EAPP The specific ideas of an academic text depend on the

Academic Text academic text you are reading.

- reading material that provides information which include Humanities texts discuss the various human expressions such
concepts and theories that are related to the specific discipline. as art of language, while the natural and applied sciences
include scientific methods that discuss the objective that result
Purposes of Reading Academic Text from an experiment and specific research and methodology.
● to locate a main idea, to scan for information
● to identify gaps in existing studies Language Used in Academic Texts
● to connect new ideas to existing
● to gain more pieces of information Here are some of the Linguistic Registers:
● to support a particular writing assignment Language of Medicine or Medical Science (medical
● to deeply understand an existing idea terminologies) - the vocabulary that medical professionals use
Examples of Academic Texts: to describe the body, what it does, and the treatments they
• Conference Papers prescribe.
• Articles Language of Law (legal language) - the legal profession.
• Reviews language used by people connected to
• Thesis/Dissertations Language of Journalism (journalistic language) - helps us
Common styles in Academic Text: understand how journalists create their stories, reports, points of
• stating critical questions and issues view, news and media
• providing facts and evidence from credible sources Language of Literature (literary language) - used in literary
• using precise and accurate words while avoiding jargon writing
• taking an objective point of view Language of Business (business language) - used in
• listing references accounting, finance, and economics
• using cautious language.

Structure of an Academic Text THESIS STATEMENT

The thesis/argumentative structure -IT IS THE CENTRAL IDEA OF A TEXT (MAIN IDEA)
The writer presents a "thesis" (or main idea ), which is his/her -SUMMARIZE THE TOPIC AND THE ARGUMENTS OF THE
position on a certain subject, then proceeds by giving supporting WRITER ABOUT THE TOPIC.
details that support the main idea. -IT TELLS THE READERS WHAT TO EXPECT ON YOUR
Parts of the thesis/argumentative structure DISCUSSION
Introduction -CAN BE ONE TO TWO SENTENCES LONG.
- the writer presents his/her topic and his/her main argument on
the topic. DIRECTIONS:
Major details or points 1. Mention the main topic of your paper
- There may be one or more main sections or points which serve 2. Take a position and state your argument
as supporting details to the thesis statement or main idea. 3. Summarize the evidence you'll use to support your argument
Conclusion
- the writer may summarize the ideas presented in the essay Thesis Statement
and present his/her conclusion on the subject. - It is a statement that summarizes your topic and declares your
position on it.
Structure of an Academic Text - It is the central idea of a multiple- paragraph composition.
The problem-solution structure - It is a one sentence summary that guides, controls and unifies
- the writer presents the problem and lists possible solutions to ideas when writing a paper.
the problem.
EXAMPLE: WHY DO WE HAVE TO WRITE A THESIS STATEMENT?
Scientific Method, Societal Issues 1. to test your ideas by narrowing them into a sentence or two.
Factual report structure 2. to better organize and develop arguments.
- The writer presents the: who, what, where, when, why, and 3. to provide the reader with "guide" to the argument.
how of an event.
EXAMPLE: What are the characteristics of a good thesis statement?
Narratives, Newspaper Articles 1. A good thesis statement takes a stand on the prompt.
2. A good thesis statement is specific.
Academic Text 3. A good thesis statement is unified and expresses one main
- is usually used in classrooms, for textbooks, tests, and any idea.
other discipline related to the field of academics. The language 4. A good thesis statement does not simply state a fact but sets
used is formal. the stage for analysis of a topic.
Characteristics of an Academic Text
• Has structured introduction, body, and conclusion LOCATING EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT THESIS STATEMENTS
• Has information from credible sources that are properly cited EXPLICIT THESIS STATEMENTS
• Includes concepts and theories that are related to the specific It might be near the beginning of the work, but not always-some
discipline types of academic writing leave the thesis until the conclusion.
• Usually contains all properties of a well- written text including IMPLICIT THESIS STATEMENTS
organization, unity, coherence, and adheres to the rules of The primary point of the reading is conveyed indirectly, in
language and mechanics multiple locations throughout the work.
FOUR QUESTIONS TO ASK WHEN FORMULATING THESIS Date heading format
STATEMENT The summarized idea comes after the date when the material
1. Where is your thesis statement? was published.
You should provide a thesis early in your essay in the Example: In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory
introduction or in longer essays in the second paragraph. development approach, Irvin and Stansburry argue that
Tips on how to write a successful thesis statement: participation can be valuable to the participants and the
- Avoid burying a great thesis statement in the middle of a government in terms of the process and outcomes of decision
paragraph or late in the paper. making.
- Be as clear and as specific as possible; avoid vague words.
- Indicate the point of your paper but avoid sentence structures OUTLINE
like, "The point of my paper is..." - A helpful tool for organizing your work together with the thesis
2. Is your thesis statement specific? statement. It shows the logical arrangement of ideas to be
Your thesis statement should be as clear and specific as included in your essay. It consists of the main idea,
possible. subordinating details and samples.
3. Is your thesis statement too general? - A written plan that serves as a skeleton for the paragraphs you
Your thesis should be limited to what can be accomplished in the write.
specified number of pages. Shape your topic so that you can get - A summary that gives the essential information that will be
straight to the "meat" of it included in a paper, book etc.
4. Is your thesis statement clear?
Your thesis statement needs to be as clear as possible. By being This reading outline will help you connect information to support
as clear as possible in your thesis statement, you will make sure the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. This will also
that your reader understands exactly what you mean. give you a visual structure of your work showing you the
relationships and hierarchies within your content.
What is summarizing?
Summarizing is a short restatement of the main idea of a text. 1. It gives an overview of the topic and enables us to see how
Ideally, it is one third of the original text of your paper. various sub topics relate to one another.
- Brief restatement of main points 2. Recording the information in our own words tests our
- selecting out the key features of a text to create a shorter understanding of what we read.
version. 3. It is an effective way to record needed information from
reference books you do not own.
Find key details
• Make sure to read the text thoroughly and highlight the Writing Outline
important details in the text. Bear in mind that certain details - An outline can be used prior to writing an essay (pre- writing).
have relationships (cause and effect for example) and these - is what you make before you write an essay-draft, organizing
need to be noted as well. your thoughts before you write your paper.
• Look for important details that support the main idea. Reading Outline
• These details help explain or give more information about the - you will make an outline after reading a text (post-reading).
main idea That means the outline that you are going to make will reflect the
Two aims of summarizing summary or an abstract of a text.
- to reproduce the main idea and key points of the text - is what you make when you study a paper. Analyzing paper
- to restate these in as few words as possible. 2 THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN WRITING AN OUTLINE
FORMAT
After getting the main idea/s, use your own words in your Traditional (alphanumeric outline)
summary. Make sure to check if the relationships between ideas - uses Roman Numerals, letters, and numbers
are established. - uses letters and numbers to organize ideas
Put it in your own words - is commonly used due to convenience and easy recognition of
• When done with your summary, recheck your output with the sections.
original to see if your output does not stray from the original text. Standard (decimal outline)
You may seek your teacher or peer's feedback. - is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every
Ignore the less important parts level of the outline relates to a larger whole.
Not everything in the text is equally important. Ignore the small - ideas are organized through numbers and decimals
details and examples that are not crucial to understanding the
main idea. PRINCIPLES
Parallelism - the entries should have the same language
FORMATS IN SUMMARIZING structure (e.g. words, phrases, sentences).
Idea heading format Coordination - the entries should follow levels of importance.
Summarized idea comes before the citation. Subordination - the entries consider the differences of
Example: Benchmarking is a useful strategy that has the importance (which ideas are major or minor)
potential to help public officials improve the performance of local TYPES
services Topic outline - the entries are keywords, and phrases. (shorter
Author heading format and easier to make.)
- The summarized idea comes after the citation. Sentence outline - the entries are whole sentences. (longer and
- The author's name/s is/are connected by an appropriate remember to use correct punctuations.)
reporting verb. -makes the actual essay writing easier.
Example: The study of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin (2010)
shows that the students perceived FB as an online environment FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICISM
to expedite language teaming, specifically English.
- This approach claims that all that are important in analyzing (One to three or more paragraph/s) In this phase you will
and understanding the text can be found in the piece of writing retrieve the guiding questions of your choice to include in your
or text itself. outlined discussion.
- Outside information regarding the author, society of the time, D. CONCLUSION
politics or any other external context are no longer needed. (One to three paragraphs) At this point, you shall be able to link
- The text is independent. It has a fixed meaning. It is timeless your thoughts reinforced with your assessment in the
and universal. It requires a close and intent reading of the text introduction.
concentrating on the relationships within the text that showcases
its distinct characteristics or form. CONCEPT PAPER
FEMINISM It provides an overview of the research/project and helps
- This approach emphasizes the importance or relevance of panels/investors to eliminate researches/proposals which are
women as subjects and how gender is perceived in the piece. likely to be disapproved.
- The images of women and the underlying concepts of
femininity including economic, societal, psychological, and Several Uses of Concept Paper:
archetypal nature of women are examined. ● It serves as a foundation of the full proposal.
- This approach likewise stresses equality for a male dominated ● It helps determine whether a certain research/project is
society. feasible or not.
READER’S RESPONSE ● It used to pique the interest of the panel/potential
- This approach stresses the individual reader's mind to the funding agencies
piece at hand. ● It is used to obtain informal feedback on the ideas prior
to preparing the full proposal.
- The reader herself can put meaning and interpret every part of
the text. Three way explaining a concept:
- The text is nothing unless it has been read and interpreted by 1. DEFINITION is the method of identifying a given term
the reader. and making its meaning clearer. Its main purpose is to
- The reader's reaction and interaction made out of the piece answer the question, “What does it mean?” This mode
recreates and develops a further depth of meaning. of explanation contains the term to be defined and the
- The manner a poem or a short story is read or delivered detailed exposition of the term through the use of
strengthens and invokes visuals and imagination to a much illustration, examples and description.
sought individual appreciation.
MARXIST CRITICISM (three ways or presenting definition)
- This approach tries to unfold how socioeconomic status affects Informal - An informal definition is done through a parenthetical
hierarchy or conflIcts involving social classes in the masterpiece. or brief explanation.
BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH Formal - A formal definition explains a term by incorporating a
- Focuses on connection of work to author's personal pattern; SPECIES, GENUS, and DIFFERENTIA.
experiences. Extended - This is a detailed way of defining a term and is
- Understanding authors' life can help in comprehending the usually composed of at least one paragraph.
work. This aspect amplifies the meaning and relevance of the
text. 2. EXPLICATION is a method of explanation in which
HISTORICAL APPROACH sentences, verses, quotes or passages are taken from
- This approach focuses on the connection of work to the literary or academic work and then interpreted and
historical period in which it was written; literary historians explained in a detailed way.
attempt to connect the historical background of the work to 3. CLARIFICATION is a method of explanation in which
specific aspects of the work. the points are organized from a general abstract to
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH specific and concrete examples. It entails the analysis
- This approach focuses on the psychology of characters. of the concept by looking at the examples and
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH specifying some of its characteristics to arrive at one
• This approach focuses on man's relationship to others in working definition which can be used throughout the
society, politics, religion, and business. paper.
ARCHETYPAL APPROACH
- This approach focuses on connections to other literature,
mythological/biblical allusions, archetypal images, symbols,
characters, and themes.
PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH:
• This approach focuses on themes, view of the world, moral
statements, author's philosophy, etc.

WRITING A STRUCTURE
A. INTRODUCTION
(Short paragraph/paraph/s - one to three sentences or more)
This must include the title of the material, the author, and your
assessment of the material. B. PLOT SUMMARY/
DESCRIPTION
(Short paragraphs one to three sentences or more) This involves
the gist or the description of the material. C. ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION/ EVALUATION