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    Fourth Session

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    Nada.idrissi
    The document discusses object-oriented programming principles in C++ including encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling.

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    Fourth Session

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    Nada.idrissi
    30 views27 pages
    The document discusses object-oriented programming principles in C++ including encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling.

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    The document discusses object-oriented programming principles in C++ including encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views27 pages

    Fourth Session

    Uploaded by

    Nada.idrissi
    The document discusses object-oriented programming principles in C++ including encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    OOP Principles

    The main principles of OOP in C++

    Saad Kahlaouinate
    @
    Summary
    In today’s session we will see:
    ● Encapsulation and Abstraction
    ● Inheritance
    ● polymorphism
    ● Exception handling
    Encapsulation
    What is Encapsulation in OOP?

    Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes or properties) and the


    methods (functions) that operate on that data within a single unit, which is a
    class in the context of C++. It is about restricting access to the internal details
    of a class and exposing only what is necessary.

    ● Data Hiding: Encapsulation hides the implementation details of a class from


    the outside world, allowing access only through well-defined interfaces
    (public methods).
    Abstraction
    What is Abstraction in OOP?

    Abstraction is the process of simplifying complex systems by modeling classes


    based on essential features while ignoring unnecessary details. It focuses on
    what an object does rather than how it achieves its functionality.

    ● Hiding Implementation Details: Abstraction hides the complex internal


    details of how a class achieves its functionality, providing a clear separation
    between the interface and implementation.
    A virtual function (also known as virtual methods) is a
    member function that is declared within a base class
    and is re-defined (overridden) by a derived class.
    Inheritance
    Not the one from your parents/grandparents

    Inheritance is a mechanism that allows you


    to create a new class that is a modified
    version of an existing class. The new class,
    called the derived class or subclass, inherits
    attributes and behaviors from the existing
    class, known as the base class or superclass.
    Inheritance
    Constructures in multiple inheritance

    Multiple Inheritance is a feature of C++


    where a class can derive from several(two
    or more) base classes. The constructors
    of inherited classes are called in the
    same order in which they are inherited.
    Inheritance
    Friend classes in C++

    In C++, a friend class is a class that is granted access to the private and
    protected members of another class. This is achieved by declaring the friend
    class in the class whose members need to be accessed. The friend
    relationship is not mutual; if class A is a friend of class B, it doesn't imply that
    class B is a friend of class A.
    Inheritance
    Overloading in inheritance

    Overloading doesn’t work for derived


    class in the C++ programming
    language. There is no overload
    resolution between Base and Derived
    classes.
    Polymorphism
    Still with me ?? Read this:

    Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as objects of a


    common type. There are two types of polymorphism in C++: compile-time
    (static) polymorphism and runtime (dynamic) polymorphism.

    ● Compile-time Polymorphism
    ● Runtime Polymorphism
    Polymorphism
    Types of polymorphism

    Compile-time Polymorphism:
    ● Compile-time polymorphism is achieved through function overloading and
    operator overloading.

    Runtime Polymorphism:
    ● Runtime polymorphism is achieved through virtual functions and pointers or
    references to base class objects.
    Compile-time Polymorphism
    Runtime Polymorphism
    Exception Handling
    What we must use exceptions in C++

    Exception handling is an important feature in C++ that allows you to


    deal with runtime errors in a more controlled manner. In the context
    of object-oriented programming (OOP) in C++, exceptions can be used
    to handle errors that may occur during the execution of methods or
    operations on objects.
    Throwing Exceptions

    • To signal that an error has occurred, you can use the throw
    keyword to throw an exception.
    • You can throw objects of any type, including built-in types,
    pointers, or instances of custom classes.
    Custom Exception Classes
    • You can define your own exception classes by
    deriving from the “std::exception” class or any other
    appropriate base class.

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