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Theses Theses and Dissertations

Spring 1983

One-dimensional compressible flow analysis :

isentropic and normal shock
Su-Bo Wong
New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Wong, Su-Bo, "One-dimensional compressible flow analysis : isentropic and normal shock" (1983). Theses. 1478.
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 ABSTRACT

Title of Thesis: One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

Analysis - Isentropic And Normal Shock.

Su-Bo Wong, Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering

1983.

Thesis Directed by: Rong-yaw Chen

Professor of Mechanical Engineering

A computer program to compute and analyse one-dimensional

isentropic compressible flow through variable cross-sectional

area with or without a normal shock is developed. The

program is written in the "FORTRAN LANGUAGE".

In this work, the area change is the predominant cause of

change of flow condition. One of the advantage of this

program is set on general uses for isentropic flow. In

common practice, the values of the isentropic flow property

ratios were tabulated or graphically presented as function

of the Mach number with a specified specific heat ratio, K
(normally K=1.40 was presented). With todays technology,the

most versatile method is by implementation of computer

programming method.

The computer program presented can solve all the one-

dimensional isentropic flow problems and to analyse the flow

characteristic and the flow patterns in converging nozzle and
converging-diverging nozzle. The value of K can be assigned

as any value as one's requirement. All the solutions are

computed within 0.1 % error. For solving Mach number and
location of normal shock inside the nozzle, ITERATION method
is employed instead of numerical method. In most cases, a

few iterations (less than ten) may arise a reasonable

solutions.
 ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

ANALYSIS - ISENTROPIC AND NORMAL SHOCK

by
Su-Bo Wong

Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School

of the New Jersey Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
1983
 APPROVAL SHEET

Title of Thesis: One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

Analysis - Isentropic and Normal Shock.

Name of Candidate: Su-Bo Wong

Master of Science in Mechanical

Engineering, 1983
Thesis and Abstract Approved:
Dr. Rong Yaw Chen
Professor
Department of Mechanical

Engineering
Signature of other members
of the thesis committee.
 VITA

Name: Su-Bo Wong

Degree and date to be conferred: M.S.M.E., 1983

Secondary Education: College of Art and Technology,

Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.

Collegiate Institutions attended: Dates Degree Date of Degree

Queen Mary College Oct.1978

B.Sc.(Eng). August, 1981
(University of London), England. Aug.1981

New Jersey Institute of Technology Sept.1982

M.S.M.E.
Aug.1983

Major: Mechanical Engineering

Positions held: Service Manager, Alexander Chan & Bros. Sdn.Bhd.,
Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia. Aug.1981-Aug.1982.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to his

advisor, Professor Rong-Yaw Chen, who provided many valuable

suggestions, constant supervision, continuous guidance and

encouragement throughout the course of the entire investigation.

Furthermore, the author would like to express his indebtedness
to Professor Edward Miller, Associate Dean of Engineering and
Dr.Sachio Nakamura who have kindly read through the entire
original manuscript and provided many valuable suggestions.

The author is grateful to the Physics Department of the New

Jersey Institute of Technology for the teaching assistantship

appointment for 1982-1983.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. ANALYSIS 6

2.1 Fundamental Concepts 6

2.2 Classification of Compressible Flow 7

2.3 Assumptions on The Flow Through a Normal

Shock Wave 8

2.4 Governing Equations 8

(A) For Isentropic Flow

(B) For Normal Shock Wave 11

2.5 Performance of Converging Nozzle 13

2.6 Performance of Converging-Diverging Nozzle 16

3. METHOD OF SOLUTIONS 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Techniques of Programming the Program 23
3.3.1 Program (1) 28
3.3.2 Program (2) 29
3.3.3 Program (3). 29
4. CONCLUSION 33

5. RECOMMENDATIONS 35
APPENDIX A Fortran IV Computer Program 38
APPENDIX B Sample of Example 60
REFERENCES 64
 NOTATION

a Speed of sound
A Cross-sectional area of duct

h Specific enthalpy
K Specific gas ratio
M Mach number
Ṁ Mass flow rate
MF Mass flux = Ṁ/A

P Static pressure
R Specific heat constant

s Specific entropy
T Static temperature
V Velocity of the fluid flow

v Specific volume
X Position coordinate

ρ Density

max Maximum
○ Stagnation condition
*ConditonatM=1
 1. INTRODUCTION

Fluid mechanics is that study of fluid motion involving a

rational method of approach based on general physical laws

and consistent with the results of modern experimental

study. There is hardly a branch of engineering that is not

concerned with fluids or does not make use of them. Real

economy and value are achieved in studying at one time the
same principles underlying the flow of different fluids.

Such a study tends to develop a sound background and to make

one versatile in approaching new problems.

A fluid may be considered as compressible or incompressible.

As an example in the compressible flow, when the relative
velocity of the fluid with respect to the immersed body

became high, the results of the analysis for the pressure

coefficient began to depart from that based on
incompressible flow. Also, when the speed of the fluid

relative to the immersed body approached the speed of sound

in the flowing medium, owing to the compressibility of the

fluid, the deviation from incompressible flow analysis

become pronounced.

The fact that the flow is compressible indicates that the

density, ρ of the flowing medium is a sensitive function of

the pressure. The introduction of this new variable ρ into

the equations of motion will necessitate the study of its
 2

relationship to the other properties of the medium. This

need then invokes the principles of thermodynamics which
represent a separate and independent approach from the
dynamic equations of motion. Since a new variable ρ has
been added, this independent approach is necessary for the

solution of the problem, and the concepts of thermodynamics

will play an important role in the theory of compressible

flow.

Friction, heat transfer, area change and electromagnatic

fields have a great effect on compressible flow. In most

physical situations, more than one of these effects occur

simultaneously; for example, flow in a rocket nozzle involves

area change, friction, and heat transfer. However, one of the
effects is usually predominant; in the rocket nozzle, area

change is the factor having greatest influence on the flow.

The frequent predominance of one factor provides a

justification for separating the effects, including them one

at a time in the equations of motion, and studying the

resultant property variations.

Whereas a certain loss of generality is incurred by treating

each of the effects individually, this procedure does
simplify the equations of motion so that the results of each

of the effects can be easily appreciated. Further, this

simplification enables approximate solutions to be derived
for a wide range of problems in compressible flow; such
 3

solutions are sufficiently accurate for many engineering

applications. Attempts to include all the effects
simultaneously in the equations of motion lead to
mathematical complexities that mask the physical situation.
In many cases exact solutions to these generalized equations

of motion are impossible.

This study is concerned with compressible, isentropic flow

through varying area ducts, such as nozzles passages.

Friction and heat transfer are negligible for this isentropic
flow; variation in properties are brought about by area

change. One-dimensional steady flow of a perfact gas is

assumed in order to reduce the equetions to a workable form.

Since this is a study of gas flows, changes in potential

energy and gravitational forces are neglected.

The intention on this study has been to provide a good

understanding of the physical behaviour of compressibe fluid

flow and an adequate appreciation of the principles behind
the design of modern engines such as nozzles and their

equivalent form a very important item of all turbine and jet

devices. In this work, a computer program is implemented to

solve most of the engineering problems arising from

isentropic compressible flow.

In general, the changing variable properties are To, Po, T, P,

ρo, ρ, M, V, m/A (MF), K, R. Since K and R are the properties of
the gas and usually listed in most of the science or
engineering data booklets. The remainder nine properties at
which three properties must be given in order to obtain the
rest of the variable properties, this gives the initial

cross-section (station 1) properties. The program may

proceed further to consider any other sections of the duct
with no discontinuities or shock wave occurs inbetween.

since the stagnation properties are remains constant at any

sections of the duct, by giving one properties from T, P,

M, V, ρ, AR (A1/A2 - area ratio), the other properties can be
obtained.

To shows the great effect of mach number and wisely needed

in engineering applications; converging nozzle and
converging-diverging nozzle were chosen to demonstrate on
this study . The program is constructed to consider a fluid

stored in a large reservoir and is discharged through a

converging nozzle; by varying the back pressure to analyse
the characteristics and compute the properties of the fluid

flow at the exit plane. For converging-diverging nozzle, it

is desired to consider the pressure distribution in the
nozzle over a range of values of Pb/Po with Po maintained
constant (except across the shock wave). The phenomenon of

the choked or unchoked, shock wave occurs inside or outside

the nozzle , overexpansion , underexpansion or designed

condition; all those situations will be detected and printed

 5

at the output of the solutions.

The main fundamental concepts are discussed in Chapter 2,

which include the analysis, governing equations for

isentropic flow and flow across the normal shock wave and
the features of the fluid flows through the converging

nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle.

Chapter 3 is the method of solutions which explain the

techniques of writting this program and the procedures of

inputing the data.

Conclusions are presented in Chapter 4 and suggested

recommendations are in Chapter 5. Appendix - A, is the

computer program and Appendix - B, is the sample of

examples. Finally, the References.

 6

2. ANALYSIS

2.1 Fundamental Concepts

Four basic laws can be readily applied in studying the flow

of compressible fluids. These fundamental laws or principles

upon which the analysis presented in this study depend

directly or indirectly are :

(A) The law of conservation of mass

ρVA=consta
(B) Newton's second law of motion
1/ρdp+V=0
(C) The first law of thermodynamics

h + V 2 /2 = conatant

(D) The second law of thermodynamics

T ds = dh - v dp

In any flow analysis some information about the properties

of the fluid must be known. This information (such as
equation of state of a perfact gas ) is used in connection

with the basic laws to provide maximum knowledge of the flow.

Compressible flow can be treated at various levels of
complexity. In this work, the most elementary level possible

was taken and the results by virtue of their simplicity, are

among the most instructive.
 7

The basic approximations are that the flow is steady and

one-dimensional or, more precisely, steady and
quasi-one-dimensional. By this we mean that the flow can be treated

according to a one-dimensional model even though the

'real' flow is in fact three-dimensional.

2.2 Classification of Compressible Flows

There are large differences in flow patterns with

compressible flows. General behaviour of the flow depends

on whether the fluid velocity is greater or less than the

local velocity of sound. Thus , the compressible flows may
be classified as follows :

(1) M < 1 ---- Subsonic flow ;

(2)
; M = 1 ---- Sonic flow
(3) M > 1 ---- Supersonic flow.

A transonic flow is defined as a flow having regions in

which the flow speed changes from subsonic to supersonic.

For example, transonic flows can occur in converging-

diverging nozzles and in flow over bodies.

A hypersonic flow is a supersonic flow at high mach number

(often defined as a flow whose mach number is greater than

5) . Hypersonic flows are so called because they require

treatment somewhat different from low mach number supersonic

flows.
 8

2.3 Assumptions on The Flow Through a Normal Shock Wave

The assumptions are made as follows:

(1) The boundary surface forming the stream tube is far
removed from the boundary layers adjacent to any solid

surface. Since all friction forces may be assumed to be

confined to the shearing stresses in the boundary layer, the

configuration under discussion is a frictionless duct.
(2) The shock process takes place at constant area; that

is, the streamlines forming the boundary of the stream tube

are parallel.
(3) The shock wave is perpendicular to the streamlines.

(4) The flow process, including the shock wave is adiabatic,

no external work is performed, and the effects of body
forces are negligible.

2.4 Governing Equations

(A) For Isentropic Flow:

The ratio of the speed of the fluid at a point to the local

speed of sound at that point is a useful index for

identifying the flow. this ratio is called the Mach
number";
 9

For isentropic flow,

Where subscript s denotes constant entropy.

-K
For an ideal gas under isentropic process P =const.
Thus,

The stagnation temperature, To is the temperature where the

speed of the fluid is zero. With the energy equation for

isentropic flow, we get

The stagnation pressure Po and the stagnation temperature To

are related by

The stagnation or total density, ρo is the density corresponding

to the stagnation temperature and pressure.

From the thermal equation of state,

Substituting equations (4) & (5) into equation (6) yields

 10

The continuity equation may be transformed to read

Substituting equation (3) into equation (8a) yields

From equation (4), we have

Hence, in terms of the stagnation temperature To ; equation

cab) becomes

From equation (5b), it follows that

Hence, the continuity equation expressed in terms of the

stagnation pressure Po for the actual flow becomes
 11

or in terms of T, we have

(B) For Normal Shock Wave:

In below is the application of the equations developed in the

above to normal shock wave.

Since To is a constant,therefore equation (4) gives

From equation (Ba) , as Ṁ/A = Const., we can derived that

Substituting equation (3) into equation (10) gives

Introducing the Momentum equation,

From equation (2), noting that a 2 = KP/ρ ,equation (12b)

yields

Equating the right-hand sides of equation (11) and (13),

We can obtained that

 12

yields
Squaring both sides of equation (14) and solving for M2

Equation (15a) expresses the trival result that no change

occurs across the normal shock wave; that is the latter has

infinitestimal strength. Equation (15b) gives the solution

for a normal shock wave of finite strength.

For a normal shock wave to occur, the mach number, M1 must be

greater than unity and equation (15b) shows that as M1 in
front of the normal shock wave is increased infinitely, the

mach number, M2 in back of the normal shock wave continually

decreases but approaches the limiting value √(k-1)/2K
.ThelimtngvauforM2depnslyothepcif a
ratio for the gas. For air and diatomic gases, k=1.40 and
√(k-1)/2K =0.378. (Note that the computer program presented
is permitted to put any value of k as one's necessity).

The property ratios across a normal shock wave may be

expressed in terms of the mach number ahead of the shock

wave M1 by substituting equation (15b) into equations

(9),(10) and (13) to eliminate M2. Thus
a
It follows from equation (17) that as the mach number M1
approaches infinity, the density ratio ρ/ρo approaches
(k+1)/(k-1) as a limiting value. (i.e. = 6, for k=1.40). On

the other hand, the pressure ratio P2/P1 (see equation (18) )
increases continuously with Ml.

The flow conditions immediately in front of and in back of

the normal shock wave are isentropic, thus all the governing
equations derived for isentropic flow can be applied to

those sections.

2.5 Performance of Converging Nozzle

Consider the configuration shown in fig.2.1., where a simple

converging duct discharges into a region where the back

pressure Pb is controlled by a valve. Let Pe be the
pressure in the exit plane of the nozzle and Po the

reservoir pressure ( stagnation pressure for isentropic

flow).
fig.2.1. Flow Through a Converging nozzle
 15

If Pb/Po = 1 ( at condition 1, fig.2.1 ) then the pressure is

constant throughout the nozzle and there is no flow. If Pb is
slightly reduced from this value ( condition 2, fig.2.1) a
subsonic flow will be established with the exit pressure Pe

equal to the back pressure Pb. If Pb is reduced further to

condition 3, the flow remains subsonic with Pb=Pe, but the
mass flow rate increases. This increase continues until
*
Pb/Po reaches the critical pressure ratio ( Pb/Po = P/Po =
Pe/Po ) where Me = 1, i.e. condition 4. If Pb is reduced
further, ( condition 5 ), the pressure Pe can not become

less than P since Me stays at 1. Therefore the flow rate

remains constant and pressure distribution inside the nozzle
remains the same as for condition 4. The pressure

distribution in the chamber outside the nozzle for Pb/Pe can

not be predicted accurately by a one-dimensional model and is
indicated by a wavy line.

The maximum mass flux, (MF)max can be found from equation

(8c) with Me = 1, gives

and from equation (5b),

For k = 1.40 , Pit/Po =0.5283

 16

2.6 Performance of Converging-Diverging Nozzle

Consider the case in which a fluid stored in a large

reservoir is to be discharged through a converging-diverging

nozzle. The experiment can be carried out similar to the

above case (converging nozzle) by controlling the valve to

vary the back pressure, Pb. It was pointed out that for

certain ratios of back pressure to supply pressure,

isentropic, one-dimensional solutions to the equations of

motion are not possible. However, it is sufficient to
analyse the normal shock occured inside or at the exit plane

and studied in details. It is desired to find the pressure

distribution in the nozzle over a range of values of Pb/Po,
with Po maintained constant. (see fig.2.3a)

fig.2.3a

With Pb = Po, there is no flow in the nozzle. As Pb is

reduced below Po, subsonic flow is induced through the

nozzle with pressure decreasing to the throat then

increasing in the diverging portion of the nozzle. When the

back pressure is lowered to that of curve 4, sonic flow
 17

occurs at the nozzle throat. Further reductions in back

pressure can induced no more flow through the nozzle. As
the back pressure is reduced below that of curve 4, a normal

shock appears in the nozzle just downstream of the throat

(curve a ). Further reductions in back pressure cause the

shock to move downstream ( curve b ), until for a low enough

back pressure, the normal shock positions itself at the

nozzle exit plane ( curve c ). Consider in detail a curve
of P versus X with a shock in the nozzle (fig.2.3b). the

static pressure decreases in the converging portion of the

nozzle, with M = 1 at the throat. In the diverging portion,
with the flow supersonic, the pressure continues to decrease
up to the normal shock. After the shock, flow in the
diverging part of the nozzle is subsonic, the static
pressure increasing to the exit plane pressure. With

subsonic flow at the exit, the exit plane pressure is equal

to the back pressure.

As the back pressure is lowered below that of curve c, a

shock wave inclined at an angle to the flow appears at the

exit plane of the nozzle (fig.2.3c). This shock wave,
 18

weaker than a normal shock is called an oblique shock.

Further reductions in back pressure cause the angle between
the shock and the flow to decrease, thus decreasing the
shock strength (fig.2.3d) until eventually the isentropic

case, curve 5, is reached. Curve 5 corresponds to the

design condition in which the flow is perfectly expanded in

the nozzle to the back pressure.

fig.2.3c fig.2.3d

For back pressure below that of curve 5, exit plane

pressure is greater than the back pressure. A pressure

decrease occurs outside the nozzle in the form of expansion

waves (fig.2.3e). Oblique shock waves and expansion waves

represent flows which are not one-dimensional and can not be

treated directly with the equations derived before.

fig.2.3e
It is important to realize that for all back pressures below

that of curve c the flow adjusts to the back pressure

outside the nozzle. Over this range of back pressures
 19

(below c), flow inside the nozzle remains unchanged as the

back pressure is varied. For example, the exit plane
pressure and exit velocity are the same for all back

pressures below c. If a rocket nozzle is designed to

operate isentropically at sea level, the rocket exhaust

velocity and exit plane pressure do not change as the rocket

moves upwards through the atmosphere (assuming constant

chamber temperature and pressure).

Fig.2.3f depicts the variation of exit plane pressure with

back pressure. For subsonic flow at the exit plane (curves
1,2,3,4, a,b,c), and for the design condition (curve 5), the

exit plane pressure is equal to the back pressure. For

supersonic flow at the exit plane (curve d,5,e) the exit

plane pressure is equal to that for the design condition.

For back pressure between c and 5, the exit plane pressure

is less than the back pressure, so that the nozzle is termed
overexpanded. For back pressure below 5, with the exit

plane pressure greater than the back pressure, the nozzle is

termed underexpanded.

Fig.2.3g shows the variation of pressure at the throat with

back pressure, when back pressure is in between 1 and 4, the

pressure at throat varies with back pressure (i.e. unchoked

condition). Till back pressure equals or less than 4, choked

condition, Pt always remain at P (i.e. critical stage).

 20

fig. 2.3f

fig.2.3g
 21

Summarising, there are four regimes of flow :

(I) Subsonic flow throughout the duct, maximum velocity is
reached at the throat.

(II) Subsonic flow at the throat, then supersonic up to the

normal shock, following by subsonic compression.

(III) Subsonic flow to the throat, followed by supersonic

flow to the exit plane. Non-isentropic re-compression

outside the duct though oblique shock waves.

(IV) Flow in the duct identical to (III), supersonic jet
expanding out of the nozzle exit.

The nozzle is choked in regimes (II),(III) & (IV). The mass

flow rate, M is independent of the back pressure and is a

maximum. Only in regime (I) can the mass flow rate be

changed by variation in the back pressure.
 22

3. METHOD OF SOLUTIONS

3.1 Introduction

By use of the governing equations developed in Chapter 2, we

can express the flow property ratios (T/To, P/Po, etc.) in a

steady one-dimensional isentropic flow as a function of the

local flow mach number, M for a given value of the specific

heat ratio, k. In most of the engineering compressible text

books, the values of the isentropic flow property ratios are
tabulated or grapically presented as function of the mach

number for k = 1.40. It has been a common practice of using

table or graphs, whenever possible, in solving steady

one-dimensional flow problems.

In most cases, the initial conditions at the inlet

cross-section of the passage are specified. Using those
conditions, the corresponding values of T/To, P/Po, ρ/ρ o,etc.
may be read directly from tables or graphs. The reference

condition To, Po, ρo, A may than be calculated.

One condition at the exit cross-section of the flow passage

must be known, so that tables or graphs may be employed for

determine the property ratios, and hence the flow properties

at the exit cross-section, Many problems of the practical
 23

interest are not that straight-forward, and may be too

complicated for a closed-form mathematical solution. A
numerical solution is required and the most versatile method

is by implementation of computer programming method. With

present-days technology, computer is common and wisely used.

It may solves the problem in shortest time with

great efficient and high merit of accuracy. In this work, a

computer program is developed to solve the isentropic flow
problems instead of traditional method by using tables or
graphs to compute and analyse the flow pattern. Also, it

can be used for any different values of specific heat ratio,

k.

One of the advantages of setting the program on general

purpose is that many of the solution steps are common to all
application area. For instant, the procudure for solving

problems in converging or converging-diverging nozzle

involve many of the same steps found in general program;
i.e. for given three properties and compute the remainder
properties.

3.2 Techniques of Programming the Program

A genaral computer flow diagram is presented in fig.3.1. This

flow diagram is specifically for the one-dimensional

isentropic flow with variable cross-sectional area and is
 24

fig.3.1. A General Flow Diagram

 25

valid for all of the application areas discussed in Chapter

2. Each major step of the flow chart will be discussed in
genaral terms rather than with respect to a specific example.

Firstly, the general program was established. In general,

the changing variable flow properties are To, Po, T, P,

ρ, ρo, M, V, MF, K and R. Since K and R are the properties of the

gas and usually listed in most of the text books. The

remainder nine properties at which three must be given to

make the solution possible.

From the knowledge of mathematical statistics, if one is

interested only in what particular objects are selected when

r objects are chosen from n objects ( where r and n are any

arbitrary numbers ), without regard to their arrangement in
a line, then the unloaded selection is called a

"COMBINATION ".

Employing the formula with r = 3 and n = 9 ;

Combination formula :

From the above, it is understood that there are 84 ways of

setting the problems.

 26

Mass flux, MF is a most common property that either known or

unknown value. This property is taken as a reference and
divide the program into two parts. i.e. (1) Given two

properties with mass flux, MF ; or (2) Given three

properties without MF.

Using the same combination knowledge, we get in case (I) is

28 ways and 56 ways in case (II). Due to certain

properties gives in the combination is exactly the terms

of the governing equation, it is unable or should say not

enough information to solve the problem. Such as occured in

case (I) has two cases and eight cases in case (II). When

this situation appears, the output will print " NOT ENOUGH

INFORMATION".

The logical If statement is used as a transfer control for

the given condition. A pattern of entering the code number

is fixed by entering the code number in ascending order.

For example, The coding as follows:

To - 1 T 3 DN - 5 M - 7

Po - 2 P - 4 DNO- 6 V - 8

For given To,Po,P then enter 124 without any punctuation in

between the numbers.,

One of the most tedious part in the program is to solve for

 27

M by trial and error. Here, ITERATION method is used

instead of other numerical method, like Newton-Raphson
method, because numerical method may easily diverged and

make the solution impossible.

For instant, given MF, Po and To from equation (Sc), we have

Solving for M,

By iteration, the DO-LOOP being employed. The Fortran

statement may be written as follows :

DUM Y=PO*SQRT(K/R TO)

M=MF*(1+C2)**PW5/DUMMY
DO 111 I=1,30
MP=MF*(1+C2*M*M)**PW5/DUMMY
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)

IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 1000
M=MP
111 CONTINUE

1000
 28

In most cases, only a few iterations ( normally less than 10)

may gives the reasonable solution within 0.001 % error.

Due to many solution steps are common in most of the cases,

in preparing the program, one must solve all the 84 cases

at one time to search where the solution steps are common.

By grouping those steps together to form the SUBROUTINE. In

this program, eleven subroutines were employed.

3.3 Comments on the Computer Program

When the program get started, it prints the NOTATION of the

symbols used then follows by select program:
(1) Given three properties of a flow in a duct, find the
other properties of the flow;

(2) Converging nozzle flow from reservoir;

(3) Converging-Diverging nozzle.

3.3.1 Program (1)

1. Select either (a) Given mass flux with two properties

or (b) Given three properties without mass flux.

2. Input K and R.
3. Input the known properties with the coding specified

in ascending order.
4. Input the values of the known properties.
 29

5. The computer may compute the unknown properties at this

initial section and print out the solutions.
6. It may proceed further to compute any section of the duct
by entering one known properties.

7. The program may keep on repeated until all the section of

the required properties are obtained

3.3.2 Program ( 2 )

1. Input K and R
2. Input To, Po and Pb ( Back pressure )

3. The computer may detect the characteristic of the flow

pattern through the nozzle. Refer to Chapter two, fig.2.1.
(i) Po = Pb

(ii) Regime I ( Po < Pb < P(iv) )

(iii) Regime II ( Pb < P(iv) )
(iv) Pb = P(iv)

4. Print the properties at the exit plane.

3.3.3 Program ( 3 )

1.Input K and R
2.Input To, Po and Pb ( Back pressure )

3. Input area ratio between exit and throat (Ae/At)

4. The program is able to detect the charecteristic of the
flow pattern. Refer to fig.3.2 in below :
 30

(i) Find Me2 and Me4

(ii) Determine Pe2, Pe3 and Pe4

(iii) Using Logical IF to classify the flow pattern.

Generally, it consists of the following cases. ( Note : All

the details had been included in Chapter 2 ).

(a) Po = Pb
(b) Regime I ( Po > Pb > Pe2 )
(c) Pb = Pe2

(d) Regime II ( Pe2 > Pb > Pe3 )

(e) Pb = Pe3

(f) Regime III ( Pe3 > Pb > Pe4 )

(g) Pb = Pe4
(h) Regime IV ( Pe4 > Pb )

In the above eight cases, the most difficult part of the

program is in Regime to locate normal shock inside
 31

the nozzle). There are many ways of solving this problem.

Here, the iteration method is employed to find the area
ratio AR, where the normal shock occurs. The program is
constructed as follows:

(i) By averaging the area ratios AR at throat and exit to

assume the normal shock wave occurs half way between the

throat and the exit plane.

(ii) Fromthe throat condition with M = 1 and the known

Po, To. Using subroutine with estimated AR to compute the

properties before the normal shock occurs.

(iii) Compute the properties after normal shock wave occurs.

(iv) Using subroutine to determine the properties at the
exit plane.

(v) To compare is the computed exit pressure Pe = Pb

(vi) (a) If Pe > Pb ; take AR as the average of the
estimated AR and area ratio at the throat.

(b) If Pe < Pb ; take AR as the average of the

estimated AR and the area ratio at the exit.

(vii) Repeating the procedures by taking the average

until Pe within 0.1 % error equals to Pb. In most cases,

within ten iterations the solution may arise.
(5) Print all the necessary solutions. i.e

(i) Throat properties;

(ii) exit plane properties;
(iii) normal shock, before and after.

The program constructed in the above are three programs

 32

that are commonly needed for studying one-dimensinal

isentropic compressible flow with variable cross-sectional
area. The program may be modified or extended to fit others
requirement.
 33

CONCLUSION

A computer program to aid the analysis of one-dimensional

isentropic compressible flow through variable cross-

sectional area, and discharges of gas from a reservoir

through a converging or converging-diverging nozzle has been

developed . The program was written in FORTRAN LANGUAGE.

In this work, the area change is the predominant cause of

change of flow condition. One of the advantage of this
program is set on general uses for isentropic cases. Three

application solutions on fluid flow through a variable

cross-sectional area duct are described and had demonstrated
how those problems being solved. The three applications are :

(1) Three properties of the initial conditions at the inlet

cross-section or any particular section of the flow passage

are specified, the corresponding properties can be computed

and proceed further with one condition given at any section
or at the exit cross-section of the flow passage, all

other required properties are computed.

(2) A fluid stored in a large reservoir with given Po and

To is discharged through a converging nozzle and by varying

the back pressure to analyse the features and the patterns

of the flow, choked or unchoked and compute the properties at
the exit plane.
 34

(3) A fluid stored in a large reservoir with given Po and

To is discharged through a converging-diverging nozzle. The
fluid flow has been carefully considered in all flow

patterns,i.e.subsonic or supersonic. It can detect the shock

occured inside, outside or at the exit plane. Furthermore

it analyses the flow ,at design condition, overexpansion or

underexpansion, and choked or unchoked conditions. It also

computes all the necessary. properties at throat, exit
plane, before and after the normal shock wave. Especially,

it can locate the position of the normal shock wave occured

inside the nozzle.
The computer program presented in Appendex A is not limited

to solving these three types of applications, instead it can

be easily extended to fit all other applications or any
section of the isentropic compressible flow. In genaral,

graphs or tables for K = 1.40 is attached at the textbook for

solving isentropic flow. In this program, value of K can be
assigned as any value as one's requirement-
 35

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

(1) Nozzle design and operation have been studied up to

this point by means of a one-dimensional flow analysis.
Although this method of analysis is adequate for the

solution of many engineering problems, certain limitations

become apparent. For example, in the design of a supersonic
nozzle, area ratios can be determined for a given supersonic

Mach number. But the length of the nozzle or the rate of

change of area with axial distance cannot be prescribed from
one-dimensional flow considerations. Further, due to

presence of boundary layers on the nozzle walls, the area

available to the main flow is somewhat reduced; the areas
calculated from a one-dimensional flow analysis may have to

be enlarged to account for boundary layers. For an advanced

and complete analysis of the operation and design of a

converging or converging-diverging nozzle, a study of two-

and three-dimensional analysis is required.A good engineering

approximations may then be obtained for the solution of a

wide range of compressible flow problems.

(2) Compressible flow in ducts was analyzed for the case in

which changes in flow properties were brought about solely

by area change. In a real - flow situation, however,

frictional forces are present and may have a decisive effect
on the resultant flow characteristic. Naturally, the
inclusion of friction -terms in the equations of motion makes
 36

the resultant analysis more complex. For this reason, to

study the effect of friction on compressible flow in duets,

certain restrictions may be placed on the flow. (a)- By

considering compressible flow with friction in constant-area

insulated ducts, which eliminate the -effects of area change

and heat addition. In a practical sense, these restrictions

limit the applicability of the resultant analysis; however,

certain problems such as flow in short ducts can be handled,
and furthermore an insight is provided into the general

effects of friction on a compressible flow. (b) Dealing with

the flow with friction in constant-area ducts, in which the
fluid temperature is assumed constant, this approximates the

flow of a gas through a long uninsulated pipe line. Thus

these two cases cover a wide range of frictional flows and

are consequently of great significance.

(3) Flow assumed to be adiabatic and study the effects on
a gas flow of area change and friction. Here, the effect of
heat addition or loss on a gas flow may be investigated.

Flows with heat transfer occur in a wide variety of

situations, for example, combustion chambers, in which the
heat addition is supplied internally by a chemical reaction,

or heat exchangers, in which heat flow occurs the system

boundaries.
(4) Furthermore, the investigation may be ventured into

the case of flow with applied electric and magnetic fields.

Under certain conditions, however, a gas can be made into an
electrically conductino fluid, possessing electrical
 37

properties similar to a solid conductor. If such a

conducting gas stream is allowed to pass through a magnetic
field aligned perpendicular to the flow, an electrical field

is induced normal to the flow direction and the magnetic

field. Since the gas is able to conduct electrically, the

electric field can be used to generate a current between

electrodes placed in the fluid, and this current is able to

produce work through an external load.
 38

APPENDIX A

FORTRAN IV COMPUTER PROGRAM

C--------------------
C--------------------
C---------------------------------------------------------
C MAIN PROGRAM

C * PROGRAM FOR SOLVING ONE-DIMENSIONAL ISENTROPIC *

C * COMPRESSIBLE FLOW. INCLUDING FLOW THROUGH *
C * CONVERGING NOZZLE AND CONVERGING-DIVERGING *
C * NOZZLE *
C---------------------------------------------------------
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP,ME2,ME3,ME4,ME5,MB1,MB2,MFB1,MFB2
WRITE(2,1)
1 FORMAT(1X,'TO DEFINE THE SYMBOLS USED :')
WRITE(2,2)
2 FORMAT(//,7X,'MF = MASS FLUX',//,
$6X,' R = SPEC.HEAT CONST.',//,
$6)6' K = SPEC.GAS RATIO./,//,
$6)(,' M = MACH NO.',//,
$6X,' T = STATIC TEMPERATURE',//,
$6W P = STATIC PRESSURE',//,
$6X,' DN = STATIC DENSITY/,.//,
$6)(y1 V = LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY',//,
$6X,' TO = STAGNATION TEMPERATURE',//,
$6)(,' PO = STAGNATION PRESSURE',//'
$6)(,' DNO= STAGNATION DENSITY')
WRITE(2,31)
31 FORMAT(//,2X,'SELECT PROGRAM :',
$//,7X,'1 - GIVEN THREE PROPERTIES OF A FLOW IN A DUCT,',
$/,15X,'FIND THE OTHER PROPERTIES OF THE FLOW',
$//,7X,'2 - CONVERGING NOZZLE FLOW FROM RESERVOIR'?
$//,7X,'3 - CONVERGING-DIVERGING NOZZLE',/)
READ ,J1
9999 IF (J1.EQ.1) WRITE :(2,40)
10 FORMAT(//,1X,'SELECT EITHER :',//,
$6X,'1 - GIVEN MASS FLUX. WITH TWO PROPERTIES',//,
$2X,'OR 2 - GIVEN THREE PROPERTIES WITHOUT MASS FLUX',././)
JJ=0
IF (J1.E0.1) READ ,JJ
WRITE(2,6)
6 FORMAT(//,3X,'ENTER K,R')
READ ,K,R
WRITE(2,17) K,R
17 FORMAT(//,3X,/SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO=',F12+4,//,
$3X, 'SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANT=',F12.4,//)
IF (JJ.EQ.1) WRITE (2,5)
 39

FORMAT(//,3X,'ENTER MF')
IF (JJ.EQ.1) READ ,MF
C1=2/(K-1)
C2=(K-1)/2
C3=(K-1)/(K+1)
C4=2/(K+1)
PW1=K-1
PW2=1/(K-1)
PW3=K/(K-1)
PW4=(K-1)/K
PW5=(K+1)/(2*(K-1))
KNOR=0
IF ((J1.EQ.2).OR.(J1.EQ.3)) GO TO 2001
WRITE(2,3)
3 FORMAT(//,1X,'SELECT THE CONDITIONS :',//,
$3X,'ENTERING THE CODE OF THE GIVEN CONDITIONS IN ASCENDI
NG ORDER'CODES
$11,12X,'### ###',//,
$11X,'TO - 1',6X,'DN - 5 ' 5, //,
$11X,'PO - 2",6X,'DNO- 6',//,
$11)(,'T 3',6X,' M - 7',//,
$11X,'P - 4',6X,' V - 8',//)
READ ,N
WRITE(2,4)N
4 FORMAT(//,1X,'THE CONDITIONS GIVEN ARE CODES ##',1X,I4,1
X,'##',//)
KK=1
IF ((JJ#E0.1).AND.,(N.GT.100)) GO TO 9996
IF ((JJ,EQ.2).AND.(N.GT.100)) GO TO 9998
IF ((JJ.EQ.2).AND.(N.LT.100)) GO TO 9996
C PROGRAM FOR GIVEN MF & TWO PROPERTIES
IF (N.EQ.12) GO TO 100
IF (N.EQ.14) GO TO 150
IF (N.EQ.23) GO TO 200
IF (N.EQ.34) GO TO 250
IF (N.EQ.35) GO TO 300
IF (N.EQ.45) GO TO 350
IF (19..E0.38) GO TO 400
IF (N.EQ.48) GO TO 450
IF (N.EQ.13) GO TO 500
IF(N.EQ15)GOT20
IF (N.EQ.18) GO TO 540
IF (N.EQ.78) GO TO 560
IF (N.EQ.57) 60 TO 580
IF (N.EQ,17) GO TO 600
IF (N.EQ.37) GO TO 620
IF (N.EQ.28) GO TO 640
IF (N.EQ.25) GO TO 660
IF (N.EQ.24) GO TO 680
IF (N.EQ.27) GO TO 700
 40

IF (N.EQ.47) GO TO 720
IF (N.EQ.67) GO TO 740
IF (N.EQ.56) GO TO 760
IF (N.EQ.68) GO TO 780
IF (N.EQ.16) GO TO 782
IF (N.EQ.26) GO TO 785
IF (N.EQ.36) GO TO 787
IF (N.EQ.46) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.58) 00 TO 1111
100 CONTINUE
WRITE(2,8)
8 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO')
READ, TO,PO
CALL ISEN7
GO TO 2222
150 WRITE(2,15)
15 FORMAT(IX,'INPUT TO,P')
READ ,TO,P
M=MF/SQRT(1+C2)/(P*SQRT(K/R/TO))
DO 155 I=1,30
MP=MF/SQRT(1+C2*M*M)/(P*SQRT(K/R/TO))
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.LT00.00001) GO TO 1500
M=MP
155 CONTINUE
1500 T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISENT1
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
GOTO 2222
200 WRITE(2,20)
20 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T')
READ , PO,T
M=MF*(1+C2)**PW3/(PO*SQRT(K/R/T))
DO 205 I=1,30
MP=MF*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3/(PO*SORT(K/R/T))
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF(EP.LT.0000001) GO TO 2000
M=MP
205 CONTINUE
2000 TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISENT1
P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
GO TO 2222
250 WRITE(2,25)
25 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,P')
READ. ,T,P
M=MF/(P*SQRT(K/R/T))
CALL ISENT1
*M)PW3 C2 PO=*(1+
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
 GO TO 2222
300 CONTINUE
WRITE(2,30)
30 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,DN')
READ,TN
P=DN*R*T
36 M=MF/(P*SQRT(K/R/T))
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2

PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 2222
350 WRITE(2,35)
35 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,DN')
READ ,P,DN
T=P/(DN*R)
GO TO 36
400 WRITE(2,40)
40 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,V')
READ TRY
DN=MF/V
P=DN*R*T
46 M=V/(K*R*T)**0.5
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
GO TO 2222
450 WRITE(2,45)
45 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,V')
READ ,P,V
DN=MF/V
T=P/(DN*R)
GO TO 46
500 WRITE(2,50)
50 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,T')
READ 'TORT
TOT=TO/T
M=((2*(TOT-1))/(K-1))**0.5
V=M*(K*R*T)**0.5
DN=MF/V
CALL ISENT2
GO TO 2222
520 WRITE(2,52)
52 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,DN')
READ,TON
V=MF/DN
55 M=SQRT(V*V/((TO*K*R)-(V*V*C2)))
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISENT2
GO TO 2222
 42

540 WRITE(2,54)
54 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,V')
READ ,TO,V
DN=MF/V
CO TO 55
560 WRITE(2,56)
56 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT M,V')
REAL' ,M,V
DN=MF/V
59 T=V*V/(M*M*K*R)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISENT2
GO TO 2222
580 WRITE(2,58)
58 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DN,M')
READ ,DN,M
V=MF/DN
GO TO 59
600 WRITE(2,60)
6() FORMAT(lX,'INPUT TO,M")
READ ,TO,M
CALL ISEN8
GO TO 2222
620 WRITE(2,62)
62 FORMAT(lX,'INPUT T,M')
READ ,T,M
790 TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN8
GO TO 2222
640 WRITE(2,641)
641 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,V')
REAL' ,PO,V
DN=MF/V
662 M=V*(1+C2)**(0,5*PW3)*SQRT(DN/PO/K)
DO 644 I=1,30
MP=V*(1+C2*M*M)**(0.5*PW3)*SQRT(DN/PO/K)
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 645
M=MP
644 CONTINUE
645 P=P0/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
T=P/(DN*R)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
GO TO 2222
660 WRITE(2,661)
661 FORMAT(lX,'INPUT PO,DN')
READ ,PO,DN
V=MF/DN
GO TO 662
680 WRITE(2,681)
681 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT POW')
READ ,PO,P
M=SORT(C1C(PO/P)**PW4-1))
688 T=M*M*P*P*K/(MF*MF*R)
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
DN=MF/V
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
GO TO 2222
700 WRITE(2,701)
701 FORMAT(1X,INPUT PO,M')
READ ,PO,M
P=PQ/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3

GO TO 688
720 WRITE(2,721)
721 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT
READ ,P,M
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
GO TO 688
740 WRITE(2,741)
741 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DNO,M')
READ f DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
DNO,M

766 V=MF/DN
T=V*V/(M*M*K*R)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
P=DN*R*T
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
GO TO 2222
760 WRITE(2,761)
761 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DN,DNO')
READ ,DN,DNO
767 DO=(DNO/DN)**(K-1)-1
M=SQRT(2*DU/(K-1))
GO TO 766
780 WRITE(2,781)
781 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DNO,V ' )
READ ,DNO,V
DN=MF/V
GO TO 767
782 WRITE(2,783)
783 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,DNO')
READ ,TO,DNO
PO=DNO*R*TO
CALL ISEN7
GO TO 2222
785 WRITE(2,786)
786 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,DNO')
READ ,POyDNO
 44

TO=PO/R/DNO
CALL ISEN7
GO TO 2222
787 WRITE(2,788)
788 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,DNO ' )
READ ,T,DNO
M=MF*(1+C2)**PW2/(DNO*SQRT(K*R*T))
DO 789 I=1,30
MP=MF*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2/(DNO*SQRT(K*R*T))
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 790
M=MP
789 CONTINUE
C PROGRAM FOR GIVEN THREE PROPERTIES WITHOUT MASS FLUX
C----------------------------------------------------
9998 CONTINUE
IF(N.EQ123)GOT80
IF (N.EQ.134) GO TO 802
IF (N.EQ.135) GO TO 804
IF (N.EQ.136) GO TO 806
IF (N.EQ.137) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.138) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.246) GO TO 808
IF (N.EQ.248) GO TO 810
IF (N.EQ.247) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.234) GO TO 812
IF (N.EQ.245) GO TO 814
IF (N.EQ.456) GO TO 816
IF (N.EQ.256) GO TO 818
IF (N.EQ.356) GO TO 820
IF (N.EQ.156) GO TO 822
IF (N.EQ.568) GO TO 824
IF (N.EQ.567) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.125) GO TO 826
IF (N.EQ.126) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.128) GO TO 828
IF (N.EQ.127) GO TO 632
IF (N.EQ.124) GO TO 634
IF (N.EQ.345) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.346) GO TO 836
IF (N.EQ.348) GO TO 838
IF .(N.EQ.347) 60 TO 842
IF (N.EQ.146) GO TO 844
IF (N.EQ.168) GO TO 846
IF(N.EQ167)GOT84
IF (N.EQ.145) GO TO 850
IF (N.EQ.148) GO TO 852
IF(N.EQ147)GOT85
IF(N.EQ236)GOT857
 45

IF (N.EQ,235) GO TO 860
IF (N.EQ.238) GO TO 863
IF (N.EQ.237) GO TO 866
IF (N.EQ.158) GO TO 868
IF (N.EQ.157) GO TO 871
IF (N.EQ.258) GO TO 873
IF (N.EQ.257) GO TO 878
IF (N.EQ.268) GO TO 880
IF (N.EQ.267) GO TO 882
IF (N.EQ.358) GO TO 885
IF (N.EQ.357) GO TO 887
IF (N.EQ.368) GO TO 889
IF (N.EQ.237) GO TO 892
IF (N.EQ.458) GO TO 894
IF (N.EQ.457) GO TO 896
IF (N.EQ.468) GO TO 898
IF (N.EQ.467) GO TO 903
IF (N.EQ.178) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.378) GO TO 1111
IF (N.EQ.478) GO TO 905
IF (N.EQ.278) GO TO 907
IF (N.EQ.578) GO TO 913
IF (N.EQ.678) GO TO 910
800 WRITE(2,801)
801 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO,T')
READ ,TO,PO,T
M=SQRT(C1*(TO/T-1))
P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3

CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
802 WRITE(2,803)
803 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,T,P')
READ ,TO,T,P
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
M=SQRT(C1*(TO/T-1))

CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
804 WRITE(2,805)
805 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,T,DN')
READ ,TO,T,DN
920 M=SQRT(C1*(TO/T-1))
P=DN*R*T
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
806 WRITE(2,807)
807 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,T,DNO')
READ ,TO,T,DNO
M=SQRT(C1*(TO/T-1))
DN=O/(1+C2*M)PW2
 4-6

CALL ISEN2
GO TO 2222
808 WRITE(2,809)
P=DN*R*T
809 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,P,DNO')
READ ,PO,P,DNO
M=SQRT(C1*PO/P)**PW4-1))
DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN5
GO TO 2222
810 WRITE(2,811)
811 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,P,V)
READ ,PO,P,V
M=SQRT(C1*((PO/P)**PW4-1))
T=V*V/(M*M*R*R)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
812 WRITE(2,813)
813 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T,P')
READ ,PO,T,P
M=SQRT(C1*((PO/P)**PW4-1))
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
814 WRITE(2,815)
815 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,P,DN')
READ ,PO,P,DN
M=SQRT(C1*((PO/P)**PW4-1))
972 DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN5
G0 TO 2222
816 WRITE(2,817)
817 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,DN,DNO')
READ ,P,DN,DNO
M=SQRT(C1*(DNO/DN)**PW1-1))
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN5
GO TO 2222
818 WRITE(2,819)
819 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,DN,DNO')
M=SQRT(C1*((DNO/D4)**PW1-1))
READ ,PO,DN,DNO
P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN5
GO TO 2222
820 WRITE(2,821)
821 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,DN,DNO')
READ ,T,DN,DNO
M=SQRT(C1*((DNO/DN)**PW1-1))
 47

TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN2
GO TO 2222
822 WRITE(21,823)
823 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,DN,DNO')
READ ,TO,DN,DNO
922 M=SQRT(C1*((DNO/DN)**PW1-1))
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN2
GO TO 2222
824 WRITE(2,825)
825 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DN,DNO,V')
READ ,DN,DNO,V
M=SQRT(C1*(DNO/DN)**PW1-1))
T=V*V/(M*M*K*R)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN2
GO TO 2222
826 WRITE(2,827)
827 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO,DN')
READ ,TO,POON
DNO=PO/(R*TO)
M=SORT(C1*(DNO/DN)**PW1-1))
CALL ISEN3
GO TO 2222
828 WRITE(2,829)
829 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO,V')
READ ,TO,PO,VDNO=P/RT

841 CALL ISENM1

831 DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN3
GO TO 2222
832 WRITE(2,833)
833 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO,M')
READ ,TO,PO,M
CALL ISEN6
GO TO 2222
834 WRITE(2,835)
835 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO,P')
READ ,TO,PO,P
2004 CONTINUE
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
M=SQRT(C1*((PO/P)**PW4-1))

CALL ISEN1
IF (J1.EQ.2) GO TO 2005
IF (J1.EQ.3) GO TO 2042
GO TO 2222
836 WRITE(2,837)
837 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,P,DNO')
 READ ,T,P,DNO
DN=P/R/T
M=SQRT(C1((DNO/DN)**PW1-1))
CALL ISEN4
GO TO 2222
838 WRITE(2,839)
839 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT
READ,TPV)
DN=P/R/T
M=V/SQRT(K*R*T)
840 DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN4
GO TO 2222
842 WRITE(2,843)
843 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,P,M')
READ ,T,P,M
DN=P/R/T
00 TO 840
844 WRITE(2,845)
845 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,P,DNO ' )
READ ,TO,P,DNO
921 PO=DNO*R*TO
M=SQRT(C1*((PO/P)**PW4-1))
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
846 WRITE(2,847)
847 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,DNO,V')
READ ,TO,DNO,V
PO=DNO*R*TO
GO TO 841
848 WRITE(2,849)
849 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,DNO,M')
READ ,TO,NO,M
923 PO=DNO*R*TO
DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN3
GO TO 2222
850 WRITE(2,851)
851 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,P,DN')
READ ,TO,P,DN
T=P/(R*DN)
M=SQRT(C1*((TO/T)-1))
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
852 WRITE(2,853)
853 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,P,V')
READ ,TO,P,V
CALL ISENM1
854 PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M))
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
855 WRITE(2,856)
856 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,P,M')
READ ,TOW,M
2010 CONTINUE
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 854
857 WRITE(2,858)
858 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T,DNO')
READ ,PO,T,DNO
TO=PO/R/DNO
M=SQRT(C1*(TO/T-1))
859 P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
860 WRITE(2,861)
861 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T,DN')
READ ,PO,T,DN
P=R*DN*T
M=SQRT(C1*((PO/P)**PW4-1))
862 TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
863 WRITE(2,864)
864 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T,V')
READ ,PO,T,V
M=V/SQRT(K*R*T)
865 TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 859
866 WRITE(2,867)
867 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T,M ' )
READ ,PO5, 1- 01
GO TO 865
868 WRITE(2,869)
869 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,DN,V')
READ ,TO,DN,V
CALL ISENM1
T=V*V/(K*R*M*M)
870 DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN2
GO TO 2222
871 WRITE(2,872)
872 FORMAT(1X'INPUT TO,DN,M')
READ ,TO,DN,M
T=TO/(1+-C2*M*M)
GO. TO 870
873 WRITE(2,874)
 50

874 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,DN,W)

READ ,PO,DN,V
M=V*(1+C2)**(0.5*PW3)*SQRT(DN/K/PO)
DO 875 1=1,30
MP=V*(1+C2*M*M)**(0.5*PW3)*SQRT(DN/K/P0)
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 876
M=MP
875 CONTINUE
876 P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
877 DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M )**PW2
CALL ISEN5
GO TO 2222
878 WRITE(2,879)
879 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,DN,M')
READ ,PO,DN,M
GO TO 876
880 WRITE(2,881)
831 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,DNO,V')
READ ,PO,DNO,V
TO=PO/R/DNO
CALL ISENM1
P=O/(1+C2*M)PW3
DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN3
GO TO 2222
882 WRITE(2,883)
883 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,DNO,M')
READ ,PO,DNO,M
P=P0/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
884 DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN5
GO TO 2222
885 WRITE(2,886)
886 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,DNY,V')
READ ,T,DN,V
M=V/SQRT(K*R*T)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 870
887 WRITE(2,888)
888 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,DN,M')
READ ,T,DN,M
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 870
889 WRITE(2,890)
890 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT T,DNO,V')
READ ,T,DNO,PV
M=V/SQRT(K*R*T)
891 TO=V*V*(1+C2*M*M)/(K*R*M*M)
DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
 51

CALL ISEN2
GO TO 2222
892 WRITE(2,893)
893 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,T,M')
READ ,T,PO,M
GO TO 891
894 WRITE(2,895)
895 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,DN,V')
T=P/RDN
READ ,P,DN,V
M=V/SQRT(K*R*T)
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
CALL ISEN4
GO TO 2222
896 WRITE(2,897)
897 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,DN,M')
READ ,P,DN,M
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
GO TO 972
898 WRITE(2,899)
899 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,DNO,V')
READ .,P,DNO,V
M=SQRT(DNO*V*V/(K*P*(1+C2)**PW2))
DO 900 I=1,30
MP=SQRT(DNO*V*V/(K*P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2))
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.EQ.0.00001) GO TO 901
M=MP
900 CONTINUE
901 T=V*V/(M*M*R*K)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
902 PO=P*(1+C2*(M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
903 WRITE(2,904)
904 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,DNO,M')
READ ,P,DNO,M
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
GO TO 884
905 WRITE(2,906)
906 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P,M,V')
READ ,P,M,V
T=V*V/(M*M*R*K)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 854
907 WRITE(2,908)
908 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT PO,M,V')
READ ,PO,MPV
T=V*W/(M*M*R*K)
TO=*(1+C2M)
 52

P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
CALL ISEN1
GO TO 2222
913 WRITE(2,909)
909 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DN,M,V')
READ ,DN,M,V
T=V*V/(M*M*R*K)
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
GO TO 870
910 WRITE(2,911)
911 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DNO,M,V')
READ ,DNO,M,V
T=V*V/(M*M*R*K)
GO TO 891
C-----------------------------------
C PROGRAM FOR CONVERGING NOZZLE AND
CONVERGING-DIVERGING NOZZLE
2001 KK=0
WRITE (2,2003)
2003 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT TO,PO,PB(BACK PRESSURE)')
READ ,TO,PO,PB
IF (PO.EQ.PB) WRITE (2,2002)
2002 FORMAT(//,4X,'### FLUID IS REMAIN STATIONARY ***',//)
2007 FORMAT(//,3X,'## UNCHOKED CONDITION (SUBSONIC FLOW) 4
I')
2008 FORMAT(//,3X,'## CRITICAL CONDITION (SONIC FLOW) It
)
2009 FORMAT(//,3X,'## CHOKED CONDITION ##')
IF (PO.EQ.PB) GO TO 9997
IF (PO.LT.PB) GO TO 9996
M=1
IF (J1.EQ.3) GO TO 2020

CALL ISEN6
WRITE (2,2006)
2006 FORMAT(//,3X,'## PROPERTIES AT THE EXIT PLANE ##',//)
IF (PB.EQ.P) WRITE (2,2008)
IF (PB.LT.P) WRITE (2,2009)
IF (PB.LE.P) GO TO 2222
P=PB
GO TO 2004
2005 CONTINUE
IF ((M.GT.0.9995).AND.(M.LT.1.0005)) M=1
IF (M.NE.1) GO TO 2040
CALL ISEN6
WRITE (2,2008)
P=PB
GO TO 2222
2040 WRITE (2,2007)
GO TO 2222
2020 WRITE(2,2021)
2021 FORMAT(//,1X,'INPUT AREA RATIO BETWEEN EXIT X THROAT (AE
/AT)',//)
 53

READ ,ARIO
AR=ARIO
C------------------------------------------------
C TO FIND MACH NUMBERS,ME2 & ME4 AT THE EXIT PLANE
ME2=((C4+C3)**PW5)/AR
DO 2030 1=1,30
MP=((C4+ME2*ME2*C3)**PW5)/AR
EP=ABS(1-MP/ME2)
IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 2031
ME2=MP
2030 CONTINUE
2031 ME4=SQRT((AR**(1/PW5)-C4)*(K+1)/(K-1))
DO 2032 I=1,30
MP=SQRT(((ME4*AR)**(1/PW5)-C4)*(K+1)/(K-1))
EP=ABS(1-MP/ME4)
IF (EP*LT.0.00001) GO TO 2033
ME4=MP
2032 CONTINUE
2033 CONTINUE
IF (ME2+GT.1) ME4=ME2
IF (ME4.LT.1) ME2=ME4
M=ME2

C TO DETERMINE PE2,PE3,PE4
CALL ISEN6
PE2=P
ME3=ME4
M=ME4
CALL ISEN6
PE4=P
ME5=SQRT((ME3*ME3+C1)/(2*PW3*ME3*ME3-1))
PE3=PE4*((2*K*ME3*ME3)/(K+1)-C3)
IF ((PE3.GT.PB).AND.(PB.GT.PE4)) WRITE (2,2035)
IF (PB.LT.PE4) WRITE (2,2035)
IF (PB.GT.PE2) WRITE(2,2007)
IF (PB.EQ.PE4) WRITE (2,2027)
IF (PB.EQ.PE3) WRITE (2,2036)
IF (PB.LT.PE4) WRITE (2,2045)
2045 FORMAT(8X,'**44 UNDEREXPANDED #####',//)
IF ((PE3.GT.PB)*AND.(PB.GT.PE4)) WRITE (2,2048)
2035 FORMAT(//,3X,'*## SHOCK WAVE OCCURED OUTSIDE THE NOZZLE

2048 FORMAT(8X,'##### OVEREXPANDED #####',//)

2036 FORMAT(3X,'## SHOCK AT EXIT PLANE 44',//)
2023 FORMAT(1X,'## THE CRITICAL PROPERTIES AT THE THROAT ARE
:',/)
2024 FORMAT (1X,'## THE PROPERTIES AT THE THROAT ARE : 44',
//)
2027 FORMAT(//,3X,'## DESIGN CONDITION *41:',//)
2037 FORMAT(//,3X'## SHOCK INSIDE 44')
IF (PB.LT.PE3) PB=PE4
 54

P=PB
(3O TO 2004
2042 CONTINUE
IF (PB.NE.PE3) GO TO 2047
WRITE (2,2036)
WRITE (2,2043)
2043 FORMAT(//,3X,'## PROPERTIES BEFORE THE NORMAL SHOCK WAY
E W,//)
WRITE (2,7) MF,TO,PO,T,P,DN,DNO,M,V
PO=P0/((C3+C4/M/M)**K*(K*C4*M*M-C3))**PW2
M=SQRT((M*M+C1)/(K*C1*M*M-1))
P=P1*C4*K*M*M-C3
UM=(K+1)*M*M/(2+(K-1)*M*M)
V=V/DUM
DN=DNB1*DUM
1=T*(K*C4*M*M-C3)*(C3+C4/M/M)
WRITE (22044)
2044 FORMAT(//,3X,'## PROPERTIES AFTER THE NORMAL SHOCK WAVE
#',/)
GO TO 2222
2047 IF ((PE2.GT.PB).AND.(PB.GT.PE3)) GO TO 2049
WRITE (2,7) MF,TO,PO,T,P,DN,DNO,M,V
IF (PB.LE.PE2) WRITE (2,2023)
IF (PB.LE.PE2) M=1
IF (PB.LE.PE2) CALL ISEN6
IF (PB.LE.PE2) GO TO 2222
WRITE (2,2024)
MF=MF*AR
CALISEN7
GO TO 2222
2049 WRITE (2,2037)
PP=PO
ARR=ARIO
ARL=1.0
DO 2050 I=1,30
M=1
PO=PP
CALL ISEN6
AR=(ARR+ARL)/2
M=SQRT((AR**(1/PW5)-C4)*(K+1)/(K-1))
DO 2056 I1=1,30
MP=SQRTMM*AR)**(1/PW5)-C4)*(K+1)/(K-1))
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 2057
M=MP
2056 CONTINUE
2057 CONTINUE
CALL ISEN6 MB1=

DNOB1=
TOB1=TO
 55

MFB1=MF
P=O
P1=P
VB1=
DNB1=DN
TB 1=T
IF (M.LT.1) GO TO 2070
PO=PP/((C3+C4/MB1/MB1)**K*(K*C4*MB1*MB1-C3))**PW2
M=SQRT((M*M+C1)/(K*C1*M*M-1))
P=P1*C4*K*MB1.*MB1-C3
DUM=(K+1)*MB1*MB1/(2+(K-1)*MB1*MB1)
V=VB1/DUM
DN=DNB1*DUM
T=TB1*(K*C4*MB1*MB1-C3)*(C3+C4/MB1/MB1)
PO2=
Mr:12=M MFB2=

P2=P
VB2=V
DNB2=DN
TE2=
MF=*AR/IO)
CALL. ISEN7
EP=ABS(1-P/PB)
IF (EP.LT.0.001) GO TO 2051
2070 IF (P.GT.PB) ARL=AR
IF (P.LT.PB) ARR=AR
M=1
P (3
2050 CONTINUE
P=PB
2051 WRITE(2,2071) AR
2071 FORMAT(//,3X,'NORMAL SHOCK WAVE OCCURS AT AREA RATIO =',
F6.3,//)
WRITE (2,2043)
WRITE (2,7)MFB1,TO,PP,TB1,P1,DNB1,DNO,MB1,VB1
WRITE (2,2044)
WRITE (2,7) MFB2,TO,PO2,TB2,P2,DNB2,DNO,MB2,VB2
WRITE (2,2006)
P=PB
WRITE(2,7) MF,TO,PO,T,P,DN,DNO,M,V
WRITE (2,2023)
M=1
PO=PP
CALL ISEN6
2222 CONTINUE
IF (KK.EQ.1) WRITE(2,1200)
IF (KK.GE.2) WRITE(2,1201) KK
1200 FORMAT(//,3X,'THE RESULTS FOR INITIAL SECTION 44 STATION
1 44:',//)
1201 FORMAT(//,3X,'RESULTS FOR OTHER SECTION. **STATION',I2,'
411: )
 56

WRITE(2,7) MF,TO,PO,T,P,DN,DNO,M,V
7 FORMAT(//,6X,'MASS FLUX =',F12.3,//,
$6X,'STAGNATION TEMPERATURE =',F12.3,//,
$6X,'STAGNATION PRESSURE=',F12.3,//,
$6X,'STATIC TEMPERATURE=',F12.3,//,
$6X,'STATIC PRESSURE=',F12.3,//
$6X,'STATIC DENSITY=',F12+3,//,
$6X,'STAGNATION DENSITY=",F12.3,//,
$6X,'MACH NUMBER=',F12.3,//,
$6X,'LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY=',F12.3,//)
IF ((J1.EQ.2).OR.(J1.EQ.3)) GO TO 9997
GO TO 998
1111 WRITE(2,1112)
1112 FORMAT(/,2X,'NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION TO GET ALL THE PROPS
RTIES')
GO TO 9997
998 WRITE(2,999)
999 FORMAT(//,2X,'CONTINUE T YES-- ENTER 1 : NO-- ENTER 0
s)
READ ,J
IF (J.EQ.0) GO TO 9997

GIVEN ONE PROPERTY FROM ANY CROSS—SECTION TO

C COMPUTE THE OTHER UNKNOWN PROPERTIES
WRITE (2,1919)
1919 FORMAT(//,2X,'FIND PROPERTIES AT OTHER SECTION',//)
KK=KK+1
WRITE(2,51)
51 FORMAT(1X,'THE GIVEN PROPERTY IS',//,
$6X,'1 - T2',6X,'4 - M2',//
$6X,'2 - P2',6X,'5 - V2',//
$6X,'3 DN2',5X,'6 AR(A1/A2)',//)
READ ,J2
IF (J2.EQ.1) GO TO 1203
IF (J2.EQ.2) GO TO 1205
IF (J2+EQ.3) GO TO 1207
IF (J2+EQ.4) GO TO 1209
IF (J2.EQ.5) GO TO 1225
IF (J2.EQ.6) GO TO 1212
1203 WRITE (2,.53)
53 FORMAT(1.X,'INPUT T2')
READ PT
GO TO 920
1205 WRITE (2,1206)
1206 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT P2')
READ,P
GO TO 921
1207 WRITE (2q57)
57 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT DN2')
READ ,DN
GO TO 922
 57

1209 WRITE (2,1210)

1210 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT M2')
READ ,M
GO TO 923
1225 WRITE(2,61)
61 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT V2')
READ ,V
GO TO 841
1212 WRITE(2,1213)
1213 FORMAT(1X,'INPUT AR(A1/A2)1)
READ 'AR
MF=MF*AR
CALL ISEN7
GO TO 2222
9996 WRITE (2,9995)
9995 FORMAT (//,3X,'WRONG INFORMATION, CHECK THE INPUT DATA A
GAIN.')
9997 CONTINUE
STOP
END
C SUBROUTINE PROGRAMS

SUBROUTINE ISENT1
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
DN=MF/V
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISENT2
COMMON V,DNONO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,P0,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP
P=DN*R*T
PO=P*(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
DNO=DN*(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISENM1
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,RIM,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP
M=V*SQRT((1-1-C2)/(K*R*TO))
DO 830 1=1,30
MP=V*SQRT((1+C2*M*M)/(K*R*TO))
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF (EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 912
M=MP
830 CONTINUE'
912 CONTINUE
RETURN
 58

END
SUBROUTINE ISEN1
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 M,K,MF
DN=P/(R*T)
DNO=PO/(R*TO)
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
MF=DN*V
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISEN2
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 M,K,MF
P=DN*R*T
PO=DNO*R*TO
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
MF=DN*V
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISEN3
COMMON V,DNF,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 M,K,MF
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
P=DN*R*T
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
MF=DN*V
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISEN4
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 M,K,MF
TO=T*(1+C2*M*M)
PO=DNO*R*TO
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
MF=DN*V
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISEN5
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 M,K,MF
T=P/(R*DN)
TO=PO/(R*DNO)
V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
MF=DN*V
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISEN6
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP
DNO=PO/R/TO
 59

CALL ISEN3
RETURN
END DN=DNO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW2
SUBROUTINE ISEN7
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,PO,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP
DUMMY=PO*SQRT(K/R/TO)
M=MF*(1+C2)**PW5/DUMMY
DO 111 .1=1,30
MP=MF*(1+C2*M*M)**PW5/DUMMY
EP=ABS(1-MP/M)
IF(EP.LT.0.00001) GO TO 1000
M=MP
111 CONTINUE
1000 T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
CALL ISENT1
P=PO/(1+C2*M*M)**PW3
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE ISEN8
COMMON V,DN,DNO,K,R,M,MF,TO,T,P,P0,C2,PW2,PW3,PW5
REAL*4 MF,M,K,MP
T=TO/(1+C2*M*M)
63 V=M*SQRT(K*R*T)
DN=MF/V
CALL ISENT2
RETURN
END
 APPENDIX B
Sample of Example
Problem : Air flows through a frictionless adiabatic
converging-diverging nozzle. The air stagnation temperature
and pressure are 500K and 7.0 x 10 5 N/ M 2 respectively. The
diverging portion of the nozzle has an area ratio between

the exit plane and the throat ( A e / A t ) of 11.91. The

back pressure at the exit plane is controlled to be at

2.2623 x 10 5 N/M2 . Analyse the flow characteristic and
calculate all the properties of the flow. Assume K = 1.40
and R = 287.04 J/KG-K.

Results obtained from computer; (All in SI UNIT)

**FASTFOR (CONVERSATIONAL. VER 9)**

TO DEFINE THE SYMBOLS USED :

MF = MASS FLUX

R=SPEC.HATON
K = SPEC.GAS RATIO.
M = MACH NO.

T=SAICEMPRTU

P = STATIC PRESSURE
DN = STATIC DENSITY

V = LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY

TO = STAGNATION TEMPERATURE
PO = STAGNATION PRESSURE
DNO=STAGIDENY
 61

SELECT PROGRAM :

1 - GIVEN THREE PROPERTIES OF A FLOW IN A DUCT,

FIND THE OTHER PROPERTIES OF THE FLOW
2 - CONVERGING NOZZLE FLOW FROM RESERVOIR
3 - CONVERGING-DIVERGING NOZZLE
*3

ENTER K,R
*1.4,287.04

SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO= 1.4000

SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANT= 287.0400

INPUT TO,PO,PB(BACK PRESSURE)

*500,700000,226230

INPUT AREA RATIO BETWEEN EXIT & THROAT (AE/AT)

*11.91

44 SHOCK INSIDE 44

NORMAL SHOCK WAVE OCCURS AT AREA RATIO = 4.239

44 PROPERTIES BEFORE THE NORMAL SHOCK WAVE 4#

MASS FLUX = 298.482

STAGNATION TEMPERATURE = 500.000

STAGNATION PRESSURE= 700000.000

STATIC TEMPERATURE= 178.491

STATIC PRESSURE= 19026.570

STATIC DENSITY= 0.371

STAGNATION DENSITY= 1.600
 62

MACH NUMBER= 3.001

LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY= 803.741

44 PROPERTIES AFTER THE NORMAL SHOCK WAVE 44

MASS FLUX = 298.482

STAGNATION TEMPERATURE = 500.000

STAGNATION PRESSURE= 229633+900

STATIC TEMPERATURE= 470.400
STATIC PRESSURE= 199918.500
STATIC DENSITY= 1.433

STAGNATION DENSITY= 1+600

MACH NUMBER= 0.475
LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY= 208+325

44 PROPERTIES AT THE EXIT PLANE 44

MASS FLUX = 106.233

STAGNATION TEMPERATURE = 500.000

STAGNATION PRESSURE= 229633+900

STATIC TEMPERATURE= 497.756

STATIC PRESSURE= 226230.000

STATIC DENSITY= 1.582
STAGNATION DENSITY= 1.600

MACH NUMBER= 0.150

LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY= 67.146

 63

4# THE CRITICAL PROPERTIES AT THE THROAT ARE :

MASS FLUX = 1265.208

STAGNATION TEMPERATURE = 500.000

STAGNATION PRESSURE= 700000.000

STATIC TEMPERATURE= 416.667

STATIC PRESSURE= 369797.000

STATIC DENSITY= 3.092
STAGNATION DENSITY= 4.877

MACH NUMBER= 1.000

LOCAL FLUID VELOCITY= 409.194
 64

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1. Shapiro, A.H., " The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of

Compressible Fluid Flow ". Vol.1. The Ronald Press

company. (1953)
2. Owczarek, J.A., " Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics ".

International Textbook Company. (1964)

3. Liepmann, H.W. and Roshko, A., " Elements of Gas

Dynamics ". John Wiley and Sons Inc. (1957)
4. Duncan, W.J., Thom, A.S. and Young, A.D. " Mechanics
of Fluids ". Edward Arnold. (1960)
5. Shapiro, A.H. and Hawthorne,W.R., " The Mechanics and
Thermodynamics of Steady One-Dimensional Gas Flow ".
J.Appl. Mechanics, Vol.14, No.14. (1947)
6. Daneshyar, H., " One-Dimensional Compressible Flow ".
Pergamon Press Inc. (1976)
7. Rotty, P.M., "Introduction to Gas Dynamics". John Wiley
and Sons Inc. (1962)
8. Zucrow, M.J. and Hoffman J.D., " Gas Dynamics It Vol.1.
John Wiley and Sons Inc. (1976)