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Chapter 6
Optical Fiber
Communication System Design
 Contents

1 Requirements of System Design

Optical Network Design based on

2 Power budget and Rise time budget

Optical Network Design based on

3 OSNR and Q factors
1 Requirements of System Design
 Applications Of Optical Fiber System

Telecommunication
(Transmission of voice, data, or video
over distances of less than
a meter to hundreds of kilometers)

Applications HD Television
Of (The high bandwidth provided by fiber
makes it the perfect choice
Optical Fiber System for transmitting broadband signals)

High-speed computer network

….
 Types of transmission link

Office to Office,
local office,… Intercontinental
 System Design

Best
quality
+ Calculating series
of technique
parameters based on
system requirements
+ Repeating the
analysis of link
design until
satisfying all of given
requirements
Lowest
cost
 Main requirements of system

Transmission distance Type of signal transmission

Bit rate or Bit Error Rate or

Bandwidth
Notices Signal to Noise Ratio

Repeater span Cost, reliability, expanding

ability in future
 Optical source parameters

Response Time,
Spectral Width

Transmit
Wavelength,
Transmitter
A C Sample,
Reliability
Power
Optical
Transmitters

Emissivity,
Modulation Circuit E D Component Life
 Optical Fiber parameters

Core size,
Refracting

SMF or MMF A C Attenuation,

Dispersion

Optical Fibers

Characteristic
E D Numerical
of fiber Aperture (NA)
 Optical receiver parameters

Optical-Electric
change factor R

Frequency
Wavelength A C Response

Optical
Receivers

Noises,
E D Sensitivity
Detail Amplifier
.
 Design Methods

Design Methods

Optical Network Optical Network

Design based on Design based on
Power budget OSNR and Q
and Rise time factors
budget
 OPTICAL NETWORK DESIGN BASED ON
2 POWER BUDGET AND RISE TIME BUDGET
Point-to-point links
 Point-to-point FOCS Link

k Soldering
pigtail pigtail

Trans- Receiv-
mitter er
(TX) (RX)

Optical Fiber Distributor Optical Fiber Distributor

PLOSS   f L   cn n   sp k
 f ,  cn ,  sp Attenuation of 1fiber km, 1 connector
and 1 soldering, respectively
 Total power losses

PLOSS= fL + cnn + spk

Total Power Losses = (Fiber + Splice + Connector) Losses

 Optical power budget

The relationship between power sources (PTX), signal

power to receivers (PRX), power loss on the line (PLOSS) :

Link Power budget (Marg)

Marg= PRX- PSEN

PSEN : the sensitivity of power

Marg: is the amount of reserve power to ensure the safety of
the activity system .
 Link power budget Marg

 Marg is normally provided in the analysis to allow

components aging, temperature fluctuations, and losses

arising from components that might be added at the

future dates.

 A link margin of 3 to 6 dB is typically used for systems

that not expected to have additional components

incorporated into the link in the future.

 Link power budget Marg

 In general speaking, the bigger Marg is designed, the

better quality of data transmitted can be achieved.

 However, this is related to the link cost.

 In reality, one ussually chooses compromized solution

between quality of the system and link cost.

 Link power budget Marg

 PRX = PTX – PLOSS

= PTX –(fL + cnn + spk)= PSEN + Marg
 => Marg = PTX – (fL + cnn + spk) - PSEN
 Using amplifiers:
Marg = PTX +Gi – (fL + cn(n+2m) + spk) - PSEN
Gi: amplifier gain of ith optic amplifier
 Link power budget Marg

So, in oder that the receiver operate normally we need choose

power margine:
PRX  PTX  PLOSS  PTX  ( f L   cn n   sp k )  PSEN  M arg

If m Optical amplifiers are used, then

m
PRX  PTX   Gi  PLOSS 
i 1
m
 PTX   Gi  [ f L   cn (n  2m)   sp k ]  PSEN  M arg
i 1
 The maximum transmission length (km)

Maximum transmission length is shown as follows

m
PTX   Gi  [ cn (n  2m)   sp k ]  PSEN  M arg
L i 1
f
Example 1:
FOC link has the parameters as follows: Photodiode Silic
PIN, =850 nm, f=3.5 dB/km, power of GaAlAs LED: -13
dBm. Assuming that total losses due to connectors,
solderings are 2 dB, power budget is 6 dB. In order to
achieve bit rate of 20 Mb/s and BER=10-9, required power
at the receiver is -42 dBm.
Determine maximum length of this transmission link (with 6
dB of power budget)
Link power budget Marg
 Solution

 f L  PTX  PSEN  M arg  2[dB]

= 13 dBm ( 42 dBm)  6dB  2 dB = 21 dB.

PTX  PSEN  M arg  2dB

L
f
= (21 dB)/(3,5 dB/km) = 6 km.
Receiver Sensitivity vs. Bit Rate

109
 Rise time Budget

t  TrMAX  tsys

g
t is called rise-time budget.

tsys is the rise time of system

TrMAX is rise time allowed.
 Rise time of system

Rise time of system

tsys  t 2
TX t 2
mod t
2
CD t 2
PMD t 2
RX

tTX, t mod, tCD, tPMD, tRX are the rise time related to
transmitter, dispersion mode of fiber multi-mode,
group velocity dispersion of fiber, polarization mode
dispersion of fiber, receiver, respectively. If single-
mode fiber is used, then tmod= 0
 The rise time of system

q
440L 350 2
t sys  (ttx  (
2
)  ( D L )  ( DP L )  (
2 2 2
)
Bo BRX

t tx [ ns ] : transmitter rise time D P [ ns / km ] : polarization dispersion

Brx [ MHz ]:3dB Electrical BW L[ km]:Length of the fiber B0 [ MHz ]:BW of the 1 km of the fiber;

q  0.7 D[ ns /( km.nm )]:Dispersion  [nm]: Spectral width of the source

Rise time Budget
 Vin V0 Vout
R

0,9V0
Vin C Vout

t 0,1V0 t
t1 t2
a) Equivalent b) Input form c) Output form
Circuit
We can assume that signal across an optical fiber
associated with a linear system. It’s the same as a low-pass
filter RC.
The rise time Tr of linear system is defined as the
duration in which the response increases from 10% to 90%
of its final output value when the input is changed abruptly
(square pulse).
 Assume that input pulse is square pulse and is presented
as:
Vin= V0.1(t)
 The output voltage is showed as:
Vout (t) = V0 .(1  exp( t/RC))
 Hence, time of system is calculated (is time rising from
10% to 90% max value of pulse) as express below:
Tr = t(V0,9) t(V0,1)= t2  t1 = ln(9)RC=2.2RC (*)
 The transfer function H(f) of the low-pass filter RC is
obtained by the taking the fourier transform and is showed as:

1
H( f ) 
1  j 2fRC

 Therefore, bandwidth 3dB of circuit BW is equal:

1
BW 
2RC (**)
From Equations (*) and (**) we have
2.2 0.35
Tr  
2BW BW

 The relationship between the bandwidth BW and the bit rate

Rb depends on the demodulation code.
In the case of NRZ:

Rb 1 0.7 0.7
BW  Tr    TrMAX 
2 2BW Rb Rb
In the case of RZ : 1 0.35 0.35
BW  Rb Tr    TrMAX 
2BW Rb Rb
Rise time budget condition
0.7
t sys  TrMAX  t sys  ; Rb[b / s]
Rb (***)
Time budget t  TrMAX  t sys as high as possible.
From (***) we can see that if bit rate is too large, TrMAX
becomes too low, so rise time budget condition is not
satisfied. In that case, designers can use WDM to decrease
bit rate in each channel.
 Example 2

We investigate transmission link having the same parameters as

link in example 1. In addition, bandwidth of receiver is 25MHz
and bandwidth of fiber on 1km is 400 MHz with coefficient q=0.7.
Rise time of LED and decision circuit is 15ns. Spectral bandwidth
typical of this LED is 40 nm. Rise time of material dispersion is
21ns with length of 6 km, Rb=20Mb/s. Determine the total rise
time of link and check condition of rise time budget if NRZ code
used in this link.
 At the low bits rate (20Mbit/s), we can neglect polarization
mode dispersion. Hence, rise time of link is determined as
follows:: tsys  tTX
2
 tmod
2
 tCD
2
 t RX
2

 Rise time of mode dispersion is calculated:

440 440Lq 440 60,7
tmod     3.9ns
BM Bo 400
 Rime time of receiver:
350 350
t RX    14ns
BRX 25
Thus:
t sys  (15ns) 2  (3.9ns) 2  (21ns) 2  (14ns) 2  30ns
Rise time related to NRZ:
0.7 0.7
TrMAX    35ns
Rb 20 10 Hz
6
 Rise time budge:
t  TrMAX  t sys = 35 ns – 30 ns = 5 ns.

t sys  30ns  35ns  TrMAX

So, It satisfies rise time budget.
 Example 3

Transmission link that has parameters as follows: length: 70 km,

wavelength: 1550 nm; signal is modulated in NRZ, Bit Rate: 622
Mbit/s (STM-4); single-mode fiber with fiber loss of 0.25 dB/km.
Transmitter and receiver have parameters given in Appendix B.
Both the transmitter and drive circuit have rise time of 0.025 ns.
Spectral width at the wavelength 1550 nm is 0.1 nm and average
dispersion of optical fiber is 17 ps/(km.nm). Receiver has
bandwidth of 622 MHz.
Determine power budget and rise time budget of this link.
 Appendix B - Table B2

Unit Values
Digital signal STM-1 according to Recommendation G.707
Nominal bit rate kbit/s 155 520
Application code (Table 1) I-1 S-1.1 S-1.2 L-1.1 L-1.2 L-1.3
a) a) a) 1534-1566/
Operating wavelength range nm 1260 -1360 1261 -1360 1430-1576 1430-1580 1263 -1360 1480-1580 1480-1580
1523-1577
Transmitter at reference point S
Source type MLM LED MLM MLM SLM MLM SLM SLM MLM SLM
Spectral characteristics:
– maximum RMS width () nm 40 80 7.7 2.5 – 3 – – 3/2.5 –
– maximum 20 dB width nm – – – – 1 – 1 1 – 1
– minimum side mode dB – – – – 30 – 30 30 – 30
suppression ratio
Mean launched power:
– maximum dBm 8 8 8 0 0 0
– minimum dBm 15 15 15 5 5 5
Minimum extinction ratio dB 8.2 8.2 8.2 10 10 10
Optical path between S and R
b) dB 0-7 0-12 0-12 10-28 10-28 10-28
Attenuation range
Maximum dispersion ps/nm 18 25 96 296 NA 246 NA NA 246/296 NA
Minimum optical return loss of cable plant at S,
dB NA NA NA NA 20 NA
including any connectors
Maximum discrete reflectance between S and R dB NA NA NA NA –25 NA
Receiver at reference point R
Minimum sensitivity
b) dBm 23 28 28 34 34 34
Minimum overload dBm 8 8 8 10 10 10
Maximum optical path penalty dB 1 1 1 1 1 1
Maximum reflectance of receiver, measured at R dB NA NA NA NA 25 NA
a)
Some Administrations may require a limit of 1270 nm.
b)
See clause 6.
 Appendix B - Table B3

Unit Values
Digital signal STM-4 according to Recommendation G.707
Nominal bit rate kbit/s 622 080
Application code (Table 1) I-4 S-4.1 S-4.2 L-4.1 L-4.2 L-4.3
1293-133 1300-
a) 4/ 1430- 1325/ 1280- 1480- 1480-
Operating wavelength range nm 1261 -1360
1274- 1580 1296- 1335 1580 1580
1356 1330
Transmitter at reference point S
Source type MLM LED MLM SLM MLM SLM SLM SLM
Spectral characteristics:
– maximum RMS width () nm 14.5 35 4/2.5 – 2.0/1.7 – – –
– maximum –20 dB width nm – – – 1 – 1 b) 1
<1
– minimum side mode suppression ratio dB – – – 30 – 30 30 30
Mean launched power:
– maximum dBm 8 8 8 2 2 2
– minimum dBm 15 15 15 3 3 3
Minimum extinction ratio dB 8.2 8.2 8.2 10 10 10
Optical path between S and R
c) dB 0-7 0-12 0-12 10-24 10-24 10-24
Attenuation range
Maximum dispersion ps/nm 13 14 46/74 NA 92/109 NA b) NA
Minimum optical return loss of cable plant at S, including dB NA NA 24 20 24 20
any connectors
Maximum discrete reflectance between S and R dB NA NA 27 25 27 25
Receiver at reference point R
Minimum sensitivity
c) dBm 23 28 28 28 28 28
Minimum overload dBm 8 8 8 8 8 8
Maximum optical path penalty dB 1 1 1 1 1 1
Maximum reflectance of receiver, measured at R dB NA NA 27 14 27 14
a)
Some Administrations may require a limit of 1270 nm.
b)
See 6.2.2
c)
See clause 6.
 Solution

+The Optical transmitter:

With bit rate of 622 Mbit/s, basing on Appendix B - Table

B3 we can determine:

The Optical transmitter is kind of narrow spectral SLM

(following L4.2)

+Optical power: P TX max = 2 dBm; P TX min = 3 dBm

+The transmission part:
Loss of optical fiber = (0.25 dB/km)(70 km) = 17.5 dB
Loss of soldering sp = 0.1 dB/unit;
Assuming every fiber cable roll has length of 2km.
 Loss of solderings calculated for total line(k solderings):
sp x (k) = 0.1 x [(70 : 2) 1 ] = 3.4 dB
Loss of connectors( assuming n=4): cn xn = 0.5 dB  4 = 2 dB
Lead to total loss of optical fiber:
PLOSS = = 17.5 + 3.4 + 2 = 22.9 dB
+ The Optical Receiver:

With bit rate of 622 Mbit/s, basing on Appendix B - Table

B3 we can determine:

The sensitity of receiver: PSENmin = 28 dBm

Overload maximum power of receiver: POverloadmax = 8 dBm

 Power launched to receiver corresponding to PTXmax:

PRXmax = 2 dBm – 22.9 dB = 20,9 dBm > P SENmin = 28 dBm

Deriving: Margmax = 20.9 dBm – (28) dBm = 7.1 dB

And Power launched to receiver corresponding to PTXmin :

PRXmin = 3 dBm – 22.9 dB = 25.9 dBm > PSEN min = 28 dBm

Deriving: Margmin = 25.9 dBm – (28) dBm = 2.1 dB

Thus, PSENmin < PRX <POverload max. It means that transmission

link satisfies condition of power budget.

+ Rise time allowed for NRZ:
0.7 0.7
TrMAX    1.12ns =1125 ps
Rb 6.22 10 Hz
8

+ Rise time of Group-Velocity Dispersion (Rise time of

chromatic dispersion): tCD  D L

= (17 ps/nm.km).(70 km).(0.1 nm) = 119 ps

+ Rise time of transmitter: 25ps

+Rise time of receiver:
350 350
t RX    560 ps
BRX 622
+ Rise time of system:

t sys  tTX
2
 tCD
2
 t RX
2

t sys  (25 ps) 2  (119 ps) 2  (560 ps) 2  573 ps

tsys = 573 ps < 1125 ps = TrMAX

And rise time budge: = 1125 ps – 573 ps = 552 ps
***As a result, with equipments were choosen, transmission
link works well.
 End of Chapter 5 (part 1)

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