically, allow needed time to think about things before
responding
2. Use congruent nonverbal behaviours; congruent with message and should reinforce it. If
not message can be misinterpreted
3. Use facilitative body language; kinesics. Conscious or unconscious body positioning or
actions . emotions accentuate and clarify meaning of words
a. Posture ; leaning forward slightly ; interest. Keep arm uncrossed with pal open,
knees uncrossed , body loose not tight or tense . don’t turn away. Directly facing
person , crossing arms and staring = aggression
b. Facial expression; represent generalised interpretation of emotions . reinforce or
modifies message heard . open friendly expression . don’t furrow forehead
c. Eye contact; not staring. Indicate interest but cultural differences
d. Gestures; affirmative head nodding help facilitate convo by showing interest and
attention . don’t fold arms or fridgeting
e. Touch; can convey caring, empathy, comfort and reassurance. Can be seen as caring
or a threat ; based on culture , life experience (physically assaulted) . but can elicit
misunderstanding if perceived as invasive or inappropriate
f. Proxemics ; physical space to improve our interactions. Perception of what is a
proper distance to be maintained between others , communicates
messages .interactions purpose determine appropriate space
g. Attend to non verbal body cues in others;
 Posture; emotional component of a message can be indirectly
interpreted by body language
 Facial expression; frowning or smiling add to the message . use this as
barometer of another person feelings, motivations, approachability and
mood
 Eye contact; create a sense of confidence and credibility . gaze aversion;
feel uncomfortable, distracted, fear, insecure
 Gestures
- Communication accommodation theory

o Adjust speech, vocal patterns, language, word choice and gesture to accommodate . help
facilitate our interaction, increase acceptance and improve trust . convergence ; increase
effectiveness of communication . divergence; choice of a different style from the person
- Effects of sociocultural factors on communication
o Culture; cultural safety manner , acknowledges and respects unique context
o Age cohort and generational diversity; members of different generations may hold
different views attitude towards their work , different communication style .beliefs about
communication and goals for interactions differ among cohorts
o Gender; use and interpretation of nonverbal cues
 Gender differences in communication in health care settings;
 Effective communication when health care provider and person are
same gender , but may no be true
- Applications
o Knowing your own communication style ;can influence people behaviours and ability to
reach health goals . passive style not active in helping people to achieve goals but
people that use collaborative supportive style listen before making their point
o Dev an awareness of alternative styles that you can assume if needed
- Interpersonal competence
o Nurse person communication based on nurse interpersonal competence and situations
 Social cognitive competency; ability to interpret message content within
interactions from the point of view of each of the participants. Embracing
person perspective , understand how best to assist them . important when the
person communication is impaired
 Message competency; ability to use language and nonverbal behavior in the
intervention phase of nursing process to achieve goals of the interaction
- Style factors that influence relationships

o Trust and respect with a person and family is dependent on effective ongoing
communication style , having knowledge isn’t enough to guarantee its application .
adapting style to fit person needs encourages them to better understand what you are
saying
- Medical terminology communication
o Use common vocabulary so message sent is the same as the one received
- Openness of participants
o How open they are affects depth and breadth of communication . reciprocity affect
process and health outcomes . listening to person care experience, responding to verbal
and nonverbal cues and avoiding talking down encourage communication and
strengthen the partnership in address health issues
- Roles of participants
o Relationship between the roles of the sender and receiver influence how
communication is likely to be received and interpreted
- Context of the message
o Communication is influence by the environment ; doesn’t occur in isolation . evaluating
physical setting and time and space as well as psychological, social and cultural
characteristics of persons allow choosing most appropriate context
- Involvement in the relationship
o Relationship develop over time because communication changes
- Use of humour
o Stress relief , diffusion of conflict, enhance learning, improved communication

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Chapter 6; variation in communication styles

- Verbal style factors that influence nurse -person professional communication

1. Moderate pitch and tone in vocalization; oral delivery of a verbal message,

- Non verbal communication

- Communication accommodation theory

- Style factors that influence relationships

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