USGC Harvest Report 14 15 Final

14/2015
20
OR N H A RV E ST
T
C R EP O R
AL IT Y
QU
ACK N OW L E D G E ME N T S
Developing a report of this scope and breadth in a timely manner requires

participation by a number of individuals and organizations. The U.S. Grains
Council (Council) is grateful to Dr. Sharon Bard and Mr. Chris Schroeder
of Centrec Consulting Group, LLC (Centrec) for their oversight and
coordination in developing this report. They were supported by internal staff
along with a team of experts that helped in data gathering, analysis, and
report writing. External team members include Drs. Tom Whitaker, Lowell
Hill, Marvin R. Paulsen, and Fred Below. In addition, the Council is indebted
to the Illinois Crop Improvement Association’s Identity Preserved Grain
Laboratory (IPG Lab) and Champaign-Danville Grain Inspection (CDGI) that
provided the corn quality testing services.
Finally, this report would not be possible without the thoughtful and timely
participation by local grain elevators across the United States. We are
grateful for their time and effort in collecting and providing samples during
their very busy harvest time.
CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 i

TA B LE OF C ONTENTS
Greetings from the C ouncil. ............................................................................................... 1
I. Harvest Quality Highlights........................................................................................... 2
II. Introduction . .............................................................................................................. 3
III. Quality T est Results .................................................................................................... 5

A. Grade Factors........................................................................................................ 5
B. M oisture.............................................................................................................. 13
C. C hemical C omposition . ........................................................................................... 15
D. P hysical Factors................................................................................................... 21
E. Mycotoxins ........................................................................................................... 31
IV. C rop and W eather C onditions ..................................................................................... 36
A. Planting and Early Growth C onditions –S pring (M arch–M ay ).................................... 37
B. P ollination and Grain -Fill C onditions –S ummer (June–A ugust)................................... 38
C. Harvest C onditions (A ugust–O ctober +).. ................................................................ 39
D. C omparison of the 2014 to 2013, 2012 and T hree-Y ear Average . ................................. 40
V. U.S. C orn P roduction, Usage and Outlook ................................................................... 41
A. U.S. C orn P roduction. .......................................................................................... 41
B. U.S. C orn Use and Ending S tocks . ......................................................................... 43
C. Outlook ............................................................................................................... 44
VI. Survey and S tatistical Analysis M ethods ...................................................................... 46
A. Overview.............................................................................................................. 46
B. S urvey Design and S ampling................................................................................... 46
C. S tatistical Analysis ................................................................................................ 48
VII. Test Analysis M ethods ............................................................................................... 49
A. C orn Grading Factors........................................................................................... 49
B. M oisture.............................................................................................................. 49
C. C hemical C omposition . ........................................................................................... 50
D. P hysical Factors................................................................................................... 50
E. Mycotoxin T esting. ................................................................................................ 51
VIII. U.S. Corn Grades and C onversions ............................................................................. 52
USGC C ontact I nformation
ii CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

G R EE T I N G S F RO M T HE C O U NC I L
The U.S. Grains Council is pleased to provide our customers and members with the U.S. Grains Council Corn
Harvest Quality Report 2014/15, the fourth in an annual series.
Accurate and timely information on crop quality helps buyers make better informed decisions, increases
confidence in the capacity and reliability of the market, and assists nations around the world in achieving food
security through trade. It is our goal that the Harvest Report offers a transparent view of the United States’
most recent crop as it comes out of the field.
The Harvest Report 2014/2015 was delayed slightly because of a cool, wet spring in the U.S. Corn Belt, which
led to late planting and a late harvest. We were fortunate to experience near ideal growing conditions this crop
year in many parts of the United States, and we are anticipating an abundant crop for the second year in a row.
As in past editions, the Harvest Report 2014/2015 provides information about the quality of the current U.S.
crop at harvest as it enters international merchandising channels, using consistent methodology to allow for
comparison with past years’ quality.
Corn quality observed by buyers will be further affected by subsequent handling, blending and storage
conditions. A second Council report, the Corn Export Cargo Quality Report, measures corn quality at export
terminals at the point of loading for international shipment and should be available in March 2015.
The U.S. Grains Council is committed to global food security and mutual economic benefit through trade.
As a bridge between international corn buyers and the world’s largest and most sophisticated agricultural
production and export system, the Council offers this report as a service to our partners around the world in
support of our mission of Developing Markets, Enabling Trade and Improving Lives.
Sincerely,
Ron Gray
Chairman
U.S. Grains Council
December 2014
CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 1

I . HARVEST QUALIT Y HIGHLI G HT S
The 2014 U.S. corn growing season experienced later than normal planting, a cool summer and a delayed harvest,
resulting in higher harvest moistures than in 2012 yet lower than in 2013. Nonetheless, overall corn quality is good and
U.S. corn producers experienced record high yields in 2014, resulting in the largest U.S. corn crop on record.
The overall quality of the 2014 corn crop for many factors was good, with 88% that would grade No. 2 or better. The
2014 corn crop is entering the marketing channel with the following characteristics:
GRADE FACTORS AND MOISTURE PHYSICAL FACTORS

• Test weight of 57.6 lb/bu (74.2 kg/hl), with • Lower stress cracks (8%) and stress crack index
77.4% above the limit for No. 1 grade corn, and (20.2) than 2013 yet higher than 3YA, with
94.7% above the limit for No. 2. While lower 79.3% of samples having stress cracks less than
than 2013 and 3YA1, this test weight indicates 10%. This indicates susceptibility to breakage
good kernel filling and maturation. may be slightly less than last year.
• Low levels of BCFM (0.8%), with 96.2% below • Consistent kernel volumes (0.27 cm3) with 2013,
the limit for No. 1 grade, indicating little cleaning 2012 and 3YA.
will be required.
• Lower true density (1.259 g/cm3), horneous
• Significantly higher total damage (1.7%) than endosperm (82%) and test weight than 3YA,
previous years, with a wider distribution. indicating a softer corn. However, there is still
However, 94.8% of the samples were still a good supply of corn suitable for dry milling –
below the limit for No. 2 corn. The samples 30.2% of the samples above 1.275 true density,
at the upper limit of the distribution may 62.1% of the samples above 80% horneous
require special attention to prevent further endosperm, and 48.0% of the samples above
deterioration. 58 lb/bu test weight.
• Lower elevator moisture content (16.6%) than • Significantly higher whole kernels (93.6%) than
2013, but higher than 3YA. The distribution 2013 and close to 3YA.
shows a lower percentage above 17% moisture,
indicating less drying of high moisture corn than MYCOTOXINS
in 2013 and therefore potential for fewer stress • Significantly lower incidences of aflatoxins
cracks. detected compared to the 2012 corn crop and
analogous incidence compared to the 2013 corn
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION crop. 100% of the 2014 corn samples tested
• Lower protein concentration (8.5% dry basis) below the FDA aflatoxin action level of 20 ppb.
than 2013, 2012 and 3YA. The lower protein
• 100% of the corn samples tested below the
concentration is likely attributable to higher
FDA advisory levels for DON (5 ppm for hogs
yields in 2014 than in the previous years.
and other animals and 10 ppm for chicken and
• Comparable starch concentration (73.5% dry cattle) (same as in 2013 and 2012). However,
basis) to 2013 and higher than 3YA, indicating greater incidences of DON (percent of samples
relatively good kernel filling and maturation, testing positive for DON) were detected in the
which will be beneficial for wet millers. 2014 corn crop compared to the 2013 and
2012 crops.
• Higher oil concentration of 3.8% dry basis than
2013, 2012, and 3YA.
1
3YA represents the simple average of the quality factor’s average or standard deviation from the Harvest Reports 2011/12, 2012/13
and 2013/14.
2 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

I I . I N T RO D U C T I O N
The U.S. Grains Council Corn Harvest Quality Report This Harvest Report 2014/15 is based on 629 yellow
2014/15 has been designed to help international buyers commodity corn samples taken from defined areas
of U.S. corn understand the initial quality of U.S. yellow within 12 of the top corn-producing and exporting states.
commodity corn as it enters the merchandising channel. Inbound samples were collected from local grain elevators
This is the fourth annual measurement survey of the to observe quality at the point of origin and to provide
quality of the U.S. corn crop at harvest. With four years representative information about the variability of the
of results, patterns in the impact of weather and growing quality characteristics across the diverse geographic
conditions on the quality of the U.S. corn as it comes out of regions.
the field are surfacing.
The sampling areas in the 12 states are divided into three
Similar to the 2013 crop year, 2014 started with a cool general groupings that are labeled Export Catchment Areas
and wet planting season. The summer of 2014 was cooler (ECAs). These three ECAs are identified by the three major
than average, slowing maturation a week behind average pathways to export markets:
but not as delayed as in 2013. Harvest at the beginning of
1. The Gulf ECA consists of areas that typically
both 2014 and 2013 was delayed by multiple weeks of rain
export corn through U.S. Gulf ports;
and cold temperatures. The 2012 crop year was defined by
its early planting season and a severe drought prompting 2. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) ECA includes areas
early plant maturity and harvest. These differences in exporting corn through Pacific Northwest and
the growing season conditions contributed to the quality California ports; and
differences of the corn crop years as they reached the
first stage in the merchandising channel. In 2014, higher 3. The Southern Rail ECA comprises areas
yields resulted in lower protein and accompanying high generally exporting corn to Mexico.
starch concentration compared to the previous years. The
late start to the growing season and harvest conditions in Export Catchment Areas
2014 contributed to higher average moisture contents than Pacific
Northwest
in 2012, higher total damage, and stress cracks similar
to but slightly lower than 2013. True density, horneous
endosperm and test weight were all lower than the average
of the Harvest Reports 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14
(referred to as 3YA), indicating a softer corn. BCFM
Southern
remained low in 2014. Rail
Gulf
These observations show quality differences among

the three years, but overall, the Harvest Quality Report
2014/15 indicates good quality corn entering the 2014/15
market channel. 59% of the samples meet all requirements Sample test results are reported at the U.S. Aggregate
for No. 1 grade and 88% meet No. 2 grade or better. While level and for each of the three ECAs, providing a general
the maximum values in moisture and total damage suggest perspective on the geographic variability of U.S. corn
judicious management for storage, average values show a quality.
crop that will store and handle well as it moves through the The quality characteristics of the corn identified at harvest
market channel to export. establish the foundation for the quality of the grain
Four years of data are laying the foundation for evaluating ultimately arriving at the export customers’ doors. However,
trends and the factors that impact corn quality. In addition, as corn passes through the U.S. marketing system, it
the cumulative Harvest Report measurement surveys are is mingled with corn from other locations, aggregated
increasing in value by enabling export buyers to make year- into trucks, barges and rail cars, stored, and loaded
to-year comparisons and assess patterns of corn quality and unloaded several times. Therefore, the quality and
based on crop growing conditions across the years. condition of the corn change from the initial market entry

I I . I N T RO D U CT I ON ( c on ti n u ed )
to the export elevator. For this reason, the Harvest Report • Chemical Composition: protein, starch, and oil
2014/15 should be considered carefully in tandem with
• Physical Factors: stress cracks/stress crack
the U.S. Grains Council Corn Export Cargo Quality Report
index, 100-kernel weight, kernel volume, kernel
2014/15 that will follow early in 2015. As always, the
true density, whole kernels, and horneous
quality of an export cargo of corn is established by the
(hard) endosperm
contract between buyer and seller, and buyers are free to
negotiate any quality factor that is important to them. • Mycotoxins: aflatoxin and DON
This report provides detailed information on each of the In addition, this Harvest Report includes brief descriptions
quality factors tested, including averages and standard of the U.S. crop and weather conditions; U.S. corn
deviations for the aggregate of all samples, and for each production, usage and outlook; and detailed descriptions
of the three ECAs. The “Quality Test Results” section of survey and statistical analysis methods, and testing
summarizes the following quality factors: methods.
• Grade Factors: test weight, broken corn and New to this Harvest Report 2014/15 is a simple average
foreign material (BCFM), total damage, and of the quality factors’ averages and standard deviations of
heat damage the previous three Harvest Reports (2011/12, 2012/13
and 2013/14). These simple averages are calculated for
• Moisture
the U.S. Aggregate and each of the three ECAs and are
referred to as “3YA” in the report.

I I I . Q UAL I T Y T E ST RE SU LT S
A. Grade Factors
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) has established numerical grades,
definitions and standards for measurement of many quality attributes. The attributes which determine the
numerical grades for corn are test weight, broken corn and foreign material (BCFM), total damage, and heat
damage. The table for “U.S. Corn Grades and Grade Requirements” is provided on page 52 of this report.
SUMMARY: GRADE FACTORS AND MOISTURE

• Although U.S. Aggregate average test weight in ECA may have been related to weather conditions
2014 (57.6 lb/bu or 74.2 kg/hl) was lower than in prior to harvest, a delayed harvest, and the lower
2013, 2012, and 3YA, it was still above the limit potential for field drying in the Gulf ECA.
for No. 1 grade corn (56 lb/bu or 72.08 kg/hl).
• Total damage was consistently higher in the Gulf
• U.S. Aggregate average test weight was above the ECA than in the other two ECAs for 2014, 2013,
minimum for No. 1 grade in all ECAs. and 2012.
• U.S. Aggregate average BCFM in 2014 (0.8% • No heat damage was reported on any of the
consisting primarily of broken corn) was less than samples.
in 2013 (0.9%) and for 3YA (0.9%) and well below
the maximum for No. 1 grade (2%). Low BCFM • Of the inbound elevator samples, 88.2% would
indicates minimal cleaning required for corn grade No. 2 or better on all grade determining
delivered to first handler and should facilitate factors. Most elevators use No. 2 grade criteria
good aeration airflow during storage. as the base for pricing and discounts in domestic
transactions. As corn moves through the market
• BCFM levels in almost all (98.4%) of the corn channel, subsequent handling, drying, and
samples were at or below the maximum of 3% storage may lower the quality.
allowed for No. 2 grade.
• U.S. Aggregate average moisture content (16.6%)
• Average BCFM, BC, and FM differed little among was significantly lower than 2013 (17.3%) but
the three ECAs. higher than 2012 and 3YA. The wide range
with higher maximum values may require more
• U.S. Aggregate average total damage in 2014 segregation by moisture content, and careful
(1.7%) was significantly higher than in previous attention to drying and storage practices. More
years, which may be due in part to the delayed drying will be required for the 37.5% of corn
harvest in 2014 compared to previous years but containing more than 17%.
still below the limit for No. 1 grade (2.0%). Most
of the samples (83.8%) contained 3% or less • Elevator moistures were consistently higher in
damaged kernels, indicating that the corn should the Gulf ECA than in the other two ECAs for 2014,
have good quality and store well. 2013, 2012 and 3YA, which was likely due in part
to comparatively lower potential for field drying in
• The relatively wide range of total damage many parts of the Gulf ECA.
between minimum and maximum values (with
5.3% of the samples containing more than 5% • The larger range in moisture contents may require
total damage) may require special attention to more segregation by moisture content.
segregation when drying and storing.
• Drying at the point of first delivery may result in
• Total damage levels were highest in the Gulf ECA additional stress cracking and breakage as the
(2.2%) and lowest in the Pacific Northwest ECA corn moves to export.
(0.4%). The high level of total damage in the Gulf

I I I . QUA LI T Y T E ST RESU LT S ( c on ti n ued) Test Results:
Test WeightTest(lb/bu)
Comparison Test Weight (kg/hl)
Weight (lbs/bu) Test Weight (kg/hl)
How to Read the Charts
62.5 62.9 62.5
80.4 81.0 80.4
58.8 75.6
57.9 74.5 74.2
57.6
66.8
51.9 65.5
50.9 63.6
49.4
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014
BCFM (%) BCFM (%)

Moisture (%)Moisture (%) Total Damage (%)
Total Damage (%)
1
5.9 17.3
5.7 5.8 29.9
28.2
24.7 13.6
12.7
17.3
16.6
15.3
10.9 10.9
0.8 0.9 0.8 8.9
1.7
0.1 0.1 0.8 0.9
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

III. QUA LIT Y TEST RES ULT S (c ont inue d)
1. Test Weight
Test weight (weight per volume) is a measure of bulk density and is often used as a general U.S. Grade
Minimum
indicator of overall quality and as a gauge of endosperm hardness for alkaline cookers and dry Test Weight
millers. High test weight corn will take up less storage space than the same weight of corn with No. 1: 56.0 lbs
a lower test weight. Test weight is initially impacted by genetic differences in the structure of the
No. 2: 54.0 lbs
kernel. However, it is also affected by moisture content, method of drying, physical damage to the
No. 3: 52.0 lbs
kernel (broken kernels and scuffed surfaces), foreign material in the sample, kernel size, stress
during the growing season, and microbiological damage. When sampled and measured at the point of delivery from
the farm at a given moisture content, high test weight generally indicates high quality, high percent of horneous
(or hard) endosperm and sound, clean corn. Test weight is highly correlated with true density and reflects kernel
hardness and kernel maturity.
RESULTS
• U.S. Aggregate average test weight in 2014 was 57.6 No. 1 grade (56 lb/bu) compared to 81.5% in 2013.
lb/bu (74.2 kg/hl) compared to 57.9 lb/bu (74.5 kg/ In the 2014 crop, 94.7% of the samples were above
hl) in 2013 and 58.8 lb/bu (75.6 kg/hl) in 2012. the limit for No. 2 grade, compared to 93% in 2013.
• While the 2014 U.S. Aggregate average test weight • Average test weight for each ECA was also above
was below 3YA of 58.2 lb/bu, (75.0 kg/hl), it was still the limit for No. 1 grade. The Gulf and Southern
above the minimum for No. 1 grade (56 lb/bu). Rail ECAs had the highest average test weights,
• Sample values were more uniform in the 2014 crop 57.8 lb/bu and 58.0 lb/bu, respectively. The Pacific
relative to 2013, as indicated by the lower U.S. Northwest ECA’s lower test weight (56.6 lb/bu)
Aggregate standard deviation (1.34 lb/bu). Standard occurred in 2013 and 3YA.
deviation for 2013 was 1.51 lb/bu. • The Pacific Northwest ECA also had the highest
• The range in values was also smaller among 2014 standard deviation (1.36 lb/bu) compared to the
samples – 10.6 lb/bu in 2014 compared to 12.0 lb/ Gulf (1.34 lb/bu) and Southern Rail (1.30 lb/bu)
bu and 13.1 lb/bu in 2013 and 2012, respectively. ECAs. The lower test weight in the Pacific Northwest
• The 2014 test weight values were distributed with was accompanied by greater variability.
77.4% of the samples at or above the factor limit for
Test Weight (lb/bu) Test Weight (kg/hl)

Export Catchment Area Average Export Catchment Area Average
Pacific Pacific
Northwest Northwest
56.6 72.9
58.0 57.8 74.7 74.5
Southern Southern
Rail Rail
Gulf Gulf
U.S. Aggregate U.S. Aggregate

Avg Std Dev
Percent of Samples (%)
Avg Std Dev (kg/hl) (kg/hl)

48.0
(lb/bu) (lb/bu) 2014 74.2 1.72

48.0
2014 57.6 1.34 2013 74.5 1.95

29.4
2013 57.9 1.51 2012 75.6 1.56

29.4
2012 58.8 1.21

17.3
17.3
5.1
5.1
0.2
0.0
0 0 0 0 0 6 3 12 26 26 70 55
0.2
0.0
0 0 0 0 0 6 3 12 26 26 70 55
kg/hl
lb/bu
12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 3 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart6

12/10/2014 (3:07 PM)
CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 4 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart7
7
I I I . QUA LI T Y T E ST RESU LT S ( c on ti n ued)
2. Broken Corn and Foreign Material (BCFM)
Broken corn and foreign material (BCFM) is an indicator of the amount of clean, sound corn U.S. Grade
available for feed and processing. The lower the percentage of BCFM, the less foreign material BCFM
Maximum Limits
and/or fewer broken kernels are in a sample. Higher levels of BCFM in farm-originated samples
generally stem from combine settings and/or weed seeds in the field. BCFM levels will normally No. 1: 2.0%
increase during drying and handling, depending on the methods used and the soundness of the No. 2: 3.0%
kernels. Increased stress cracks at harvest will also result in an increase in broken kernels and No. 3: 4.0%
BCFM during subsequent handling.
Broken corn is defined as corn and any other material small Broken Corn/Foreign Material Corn Harvest Quality
BCFM (Measured as Percent by Weight)
Measured as % by weight Report 2012/13
enough to pass through a 12/64th-inch round-hole sieve, but
6/64 inches= 0.238 cm
too large to pass through a 6/64th-inch round-hole sieve. 12/64 inches= 0.476 cm
FM
Foreign material is defined as any non-corn material too large
12/64” sieve
to pass through a 12/64th-inch round-hole sieve, in addition
to all fine material small enough to pass through a 6/64th-inch
round-hole sieve. BC
6/64” sieve
The diagram to the right illustrates the procedure for FM

measuring the factor of broken corn and foreign material for
the U.S. corn grades.
Broken Corn and Foreign Material (%)
RESULTS Export Catchment Area Average
• U.S. Aggregate average BCFM in the 2014 crop (0.8%) was Pacific
less than in 2013 (0.9%), and 3YA (0.9%), well below the Northwest
0.9
maximum for No. 1 grade (2.0%).
0.7 0.8
• The 2014 crop was more uniform in BCFM than 3YA and
previous years’ crops as indicated by standard deviations Southern
Rail
Gulf
(0.50% for 2014 crop and 0.60% for 3YA). The range
between minimum and maximum values was very similar
for the three years.
U.S. Aggregate
96.2
• The 2014 samples were distributed with 96.2% of the Avg Std Dev
(%) (%)
samples below the maximum for No. 1 grade, with BCFM 2014 0.8 0.50
2013 0.7 0.46
2% or less, compared to 93% and 95% in 2013 and 2012, 2012 0.7 0.42
respectively.
2.2
1.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
95 93 4 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Average BCFM among the ECAs differed little from the U.S.
Percent
Aggregate average and 3YA. BCFM varied by no more than

0.2 percentage points among the ECAs. 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 5 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart8

3. Broken Corn
Broken corn in U.S. grades is based on particle size and usually includes a small percent of non-corn material.
Broken corn is more subject to mold and insect damage than whole kernels, and it can cause problems in handling
and processing. When not spread or stirred in a storage bin, broken corn tends to stay in the center of the bin
while whole kernels are likely to gravitate outward to the edges. The center area in which broken corn tends to
accumulate is known as a “spoutline.” If desired, the spoutline can be reduced by drawing this grain out of the
center of the bin.
RESULTS
• Broken corn in the U.S. Aggregate samples averaged
0.6% in the 2014 crop, slightly lower than the levels in Broken Corn (%)
Export Catchment Area Average
2013, 2012 and for 3YA (all 0.7%).
• The 2014 crop was more uniform on the factor of broken Pacific
Northwest
0.6
corn than the previous two crops, with a U.S. Aggregate
standard deviation of 0.36% compared to 0.46% in 2013 0.5 0.6
and 0.42% in 2012. The range between minimum and
maximum values in 2014 was also smaller than in 2013 Southern
Rail
Gulf
and 2012.
• The 2014 samples were distributed with 44.4% of the

samples less than 0.5% broken corn and 86.4% less U.S. Aggregate
44.4
42.0
than 1.0% broken corn, indicating more samples with low Avg Std Dev
(%) (%)
levels of breakage than in previous years. 2014 0.6 0.36
2013 0.7 0.46
2012 0.7 0.42
• The distribution chart to the right, displaying broken corn 8.9
as a percent of BCFM, shows that in nearly all samples,
3.0
1.0
0.8
39 39 40 41 14 10 4 5 2 2 1 2
BCFM consisted primarily of broken corn, as was found in
Percent
previous years.
Broken Corn as a % of BCFM
• The percent of broken corn in the three ECAs differed by 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 6 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart9
less than 0.1 percentage point.

59.0
Percent of Sample (%)
35.0
5.4
0.5
0.2
1 1 1 1 3 6 27 29 68 64
Percent

4. Foreign Material
Foreign material is of importance because it has little feed or processing value. It is also generally higher in
moisture content than the corn and therefore creates a potential for deterioration of corn quality during storage.
Foreign material also contributes to the spoutline and has the possibility of creating more quality problems than
broken corn because of the higher moisture level, as mentioned above.
RESULTS
Foreign Material (%)
• Foreign material in the U.S. Aggregate samples averaged Export Catchment Area Average
0.2% in 2014, the same as in 2013 and 2012 and for
3YA. Pacific
Northwest
0.2
• Variability among the U.S. Aggregate samples in 2014
was lower than in 2013, with a standard deviation of 0.2 0.2
0.19% compared to 0.23% in 2013, 0.18% in 2012 and

Southern
0.20% for 3YA. Rail
Gulf
• In the 2014 crop, 94.4% of the samples contained less

than 0.5% foreign material, slightly higher than in 2013
U.S. Aggregate
94.4
but similar to 2012.
Avg Std Dev
(%) (%)
• All ECAs had average foreign material values equal to 2014 0.2 0.19
2013 0.2 0.23
0.2%. 2012 0.2 0.18
4.0
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
95 91 5 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Percent

5. Total Damage
Total damage is the percentage of kernels and pieces of kernels that are visually damaged in U.S. Grade
some way, including damage from heat, frost, insects, sprouting, disease, weather, ground, Total Damage
Maximum Limits
germ, and mold. Most of these types of damage result in some sort of discoloration or change
No. 1: 3.0%
in kernel texture. Damage does not include broken pieces of grain that are otherwise normal in
appearance. No. 2: 5.0%
No. 3: 7.0%
Mold damage is usually associated with higher moisture content and high temperature in
growing and/or storage. Mold damage and the associated potential for mycotoxins is the damage factor of greatest
concern. Mold damage can occur prior to harvest as well as during temporary storage at high moisture and high
temperature levels before delivery.
RESULTS
• Total damage in the U.S. Aggregate samples averaged Total Damage (%)
1.7% in 2014, significantly higher than 2013 (0.9%). Export Catchment Area Average
Although much higher than 3YA (0.9%), 2014 total
Pacific
damage was still well below the limit for No. 1 grade Northwest
0.4
(3%). Total damage may have been higher in part due to
delayed harvest in 2014 compared to previous years. 1.3 2.2
• Total damage levels were more variable among samples Southern

Rail
in the 2014 crop than in previous years, with higher U.S. Gulf
Aggregate standard deviation (1.36% compared to 0.84%

for 3YA), and a wider range between minimum and
maximum values (minimum value of 0 across all three U.S. Aggregate
years and a maximum value of 17.3% in 2014 compared Avg Std Dev
83.8
(%) (%)
to 13.6% and 12.7% in 2013 and 2012, respectively). 2014 1.7 1.36
2013 0.9 0.87
2012 0.8 0.72
• Total damage in the 2014 samples was distributed
with 83.8% of the samples having 3% or less damaged
11.0
2.4
2.2
0.5
0.2
96 96 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kernels, and 94.8% having 5% or less.
Percent
• Average total damage in the Gulf ECA was 2.2%.
Moisture may have been a contributing factor since the 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 9 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart12
Gulf had the highest average moisture (16.9%) and the sample with the highest maximum moisture (29.9%).
The Pacific Northwest ECA had the lowest total damage (0.4%). The higher damage and higher average
moistures found in the Gulf ECA may have been due in part to weather conditions that provided a lower
potential for field drying in the Gulf ECA.
• Average total damage values in all ECAs were well below the limit for U.S. No. 1 corn (3.0%), but individual
samples as high as 17.3% will require special attention to prevent further deterioration in storage and
shipment as this corn moves through the market channel.

6. Heat Damage
Heat damage is a subset of total damage and has separate allowances in the U.S. Grade U.S. Grade
standards. Heat damage can be caused by microbiological activity in warm, moist grain or by Heat Damage
Maximum Limits
high heat applied during drying. Heat damage is seldom present in corn delivered at harvest
No. 1: 0.1%
directly from farms.
No. 2: 0.2%
RESULTS No. 3: 0.5%
• There was no heat damage reported in any of the

samples, the same results as in 2013 and 2012.
• The absence of heat damage likely was due in

part to fresh samples coming directly from farm to
elevator with minimal prior drying.

B. Moisture
Moisture content is reported on official grade certificates, but does not determine which numerical grade will be
assigned to the sample. Moisture content affects the amount of dry matter being sold and purchased. Moisture
is also an indicator for potential drying, has potential implications for storability, and affects test weight. Higher
moisture content at harvest increases the chance of kernel damage occurring during harvesting and drying.
Moisture content and the amount of drying required will also affect stress cracks, breakage, and germination.
Extremely wet grain may be a precursor to high mold damage later in storage or transport. While the weather during
the growing season affects yield and the development of the grain, grain harvest moisture is influenced largely by
the timing of harvest and harvest weather conditions.
RESULTS
• The U.S. Aggregate moisture recorded at the elevator in
Moisture (%)
the 2014 samples averaged 16.6%, significantly lower Export Catchment Area Average
than 2013 (17.3%), but higher than 2012 (15.3%) and
3YA (16.0%). Pacific
Northwest
16.1
• The moisture content of the 2014 samples at harvest
was less variable than the 2013 crop, as indicated by the 16.0 16.9
lower standard deviation (1.84% in 2014 compared to
Southern
2.24% in 2013), but very close to 3YA of 1.84%. Rail
Gulf
• The range was greater among the 2014 samples than
among the 2013 samples – 10.9 to 29.9% in 2014
compared to 10.9 to 28.2% in 2013. U.S. Aggregate Avg Std Dev
(%) (%)
2014 16.6 1.84
• The 2014 moisture values were distributed with 30.6% of
32.0
2013 17.3 2.24
27.7
2012 15.3 1.72

the samples containing 15% or less moisture. This is the
22.9
base moisture used by most elevators for discounts and
is a level considered safe for storage for short periods
9.4
5.2
during low winter-time temperatures.
2.7
0.2
2 0 15 4 34 20 27 27 15 24 5 14 2 10
• In the 2014 crop, 12.4% contained 14% or less moisture
Percent
compared to 10.0% in 2013 and 31.7% in 2012.
Moisture of 14% is generally considered a safe level for 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 2 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart5
U.S. Aggregate Distribution (% of Samples)

longer–term storage and transport.
9-14%
• The distribution of moisture levels in the 2014 crop Moisture
12.4%
indicates 37.5% of the samples were above 17%,
compared to 48% in 2013 and only 22% in 2012. Both the
14.01-15%
2014 and 2013 crops had a requirement for more drying Moisture
14.6%
than in 2012.
• The average moisture contents for corn from the Gulf,
>15%
Pacific Northwest, and Southern Rail ECAs were 16.9%, Moisture
16.1% and 16.0%, respectively. The Gulf ECA average 69.5%
moisture content has been consistently higher than the

other ECAs in the previous two years and for 3YA, likely due 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 1 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart4
to weather conditions providing lower drying potential for

the Gulf ECA than for other ECAs.

SUMMARY: GRADE FACTORS AND MOISTURE
3 Year Avg.
2014 Harvest 2013 Harvest 2012 Harvest (2011-2013)
No. of Std. No. of Std. No. of Std. Std.
Samples1 Avg. Dev. Min. Max. Samples1 Avg. Dev. Samples1 Avg. Dev. Avg. Dev.
U.S. Aggregate U.S. Aggregate U.S. Aggregate U.S. Aggregate
Test Weight (lb/bu) 629 57.6 1.34 51.9 62.5 610 57.9* 1.51 637 58.8* 1.21 58.2 1.41
Test Weight (kg/hl) 629 74.2 1.72 66.8 80.4 610 74.5* 1.95 637 75.6* 1.56 75.0 1.81
BCFM (%) 629 0.8 0.50 0.1 5.9 610 0.9* 0.61 637 0.8* 0.53 0.9 0.60
Broken Corn (%) 629 0.6 0.36 0.1 3.3 610 0.7* 0.46 637 0.7* 0.42 0.7 0.47
Foreign Material (%) 629 0.2 0.19 0.0 5.5 610 0.2 0.23 637 0.2 0.18 0.2 0.20
Total Damage (%)2 629 1.7 1.36 0.0 17.3 609 0.9* 0.87 637 0.8* 0.72 0.9 0.84
Heat Damage (%) 629 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 610 0.0 0.00 637 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
Moisture (%) 629 16.6 1.84 10.9 29.9 610 17.3* 2.24 637 15.3* 1.72 16.0 1.84
Gulf Gulf Gulf Gulf
Test Weight (lb/bu) 583 57.8 1.34 51.9 62.5 557 58.1* 1.49 566 58.8* 1.24 58.4 1.40
Test Weight (kg/hl) 583 74.5 1.73 66.8 80.4 557 74.8* 1.91 566 75.6* 1.59 75.2 1.80
BCFM (%) 583 0.8 0.48 0.1 5.9 557 0.8* 0.59 566 0.8 0.52 0.9 0.58
Broken Corn (%) 583 0.6 0.37 0.1 3.3 557 0.7* 0.45 566 0.7* 0.41 0.7 0.45
Total Damage (%) 2
583 2.2 1.72 0.0 17.3 556 0.9* 0.95 566 0.9* 0.84 1.0 0.96
Heat Damage (%) 583 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 557 0.0 0.00 566 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Moisture (%) 583 16.9 1.93 10.9 29.9 557 17.7* 2.38 566 15.8* 1.81 16.5 1.95
Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest
Test Weight (lb/bu) 262 56.6 1.36 51.9 62.5 259 56.5 1.60 321 58.8* 1.15 57.5 1.44
Test Weight (kg/hl) 262 72.9 1.75 66.8 80.4 259 72.8 2.06 321 75.7* 1.48 74.1 1.85
BCFM (%) 262 0.9 0.62 0.1 5.9 259 1.1* 0.70 321 0.9 0.58 1.0 0.67
Broken Corn (%) 262 0.6 0.38 0.1 2.8 259 0.8* 0.49 321 0.7* 0.47 0.8 0.51
Foreign Material (%) 262 0.2 0.31 0.0 5.5 259 0.3 0.28 321 0.2* 0.17 0.2 0.23
Total Damage (%)2 262 0.4 0.39 0.0 7.4 259 0.6* 0.64 321 0.5 0.40 0.6 0.47
Heat Damage (%) 262 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 259 0.0 0.00 321 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Moisture (%) 262 16.1 1.75 10.9 25.0 259 16.4 2.08 321 13.9* 1.42 15.0 1.59
Southern Rail Southern Rail Southern Rail Southern Rail
Test Weight (lb/bu) 371 58.0 1.30 52.0 62.5 313 58.3* 1.56 366 58.6* 1.19 58.5 1.38
Test Weight (kg/hl) 371 74.7 1.67 66.9 80.4 313 75.1* 2.00 366 75.5* 1.53 75.3 1.78
BCFM (%) 371 0.7 0.45 0.1 5.9 313 0.9* 0.63 366 0.9* 0.53 1.0 0.61
Broken Corn (%) 371 0.5 0.31 0.1 2.8 313 0.7* 0.46 366 0.7* 0.42 0.8 0.47
Total Damage (%) 2
371 1.3 1.00 0.0 14.6 313 1.0* 0.74 366 0.7* 0.60 1.0 0.75
Heat Damage (%) 371 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 313 0.0 0.00 366 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Moisture (%) 371 16.0 1.54 10.9 25.0 313 16.6* 1.74 366 14.7* 1.75 15.4 1.64
*Indicates averages in 2013 were significantly different from 2014, and 2012 averages were significantly different from 2014 based on a 2-tailed t-test at
the 95% level of significance.
1
Due to the ECA results being composite statistics, the sum of the sample numbers from the three ECAs is greater than the U.S. Aggregate.
2
One result of extremely high total damage was dropped because the sample showed evidence of mold developing during transit as a result of 27.9%
moisture.
3
The Relative ME for predicting the harvest population average exceeded ±10%.
C. Chemical Composition
Chemical composition of corn is important because the components of protein, starch and oil are of significant
interest to end users. The chemical composition attributes are not grade factors. However, they provide additional
information related to nutritional value for livestock and poultry feeding, for wet milling uses, and other processing
uses of corn. Unlike many physical attributes, chemical composition values are not expected to change significantly
during storage or transport.
SUMMARY: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

• The lower U.S. Aggregate average protein • U.S. Aggregate oil average concentration in 2014
concentration in 2014 (8.5% dry basis) compared (3.8% dry basis) was higher than in 2013, 2012,
to 3YA (8.9%) is likely attributable to higher and 3YA (3.7% for each).
yields in 2014 than in any of the previous three
years. During the 2014 growing season, available • Chemical composition was more uniform in 2014
nitrogen was distributed over more metric tons than in the previous two years (based on lower
of corn per hectare (or more bushels per acre), standard deviations for protein, starch and oil).
causing protein concentration to be lower than • Among ECAs in 2014, the Gulf had lowest protein
in 2013 (8.7%) and the drought year (2012 with (8.4%), highest starch (73.6%), and highest oil
9.4% protein). (3.8%). In comparing 3YA among ECAs, the Gulf
• U.S. Aggregate starch average concentration again had lowest protein (8.9%), and it tied for
was higher in 2014 (73.5% dry basis) than 3YA highest starch with Pacific Northwest (73.3%).
(73.3%). The higher starch indicates good kernel
filling that should be desirable for corn wet
milling.

Protein (Dry Basis %) Starch (Dry Starch

Basis %)
(Dry Basis %)
Protein (Dry Basis %)
13.3
76.1
75.9
12.4 75.6
11.3
73.5 73.5
9.4 73.0
8.7
8.5
71.7
71.1
7.0 70.6
6.5 6.4
Test Results:
Comparison
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014
Oil (Dry BasisOil%)

(Dry Basis %) How to Read the Charts
5.5
5.0 5.0
3.7 3.7 3.8
2.8
2.0
1.7
2012 2013 2014

1. Protein
Protein is very important for poultry and livestock feeding. It supplies essential sulfur-containing amino acids and
helps to improve feed conversion efficiency. Protein is usually inversely related to starch concentration. Results are
reported on a dry basis.
RESULTS
Protein (%)
• In 2014, U.S. Aggregate protein concentration averaged Export Catchment Area Average
8.5%, which was significantly lower than 8.7% in 2013,
9.4% in 2012, and 8.9% for 3YA. Pacific
Northwest
8.7
• U.S. Aggregate protein standard deviation in 2014 (0.55%)

8.6 8.4
was lower than in 2013 (0.66%), in 2012 (0.66%) and for
3YA (0.64%). Southern
Rail
Gulf
• Protein concentration range was lower in 2014 (6.4 to
11.3%) than in 2013 (6.5 to 13.3%) and in 2012 (7.0 to
12.4%).
U.S. Aggregate
56.8
• Protein concentration in 2014 was distributed with 22.0% Avg Std Dev
(%) (%)
below 8.0%, 56.8% between 8.0% and 8.99%, and 21.2% Percent of Samples (%) 2014 8.5 0.55
2013 8.7 0.66
at or above 9.0%. The protein distribution in 2014 shows 2012 9.4 0.66
21.5
a lower percentage of samples with high levels of protein
17.6
than in 2013 or 2012.
3.3
0.5
0.3
0.0
0 1 3 16 29 49 43 26 21 5 4 1 0 1
• Protein concentration averages for Gulf, Pacific Northwest,
(Dry Basis)
Percent
and Southern Rail ECAs were 8.4%, 8.7%, and 8.6%,
respectively. The Gulf ECA had the lowest protein for 2014, 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 10 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart13
2013, 2012 and 3YA.
• Over the past four crop years, 11 of the 12 surveyed states have shown a negative relationship between
average state corn yield and average state protein concentration. In general, when their average yield has
gone up, average protein concentration has gone down.

2. Starch
Starch is an important factor for corn used by wet millers and dry-grind ethanol manufacturers. High starch
concentration is often indicative of good kernel maturation/filling conditions and reasonably moderate kernel
densities. Starch is usually inversely related to protein concentration. Results are reported on a dry basis.
RESULTS
Starch (%)
• U.S. Aggregate starch concentration averaged 73.5% in Export Catchment Area Average
2014, same as 73.5% in 2013, significantly higher than
73.0% in 2012 and above 73.3% for 3YA. Pacific
Northwest
73.4
• U.S. Aggregate starch standard deviation in 2014

73.4 73.6
(0.63%) was lower than in 2013 (0.65%), in 2012
(0.67%) and for 3YA (0.65%). Southern
Rail
Gulf
• Starch concentration range was lower in 2014 (71.7 to
76.1%) than in 2013 (71.1 to 75.9%) and in 2012 (70.6
to 75.6%).
U.S. Aggregate
Avg Std Dev
51.8
(%) (%)
• Starch concentration in 2014 was distributed with 21.5% Percent of Samples (%) 2014 73.5 0.63
2013 73.5 0.65
between 70.0 and 72.99%, 51.8% between 73.0 and 2012 73.0 0.67
73.99%, and 26.6% equal to or greater than 74.0%, and
25.0
20.2
was similar to the 2013 distribution.
1.6
1.3
0.0
• Starch concentration averages for the Gulf, Pacific 1 0 7 4 39 22 43 50 9 23 1 2
(Dry Basis)
Percent
Northwest, and Southern Rail ECAs were 73.6%, 73.4%
and 73.4%, respectively. Starch concentration averages
were highest in the Gulf ECA in 2014, 2013 and 2012.
Starch vs Protein
Thus, the Gulf ECA had highest starch and lowest protein
in each of the last three years. 77
76 y = -0.6283x + 78.814
• Since starch and protein are the two largest components
Starch (%)
75
in corn, when the percentage of one goes up the other 74
usually goes down. This relationship is illustrated in the 73
adjacent figure showing a weak but negative correlation
72
(-0.61) between starch and protein.
71
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Protein (%)

3. Oil
Oil is an essential component of poultry and livestock rations. It serves as an energy source, enables fat-soluble
vitamins to be utilized, and provides certain essential fatty acids. Oil is also an important co-product of corn wet
and dry milling. Results are reported on a dry basis.
RESULTS
Oil (%)
• U.S. Aggregate oil concentration averaged 3.8% in 2014,
higher than 3.7% in 2013 and 2012 and for 3YA.
Pacific
• U.S. Aggregate oil standard deviation in 2014 (0.31%) Northwest
3.6
was lower than in 2013 and 2012 (0.34% both years)
and for 3YA (0.33%). 3.7 3.8
• Oil concentration ranged from 2.8 to 5.0% in 2014, 2.0 Southern

Rail
to 5.0% in 2013, and 1.7 to 5.5% in 2012. Gulf
• Oil concentration in 2014 was distributed with 49.1%

of the samples at 3.74% or lower, 40.5% of samples at U.S. Aggregate
3.75% to 4.24% and 10.3% at 4.25% and higher. The
42.1
Avg Std Dev
40.5
(%) (%)
distribution shows more samples had higher oil levels 2014 3.8 0.31
2013 3.7 0.34

than in 2013 or 2012. 2012 3.7 0.34
• Oil concentration averages for Gulf, Pacific Northwest,
10.0
and Southern Rail ECAs were 3.8%, 3.6% and 3.7%, 7.0
0.3
0.0
1 2 10 14 40 39 40 36 8 8 1 0
respectively. Oil concentration averages were higher
(Dry Basis)
Percent
for the Gulf and Southern Rail ECAs than for the Pacific
Northwest for 2014, 2013 and 3YA.

SUMMARY: CHEMICAL FACTORS

3 Year Avg.
Protein (Dry Basis %) 629 8.5 0.55 6.4 11.3 610 8.7* 0.66 637 9.4* 0.66 8.9 0.64
Starch (Dry Basis %) 629 73.5 0.63 71.7 76.1 610 73.5* 0.65 637 73.0* 0.67 73.3 0.65
Oil (Dry Basis %) 629 3.8 0.31 2.8 5.0 610 3.7 0.34 637 3.7 0.34 3.7 0.33
Gulf Gulf Gulf Gulf
Starch (Dry Basis %) 583 73.6 0.64 71.7 76.1 557 73.5* 0.67 566 73.1* 0.67 73.3 0.66
Oil (Dry Basis %) 583 3.8 0.32 2.8 5.0 557 3.7* 0.35 566 3.8* 0.35 3.7 0.34
Starch (Dry Basis %) 262 73.4 0.60 71.7 75.4 259 73.4* 0.61 321 72.8* 0.66 73.3 0.61
Oil (Dry Basis %) 262 3.6 0.29 2.8 4.6 259 3.5* 0.33 321 3.7* 0.31 3.6 0.30
Starch (Dry Basis %) 371 73.4 0.60 71.7 76.1 313 73.2* 0.64 366 72.9* 0.68 73.1 0.65
Oil (Dry Basis %) 371 3.7 0.28 2.8 4.6 313 3.7 0.34 366 3.7 0.32 3.7 0.33
*Indicates averages in 2013 were significantly different from 2014, and 2012 averages were significantly different from 2014 based on a 2-tailed t-test at the
95% level of significance.
1

D. Physical Factors
Physical factors include other quality attributes that are neither grading factors nor chemical composition. Tests
for physical factors provide additional information about the processing characteristics of corn for various uses, as
well as its storability and potential for breakage in handling. The storability, the ability to withstand handling, and
the processing performance of corn are influenced by corn’s
morphology. Corn kernels are morphologically made up of four
parts, the germ or embryo, the tip cap, the pericarp or outer
covering, and the endosperm. The endosperm represents about
82% of the kernel, and consists of soft (also referred to as floury
or opaque) endosperm and of horneous (also called hard or
vitreous) endosperm, as shown to the right. The endosperm
contains primarily starch and protein, the germ contains oil and
some proteins, and the pericarp and tip cap are mostly fiber. Illustration courtesy of K. D. Rausch University of Illinois
SUMMARY: PHYSICAL FACTORS

• U.S. Aggregate average stress cracks and stress • Fewer kernels were distributed with true densities
crack index (SCI) in 2014 were slightly lower above 1.275 g/cm3 indicating softer corn in 2014
than in 2013 but higher than 3YA for each factor, than in 2012 but similar to 2013.
indicating corn’s susceptibility to breakage will
be similar to or slightly less than last year. Among • Of the ECAs, the Pacific Northwest had the lowest
the ECAs, the Southern Rail ECA has had the true density and lowest test weights in 2014,
lowest SCI in 2014, 2013, 2012 and for 3YA. The 2013 and for 3YA.
Southern Rail ECA also had the lowest stress • Whole kernels averaged 93.6% for U.S. Aggregate
crack percentages in 2013, 2012 and for 3YA. corn, which was higher than 92.4% in 2013 but
• U.S. Aggregate average 100-k weights (34.03 g) nearly the same as 93.5% for 3YA.
in 2014 were higher than in 2013 (33.41 g) and • Horneous endosperm averaged 82% for U.S.
for 3YA (33.69 g), but were lower than the drought Aggregate corn in 2014, the same as 82% in
year of 2012 (34.53 g). 2013, significantly lower than 85% in 2012 and
• Average kernel volumes (0.27 cm3) for the U.S. lower than 84% for 3YA. Horneous endosperm
Aggregate in 2014 were the same as those in was similar to 2013 but softer than that found in
2013, 2012 and 3YA (all 0.27 cm3). the drought year, 2012.
• Of the ECAs, the Pacific Northwest had lowest • The factors including horneous endosperm, true
kernel volume and 100-k weights in 2014, 2013 density and test weight appear to change in the
and for 3YA. same direction, with higher values in a drought
year (2012) and lower values in a high-yielding
• Kernel true densities averaged 1.259 g/cm3 for year (2014). The multiple survey results indicate
U.S. Aggregate corn in 2014, which was nearly kernel volumes stayed relatively constant between
same as 1.258 g/cm3 in 2013, close to 1.267 g/ drought and high-yielding years.
cm3 for 3YA, but significantly lower than 1.276 g/
cm3 in 2012.
The following tests reflect these intrinsic parts of the corn kernels, in addition to the growing and handling conditions
that affect corn quality.

Test Results:
Stress Cracks (%)
Comparison Stress Crack Index
Stress Cracks (%) Stress Crack Index
How to Read the Charts
100
410.0
86
324.0
63
217.0
9 8 22.8
4 9.3 20.2
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014
100-Kernel100-Kernel
WeightWeight
(g) (g) Kernel Volume (cm3)(cm3)
Kernel Volume True DensityTrue
(g/cm
Density)(g/cm3)
3
46.30 0.36 0.36

45.39 45.09 0.35
1.332 1.340
1.326
1.276
34.53 34.03 0.27 0.27 1.258 1.259
33.41 0.27
1.199
1.157 1.160
19.70 0.16
17.49 18.07
0.15
0.14
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014
Whole Kernel (%)

Whole Kernels (%) HorneousHorneous
Endosperm (%)
Endosperm (%)
100.0 99.6 99.8
94.4 97 97
93.6 96
92.4
85
73.6 82 82
68.0
63.6 74
71 71
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

1. Stress Cracks
Stress cracks are internal fissures in the horneous Growing conditions will affect crop maturity, timeliness
(hard) endosperm of a corn kernel. The pericarp of of harvest, and the need for artificial drying, which
a stress-cracked kernel is typically not damaged, so will influence the degree of stress cracking found
the outward appearance of the kernel may appear from region to region. For example, late maturity or
unaffected even though stress cracks are present. late harvest caused by weather-related factors such
as rain-delayed planting or cool temperatures may
The cause of stress cracks is pressure buildup due to increase the need for artificial drying, thus potentially
large moisture and temperature gradients within the increasing the occurrence of stress cracks.
kernel’s horneous endosperm. This can be likened
to the internal cracks that appear when an ice cube Stress crack measurements include stress cracks
is dropped into a lukewarm beverage. The internal (the percent of kernels with at least one crack)
stresses do not build up as much in the soft, floury and stress crack index (SCI), which is the weighted
endosperm as in the hard, horneous endosperm; average of single, double and multiple stress cracks.
therefore, corn with a higher percentage of horneous Stress cracks measure only the number of kernels
endosperm is more susceptible to stress cracking with stress cracks, whereas SCI shows the severity of
than softer kernels. A kernel may have one, two, or stress cracking. For example, if half the kernels have
multiple stress cracks. High-temperature drying is the only single stress cracks, stress cracks are 50% and
most common cause of stress cracks. The impact of the SCI is 50. However, if all the cracks are multiple
high levels of stress cracks on various uses includes: stress cracks, indicating a higher potential for
handling breakage, stress cracks remain at 50% but
• General: Increased susceptibility to breakage the SCI becomes 250. Lower values for stress cracks
during handling, leading to increased broken and the SCI are always better. In years with high levels
corn needing to be removed during cleaning of stress cracks, the SCI is valuable because high SCI
operations for processors, and possible numbers (perhaps 300 to 500) indicate the sample
reduced grade. had a very high percent of multiple stress cracks.
• Wet Milling: Lower starch yield because Multiple stress cracks are more detrimental to quality
the starch and protein are more difficult to changes than single stress cracks.
separate. Stress cracks may also alter steeping
requirements.
• Dry Milling: Lower yield of large flaking grits (the

prime product of many dry milling operations).
• Alkaline Cooking: Non-uniform water absorption

leading to overcooking or undercooking, which
affects the process balance.

RESULTS
• Stress cracks of U.S. Aggregate corn averaged 8% in Stress Cracks (%)
2014, which was below 9% in 2013 but higher than 4% in Export Catchment Area Average
2012 and 5% for 3YA.
Pacific
• U.S. Aggregate stress cracks standard deviation was 9% Northwest
6
in 2014 compared to 10% in 2013 and 6% for 3YA.
6
• Stress cracks ranged from 0 to 100% in 2014, whereas 9
the ranges were from 0 to 86% and 0 to 63% in 2013 Southern

and 2012, respectively. Rail
Gulf
• Stress cracks distribution in 2014 showed 79.3% of

samples with less than 10% stress cracks (80.0% in
2013 and 91% in 2012). In 2014, there were 9.2% U.S. Aggregate
with stress cracks above 20%, which is below the 11% Avg Std Dev
52.1
(%) (%)
2014 8 9
in 2013 but much higher than the 3% in 2012. Stress 2013 9 10
27.2
2012 4 5
crack distributions indicate the 2014 corn had similar or
slightly lower susceptibility to breakage than that found in
9.2
8.4
3.0
75 59 16 21 5 5 1 3 3 11
2013.
Percent
• Stress cracks averages for the Gulf, Pacific Northwest,
and Southern Rail ECAs were 9%, 6% and 6%,
Stress Crack Index (SCI)
respectively.
• SCI had a U.S. Aggregate average of 20.2, which is less
Pacific
than 22.8 in 2013 but significantly higher than 9.3 in Northwest
12.8
2012.
• U.S. Aggregate SCI standard deviation in 2014 was 27.7, 11.4 24.1
compared to 35.1 in 2013 and 18.4 for 3YA.

Southern
Rail
• The SCI had a range of 0 to 410, which is wider than the Gulf
range in 2013 (0 to 324) and 2012 (0 to 217).

• Of the 2014 samples, 88.4% had SCI of less than 40,
U.S. Aggregate
which is higher than the 86.0% of the 2013 samples.
80.8
Percentage of Samples (%)
While the percentage of 7.2% of the 2014 samples that 2014 20.2
Avg Std Dev
27.7
had SCI greater than 80 is similar to the 9.0% in 2013, 2013 22.8 35.1
2012 9.3 14.1
the proportion is higher than the 2.0% in 2012. This
distribution may indicate more artificial drying was likely
7.6
7.2
3.2
1.3
89 80 6 6 1 3 1 2 2 9
done in 2014 and 2013 than in 2012. However, SCI
Index
distributions for 2014 indicate similar or slightly lower

numbers of kernels with multiple stress cracks than for
2013.
• SCI averages for the Gulf, Pacific Northwest, and Southern Rail ECAs were 24.1, 12.8 and 11.4, respectively.
The 3YA for SCI by ECA was also lowest for the Southern Rail ECA.
• The Southern Rail ECA had the lowest stress cracks and SCI of the ECAs in 2014, 2013 and 2012, and for
3YA with the exception of having the same stress crack levels as in the Pacific Northwest ECA in 2014. The
lower stress cracks and SCI found for the Southern Rail ECA is likely related to greater field drying potential
that is typically found in the states comprising the Southern Rail ECA.

2. 100-Kernel Weight
100-kernel (100-k) weight indicates larger kernel size as 100-k weights increase. Kernel size affects drying rates.
As kernel size increases, the volume-to-surface area ratio becomes higher, and as the ratio gets higher, drying
becomes slower. In addition, large uniform-sized kernels often enable higher flaking grit yields in dry milling. Kernel
weights tend to be higher for specialty varieties of corn that have high amounts of horneous (hard) endosperm.
RESULTS
100-k Weight (g)
• 100-k weights of U.S. Aggregate samples averaged 34.03 g
in 2014, which was significantly higher than 33.41 g in 2013,
significantly lower than 34.53 g in 2012, and higher than Pacific
Northwest
33.69 g for 3YA. 30.92
• U.S. Aggregate 100-k weight standard deviation of 2.83 g in 34.47 34.88

2014 was close to 2.88 g in 2013 and 2.76 g for 3YA.
Southern
Rail
• 100-k weight ranges were slightly lower in 2014 (19.70 to Gulf
46.30 g) compared to 2013 (18.07 to 45.09 g) and 2012

(17.49 to 45.39 g).
U.S. Aggregate
• The 100-k weights in 2014 were distributed so that 41.2% of Avg Std Dev
44.0
(g) (g)
the samples had 100-k weights of 35 g or greater, compared 2014 34.03 2.83
34.2
to 39% in 2013 and 48% in 2012. 2013 33.41 2.88

2012 34.53 2.76
• 100-k weights were lowest for the Pacific Northwest ECA,
14.1
with 30.92 g compared to the Gulf and Southern Rail ECAs
6.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0 0 1 2 11 24 39 35 44 33 4 6 0 0
that averaged 34.88 g and 34.47 g, respectively. The Pacific
grams
Northwest ECA also had the lowest 100-k weights in 2013
and for 3YA.

3. Kernel Volume
Kernel volume in cm3 is often indicative of growing conditions. If conditions are dry, kernels may be smaller than
average. If drought hits later in the season, kernels may have lower fill. Small or round kernels are more difficult to
degerm. Additionally, small kernels may lead to increased cleanout losses for processors and higher yields of fiber.
RESULTS
Kernel Volume (cm3)
• Kernel volume averaged 0.27 cm3 for U.S. Aggregate corn Export Catchment Area Average
in 2014, which was unchanged from 0.27 cm3 in 2013
and 2012 and for 3YA. Pacific
Northwest
0.25
• The standard deviation for U.S. Aggregate kernel volume
remained constant at 0.02 cm3 for 2014, 2013, 2012 0.27 0.28
and 3YA.
Southern
Rail
3 Gulf
• Kernel volumes ranged from 0.16 to 0.36 cm in 2014,
0.15 to 0.36 cm3 in 2013 and 0.14 to 0.35 cm3 in 2012.
• The kernel volumes in 2014 were distributed so that U.S. Aggregate

15.1% of the samples had kernel volumes of 0.3 cm3 or Avg Std Dev
(cm3) (cm3)
60.1
2014 0.27 0.02
greater, compared to 15% in 2013 and 11% in 2012.
2013 0.27 0.02
2012 0.27 0.02
• Kernel volumes for the Gulf, Pacific Northwest and
24.3
Southern Rail ECAs averaged 0.28 cm3, 0.25 cm3, and
14.6
0.27 cm3, respectively.
0.5
0.5
0.0
0 0 2 2 20 33 68 51 11 15 0 0
cm3
• The Pacific Northwest ECA had lower kernel volumes than
the other two ECAs in 2014, 2013 and for 3YA. 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 16 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart19

4. Kernel True Density
Kernel true density is calculated as the weight of a 100-k sample divided by the volume, or displacement, of those
100 kernels. True density is a relative indicator of kernel hardness, which is useful for alkaline processors and dry
millers. True density, as a relative indicator of hardness, may be affected by the genetics of the corn hybrid and
the growing environment. Corn with higher density is typically less susceptible to breakage in handling than lower
density corn, but it is also more at risk for the development of stress cracks if high-temperature drying is employed.
True densities above 1.30 g/cm3 would indicate very hard corn desirable for dry milling and alkaline processing.
True densities near the 1.275 g/cm3 level and below tend to be softer, but will process well for wet milling and feed
use.
RESULTS Kernel True Density (g/cm3)

3
• Kernel true density averaged 1.259 g/cm for U.S. Export Catchment Area Average
Aggregate corn in 2014, which was similar to 1.258 g/
cm3 in 2013, significantly lower than 1.276 g/cm3 in Pacific
Northwest
1.246
2012 and lower than 1.267 g/cm3 for 3YA.
1.263 1.262
• The true density standard deviation for U.S. Aggregate
corn was 0.020 g/cm3 in 2014, 0.021 g/cm3 in 2013, Southern
Rail
0.017 g/cm3 in 2012, and 0.019 g/cm3 for 3YA. Gulf
• True densities ranged from 1.160 to 1.340 g/cm3 in

2014, 1.157 to 1.326 g/cm3 in 2013, and 1.199 to
U.S. Aggregate
1.332 g/cm3 in 2012. Avg Std Dev
(g/cm3) (g/cm3)
2014 1.259 0.020

• Kernel true densities in 2014 were distributed so that
36.1
2013 1.258 0.021
29.9
2012 1.276 0.017
only 30.2% of the samples were at or above 1.275 g/ 20.5
cm3, compared to 34.0% of the samples in 2013 and
9.7
52.0% in 2012. Since values above 1.275 g/cm3 are

3.5
0.3
0 3 0 11 9 21 38 30 52 34 0 0
often considered to be hard corn and those below
g/cm3
soft corn, this kernel distribution indicates a higher
percentage of samples with lower true density than in
Test Weight vs True Density
2012 but was similar in softness to 2013.

64
y = 61.472x - 19.775
• In 2014, kernel true densities for the Gulf, Pacific 62
Test Weight (lb/bu)
Northwest and Southern Rail ECAs averaged 1.262 g/ 60
cm3, 1.246 g/cm3, and 1.263 g/cm3, respectively. Pacific 58
56
Northwest true densities, in addition to test weights,
54
were lowest among ECAs in 2014 and 2013 and for 3YA.
52
• Similarly, test weight was significantly lower in 2014 50

1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
(57.6 lb/bu) than in 2013 (57.9 lb/bu) and 2012 (58.8 True Density (g/cm3)
lb/bu). The adjacent figure illustrates the positive

relationship between kernel true density and test weight
for the 2014 samples.

5. Whole Kernels
Though the name suggests some inverse relationship between whole kernels and BCFM, the whole kernels test
conveys different information than the broken corn portion of the BCFM test. Broken corn is defined solely by the
size of the material. Whole kernels, as the name implies, is the percent of fully intact kernels in the sample with no
pericarp damage or kernel pieces chipped away.
The exterior integrity of the corn kernel is very important for two key reasons. First, it affects water absorption for
alkaline cooking and steeping operations. Kernel nicks or pericarp cracks allow water to enter the kernel faster than
intact or whole kernels. Too much water uptake during cooking can result in loss of solubles, non-uniform cooking,
expensive shutdown time and/or products that do not meet specifications. Some companies pay contracted
premiums for corn delivered above a specified level of whole kernels.
Second, fully intact whole kernels are less susceptible to storage molds and breakage in handling. While hard
endosperm lends itself to preservation of more whole kernels than soft corn, the primary factor in delivering whole
kernels is harvesting and handling. This begins with proper combine adjustment followed by the severity of kernel
impacts due to conveyors and number of handlings required from the farm field to the end user. Each subsequent
handling will generate additional breakage. Harvesting at higher moisture contents (e.g., greater than 25%) will
usually lead to more pericarp damage to corn than harvesting at lower moisture levels (less than 18%).
RESULTS Whole Kernels (%)

• Whole kernels averaged 93.6% for U.S. Aggregate corn,
which was significantly higher than 92.4% in 2013, Pacific
significantly lower than 94.4% in 2012, and similar to Northwest
92.5
93.5% for 3YA.
93.9 93.8
• The whole kernel standard deviation for the U.S.
Aggregate was 3.5%, which was lower than 3.7% for 2013 Southern
Rail
Gulf
and 3YA, but similar to 3.4% for 2012.
• Whole kernels ranged from 63.6% to 99.8% in 2014,

73.6 to 99.6% in 2013 and 68.0 to 100% in 2012. U.S. Aggregate
Avg Std Dev
45.0
(%) (%)
• Of the 2014 samples, 85.7% had 90% or higher whole
40.7
2014 93.6 3.5

2013 92.4 3.7
kernels, compared to 77% in 2013 and 90% in 2012. 2012 94.4 3.4
• Whole kernels averages for Gulf, Pacific Northwest,

9.9
3.0
and Southern Rail were 93.8%, 92.5%, and 93.9%,

1.4
1 1 2 4 8 18 38 46 52 31
respectively. Whole kernels were lowest for Pacific

Percent
Northwest (92.5%) in 2014, but the 3YA of each ECA

illustrates there was little variation among the ECAs. 12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 18 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart21

6. Horneous Endosperm
The horneous endosperm test measures the percent of horneous or hard endosperm, with a potential value from
70 to 100%. The greater the amount of horneous endosperm relative to soft endosperm, the harder the corn kernel
is said to be. The degree of hardness is important depending on the type of processing. Hard corn is needed to
produce high yields of large flaking grits in dry milling. Medium-high to medium hardness is desired for alkaline
cooking. Moderate to soft hardness is used for wet milling and livestock feeding.
Hardness has been correlated to breakage susceptibility, feed utilization/efficiency and starch digestibility. As a test
of overall hardness, there is no good or bad value for horneous endosperm; there is only a preference by different
end users for particular ranges. Many dry millers and alkaline cookers would like greater than 90% horneous
endosperm, while wet millers and feeders would typically like values between 70% and 85%. However, there are
certainly exceptions in user preference.
RESULTS
Horneous Endosperm (%)
• Horneous endosperm averaged 82% for U.S. Aggregate Export Catchment Area Average
corn in 2014, which was the same as 82% in 2013,
significantly lower than 85% in 2012, and lower than 84% Pacific
Northwest
81
for 3YA.
• U.S. Aggregate standard deviation for horneous endosperm 82 82
was 4%, the same as in 2013 and 2012 and for 3YA.
Southern
Rail
Gulf
• Horneous endosperm ranged more widely in 2014 (71 to
97%) than in 2013 (71 to 96%) and 2012 (74 to 97%).
• Of the 2014 samples, 62.1% were equal to or greater than U.S. Aggregate
80% horneous endosperm, which was below 67% in 2013 Avg Std Dev
(%) (%)
33.1
and far below 86% in 2012.

2014 82 4
29.4
2013 82 4
22.4
2012 85 4
• Horneous endosperm averages for Gulf, Pacific Northwest,
and Southern Rail were 82%, 81%, and 82%, respectively.
8.6
Of the ECAs, the Pacific Northwest was lowest in horneous 6.4
0.2
1 5 13 27 31 34 40 27 16 6 0 0
endosperm in 2014 and 2013, and for 3YA.
• As mentioned in the true density section, the Pacific Percent

Horneous Endosperm vs True Density
Northwest ECA was lowest in true density in 2014, 2013

and for 3YA. The adjacent figure shows the weak but 100
y = 129.83x - 81.532
Horneous Endosperm (%)
positive relationship (a correlation coefficient of 0.74) 95
between horneous endosperm and true density for the 90
2014 samples. 85
80
75
70
1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
True Density (g/cm3)

SUMMARY: PHYSICAL FACTORS
3 Year Avg.
Stress Cracks (%) 629 8 9 0 100 610 9* 10 637 4* 5 5 6
Stress Crack Index 2
629 20.2 27.7 0 410 610 22.8* 35.1 637 9.3* 14.1 12.2 18.4
100-Kernel Weight (g) 629 34.03 2.83 19.70 46.30 610 33.41* 2.88 637 34.53* 2.76 33.69 2.76
Kernel Volume (cm ) 3
629 0.27 0.02 0.16 0.36 610 0.27 0.02 637 0.27 0.02 0.27 0.02
True Density (g/cm ) 3
629 1.259 0.020 1.160 1.340 610 1.258* 0.021 637 1.276* 0.017 1.267 0.019
Whole Kernels (%) 629 93.6 3.5 63.6 99.8 610 92.4* 3.7 637 94.4* 3.4 93.5 3.7
Horneous Endosperm (%) 629 82 4 71 97 610 82* 4 637 85* 4 84 4
Gulf Gulf Gulf Gulf
Stress Cracks (%) 2
583 9 10 0 100 556 9* 11 566 4* 5 5 6
583 24.1 33.3 0 410 556 23.5* 39.5 566 9.9* 15.5 12.7 20.4
100-Kernel Weight (g) 583 34.88 2.90 25.16 46.30 556 34.10 2.94 566 34.79 2.78 34.18 2.78
583 0.28 0.02 0.20 0.36 556 0.27* 0.02 566 0.27* 0.02 0.27 0.02
583 1.262 0.020 1.160 1.340 556 1.261* 0.020 566 1.276* 0.017 1.269 0.019
Whole Kernels (%) 583 93.8 3.3 63.6 99.8 556 92.4* 3.8 566 94.4* 3.5 93.6 3.7
Stress Cracks (%)2 262 6 6 0 56 259 10* 10 321 4* 4 6 6
262 12.8 17.1 0 204 259 27.4* 31.1 321 8.5* 11.5 13.7 16.4
100-Kernel Weight (g) 262 30.92 2.57 19.70 44.13 259 30.33* 2.70 321 34.07* 2.51 31.89 2.60
262 0.25 0.02 0.16 0.34 259 0.24* 0.02 321 0.27* 0.02 0.25 0.02
262 1.246 0.021 1.160 1.339 259 1.241* 0.022 321 1.277* 0.016 1.257 0.019
Whole Kernels (%) 262 92.5 4.4 64.8 99.8 259 92.5* 3.3 321 94.1* 3.3 93.4 3.5
Stress Cracks (%)2 371 6 6 0 62 312 5* 6 366 3* 4 4 4
Stress Crack Index2 371 11.4 15.3 0 230 312 11.7* 16.5 366 7.2* 10.6 7.2 10.0
100-Kernel Weight (g) 371 34.47 2.83 25.54 46.30 312 34.23* 2.87 366 33.89* 3.07 33.83 2.91
Kernel Volume (cm3) 371 0.27 0.02 0.21 0.36 312 0.27* 0.02 366 0.27* 0.02 0.27 0.02
371 1.263 0.019 1.174 1.340 312 1.267* 0.020 366 1.275* 0.016 1.272 0.018
Whole Kernels (%) 371 93.9 3.2 68.6 99.8 312 92.5* 3.5 366 94.7* 2.9 93.5 3.4
*Indicates averages in 2013 were significantly different from 2014, and 2012 averages were significantly different from 2014 based on a 2-tailed
t-test at the 95% level of significance.
1
2
The Relative ME for predicting the harvest population average exceeded ±10%.

E. Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi that occur naturally in grains. When consumed at elevated
levels, mycotoxins may cause sickness in humans and animals. While several mycotoxins have been found in corn
grain, aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) are considered to be two of the important mycotoxins.
As in 2012 and 2013, the 2014 harvest samples were tested for aflatoxins and DON for this year’s report. Since the
production of mycotoxins is heavily influenced by growing conditions, the objective of the Harvest Quality Report is
strictly to report on instances when aflatoxins or DON are detected in the corn crop at harvest. No specific levels of
the mycotoxins are reported.
The Harvest Quality Report review of mycotoxins is NOT intended to predict the presence or level at which
mycotoxins might appear in U.S. corn exports. Due to the multiple stages of the U.S. grain merchandising channel
and the laws and regulations guiding the industry, the levels at which mycotoxins appear in corn exports are less
than what might first appear in the corn as it comes out of the field. In addition, this report is not meant to imply
that this assessment will capture all the instances of mycotoxins across the 12 states or three Export Catchment
Areas (ECAs) surveyed. The Harvest Quality Report’s results should be used only as one indicator of the potential
for mycotoxin presence in the corn as the crop comes out of the field. As the Council accumulates several years of
the Harvest Quality Report, year-to-year patterns of mycotoxin presence in corn at harvest will be seen. The U.S.
Grains Council Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 2014/15 will report corn quality at export points and will be a
more accurate indication of mycotoxin presence in the 2014/15 U.S. corn export shipments.
1. Assessing the Presence of Aflatoxins and DON

A weighted and systematic testing of at least 25% of A threshold referred to as the Limit of Detection (LOD)
the targeted 600 samples across the entire sampled was used to determine whether or not a detectable
area was conducted to assess the impact of the level of the mycotoxin appeared in the sample. The
2014 growing conditions on total aflatoxins and DON LOD for the analytical kits used for this 2014/15
development in the U.S. corn crop. The sampling report was 2.5 parts per billion (ppb) for aflatoxins
criteria, described in the “Survey and Statistical and 0.3 parts per million (ppm) for DON. Details on
Analysis Methods” section, resulted in a targeted the testing methodology employed in this study for
number of 182 samples tested for mycotoxins. the mycotoxins are in the “Testing Analysis Methods”
section.

2. Aflatoxins Testing Results
A total of 182 samples were analyzed for aflatoxins in 2014. This is about the same number of samples (179)
tested for aflatoxins in 2013. Results of the 2014 survey are as follows:
• One hundred seventy-nine (179) samples, or • No samples (0), or 0.0%, of the 182 samples,
98.4% of the 182 samples, had no detectable showed aflatoxin levels greater than or equal to
levels of aflatoxins (below the 2.5 ppb LOD). 10 ppb, but less than or equal to the FDA action
In 2013 and 2012, 98.3% and 78.0% of the level of 20 ppb.
samples tested had no detectable levels of
• These results denote that 182 samples, or
aflatoxins, respectively.
100% of the 182 sample test results in 2014,
• Three samples (3), or 1.6% of the 182 samples, were below or equal to the FDA action level of
showed aflatoxin levels greater than or equal to 20 ppb, compared to 99.4% and 88.1% of the
the LOD of 2.5 ppb, but less than 5 ppb. samples tested in 2013 and 2012, respectively.
• No samples (0), or 0.0% of the 182 samples,

showed aflatoxin levels greater than or equal to
5 ppb, but less than 10 ppb.
Comparing the 2014 aflatoxin survey results to the 2013

and 2012 survey results suggests that there were about the Aflatoxins Testing Results
same level of incidents of aflatoxins among all ASDs in 2014 98.4
Percent of Samples Tested
as in the 2013 crop seasons. Both 2014 and 2013 had a 2014
2013
higher percentage of samples below the LOD than 2012. No 2012
samples exceeded the FDA action level in 2014 compared to

1 (<1%) in 2013 and 21 (11.9%) in 2012, which may be due,
in part, to more favorable (less stressful) weather conditions
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
78 98 2 1 3 0 5 1 12 1
in 2014 (see the “Crop and Weather Conditions” section for
<2.5 ppb >=2.5 ppb >=5 ppb >=10 ppb >20 ppb
more information on the 2014 growing conditions). Weather & <5 ppb & <10 ppb & <=20 ppb
was cool and wet during pollination and grain fill in 2014 and
as a result, the corn plants were not under stress. These
conditions were not conducive to aflatoxin formation.

3. DON (Deoxynivalenol or Vomitoxin) Testing Results
A total of 182 samples were analyzed collectively for DON in 2014. This is about the same number of samples
(179) tested for DON in 2013. Results of the 2014 survey are shown below:
• One hundred forty-six (146) samples, or 80.2% Comparing the 2014 DON survey results to 2013 and
of the 182 samples, tested less than the 0.5 2012 survey results indicates that there was a smaller
ppm. percentage of samples with DON results below the
LOD in 2014 than in 2013 and 2012 crop seasons.
• Thirty-six (36) samples, or 19.8% of the 182
While all survey results were below 5 ppm for all three
samples, tested greater than or equal to 0.5
years, a smaller percentage of samples fell below 0.5
ppm, but less than or equal to the FDA advisory
ppm in 2014 than in 2013 and 2012. This may be
level of 5 ppm.
attributed to wet and cool conditions during flowering
• All 182 samples, or 100%, tested below or and/or a delayed harvest in 2014.
equal to the FDA advisory level of 5 ppm.
DON Testing Results
• The 2014 percentage for samples that tested
below 0.5 ppm (80.2%) is lower than both 2013
Percent of Samples Tested
2014
80.2
(91.6%) and 2012 (96.0%). 2013
2012
• In 2014, 100% percent of the samples tested

at or below 5 ppm, which is the same as was
19.8
observed in 2013 and 2012.
0.0
96 92 4 8 0 0
<0.5 ppm >=0.5 ppm & <= 5 ppm >5 ppm
4. Mycotoxin Background: General

The levels at which the fungi produce the mycotoxins are impacted by the fungus type and the environmental
conditions under which the corn is produced and stored. Because of these differences, mycotoxin production varies
across the U.S. corn-producing areas and across years. In some years, the growing conditions across the corn-
producing regions might not produce elevated levels of any mycotoxins. In other years, the environmental conditions
in a particular area might be conducive to production of a particular mycotoxin to levels that impact the corn’s use
for human and livestock consumption. Humans and livestock are sensitive to mycotoxins at varying levels. As a
result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued action levels for aflatoxins and advisory levels for
DON by intended use.
Action levels specify precise limits of Advisory levels provide guidance to the industry
contamination above which the agency is concerning levels of a substance present in
prepared to take regulatory action. Action levels food or feed that are believed by the agency to
are a signal to the industry that FDA believes it provide an adequate margin of safety to protect
has scientific data to support regulatory and/or human and animal health. While FDA reserves
court action if a toxin or contaminant is present the right to take regulatory enforcement action,
at levels exceeding the action level, if the agency enforcement is not the fundamental purpose of
chooses to do so. If import or domestic feed an advisory level.
supplements are analyzed in accordance with A source of additional information is the National
valid methods and found to exceed applicable Grain and Feed Association (NGFA) guidance
action levels, they are considered adulterated document titled “FDA Regulatory Guidance for Toxins
and may be seized and removed from interstate and Contaminants” found at http://www.ngfa.org/
commerce by FDA. wp-content/uploads/NGFAComplianceGuide-FDARegu
latoryGuidanceforMycotoxins8-2011.pdf.
5. Mycotoxin Background: Aflatoxins
The most important type of mycotoxin associated Aflatoxins express toxicity in humans and animals
with corn grain is aflatoxin. There are several types of primarily by attacking the liver. The toxicity can occur
aflatoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, from short-term consumption of very high doses of
with the most prominent species being A. flavus. aflatoxin-contaminated grain or long-term ingestion
Growth of the fungus and aflatoxin contamination of low levels of aflatoxins, possibly resulting in death
of grain can occur in the field prior to harvest or in in poultry and ducks, the most sensitive of the
storage. However, contamination prior to harvest is animal species. Livestock may experience reduced
considered to cause most of the problems associated feed efficiency or reproduction, and both human and
with aflatoxin. A. flavus grows well in hot, dry animal immune systems may be suppressed as a
environmental conditions or where drought occurs result of ingesting aflatoxins.
over an extended period of time. It can be a serious
The FDA has established action levels for aflatoxin
problem in the southern United States where hot
M1 in milk intended for human consumption and
and dry conditions are more common. The fungus
aflatoxins in human food, grain and livestock feed
usually attacks only a few kernels on the ear and
(see table below).
often penetrates kernels through wounds produced by
insects. Under drought conditions, it also grows down FDA has established additional policies and legal
silks into individual kernels. provisions concerning the blending of corn with levels
of aflatoxins exceeding these threshold levels. In
There are four types of aflatoxin naturally found in
general, FDA currently does not permit the blending of
foods – aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2.These four
corn containing aflatoxin with uncontaminated corn to
aflatoxins are commonly referred to as “aflatoxins” or
reduce the aflatoxin content of the resulting mixture
“total aflatoxins.” Aflatoxin B1 is the most commonly
to levels acceptable for use as human food or animal
found aflatoxin in food and feed and is also the
feed.
most toxic. Research has shown that B1 is a potent
naturally occurring carcinogen in animals, with a Corn exported from the United States must be tested
strong link to human cancer incidence. Additionally, for aflatoxins according to federal law. Unless the
dairy cattle will metabolize aflatoxin to a different contract exempts this requirement, testing must be
form of aflatoxin called aflatoxin M1, which may conducted by FGIS. Corn above the FDA action level
accumulate in milk. of 20 ppb cannot be exported unless other strict
conditions are met. This results in relatively low levels
of aflatoxins in exported grain.
Aflatoxins Action Level Criteria
0.5 ppb (Aflatoxin M1) Milk intended for human consumption

20 ppb For corn and other grains intended for immature animals (including immature poultry) and for dairy animals,
or when the animal’s destination is not known
20 ppb For animal feeds, other than corn or cottonseed meal
100 ppb For corn and other grains intended for breeding beef cattle, breeding swine or mature poultry
200 ppb For corn and other grains intended for finishing swine of 100 pounds or greater
300 ppb For corn and other grains intended for finishing (i.e., feedlot) beef cattle and for cottonseed meal intended
for beef cattle, swine or poultry
Source: FDA and USDA GIPSA, http://www.gipsa.usda.gov/Publications/fgis/broch/b-aflatox.pdf

6. Mycotoxin Background: DON (Deoxynivalenol) or Vomitoxin
DON is another mycotoxin of concern to some gain, diarrhea, lethargy, and intestinal hemorrhaging.
importers of corn grain. It is produced by certain It may cause suppression of the immune system
species of Fusarium, the most important of which resulting in susceptibility to a number of infectious
is Fusarium graminearum (Gibberellazeae) which diseases.
also causes Gibberella ear rot (or red ear rot).
The FDA has issued advisory levels for DON. For
Gibberellazeae can develop when cool or moderate
products containing corn, the advisory levels are:
and wet weather occurs at flowering. The fungus
grows down the silks into the ear, and in addition • 5 ppm in grains and grain co-products for
to producing DON, it produces conspicuous red swine, not to exceed 20% of their diet,
discoloration of kernels on the ear. The fungus can
also continue to grow and rot ears when corn is left • 10 ppm in grains and grain co-products for
standing in the field. Mycotoxin contamination of corn chickens and cattle, not to exceed 50% of their
caused by Gibberellazeae is often associated with diet, and
excessive postponement of harvest and/or storage of
• 5 ppm in grains and grain co-products for all
high-moisture corn.
other animals, not to exceed 40% of their diet.
DON is mostly a concern with monogastric animals, FGIS is not required to test for DON on corn bound for
where it may cause irritation of the mouth and throat. export markets, but will perform either a qualitative or
As a result, the animals may eventually refuse to eat quantitative test for DON at the buyer’s request.
the DON-contaminated corn and may have low weight

I V. CROP AND WEATHER CO N D I T I O N S
HIGHLIGHTS
Weather plays a large role in the corn planting process, growing conditions, and grain development in the field,
which, in turn, impacts final grain yield and quality. Overall, 2014 was a cool, wet year with delayed planting and
delayed harvest. However, the crop was quite uniform in maturity and had the best crop condition rating during
reproductive growth in the past ten years, with record harvests expected. The following highlights the key events of
the 2014 growing season:
• A cold, wet spring prevented early planting, but • Cool temperatures and flooding delayed
warm May soils led to uniform emergence. maturity and harvesting, especially in the
northern areas.
• Excellent pollination conditions then cool
summer temperatures with ample rainfall • An early freeze affecting 20% of the corn
encouraged starch and oil accumulation in growing area, leading to some kernel
more kernels, with less protein concentration. immaturity, which with delayed harvest may
have led to more drying and possible corn
• Pollination conditions were favorable for high
stress cracks.
yield, but also for Diplodia in some locations.
The following sections describe how the 2014 growing season weather impacted the corn yield and grain quality in
the U.S. Corn Belt.
Cool Cool temperatures

Cool, wet April
temperatures, dry with large swings;
followed by a
July with ample extreme moisture
warm, dry May
soil moisture in some areas
Planting Silking Harvest
Little early planting; Excellent pollination

Delayed dry down
Quick, uniform conditions, setting
and harvest in
emergence; stage for high
most areas
Rapid early growth yields
1
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) rates the U.S. corn crop weekly during the production cycle. The rating is based on yield poten-
tial, and plant stress due to a number of factors including extreme temperatures, excessive or insufficient moisture, disease, insect damage
and/or weed pressure.

IV. C ROP A ND W EATHER C ONDITIONS (cont inue d)
A. Planting and Early Growth Conditions - Spring (March - May)

C old s pring, ra in in the n or th decr ea sed ea r l y pl a nti ng
Weather factors impacting corn yield and quality include the Departure from Normal Temperature (oF)
amount of precipitation and the temperature just prior to and 3/1/2014 - 5/31/2014
(Pre and Early Planting Season)
during the corn-growing season. These weather factors interact
with the corn variety planted and the soil fertility. Grain yield
is a function of the number of plants per acre, the number of
kernels per plant, and the weight of each kernel. Cold or wet
weather at planting could reduce plant numbers, or hinder
plant growth, which may result in lower yields. Some dryness
at planting and early growth time is beneficial, as it promotes a
deeper root system to access water later in the season.
Overall, for the key corn-growing areas in 2014, a cold spring

led to a less than average amount of April planting. However,
May had warm, dry weather, resulting in 30% of the corn Generated 6/2/2014 at HPRCC using provisional data. Source: Regional Climate Centers
planted in one week, thereby returning planting progress to the

long-term average. Only a few areas with excessive rain had Percent of Normal Precipitation (%)
3/1/2014 - 5/31/2014
poor emergence due to the soil crusting over, making it difficult
for the corn shoot to push through.
More specifically, the majority of the Gulf and the Pacific

Northwest ECAs experienced a cold spring, with additional
planting delays from abundant rainfall in the northern states.
Therefore, most farmers had to wait until May for the soil to dry
out enough to plant. However, this delay allowed for the soil to
warm up quickly and led to excellent, uniform emergence, and
rapid early growth.
The Southern Rail ECA had an average to cool spring, but Generated 6/11/2014 at HPRCC using provisional data. Source: Regional Climate Centers
continued to have below average precipitation. This dry weather

allowed planting and emergence progress to be close to the
historical average.

I V. C RO P A N D WEAT H ER CONDIT IONS (continued)
B. Pollination and Grain-Fill Conditions - Summer (June - August)

Wet J une , cool Ju n e a n d Ju ly favor ed pol l i na ti on a nd sta r ch a c c u mu l a ti on,
but d e layed ma tu rity
Corn pollination typically occurs in July, and at pollination Departure from Normal Temperature (ºF)
6/1/2014 - 8/31/2014
time, greater than average temperatures or lack of rain
typically reduce the number of kernels. The weather
conditions during the grain-filling period in July and
August are critical to determining final grain composition.
During this time, moderate rainfall and cooler than
average temperatures, especially overnight temperatures,
promote starch and oil accumulation and increased yields.
Moderate rainfall and warm temperatures in the second
half of grain-fill (August to September) also aid continued
nitrogen uptake and photosynthesis. Nitrogen also
remobilizes from the leaves to the grain during grain-filling,
Generated 6/11/2014 at HPRCC using provisional data. Source: Regional Climate Centers
leading to increases in grain protein and density.
Percent of Normal Precipitation (%)
In June 2014, abundant rainfall throughout the corn- 6/1/2014 - 8/31/2014
growing regions flooded fields, and removed some of the
nitrogen fertilizer from the soil before the plant could
accumulate it, thereby reducing the final grain protein
concentration. However, the rain in June helped to
minimize the multi-year drought conditions in the Southern
Rail ECA.
In July of 2014, there was excellent pollination, primarily

due to cool, sunny conditions in the Pacific Northwest and
Gulf ECAs. In addition, ample soil moisture favored second
ears in some fields. Late July saw the return of major Generated 9/11/2014 at HPRCC using provisional data. Source: Regional Climate Centers
storms. This wet weather from late pollination time into

August may have encouraged Diplodia and Gibberella ear rots in some areas. Additionally, cool temperatures and
ample rain promoted photosynthesis, longer ears, and greater than average starch concentration. Unfortunately,
the ample rains may have removed some of the nitrogen fertilizer in 2014, preventing maximum uptake and grain
protein concentration.
In the Southern Rail ECA, the weather was abnormally dry and cold in July, but residual moisture from June helped
plant growth. The cool weather probably prevented Aspergillus mold formation, which prefers hot and dry conditions
after pollination. During grain-fill, the weather warmed up above average, but continued with dry conditions, and led
to greater than average starch and decreased protein concentration.

IV. C ROP A ND W EATHER C ONDITIONS (cont inue d)
C. Harvest Conditions (September - October +)

C ool, wet wea ther delayed ma tu ra ti on a nd h a r vest; u p to 30% h a d ea r l y fr eez e
At the end of the growing season, dry down of the grain Departure from Normal Temperature (oF)
is dependent upon sunshine, temperature, humidity 9/1/2014 - 9/30/2014
levels, seed hybrid and soil dryness. Corn can most
effectively dry down with the least adverse impact on
quality with sunny, warm days with low humidity. Another
weather concern at the end of the growing season is
freezing temperatures. Early freezing before the grain
can sufficiently naturally dry down may lead to lower
yield, lower test weight, and/or stress cracking. Also, if
harvested early, higher-moisture grain may be susceptible
to greater breakage than drier grain.
Typically, 80% of the U.S. corn crop is harvested by the Generated 10/11/2014 at HPRCC using provisional data. Source: Regional Climate Centers
end of October. However, in 2014, the cool summer
temperatures initially delayed maturity. Harvest was further Percent of Normal Precipitation (%)
delayed by rainy weather and continued cool temperatures, 10/1/2014 - 10/31/2014
primarily in the Gulf and Pacific Northwest ECAs, but also
in the eastern half of the Southern Rail ECA. There was a
scattered early freeze in mid-September in the northern
Gulf and Pacific Northwest ECAs, affecting less than 3%
of the corn crop. However, the crop experienced a more
widespread freeze and snowfall in early October, this time
affecting 20% of the corn production area. At that time,
approximately 30% of the corn crop was not at full maturity
and susceptible to frost damage, which could include
reduced yields, lower test weights and stress-cracking, and
may take a longer time to dry down. Producers also may Generated 11/2/2014 at HPRCC using provisional data. Source: Regional Climate Centers
artificially dry this grain. Alternatively, these plants may be

harvested for silage, thereby removing the lesser-quality
grain from the market stream.

I V. C RO P A N D WEAT H ER CONDIT IONS (continued)
D. Comparison of 2014 to 2013, 2012, and the Three-Year Average

2 014 was c o ol like 2013, bu t ha d m or e r a i n a nd r ec ord yi el ds
In contrast to the very dry spring of 2012 with early planting, 2014 had delayed average planting, due to cold, wet
conditions. However, by mid-May, the majority of planting was similar to 3YA, and about a week earlier than in 2013. The
vegetative growth rate and silking time of 2014 was similar to 3YA, in contrast to the early silking time of the hot, dry
2012, and the delayed stage in 2013. This silking and pollination time of 2014 extended for a longer duration than 2013.
Additionally, in a majority of the corn-growing region, the rains tapered off, allowing for a greater number of kernels to be
pollinated, establishing the potential for record yields.
Similar to 2013, the summer of 2014 was cooler than 3YA, and much cooler than the drought of 2012. In contrast to the
temporary drought of 2013, the summer of 2014 had ample rain and more soil moisture, promoting more grain, yield,
and oil, but less protein. Harvest in both 2014 and 2013 was later than 3YA due to multiple weeks of rain and freezing
temperatures.
Throughout much of 2014, the corn crop had the greatest Good + Excellent condition percentage compared to the past 10
years, signifying good plant health, leading to greater photosynthesis, starch accumulation and yield. In contrast, the corn
crop in 2013 was rated better than 3YA, but less than 2014, due to the short-term intense heat and drought. The severity
of the drought and heat wave in 2012 rapidly decreased the crop condition, starch accumulation, and yield, but increased
grain test weight and protein concentration. % Silking
% Emerged
Percent Emerged Percent Silking
100 100
80 80
60
Percent
60
Percent
2014 2014
40 2013 40
2013
2012 2012
20 20
2011-2013 2011-2013
0 0
5/4
6/2
6/9
4/21
4/28
5/12
5/19
5/27
6/16
7/7
8/4
6/23
6/30
7/14
7/21
7/28
8/11
Week Week
U.S. Corn Condition, rated Good + Excellent, %
% Harvested
Percent Harvested U.S. Corn Conditions (Rated Good + Excellent) %

100 80
80 70
60
60
Percent
50
Percent
2014
40 40
2013
30
20 2012 2014
20 2013
2011-2013 10
0 2012
0
9/16
9/22
9/29
10/6
11/3
10/13
10/20
10/27
11/10
11/17
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1
10/1
Week Week
2
A “Good” rating means that yield prospects are normal. Moisture levels are adequate and disease, insect damage, and weed pressures are
minor. An “Excellent” rating means that yield prospects are above normal, and the crop is experiencing little or no stress. Disease, insect damage,
and weed pressures are insignificant.

V. U.S. COR N PRO D UCT I O N , US AG E AN D OU T LO O K
A. U.S. Corn Production1
1. U.S. Average Production and Yields U.S. Corn Yield and Harvested Area
• According to the November 2014 USDA World Agricultural U.S. Corn Yield and Harvested Area
Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report, average
35.5
U.S. corn yield for the 2014 crop is projected to be 10.9 mt/
35.4
11.0 36.0
Hectares Harvested (mil)
Hectares Harvested (million)

10.5 35.5
ha (173.4 bu/ac). This is 0.9 mt/ha (14.6 bu/ac) higher Yield (mt/ha)
35.0
10.0
34.0
than the 2013 corn crop and the highest average yield on 34.5
Yield (mt/ha)
33.6
9.5
34.0
record. 9.0
33.0
33.5
8.5
33.0
• The number of hectares harvested in 2014 is projected 8.0 32.5
7.5 32.0
to be 33.6 million (83.1 mil ac). This is 1.9 mil ha (4.6 mil 7.0 31.5
ac) less than in 2013, which was the largest number of
Year
Crop
harvested hectares over the last 80 years. The projected Source: USDA NASS
P=Projected
33.6 mil ha harvested in 2014 ranks sixth over the last 80

years and fifth-highest in the past 10 years.
• Total U.S. corn production for 2014 is projected to be 366.0 mmt (14,407 mil bu). This is about 12.3 mmt
(482 mil bu) higher than 2013 and the largest U.S. corn crop on record.
• While 2014 saw slightly lower harvested hectares than in 2013, significantly higher yields in key U.S. corn-
producing areas in 2014 resulted in projected record total production.
1
mt - metric ton; mmt - million metric tons; ha - hectare; bu - bushel; mil bu - million bushels; ac - acre.

V. U. S . CO RN P RODU CT ION, U SAGE AND OUTLOOK (continued)
2. ASD and State-Level Production
U.S. Corn Production by ASD (2014P)
The geographic areas included in the Harvest Report
encompass the highest corn-producing areas in the United
States. This can be seen on the map showing projected 2014
corn production by USDA Agricultural Statistical District (ASD).
Source: USDA NASS and Centrec Estimates

U.S. Corn Production by State
The record size of the 2014 corn crop was primarily driven by U.S. Corn Production by State
61
significantly higher production in Illinois, Iowa and Missouri
59
Crop Year
55
compared to 2013. Of the remaining nine states, Indiana, 53 2013
Corn Production (mmt)
2014P
Kansas, South Dakota and Wisconsin had slightly higher
41
40
production, while Minnesota had about the same level of
33
33
27
production, and Kentucky, Nebraska, North Dakota and Ohio

26
21
21
had slightly lower production.
17
16
15
15
13
13
11
11
10
9
6
6
IL IN IA KS KY MN MO NE ND OH SD WI
P=Projected Sampled States
Source: USDA NASS
U.S. Corn Production

Difference Relative % Change*
State 2013 2014P MMT Percent Acres Yield
The U.S. Corn Production table summarizes the differences
Illinois 53 59 6 11%
in both quantity (mmt) and percentages between 2013
Indiana 26 27 1 3%
and projected 2014 corn production for each state.
Also included is an indication of the relative changes in Iowa 55 61 6 12%
harvested acres and yield between 2013 and projected Kansas 13 15 2 14%
2014. The green bar indicates a relative increase and Kentucky 6 6 (1) -9%
the red bar indicates a relative decrease from 2013 to Minnesota 33 33 (0) -1%
projected 2014. This illustrates that harvested acres were Missouri 11 15 4 38%
largely unchanged to slightly lower, with the exception
Nebraska 41 40 (1) -2%
of North Dakota, which experienced a 24% reduction in
North Dakota 10 9 (1) -11%
harvested acres. Yield changes were largely unchanged
Ohio 17 16 (1) -7%
to slightly higher, with the exception of significantly higher
yields in Kansas and Missouri and slightly lower yields in South Dakota 21 21 0 1%
Kentucky. Wisconsin 11 13 1 12%

Total 354 366 12 3%
*Green indicates 2014 is higher than 2013 and red indicates 2014 is lower than
2013; bar height indicates the relative amount.
P=Projected
Source: USDA NASS

V. U.S. CORN PRODUC TION, US AGE A ND OUTLOOK (cont inue d)
B. U.S. Corn Use and Ending Stocks U.S. Corn Use

• U.S. corn use for food, seed and other non-ethanol U.S. Corn Use
industrial purposes has remained fairly constant since the Marketing Year
2010/2011 marketing year (MY10/11). 10/11 11/12
12/13 13/14
160
137
14/15P
131
130
130
127
127
121
• While the amount of corn used for ethanol production 140
118
115
110
Million Metric Tons
120
was lower in MY12/13 relative to MY10/11, MY11/12 100
and MY13/14, the proportion of corn used for ethanol 80
60
production to overall use has not changed greatly the past
36
36
35
35
35
40
four completed marketing years. 20
0
Food, Seed, Ethanol & Feed and Residual Use
• Direct consumption of corn as a feed ingredient in Other Non-ethanol Co-products
Ind. Use
U.S. Corn Production and Disappearance P=Projected
domestic livestock and poultry rations rebounded in Source: USDA WASDE and ERS
MY13/14 due to ample corn supplies and lower corn

prices relative to other feed ingredients. U.S. Corn Production and Disappearance
• U.S. corn exports during MY13/14 were more than double Marketing Year
366
400
354
10/11 11/12
316
350
313
the previous marketing year, mostly due to record U.S. corn
303
295
12/13 13/14
285
278
273
Million Metric Tons
300
263
14/15P
production and lower prices. 250
200
• The 2012 drought resulting in lower production greatly 150
drew down the MY12/13 ending stocks, the lowest in 100
51
49
47
44
39
31
50
29
many years. However, the large 2013 crop helped rebuild
25
21
19
0
ending stocks in MY13/14. Production Total Domestic Exports Ending Stocks
Use P=Projected
Source: USDA WASDE and ERS

V. U. S . CO RN P RODU CT ION, U SAGE AND OUTLOOK (continued)
C. Outlook
1. U.S. Outlook 2. International Outlook
• The record-setting 2014 U.S. corn crop is Global Supply
creating an abundant supply of corn for
• Global corn production during MY14/15 is
MY14/15. The ample corn supply has put
expected to be a record-setting year, primarily
a downward pressure on corn prices, which
due to the large U.S. corn crop.
has helped support corn use in the domestic
market. As a result, domestic use is projected • Greater production for MY14/15 in the EU,
to increase 2.4% from MY13/14 to MY14/15. Russia, Serbia and the Philippines will offset
lower production in China, Brazil, Ukraine,
• Corn use for food, seed and non-ethanol
India, Canada and Argentina.
industrial (FSI) purposes is expected to remain
largely unchanged in MY14/15 compared • In addition to slightly lower U.S. exports, total
to MY13/14, continuing the pattern of the non-U.S. exports are expected to be 11% lower
previous four marketing years. in MY14/15 than in MY13/14.
• Projected MY14/15 corn use for ethanol is • Increases in exports are expected in Serbia,
about the same as the previous marketing South Africa and the EU.
year, with corn expected to represent a larger
share of the ethanol feedstock. U.S. ethanol Global Demand
disappearance will be impacted by lower crude • Global corn use is expected to increase around
oil and gasoline prices, possibly weakening 2% in MY14/15 from MY13/14.
domestic ethanol demand and net ethanol
exports. • Corn use is anticipated to be higher in
MY14/15 in China, Mexico, Brazil and Russia,
• Domestic corn use for livestock and poultry but lower in Canada compared to MY13/14.
feeding and for residual use is expected
to be about 4.5% higher in MY14/15 than • An 11% decrease in year-over-year imports is
in MY13/14 and at the highest level since expected globally in MY14/15, with decreases
MY07/08. Factors driving this demand include in the EU (64% decrease), Indonesia, Egypt and
the continued decline in the relative price of China.
corn to other feedstuffs and increasing demand
due to feeding livestock longer and/or the
rebuilding of livestock herds.
• U.S. corn exports during MY14/15 are

projected to be about 9.5% lower than last year,
yet higher than in MY11/12 and MY12/13.
Lower corn prices and ample supply will help
support U.S. exports.
• MY14/15 corn ending stocks are projected to

be 38.4% higher than the previous marketing
year primarily because of the large corn crop.
This will increase the stocks-to-use ratio for the
second year in a row.

V. U.S. CORN PRODUC TION, US AGE A ND OUTLOOK (cont inue d)
U.S. CORN SUPPLY AND USAGE SUMMARY BY MARKETING YEAR
Metric Units 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15P
Acreage (million hectares)
Planted 35.7 37.2 39.4 38.6 36.8
Harvested 33.0 34.0 35.4 35.5 33.6
Yield (mt/ha) 9.6 9.2 7.7 10.0 10.9
Supply (million metric tons)
Beginning stocks 43.4 28.6 25.1 20.9 31.4
Production 315.6 312.8 273.2 353.7 366.0
Imports 0.7 0.7 4.1 0.9 0.6
Total Supply 359.7 342.2 302.4 375.5 398.0
Usage (million metric tons)
Food, seed, other non-ethanol ind. use 35.7 36.1 35.5 34.6 35.2
Ethanol and co-products 127.5 127.0 117.9 130.4 130.8
Feed and residual 121.3 114.8 109.6 130.4 136.5
Exports 46.5 39.1 18.5 48.7 44.5
Total Use 331.1 317.1 281.5 344.1 347.0
Ending Stocks 28.6 25.1 20.9 31.4 51.0

Average Farm Price ($/mt*) 203.93 244.87 271.25 175.58 122.04-145.66
English Units 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15P

Acreage (million acres)
Planted 88.2 91.9 97.3 95.4 90.9

Harvested 81.4 83.9 87.4 87.7 83.1
Yield (bu/ac) 152.6 146.8 123.1 158.8 173.4
Supply (million bushels)
Beginning stocks 1,708 1,128 989 821 1,236

Production 12,425 12,314 10,755 13,925 14,407
Imports 28 29 160 36 25
Total Supply 14,161 13,471 11,904 14,782 15,668
Usage (million bushels)
Food, seed, other non-ethanol ind. use 1,407 1,421 1,397 1,363 1,385
Ethanol and co-products 5,019 5,000 4,641 5,134 5,150
Feed and residual 4,777 4,520 4,315 5,132 5,375
Exports 1,831 1,541 730 1,917 1,750
Total Use 13,033 12,482 11,083 13,546 13,660
Ending Stocks 1,128 989 821 1,236 2,008

Average Farm Price ($/bu*) 5.18 6.22 6.89 4.46 3.10-3.70
P-Projected
* Farm prices are weighted averages based on volume of farm shipment.
Average farm price for 14/15P based on WASDE November projected price.
Source: USDA WASDE and ERS

V I . SURVEY AND STAT ISTICAL AN ALYS I S M ET HO D S
A. Overview
The key points for the survey design and sampling and statistical analysis for this Harvest Report 2014/15 are as
follows:
• Following the methodology developed for the • To evaluate the statistical validity of the samples,
previous three Harvest Reports, the samples the Relative ME was calculated for each of the
were proportionately stratified according to quality attributes at the U.S. Aggregate and the
Agricultural Statistical Districts (ASDs) across 12 three ECA levels. The Relative ME for the quality
key corn-producing states representing 98.5% of factor results was less than ±10% except for
U.S. corn exports. three attributes – total damage, stress cracks
and stress crack index (SCI). While the lower
• A total of 600 samples collected from the 12
level of precision for these quality factors is less
states were targeted to achieve a maximum
than desired, these levels of Relative ME do not
±10% relative margin of error (Relative ME) at
invalidate the estimates.
the 95% confidence level.
• Two-tailed t-tests at the 95% confidence
• A total of 629 unblended corn samples pulled
level were calculated to measure statistical
from inbound farm-originated trucks were
differences between the 2014 and 2013 and the
received from local elevators from September 20
2014 and 2012 quality factor averages.
through December 5, 2014, and tested.
Agricultural Statistical Districts (ASDs)
• A proportionate stratified sampling technique
was used for the mycotoxin testing across the
ASDs in the 12 states surveyed for the other
quality factors. This sampling resulted in 182
samples being tested for aflatoxins and DON.
• Weighted averages and standard deviations

following standard statistical techniques for
proportionate stratified sampling were calculated
for the U.S. Aggregate and the three Export
Catchment Areas (ECAs).
B. Survey Design and Sampling

1. Survey Design
For this Harvest Report 2014/15, the target population Stratification involves dividing the survey population of
was yellow commodity corn from the 12 key U.S. corn- interest into distinct, non-overlapping subpopulations
producing states representing about 98.5% of U.S. corn called strata. For this study, the survey population was
exports. A proportionate stratified, random sampling corn produced in areas likely to export corn to foreign
technique was applied to ensure a sound statistical markets. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
sampling of the U.S. corn crop at the first stage of the divides each state into several Agricultural Statistical
marketing channel. Three key characteristics define Districts (ASDs) and estimates corn production for each
the sampling technique: the stratification of the ASD. The USDA corn production data, accompanied
population to be sampled, the sampling proportion per by foreign export estimates, were used to define the
stratum, and the random sample selection procedure. survey population in 12 key corn-producing states
representing 98.5% of U.S. corn exports (Source: USDA/
GIPSA). The ASDs were the subpopulations or strata
VI. SU RVEY A ND STATISTIC A L A NA LYS IS METHODS (cont inue d)
used for this corn quality survey. From those data, The same approach of proportionate stratified
the Council calculated each ASD’s proportion of the sampling was used for the mycotoxin testing of the
total production and foreign exports to determine the corn samples as for the testing of the grade, moisture,
sampling proportion (the percent of total samples per chemical and physical characteristics. In addition to
ASD) and ultimately, the number of corn samples to using the same sampling approach, the same level of
be collected from each ASD. The number of samples precision of a Relative ME of ±10%, estimated with
collected for the Harvest Report 2014/15 differed a 95% level of confidence, was desired. Testing at
from ASD to ASD because of the different shares of least 25% of the total number of targeted samples
estimated production and foreign export levels. (600) was estimated to provide that level of precision.
The number of samples collected was established In other words, testing at least 150 samples would
so the Council could estimate the true averages of the provide a 95% confidence level that the percent of
various quality factors with a certain level of precision. tested samples with aflatoxin results below the FDA
The level of precision chosen for the Harvest Report action level of 20 parts per billion (ppb) would have a
2014/15 was a relative margin of error (Relative ME) Relative ME less than or equal to ±10%. In addition, it
no greater than ±10%, estimated with a 95% level of was estimated that the percent of tested samples with
confidence. A Relative ME of ±10% is a reasonable DON results below the FDA advisory level of 5 parts
target for biological data such as these corn quality per million (ppm) would also have a Relative ME less
factors. than or equal to ±10%, estimated with a 95% level
of confidence. The proportionate stratified sampling
To determine the number of samples for the targeted approach also required testing at least one sample
Relative ME, ideally the population variance (i.e., the from each ASD in the sampling area. To meet the
variability of the quality factor in the corn at harvest) sampling criteria of testing 25% of the total number of
for each of the quality factors should be used. The targeted samples (600) and at least one sample from
more variation among the levels or values of a quality each ASD, the targeted number of samples to test for
factor, the more samples needed to estimate the true mycotoxins was 181 samples.
mean with a given confidence limit. In addition, the
variances of the quality factors typically differ from one
2. Sampling
another. As a result, different sample sizes for each of
the quality factors would be needed for the same level The random selection process was implemented by
of precision. soliciting local grain elevators in the 12 states by mail,
fax, e-mail and phone. Postage-paid sample kits were
Since the population variances for the 17 quality
mailed to elevators agreeing to provide the 2050 to
factors evaluated for this year’s corn crop were not
2250-gram corn samples requested. Samples were
known, the variance estimates from the Harvest Report
collected from the elevators when at least 30% of
2013/14 were used as proxies. The variances and
the corn in their area had been harvested. The 30%
ultimately the estimated number of samples needed
harvest threshold was established to avoid receiving
for the Relative ME of ±10% for 14 quality factors were
old crop corn samples as farmers cleaned out their
calculated using the 2013 results of 610 samples.
bins for the current crop or new crop harvested
Broken corn, foreign material, and heat damage were
earlier than normal for reasons such as elevator
not examined. Stress crack index (SCI), with a Relative
premium incentives. The individual samples were
ME of 12%, was the only quality factor for which the
pulled from inbound farm-originated trucks when
Relative ME exceeded ±10% for the U.S. Aggregate.
the trucks underwent the elevators’ normal testing
Based on these data, a total sample size of 600 would
procedures. The number of samples each elevator
allow the Council to estimate the true averages of
provided for the survey depended on the targeted
the quality characteristics with the desired level of
number of samples needed from the ASD along with
precision for the U.S. Aggregate, with the exception of
the number of elevators willing to provide samples.
SCI.
A maximum of four samples from each physical

V I . SU RV EY A N D STAT IST ICAL ANALYS IS M ETHODS (continued)
location was collected. A total of 629 unblended corn estimated proportions of grain flowing to each ECA. As
samples pulled from inbound farm-originated trucks a result, corn samples could be reported in more than
was received from local elevators from September 20 one ECA. These estimations were based on industry
through December 5, 2014, and tested. input, export data, and evaluation of studies of grain
flow in the United States.
C. Statistical Analysis New to this Harvest Report 2014/15 is a simple
The sample test results for the grade factors, average of the quality factors’ averages and standard
moisture, chemical composition, and physical factors deviations of the previous three Harvest Reports
were summarized as the U.S. Aggregate and also (2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14). These simple
by three composite groups that supply corn to each averages are calculated for the U.S. Aggregate and
of three major export channels, labeled Export each of the three ECAs and are referred to as “3YA” in
Catchment Areas (ECAs), as follows: the text and summary tables of the report.
• The Gulf ECA consists of areas that typically The Relative ME was calculated for each of the quality
export corn through the U.S. Gulf ports; factors for the U.S. Aggregate and each of the ECAs.
The Relative ME was less than ±10% for all the quality
• The Pacific Northwest (PNW) ECA includes areas
attributes except for SCI for the U.S. Aggregate and
that export corn through Pacific Northwest and
the Gulf and Southern Rail ECAs, and total damage,
California ports; and
stress cracks and SCI for the Pacific Northwest ECA.
• The Southern Rail ECA comprises areas The Relative ME for total damage, stress cracks and
generally exporting corn to Mexico. SCI was as follows:
Export Catchment Areas Relative ME

Total Stress
Pacific Damage Cracks SCI
Northwest
U.S. Aggregate 11%
Gulf ECA 11%
Pacific Northwest ECA 11% 12% 16%
Southern Rail ECA 14%
Southern
Rail
Gulf While the lower level of precision for these quality
factors is less than desired, these levels of Relative
ME do not invalidate the estimates. Footnotes in the
In analyzing the sample test results, the Council summary tables for “Grade Factors and Moisture” and
followed the standard statistical techniques employed “Physical Factors” indicate the attributes for which the
for proportionate stratified sampling, including Relative ME exceeds ±10%.
weighted averages and standard deviations. In
addition to the weighted averages and standard References in the “Quality Test Results” section to
deviations for the U.S. Aggregate, weighted averages statistical and/or significant differences between
and standard deviations were estimated for the 2014 and 2013 and 2014 and 2012 test results were
composite ECAs. The geographic areas from which validated by two-tailed t-tests at the 95% confidence
exports flow to each of these ECAs overlap due to level. The t-tests were calculated between results in
available transportation modes. Therefore, composite the Harvest Report 2012/13 and the Harvest Report
statistics for each ECA were calculated based on 2014/15 and the Harvest Report 2013/14 and the
Harvest Report 2014/15.

V I I . T E ST I N G AN ALYS I S M E T HO D S
The corn samples (each about 2200 grams) were sent directly from the local grain elevators to the Illinois Crop
Improvement Association’s Identity Preserved Grain Laboratory (IPG Lab) in Champaign, Illinois. Upon arrival, the
samples were dried, if needed, to a suitable moisture content to prevent any subsequent deterioration during the
testing period. Next the sample was split into two 1100-gram subsamples using a Boerner divider. The divider splits
the complete sample into two while keeping the attributes of the grain sample evenly distributed between the two
subsamples. One subsample was delivered to the Champaign-Danville Grain Inspection (CDGI) for grading. CDGI is
the official grain inspection service provider for east-central Illinois as designated by USDA’s Federal Grain Inspection
Service (FGIS). The grade testing procedures were in accordance with FGIS’s Grain Inspection Handbook and are
described in the following section. The other subsample was analyzed at IPG Lab for the chemical composition and
other physical factors following either industry norms or well-established procedures in practice for many years. IPG Lab
has received accreditation under the ISO/IEC 17025:2005 International Standard.
A. Corn Grading Factors

1. Test Weight 3. Total Damage/Heat Damage
Test weight is a measure of the quantity of grain Total damage is part of the FGIS Official U.S.
required to fill a specific volume (Winchester bushel). Standards for Corn grading criteria.
Test weight is a part of the FGIS Official U.S. Standards
A representative working sample of 250 grams of
for Corn grading criteria.
BCFM-free corn is visually examined by a properly
The test involves filling a test cup of known volume trained individual for content of damaged kernels.
through a funnel held at a specific height above the Types of damage include blue-eye mold, cob rot,
test cup to the point where grain begins to pour over dryer-damaged kernels (different from heat-damaged
the sides of the test cup. A strike-off stick is used to kernels), germ-damaged kernels, heat-damaged
level the grain in the test cup, and the grain remaining kernels, insect-bored kernels, mold-damaged kernels,
in the cup is weighed. The weight is then converted to mold-like substance, silk-cut kernels, surface mold
and reported in the traditional U.S. unit, pounds per (blight), surface mold, mold (pink Epicoccum), and
bushel (lb/bu). sprout-damaged kernels. Total damage is reported as
the weight percentage of the working sample that is
2. Broken Corn and Foreign Material total damaged grain.
(BCFM) Heat damage is a subset of total damage and
Broken corn and foreign material (BCFM) is part of the consists of kernels and pieces of corn kernels that
FGIS Official U.S. Standards for Corn. are materially discolored and damaged by heat. Heat-
damaged kernels are determined by a properly trained
This test determines the amount of matter that
individual visually inspecting a 250-gram sample of
passes through a 12/64th-inch round-hole sieve and
BCFM-free corn. Heat damage, if found, is reported
all matter other than corn that remains on the top
separately from total damage.
of the sieve. Broken corn is defined as all material
passing through a 12/64th-inch round-hole sieve and
retained on a 6/64th-inch round-hole sieve. Foreign
B. Moisture
material is defined as all material passing through the The moisture recorded by the elevators’ electronic
6/64th-inch round-hole sieve and the coarse non-corn moisture meters at the time of delivery is reported.
material retained on top of the 12/64th sieve. BCFM Electronic moisture meters sense an electrical
is reported as a percentage of the initial sample by property of grains called the dielectric constant that
weight. varies with moisture. The dielectric constant rises as
moisture content rises.

V I I . T E ST I N G A NALYSIS MET H ODS ( c ontinued)
C. Chemical Composition
1. NIR Proximate Analysis – Corn 2. Stress Crack Analysis
Proximates are the major components of the grain. For Stress cracks are evaluated by using a backlit viewing
corn, the NIR Proximate Analysis includes oil content, board to accentuate the cracks. A sample of 100
protein content, and starch content (or total starch). intact kernels with no external damage is examined
This procedure is nondestructive to the corn. kernel by kernel. The light passes through the
horneous or hard endosperm so the severity of the
Chemical composition tests for protein, oil, and stress crack damage in each kernel can be evaluated.
starch were conducted using a 400- to 450-gram Kernels are sorted into four categories: (1) no cracks;
sample in a whole-kernel Foss Infratec 1229 Near- (2) 1 crack; (3) 2 cracks; and (4) more than 2 cracks.
Infrared Transmittance (NIT) instrument. The NIT Stress cracks, expressed as a percent, are all kernels
was calibrated to chemical tests, and the standard containing one, two or more than two cracks divided
error of predictions for protein, oil, and starch were by 100 kernels. Lower levels of stress cracks are
about 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. Results are always better since higher levels of stress cracks lead
reported on a dry matter basis (percent of non-water to more breakage in handling. If stress cracks are
material). present, singles are better than doubles or multiples.
Some corn end users will specify the acceptable level
D. Physical Factors of cracks based on the intended use.
1. 100-Kernel Weight, Kernel Volume Stress crack index (SCI) is a weighted average of
and Kernel True Density the stress cracks. This measurement indicates the
severity of stress cracking. SCI is calculated as
The 100-kernel weight is determined from the average
weight of two 100-kernel replicates using an analytical SCI = [SSC x 1] + [DSC x 3] + [MSC x 5]
balance that measures to the nearest 0.1 mg. The Where
averaged 100-kernel weight is reported in grams.
SSC is the percentage of kernels with only one
The kernel volume for each 100-kernel replicate crack,
is calculated using a helium pycnometer and is DSC is the percentage of kernels with exactly two
expressed in cm3/kernel. Kernel volumes usually cracks, and
range from 0.18-0.30 cm3 per kernel for small and
MSC is the percentage of kernels with more than
large kernels, respectively.
two cracks.
True density of each 100 kernel sample is calculated The SCI can range from 0 to 500, with a high number
by dividing the mass (or weight) of the 100 externally indicating numerous multiple stress cracks in a
sound kernels by the volume (displacement) of the sample, which is undesirable for most uses.
same 100 kernels. The two replicate results are
averaged. True density is reported in grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3). True densities typically range from
1.16 to 1.35 g/cm3 at “as is” moistures of about 12 to
15%.

VII. TESTING A NA LYS IS M ETHODS (cont inue d)
3. Whole Kernels To report the frequency of occurrences of aflatoxins
and DON for the Harvest Report 2013/14, IPG Lab
In the whole kernels test, 50 grams of cleaned (BCFM-
performed the mycotoxin testing using FGIS protocol
free) corn are inspected kernel by kernel. Cracked,
and approved test kits. FGIS’s protocol requires a
broken, or chipped grain, along with any kernels
minimum of a 908-gram (2 pound) sample from
showing significant pericarp damage are removed, the
trucks to grind for aflatoxin testing and approximately
whole kernels are weighed, and the result is reported
a 200-gram sample to grind for DON testing. For this
as a percentage of the original 50-gram sample. Some
study, a 1000-gram laboratory sample was subdivided
companies perform the same test, but report the
from the 2-kg survey sample of shelled kernels for
“cracked & broken” percentage. A whole kernels score
the aflatoxin analysis. The 1-kg survey sample was
of 97% equates to a cracked & broken rating of 3%.
ground in a Romer Model 2A mill so that 60-75%
would pass a 20 mesh screen. From this well-mixed
4. Horneous Endosperm ground material, a 50-gram test portion was removed
The horneous (or hard) endosperm test is performed for each mycotoxin tested. EnviroLogix AQ 109 BG
by visually rating 20 externally sound kernels, and AQ 254 BG quantitative test kits were used for
placed germ facing up, on a light table. Each kernel the aflatoxin and DON analysis, respectively. The DON
is rated for the estimated portion of the kernel’s was extracted with water (5:1), while the aflatoxins
total endosperm that is horneous endosperm. Soft were extracted with 50% ethanol (2:1). The extracts
endosperm is opaque and will block light, while were tested using the Envirologix QuickTox lateral
horneous endosperm is translucent. The rating is flow strips, and the mycotoxins were quantified by the
made from standard guidelines based on the degree QuickScan system.
to which the soft endosperm at the crown of the
kernel extends down toward the germ. The average The EnviroLogix quantitative test kits report
of horneous endosperm ratings for the 20 externally specific concentration levels of the mycotoxin if the
sound kernels is reported. Ratings of horneous concentration level exceeds a specific level called
endosperm are made on a scale of 70-100%, though a “Limit of Detection” (LOD). The LOD is defined as
most individual kernels fall in the 70-95% range. the lowest concentration level that can be measured
with an analytical method that is statistically different
E. Mycotoxin Testing from measuring an analytical blank (absence of
a mycotoxin). The LOD will vary among different
Detection of mycotoxins in corn is complex. The fungi analytical methods developed for different types of
producing the mycotoxins often do not grow uniformly mycotoxins and commodity combinations. The LOD
in a field or across a geographic area. As a result, the for the EnviroLogix AQ 109 BG and AQ 254 BG are 2.5
detection of any mycotoxin in corn, if present, is highly parts per billion (ppb) for aflatoxins and 0.3 parts per
dependent upon the concentration and distribution of million (ppm) for DON.
the mycotoxin among kernels in a lot of corn, whether
a truck load, a storage bin or a rail car. A letter of performance has been issued by FGIS
for the quantification of aflatoxins and DON using
The objective of the FGIS sampling process is to the Envirologix AQ 109 BG and AQ 254 BG kits,
minimize underestimating or overestimating the true respectively.
mycotoxin concentration since accurate results are
imperative for corn exports. However, the objective
of the Harvest Report 2013/14 assessment
of mycotoxins is only to report the frequency of
occurrences of the mycotoxin in the current crop, but
not specific levels of the mycotoxin in corn exports.

V I I I . U.S . C ORN GRADES AND CO N V E R S I O N S
U.S. CORN GRADES AND GRADE REQUIREMENTS

Maximum Limits of
Damaged Kernels
Minimum Test Heat Broken Corn and
Weight per Bushel Damaged Total Foreign Material
Grade (Pounds) (Percent) (Percent) (Percent)
U.S. No. 1 56.0 0.1 3.0 2.0

U.S. No. 2 54.0 0.2 5.0 3.0
U.S. No. 3 52.0 0.5 7.0 4.0
U.S. No. 4 49.0 1.0 10.0 5.0
U.S. No. 5 46.0 3.0 15.0 7.0
U.S. Sample Grade is corn that: (a) Does not meet the requirements for the grades U.S. Nos.
1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; or (b) Contains stones with an aggregate weight in excess of 0.1 percent of the
sample weight, 2 or more pieces of glass, 3 or more crotalaria seeds (Crotalaria spp.), 2 or more
castor beans (Ricinus communis L.), 4 or more particles of an unknown foreign substance(s) or
a commonly recognized harmful or toxic substance(s), 8 or more cockleburs (Xanthium spp.), or
similar seeds singly or in combination, or animal filth in excess of 0.20 percent in 1,000 grams; or
(c) Has a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odor; or (d) Is heating or otherwise of
distinctly low quality.
Source: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 810, Subpart D, United States Standards for Corn
U.S. AND METRIC CONVERSIONS

Corn Equivalents Metric Equivalents
1 bushel = 56 pounds (25.40 kilograms) 1 pound = 0.4536 kg
39.368 bushels = 1 metric ton 1 hundredweight = 100 pounds or 45.36 kg
15.93 bushels/acre = 1 metric ton/hectare 1 metric ton = 2204.6 lbs
1 bushel/acre = 62.77 kilograms/hectare 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 bushel/acre = 0.6277 quintals/hectare 1 metric ton = 10 quintals
56 lbs/bushel = 72.08 kg/hectoliter 1 quintal = 100 kg
1 hectare = 2.47 acres

Beijing Seoul
Washington, D.C. Tokyo
Tunis
Cairo Taipei
Mexico City
Panama City Kuala Lumpur

Dar es Salaam
Office
Regional Hub
Representative
People’s Republic of China Middle East and Africa

Beijing Tunis
Tel1: 011-86-10-6505-1314 Tel: 011-216-71-908-622
Tel2: 011-86-10-6505-2320 Fax: 011-216-71-906-165
20 F Street, NW Suite 600 Fax: 011-86-10-6505-0236 tunis@usgrains.net
Washington, DC 20001 grainsbj@grains.org.cn
South and Southeast Asia
Egypt Kuala Lumpur
Phone: 202-789-0789 Cairo Tel: +603-2093-6826
Fax: 202-898-0522 Tel: 202-2269-6631/2 Fax: +603-2093-2052
Fax: 202-2269-7722 grains@grainsea.org
Email: grains@grains.org grains@grains.org
Taiwan
Website: grains.org Japan Taipei
Tokyo Tel1: 011-886-2-2508-0176
Tel: +81-3-6206-1041 Tel2: 011-886-2-2507-5401
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tokyo@grains.org taipei@grains.org
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Seoul Dar es Salaam
Tel: 011-82-2-720-1891 Tel: +255-68-362-4650
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seoul@grains.org
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Mexico Panama City
Mexico City Tel: +507-315-1008
Tel1: 011-52-55-5282-0244 Fax: +507-315-0503
Tel2: 011-52-55-5282-0973 LTA@grains.org
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Fax: 011-52-55-5282-0969
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14/2015

Developing a report of this scope and breadth in a timely manner requires

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 i

Greetings from the C ouncil. ............................................................................................... 1

I. Harvest Quality Highlights........................................................................................... 2

II. Introduction . .............................................................................................................. 3

III. Quality T est Results .................................................................................................... 5

USGC C ontact I nformation

ii CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 1

GRADE FACTORS AND MOISTURE PHYSICAL FACTORS

2 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

These observations show quality differences among

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 3

4 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

SUMMARY: GRADE FACTORS AND MOISTURE

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 5

2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

BCFM (%) BCFM (%)

6 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

Test Weight (lb/bu) Test Weight (kg/hl)

58.0 57.8 74.7 74.5

U.S. Aggregate U.S. Aggregate

Avg Std Dev (kg/hl) (kg/hl)

(lb/bu) (lb/bu) 2014 74.2 1.72

2014 57.6 1.34 2013 74.5 1.95

2013 57.9 1.51 2012 75.6 1.56

2012 58.8 1.21

12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 3 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart6

The diagram to the right illustrates the procedure for FM

Aggregate average and 3YA. BCFM varied by no more than

8 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

• The 2014 samples were distributed with 44.4% of the

less than 0.1 percentage point.

12/10/2014 (3:07 PM) 7 of 19 Results Reporting 2014 Current.xlsx / Chart10

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 9

0.19% compared to 0.23% in 2013, 0.18% in 2012 and

• In the 2014 crop, 94.4% of the samples contained less

10 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

• Total damage levels were more variable among samples Southern

Aggregate standard deviation (1.36% compared to 0.84%

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 11

• There was no heat damage reported in any of the

• The absence of heat damage likely was due in

12 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

2012 15.3 1.72

• In the 2014 crop, 12.4% contained 14% or less moisture

U.S. Aggregate Distribution (% of Samples)

moisture content has been consistently higher than the

to weather conditions providing lower drying potential for

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 13

SUMMARY: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15 15

Protein (Dry Basis %) Starch (Dry Starch

Oil (Dry BasisOil%)

3.7 3.7 3.8

2012 2013 2014

16 CORN HARVEST QUALIT Y REPORT 2014/15

• U.S. Aggregate protein standard deviation in 2014 (0.55%)

• Protein concentration averages for Gulf, Pacific Northwest,