N08/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M+

MARKSCHEME

November 2008

CHEMISTRY

Standard Level

Paper 2

11 pages
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This markscheme is confidential and for the exclusive use of

examiners in this examination session.

It is the property of the International Baccalaureate and must not

be reproduced or distributed to any other person without the
authorization of IB Cardiff.
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General Marking Instructions

Assistant Examiners (AEs) will be contacted by their team leader (TL) by e-mail (or telephone) –
if by e-mail, please reply to confirm that you have downloaded the markscheme from
EXAMNET. The purpose of this initial contact is to allow AEs to raise any queries they have
regarding the mark scheme and its interpretation. AEs should contact their team leader by
e-mail at any time if they have any problems/queries during the marking process.

Note:
The DHL courier service must be used to send assessment material to your team leader/senior moderator
and to IB Cardiff. (However, this service is not available in every country.) The cost is met directly by
the IBO. It is vitally important that the correct DHL account number is used.

If you have any queries on administration please contact:

Barry Evans
Examinations Administration Department (EAD)
IB Cardiff
Peterson House
Malthouse Avenue
Cardiff Gate
Cardiff CF23 8GL
GREAT BRITAIN

Tel: +(44) 29 2054 7777

Fax: +(44) 29 2054 7778

Email: barry.evans@ibo.org
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1. Follow the markscheme provided, award only whole marks and mark only in RED.

2. Where a mark is awarded, a tick/check (9) must be placed in the text at the precise point where it becomes
clear that the candidate deserves the mark. One tick to be shown for each mark awarded.

3. Sometimes, careful consideration is required to decide whether or not to award a mark. In these cases write a
brief annotation to explain your decision. You are encouraged to write comments where it helps clarity,
especially for moderation and re-marking. It should be remembered that the script may be returned to the
candidate.

4. Unexplained symbols or personal codes/notations are unacceptable.

5. Record marks in the right-hand margin against each mark allocation shown in square brackets e.g. [2].
The total mark for a question must equal the number of ticks for the question.

6. Do not circle sub-totals. Circle the total mark for the question in the right-hand margin at the end of the
question.

7. Where an answer to a part question is worth no marks, put a zero in the right-hand margin next to the square
bracket.

8. Where work is submitted on additional sheets the marks awarded should be shown as ticks and a note made
to show that these marks have been transferred to the appropriate square bracket in the body of the script.

9. For each option: Add the total for each question in the option and write it in the Examiner column on the
front cover.
Total: Add the marks awarded and enter this in the box marked TOTAL in the Examiner
column on the cover sheet.

10. After entering the marks on the front cover check your addition to ensure that you have not made an error.
Check also that you have transferred the marks correctly to the cover sheet. All scripts are checked and a
note of all clerical errors will be given in feedback to examiners.

11. If an answer extends over more than one page and no marks have been awarded on a section draw a diagonal
line through that section to indicate that it has been marked.

12. If a candidate has attempted more than the required number of questions within a paper or section of a paper,
mark all the answers and use the marks of those answers that have the highest mark, unless the candidate
has indicated the question(s) to be marked on the front cover.

13. A mark should not be awarded where there is contradiction within an answer. Make a comment to this effect
in the left hand margin.
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Subject Details: Chemistry SL Paper 2 Markscheme

Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B
[20 marks]. Maximum total = [50 marks]

1. A markscheme often has more marking points than the total allows. This is intentional. Do not award more
than the maximum marks allowed for part of a question.

2. Each marking point has a separate line and the end is signified by means of a semicolon (;).

3. An alternative answer or wording is indicated in the markscheme by a slash (/) – either wording can be
accepted.

4. Words in brackets ( ) in the markscheme are not necessary to gain the mark.

5. Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.

6. The order of marking points does not have to be as in the markscheme, unless stated otherwise.

7. If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent
significance, detail and validity as that in the markscheme then award the mark. Where this point is
considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is emphasized by writing OWTTE (or words to that
effect).

8. Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more
important than grammatical accuracy.

9. Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points.
If an error is made in the first marking point then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is
used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow through marks should be awarded. Indicate this
with ECF (error carried forward).

10. Only consider units at the end of a calculation. Unless directed otherwise in the mark scheme, unit errors
should only be penalized once in the paper. Indicate this by writing –1(U) at the first point it occurs and U
on the cover page.

11. Significant digits should only be considered in the final answer. Deduct 1 mark in the paper for an error
of 2 or more digits unless directed otherwise in the markscheme.

e.g. if the answer is 1.63:

2 reject
1.6 accept
1.63 accept
1.631 accept
1.6314 reject

Indicate the mark deduction by writing –1(SD) at the first point it occurs and SD on the cover sheet.

12. If a question specifically asks for the name of a substance, do not award a mark for a correct formula,
similarly, if the formula is specifically asked for, do not award a mark for a correct name.

13. If a question asks for an equation for a reaction, a balanced symbol equation is usually expected, do not
award a mark for a word equation or an unbalanced equation unless directed otherwise in the markscheme.

14. Ignore missing or incorrect state symbols in an equation unless directed otherwise in the markscheme.
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SECTION A

1. (a) (i) gas/carbon dioxide/CO2 is given off/evolves/escapes/formed; [1]

⎛ 5.00 ⎞
(ii) n(CaCO3 ) ⎜ = ⎟ = 0.0500 ;
⎝ 100.09 ⎠
⎛ 1.00 × 50.0 ⎞
n(HCl) ⎜ = ⎟ = 0.0500 ; [2]
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Do not penalize significant figures.
No penalty for using 100 instead of 100.09.

(iii) CaCO3 (because twice as much acid needed / OWTTE); [1]

Allow HCl is limiting.
Allow HCl in excess as correct deduction from wrong values in (a)(ii).

(iv) (line 2) steeper;

levels off at same mass as Experiment 1;
Apply ECF from part (ii).

(line 3) steeper;
levels off halfway between zero and Experiment 1; [4]

Allow ECF for lines on graph from HCl in excess in (a)(iii). This means that
the lines are the same but numbered the other way round.
If lines are unlabelled allow [2 max].

(b) (i) greater surface area (of CaCO3);

more frequent collisions (between reactant particles) / OWTTE; [2]
Accept ions, but not atoms or molecules, instead of particles.
Do not accept just more collisions without reference to time.

(ii) particles move faster / have more energy;

Accept ions, but not atoms or molecules, instead of particles, unless already
penalized in (b)(i).

more particles have E > Ea ;

more successful collisions; [2 max]

If no points scored, award [1] for “more frequent collisions”.

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2. (a) (atoms of the) same element / atoms with same number of protons/atomic number/Z;
Do not award mark if no mention of atom or element.

(but) different numbers of neutrons/mass number/A; [2]

(b) (i) (82 × 0.1580) + (84 × 0.6540) + (86 × 0.1880) / other working;
84.06; [2]
Consider ECF for final answer if correct method is used but transcription or
arithmetic error is present in the first stage.
Award [2] for correct final answer with or without working.

(ii) 36 protons and 36 electrons;

48 neutrons; [2]

3. (a) (i) polar single

O–H;
Accept C–H, H2O

polar double
C=O;
Accept CO2

non-polar double
O=O;
Accept O2

non-polar triple
C≡C/triple carbon bond / O–H; [4]

(ii) C≡C/triple carbon bond; [1]

(b) (i) produces hydroxide/OH– ions / accepts a proton/H+ / donates pair of electrons; [1]

(ii) U / reversible arrow / incomplete/partial dissociation; [1]

(iii) 11; [1]

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(c)
NH4+ H3O+
+ +
H

H N H ; H O H ;
Lewis
structure H H

Accept two dots or two crosses or one of each instead of —

No penalty for missing + signs.
Name of
tetrahedral; trigonal/triangular pyramidal/pyramidal;
shape
[4]
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SECTION B

4. (a) (i) energy change to break/make (one mole) of bonds (in molecule) in gaseous state;
averaged over similar compounds; [2]

(ii) H–H bond is only present in one molecule/OWTTE; [1]

1
(iii) bonds broken: C=C and O=O / 612 + 248 / 860;
2
bonds formed: C–C and 2 C–O / 348 + 720 / 1068;
ΔH (= 860 – 1068) = –208 kJ/kJ mol –1 ; [3]
Correct final answer award [3] marks.
208 kJ/kJ mol–1 or +208 kJ/kJ mol–1 award [2] marks.
ECF from bonds broken and formed.
No penalty for including 4 C–H bonds in both bonds broken and formed.

(iv) diagram showing

vertical axis labelled enthalpy/energy;

Do not accept enthalpy change.

reactants line above products line and ëH ; [2]

ECF from sign in (iii).

Ignore connecting lines, intermediates, activated complexes.

Enthalpy change value not needed, but if in wrong place, then deduct [1] mark.

(v) negative;
decrease in gas moles/molecules/volume/decrease in disorder/increase in order; [2]

(b) (i) for first equation 8 × –394 / – 3152 ;

for second equation 9 × –286 / – 2574 ;
for third equation +5512 ;
Ö
ΔH = –214 (kJ or kJ mol –1 ) ; [4]
No penalty for missing units, but penalize wrong units by –1(U).
Correct final answer award [4] marks.
All marks can be scored from enthalpy cycle.
Consider ECF for final mark.

(ii) II;
heat evolved during condensation / when hydrogen bonds/intermolecular forces
form / latent heat given out / OWTTE; [2]

(c) (i) Standard (Gibbs’) free energy change (of reaction); [1]

(ii) ΔG must be negative for spontaneous reaction / if ΔG is positive reaction is

not spontaneous;
at low temperatures ΔH is bigger than T ΔS so ΔG is positive;
at high temperatures ΔH is smaller than T ΔS so ΔG is negative; [3]
Give credit for OWTTE in this part.
Answers will probably refer to ΔG = ΔH – T ΔS , but this expression does not
score by itself.
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5. (a) (oxidation is) loss of electron(s);

Br– / bromide; [2]

(b) Ti +4 and +4;

Cl 0 and –1;
C 0 and +4; [3]
Penalize missing +, or answers written as 4+ once only.
If no marks scored allow [1] if all oxidation numbers for reactants or for products
are correct.

(c) (i) Cr oxidation number +6/same on both sides/does not change;

neither oxidation nor reduction occur; [2]
No ECF.

(ii) Cl oxidation number 0 on left and –1 and +1 on right;

both oxidation and reduction occur / disproportionation; [2]
No ECF.

(d) (i) W > Z> Y > X;

Award [1] mark for correct order.

X below Y because of reaction 2/because X will not displace Y;

X below Z because of reaction 4/because X displaced by Z;
X below W because of reaction 1/because Z displaced by W and Z displaces X;
Y below Z because of reaction 3/because Y will not displace Z; [4 max]
Give credit for OWTTE in this part.
Any three of last four score [1] each.

(ii) 2V + 3XO → V2 O3 + 3X ; [1]

(e) (i) allows ions to flow through it / to complete the circuit/balances charge;
potassium chloride/KCl / potassium nitrate /KNO3; [2]
Accept any other unreactive soluble salt including sulfates.

(ii) P is magnesium sulfate/MgSO4;

Accept magnesium chloride MgCl2 or magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2.

Q is zinc/Zn; [2]

(iii) Mg → Mg 2+ + 2e – ; [1]
Accept e instead of e–.
Accept –2e– on left.
Ignore state symbols.

(iv) Zn → Zn 2+ + 2e – ; [1]
Accept e instead of e–.
Accept –2e– on left.
Ignore state symbols.
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6. (a) (i) C2 H 4 O ; [1]

(ii) CH 3CH 2 CH 2 COOH / CH3CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H ;

butanoic acid; [2]

(iii) ester; [1]

(b) (i) potassium dichromate / K 2 Cr2 O7 / Cr2 O7 2 − / KMnO 4 / MnO 4 − ;

acidified / sulfuric acid / H 2SO 4 ;
butanal;
heat under reflux / use excess oxidising agent / heat for longer / use higher
temperature; [4]

(ii) CH 3COOH + C2 H 5OH → CH 3COOC2 H 5 + H 2O ;

Accept reversible arrow symbol and more detailed structures.

ethyl ethanoate; [2]

(iii) HCOOCH 2CH 2 CH 3 ;

CH 3CH 2 COOCH3 ; [2]
Accept structures in reverse order.

(iv) A (is higher) because of (stronger) hydrogen bonding;

B (is lower as it) has (weaker) dipole-dipole attractions; [2]

(c) chiral/asymmetric carbon atom / carbon atom joined to 4 different groups;

CH3 CH3

H C C H
C2H5 OH HO C2H5

correct 3-D structure of either isomer;

other correct 3-D structure clearly showing relationship;

planes rotated in opposite directions; [4]

(d) C C6H4 C O CH2CH2 O [2]

O O
Award [1] for correct ester link and [1] for complete structure showing one complete
repeat unit with continuation bonds – do not penalize incorrect arrangement of
C6H4.
Repeating unit can start/stop in different places.