TOPICAL QUESTIONS: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

(1) (a) Name two branches of Biology that an oncologist needs to study in detail. (2 marks)
Cytology; physiology; Anatomy; Biotechnology; Biochemistry;

(b) Form one students going for an excursion on the sea shore are required to collect specimen for
learning biology. Name one apparatus and a specimen it can be used to collect. (1 mark)
- Pair of Forceps – crabs;
- Fish net – fish/Cray fish;
- Sweep net – insects; Mark first response

(2) Which study is required in dealing with army worms that infest maize crops in Trans-Nzoia. (1mk)
Entomology

(3) What is the importance of a pooter to an ecologist? (I mark)

Enables him/her to suck small animals from rock surfaces and barks of trees, such as ants and
termite.

(4) Briefly and adequately explain how plants compensate for lack of movement in a constantly
changing environment. (3 marks)
- Being autotrophic green plants make their own food using sunlight energy;
- They respond to external stimuli by limited movements; such as tropism and nastism;

(5) What do you understand by the following terms?

(i) Anatomy: Study of internal and external parts of the body of an organism;

(ii) Biochemistry: Study of the living organisms and their chemical composition;

(6) State three ways by which plants compensate for lack of the ability to move from one place to
another
- Plants are able to synthesize their own food
- Plants are able to use pollination rather than moving to seek mating partners
- Use seed and fruits dispersal to colonize new habitats(3x1=3mks

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 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: THE CELL
(1) What is cell specialization? (1 mark)
Structural modification of a cell to perform a particular function;

(2) During a microscopy class a student was unable to see the field of view. State two possible
adjustments she needed to make to ensure that the field of view becomes visible (2 marks)
- Ensure that the objective lens is clicked into position with the eye piece lens;
- Adjust the mirror;
- Ensure that the diaphragm is fully open; Mark 1st 2 responses

(3) Explain how cell membrane brings about protective role to the cell (2 marks)
Semi permeable to allow only some substances into and out of the cell; electrically charged to
bring about sensitivity to changes in temperature and PH due to the protein layer; OWTTE

(4) Name two organelles that would be abundantly present in secretory cells (2mks)
a) Endoplasmic reticula;
b) Golgi apparatus;
c) Mitochondria
(5) The diagram below shows a type of epithelial tissue.

a) State the possible function of the hair-like processes on the tissue (1mark)
Move back and forth to help in the movement of materials. (1mk)

b) Name two mammalian organs where this type of epithelium is found. (2marks)
– Trachea
- Oviduct
- Nasal cavity. Any2-2marks

(6) The diameter of the field of view of a microscope was found to be 6mm. there were 8 cells across
the diameter of the field of view.
a. Calculate the size of one cell in micrometer. (2 marks)
Size of a cell = Note: Formula must be given

= = = 750 3mks

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 b. State two differences between an electron microscope and a light microscope. (2 marks)
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LIGHT MICROSCOPE
High resolving power Low resolving power
Uses beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen Use light to illuminate the specimen
Higher magnification Lower magnification
Uses electromagnetic power Uses glass lens

(7) Give the function(s) of the following organelles:-

i) Vacuole (1mark)
a. Stores various substances including wastes products;
b. Contributes to the osmotic properties of the cell;

ii) Cell membrane (1mark)

a. Controls the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment;
b. Forms outer boundary in an animal cell;

(8) Name the organelles that perform each of the following functions:
(a) Digestion and destruction of worn out organelles: Lysosomes;

(b) Osmoregulation: Contractile vacuoles;

(9) Explain why the following processes are important during the preparation of temporary slides:-
(a) Staining: Make cells visible;
(b) Use of a sharp cutting blade: Prevent distortion of cells;

(10) In a class experiment to establish the size of an onion cell, a leaner observed the following on the
microscope field of view.

If the student counted 20 cells across the diameter of this field of view, calculate the size of one cell
in micrometers.
Size of a cell = Note: Formula must be given

Diameter of field of view = 4mm x 1000mm = 4000µm;

Size of each cell = 4000
20
= 200µm;

(11) State the functions of the following cell organelles:

(a) Nucleolus: Manufacture of ribosomes;

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 (b) Plasma membrane: Encloses cell contents; regulate movement of materials in and
out of the cell;

(12) What is nucleus of a cell made up of?

- Protein:
- Nucleic acid (DNA – RNA);

(13) (a) In a laboratory exercise a student observing a drop of pond water under a microscope saw
and drew a spirogyra. If the magnification of the eye-piece was x5 and that of the objective
lens was x100, what was the magnification of the spirogyra?
Magnification = Objective lens Magnification x Eye piece lens magnification;
= 100 x 5
= x500;

(b) If the spirogyra has a length of 5cm at the above magnification, calculate the actual length
in micrometers
Linear magnification= Length of the drawing;
Length of the object
x 500 = 5 x 10,000 = 50000mµ
x1=?
= 1 x 50,000;
500
= 100micrometer;

(14) (a) Identify the organelle shown below:- Mitochondrion;

(b) How is the organelle you have identified in (a) above suited to its function
- Has cristae/inner membrane highly folded to increase surface area; for respiration.
- Has matrix medium for respiratory activities; (reject (b) if (a) is wrong.)

(15) Identify the structures of the cells that perform the following functions:-
(a) Synthesize ribosomes: Nucleolus;
(b) Regulate exchange of substances in and out of the nucleus: Nuclear pores

(16) The figure below represents a certain cell organelle:-

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 (a) (i) Identify the cell organelle: Nucleus.
(ii) What is the function of the part labelled A
- Formation of RNA / ribonucleic acid;
- Formation of ribosomes;

(b) Name the organelles that perform each of the following functions;
(i) Osmoregulation in amoeba: Contractile vacuole;
(ii) Carries out digestion and destruction of worn out cell organelles: Lysosomes;

(17) State three properties of the cell membrane

Sensitive to change in temperature; sensitive to changes in PH; has both negative and positive
charges (Polarised);

(18) The diagram below represents a plant cell

(a) Name a carbohydrate which forms part of the structure labelled S: Cellulose;
(b) State two functions of the part labelled R
Store sugars, salt and food; carry out osmoregulation by inducing osmotic gradient that
bring about water movement; maintain the shape of the cell;

(c) Name two structures present in the diagram but absent in the animal cell
Cell wall; and chloroplast;

(19) State the function of the following parts of a cell

(a) Ribosome: Synthesis of proteins;
(b) Chloroplasts: Site for photosynthesis;

(20) What is the formula for calculating linear magnification of a specimen when using a hand lens
Linear magnification= Length of the drawing;
Length of the object

(21) State the function of the following cell structures:-

(a) Ribosome; - Protein synthesis (1mk);
(b) Centrioles;
(i) Spindle formation during cell division;
(ii) Form cilia and flagella

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(22) What is the main structural component of:-
(a) Cell wall: Cellulose;
(b) Cell membrane: Lipoproteins/lipids and proteins;

(23) The diagram below represents a cell

(a) Name parts labelled X and Y

X: Chloplasts;
Y: Vacuole /sap vacuole;

(b) Suggest why the structures labelled X would be more on one side than the other.
More on the upper side to obtain optimum light intensity/ in bright light, they move away to
avoid bleaching/ in dim light they move towards the source of light for maximum
absorption of light;

(24) During a practical class, form fours estimated the field of view to be 3.5mm. Using the low
power objective, they observed spirogyra cells across the same field of view and counted 8cells.
Calculate the size of each cell and give your answer in micrometer
Cell diameter = Diameter of the field of view in micrometer
Number of cells across the diameter of the field of view
= 3.5x1000 ; = 3500;
8 8
= 437.6m = 438m;

(25) Distinguish between the following terms:-

(a) Magnification and resolution of a microscope
Magnification – Ability of a microscope to enlarge tiny objects while Resolution – Ability of
a microscope to separate between two tiny structures under magnification to appear distinct

(b) Mounting and staining of a specimen

Mounting – The placing of prepared slide on stage of a microscope; while staining – Use of
chemical stain on specimen for clear observation

(26) Name the organelle that performs each of the following functions in a cell.
(a) Transport of packaged glycoproteins: Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus;
(b) Destruction of worn out cell organelles: Lysosome(s):
(c) Synthesis of proteins: Ribosomes;

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(27) Why are the following procedures done when preparing sections to be observed under a light
microscope?
(a) Making of thin sections: Make the sections transparent:
(b) Using a sharp blade to make the sections : To produce thin sections/ Not to distort the cells:
(c) Staining: To distinguish between different parts/organelles of the cells:

(28) What are the functions of the following parts of a light microscope?
(a) Eye piece lens: Magnify the object further;
(b) Condenser: Concentrates light onto the object;
(c) Diaphragm: Controls amount of light illuminating the object;

(29) Given that the diameter of the field of view of a light microscope is 2000um. Calculate the size
of a cell in mm if 10 cells occupy the diameter of the field of view
Size of one cell = Diameter of the field view in micrometers
Number of cells arranged across the diameter of the field of view
= 2000m;
10cells
200m = 0.2mm
N/B = 1m = 0.001mm;

(30) State the importance of the following processes in microscopy:

(a) Staining: To make the specimen /section more visible
(b) Sectioning: To allow light to pass through for easy viewing

(31) A cell was found to have the following under a light microscope; cell membrane, irregular in
shape, and small vacuoles. Identify the type of the cell above: Animal cell;

(32) State the functions of the following organelles;

(a) Lysosomes: Stores hydrolytic enzymes for destruction of worn out organelles/ cells/
tissues/ digestion of bacteria/ pathogens; Acc digestion of food/ accept autolysis

(b) Golgi apparatus: Package and transport glycoproteins as secretyions; transport of

synthesized materials out of the cell as secretions e.g. enzymes; and secretion of synthesized
proteins and carbohydrates.
(33) State the functions of each of the following parts in a microscope.
(a) The eye piece lens: Magnifying the image of the specimen;
(b) The objective lens: Objective lens brings the image into focus and magnifies it;

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(34) The figure below represents an electron micrograph of an organelle that is found in many cells;

(a) Identify the organelle: Mitochondrion

(b) State the function of the organelle : Energy production/ respiration;
(c) What is the importance of infoldings in the inner membrane?
Increases surface area; for attachment of respiratory enzymes;
(d) Give two examples of tissues where you would expect many such organelles in animal body.
Skeletal muscles; cardiac muscles

(35) Briefly state two adaptation for each of the following cells to their functions
a) Spermatozoon
(i) Tail – For swimming in vagina tract
(ii) Numerous mitochondria – for provision of energy for swimming
(iii)Streamlined – to reduce friction during movement
(iv) Haploid nucleus – for fertilization of haploid ovum

b) Palisade mesophyll cell

(i) Numerous chloroplasts for photosynthesis
(ii) Narrow and cylindrical – packed in small space
(iii)Large sap vacuole for storage of manufactured food;

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 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(1) The diagram below shows a set up for an experiment to demonstrate a certain physiological process.

(a) What nature of solution is represented by 20% sugar solution (1mark)

Hypertonic Solution (to its surrounding)

(b) Explain the observation made on the set up after one hour. (2 marks)
Level of distilled water would rise; sugar solution and dye solution would diffuse out of semi
permeable cellophane paper.

(2) The photograph shows cells from the potato chips placed in saturated sugar solution.

Explain the appearance of these cells. (3mks)

Cell sap of potato is hypotonic while saturated sugar solution is hypertonic; the cells loss water by
Osmosis to the saturated sugar solution; this goes on until cell membrane detaches from cell wall/
cells become flaccid; (3mks)

(3) (a) State two factors that affect active transport in plant roots (2mks)
Concentration of Oxygen; Concentration of Glucose; Temperature; pH; Presence of Enzyme
Inhibitor; (2mks)

(b) Explain how one of the factors stated in (a) above affects active transport in a plant root (1mk)
(i) Concentration of Oxygen -an increase in oxygen concentration causes an increase in the
rate of active transport up to a certain optimum level;
(ii) Concentration of Glucose- An increase in glucose concentration in cells increases the rate
of respiration and hence the rate of active transport is increased up to a certain optimum
level beyond which any additional increase in glucose concentration has no effect;

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 (iii) Temperature- The rate of active transport increases with increase in temperature up to the
optimum temperature, further increase in temperature slows down the rate of active
transport until it stops because it denatures enzymes;
(iv) pH - Extreme change in pH affect the rate of respiration which is controlled by enzymes
and may denature the enzymes reducing the rate of active transport;
(v) Presence of Enzyme Inhibitor - slows down /stops respiration hence active transport;
-OWTTE Note: (a) is tied to (b) - Any one correct (1mk)

(4) The diagram below represents a set –up used to investigate a certain biological process in plants.
After seven hours the wooden bar was found to be tilting downwards at point A

Give an explanation on the tilting of the wooden bar downwards at point A (3mks)
Solution X is hypotonic to the cell sap of cells in the potato cylinders ; water molecules moved in
to the cells of the potato cylinders by osmosis ; thus making the cylinder in solution X heavier
than cylinders in solution Y hence the tilting ;

(5) If a solution 0.9% salt solution is isotonic to a certain type of animal cell, explain what happens
when the animal cell is placed in a solution of 1.2 % salt solution. (3 marks)
The cell cytoplasm is hypotonic to be salt solution, the cell loses water by osmosis into the salt
solution through the cell membrane; the cell shrinks and the cell (membrane) becomes crenated.

(6) a) Briefly but adequately explain why plant cells do not burst when placed in distilled water.(1 mks)
The cells have rigid cell walls (cellulose cell wall) that withstand pressure;
b) Explain what would happen to a red blood cell when placed in a concentrated sugar solution.
The cell loses water; shrinks; and becomes crenated/wrinkled; (2mks)

(7) Two equal strips A and B were from a potato whose cell was 30% of sugar. The strip A was placed
in a solution of 10% sugar concentration while B was placed in 50% sugar concentration
(a) What change was expected in strip A and B
A- The strip increased in length/ size; B -Decreased in length/ size;

(b) Account for the change in strip A

The sugar solution was hypotonic to the cell sap strip A; it gained water by osmosis hence
increasing in length;

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(8) An experiment was set-up as shown below and left for one hour

(a) State the expected result at the end of one hour

The potato cup will be filled with solution;

(b) Explain the observations made in this experiment

The solution in the potato cells is hypertonic to the water; hence water moves into the cell by
osmosis; this makes the solution in the neighbouring cells to be hypertonic to the outer cells;
hence water moves from cell to cell until it eventually enters the potato cup;

(9) State what would happen in each of the following:-

A plant cell placed in: - (i) Strong salt solution
Will lose water by osmosis and become plasmolysed;

(ii) Distilled water

Will gain water by osmosis and become turgid.
(10) State three physiological processes that are involved in movement of substances a cross the cell
membrane
(i) Diffusion;
(ii) Osmosis ;
(iii) Active transport ;

(11) Potato cylinders were weighed and kept in distilled water overnight. They were then
reweighed.

2.5 g 2.4g 2.7g 3.0 g 3.1 g 3.2g

At the beginning of the Experiment. At the end of the experiment
(a) Calculate the average mass of a potato cylinder after reweighing. Show your working.
3.0 + 3.1 + 3.2 = 9.3 g;
Average = 9.3 = 3.1g;
3

(b) Explain why mass of the cylinders hand increased.

The cell sap had a higher concentration of solutes than distilled water, water therefore
moves from the environment to the cell by osmosis, hence the weight increases;

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(12) The diagrams below show a red blood cell that was subjected to a certain treatment.

(a) Account for the shape of the cell at the end of the experiment.
Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution and as a result lost water to the surrounding
through osmosis hence shrunk/crenated ;

(b) Draw a diagram to illustrate how a plant cell would appear if subjected to the same treatment
Appearance of that cell if subjected to the same condition
TO BE DRAWN

(13) The diagram below shows the results obtained when red blood cells are placed in different
solution:
Solution X
Solution X

Solution Y
Solution
Y

(a) What name is given to the process that occurs when the cell is placed in solution Y?
Haemolysis

(b) Describe the process that would occur in a plant cell when placed in a similar solution as that of
solution X
Plant cell will lose water the cell sap to the outside solution by osmosis; the cell becomes
plamolysed/ flaccid; but it will retain its shape due to rigid cell wall;

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(14) The figure below shows the results obtained when red blood cells are put in different solutions:-

Placed in Placed in
solution B solution A

solution solution
(a) What is the name given to the process that occurs when the cell is put into solution B?
Haemolysis;
B B

(b) Compare the results obtained when the cell is put in solution B to the results that would be
obtained if a plant cell was put in the same solution
The plant cell will draw in water molecules by osmosis; it will swell and become turgid; but it
will not burst because of the presence of cellulose cell wall;

(15) An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of sodium
chloride on human red blood cells. Equal amounts of blood were added to equal volumes of thesalt
solution but of different concentrations. The results are shown in the table below:
Set -up Number of red blood cells
Sodium chloride At start of At the end of the
concentration experiment experiment
A 0.9% Normal No change in number
B 0.3% Normal Fewer in number
(a) Account for the results in the set-up
A-no change in; number because 0.9% sodium chlorine solution is isotonic to RBC/blood;
B-fewer in number because 0.3% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic to RBC/blood
therefore some water was drawn in to RBC by osmosis; leading to haemolysis/boosting of
RBCs

(b) If the experiment was repeated using 1.4% sodium chloride solution, state the expected results
with reference to:
(i) The number of red blood cells: Number will not change;

(ii) The appearance of red blood cells if viewed under the microscope
RBC will appear small in size/wrinkled/crenated/shriveled/shrink; 1mk
Rej. Flaccid/flabby/plasmolysed
(16) Name support tissues in plants characterized by the following
(i) Cells being turgid: Parenchyma;
(ii) Cells being thickened by cellulose: Collenchyma;
(iii)Cells being thickened by lignin: Xylem and sclerenchyma

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(17) The diagram below illustrates the behaviour of red blood cells when placed into two different
solutions X and Y.
Placed in Placed in
solution solution
X Y
Process A Process B
(a) Suggest the nature of solutions X and Y.
X – Hypotonic solution; 
Y – Hypertonic solution; 

(b) Name the process A and B.

A – Haemolysis; .
B – Crenation; 

(c)What would happen to normal blood cell if it were placed in isotonic solution?
The cell will maintain/retain its normal shape.

(18) Name two plant processes in which diffusion plays an important role
Absorption of mineral salts by root hairs from the soil; Translocation of food from leaves to other
parts of the plant; movement of salts from one cell to the next;

(19) Two fresh potato cylinders of equal length were placed one in distilled water and the other in
concentrated sucrose solution:
(a) Account for the change in length of the cylinder in:
(i) Distilled water: Increased in length, absorbed water through osmosis, ( since cylinder
cells were hypertonic/ at higher concentration) and become turgid.

(ii) Sucrose solution: Reduced in length, cylinder host water to the hypertonic sucrose
solution/become flaccid.

(b) (i) What would be the result in terms of length if a boiled potato was used? No change in length

(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i) Above: Cells are dead and cannot carry out osmosis.

(c)State two uses of the physiological process being demonstrated in the experiment
(i) opening and closing of stomata
(ii) Support in plants
(iii) Movement of water from cell to cell
(iv) Feeding in insectivorous plants
(v) Absorption of water by root hairs
(vi) Absorption of water in the intestines
(vii) Re-absorption of water in kidney nephron.

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(20) The two cells shown below are obtained from two different potato cylinders which were
immersed in tow different solutions P and Q.

(a) i) Name the structure labelled A: Nucleus

ii) State the function of structure B.
Maintain the shape of the cell providing support to herbaceous plants; stores sugar and salts;
(Mark the first one)

(b) If eight of cell I were observed across the diameter of the field of view of 0.5 mm.
Work out the actual diameters of each cell in micrometers.
Cell diameter = Diameter of the field of view in micrometer
Number of cells across the diameter of the field of view
= (0.5 X 1000) µm
8
= 62.5µm;

(c)Suggest the identity of the solution Q.

Hypotonic solution;
Accept -highly concentrated salt/sugar solution

(d) Account for the change in cell I above.

The potato cell sap were lowly concentrated than the surrounding solution; hence lost water
molecules by osmosis through the semi permeable membrane to become plasmolysed;

(e)State any one importance of the physiological process being demonstrated above in animals.
Re-absorption of water from the kidney tubules/ hence important in osmoregulation;

(21) An experiment shown below was set-up to investigate a certain physiological process in plants:-

Leafy Shoot

Oil
Beaker
Water
(a) What process was being investigated?
Transpiration
(b) Give the role of the oil layer in this experiment
Prevent evaporation of water from the surface

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 (c)(i) What observation did the students make after leaving the set-up in bright sunlight for two
hours?
The level of water dropped

(ii) Explain the observation in (c)(i) above

(d) What effect will the following have on the observation made?-
(i) Fanning the shoot: Faster drop in water level
(ii) Removing all the leaves from the shoot: No change in water level;
(iii)Placing the set-up in the dark : Slower/very slow drop in water level;
(e)Suggest a suitable control for this experiment: Another set up using a leafless twig;

(22) State two factors that affect the rate of osmosis

Concentrated of the solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane; existence of
concentration gradient; temperature of the solution;

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 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: NUTRITION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
(1) Study the graph below and answer the questions that follow

(a) Why does the rate of photosynthesis become constant at the point labeled C? (2marks)
Other factors like carbon (IV) oxide and temperature; Become limiting/they cannot support a
higher rate of photosynthesis;

(b) State two other factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis (2 marks)
- Carbon (IV) Oxide concentration;
- Temperature;
- Availability of water;
- Chlorophyll concentration;
(2) A lion is an exclusive carnivore. State 2 dental adaptations it has to its mode of feeding. (2mks)
- Long, conical/curved canines to hold/kill/tear the prey;
- Has premolars specialized into carnassials teeth with smooth sides and sharp edges to slice
through flesh and crush bones;

(3) What activates the trypsinogen to trypsin…………………………………. (1mark)

Enterokinase enzyme

(4) a) Name an element which is present in proteins but not in carbohydrates. (1mk)
Nitrogen; (1mk)

b) State two functions of proteins in the human body (2mks)

- Form the structure of animal tissues/keratin in hair/collagen in tendons and ligaments;
- Form myosin in muscles;
- Form enzymes and hormones;
- Form casein in milk;
- Source of energy during starvation;

(5) Explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis (2mks)
Increase in light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis up to optimum light intensity;
beyond which chlorophyll is damaged/bleached resulting to decreased rate of photosynthesis;
(2mks)

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(6) Name two substances in human blood that are required for photosynthesis (2mks)
-Carbon (IV) Oxide;
- Water;

(7) The diagram below shows part of a starch molecule

(a) State what the circles and the lines joining them represent:- (2mks)
(i) Circles ……………Glucose molecules;
(ii) (Lines ……………..Glycosidic bonds ;

(b) Show diagrammatically and name the product when the enzyme Amylase has an effect on this
molecule (1mk)
Maltose;

(8) Why is it not advisable to wash vegetables after cutting them (2mks)
Washing after cutting removes water soluble vitamins; i.e. vitamin B and vitamin C;

(9) The graph below shows the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction

(a) Account for rate of reaction between:

i) A to B. (3 marks)
No enzymatic reaction; temperature are very low; enzymes are inactive;

ii) B to C. (4 marks)
Sharp increase in the rate of reaction; increase in temperature towards optimum;
increase in the activity of enzymes;

iii) C to D. (3 marks)
Maximum rate of reaction; optimum temperature range; enzyme activity is maximum;

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 iv) D to E. (4 marks)
Rate of reaction slows down gradually; high temperature beyond optimum; enzyme is
denatured; and enzyme becomes ineffective;

v) Explain what would happen to a population of yeast cells exposed to boiling water with
temperatures beyond 400C. (3 marks)
Population decreases rapidly; enzyme is denatured; cells are killed/protoplasm is
destroyed;

(b) Explain the following observations

(i) Digestion of starch stops in the stomach. (1 mark)
Acidic nature of stomach denatures the enzyme;

(ii) Mercury stops enzyme reaction. (1 mark)

Non-competitive inhibitors, binds to active site permanently;

(iii)Pepsin is produced in its inactive form. (1 mark)

To prevent auto-digestion;

(10) a) In which phase of photosynthesis are carbohydrates formed? (1 mark)

Dark stage (1mk)

b) Explain the biological disadvantage of growing some aesthetic plants in the living
rooms.(2marks)
At night, plants carry out respiration, oxygen is used up in the process while Carbon (IV)
Oxide is given out; Carbon (IV) Oxide produced can cause suffocation to the occupants of
the house.

(11) a) Name two components of the enamel of teeth. (2 marks)

- Calcium phosphate 1mk
- Calcium carbonate 1mk

b) Name the diseases of the teeth characterized by

i) Formation of cavities in the teeth: Dental carries (1 mark)
ii) Gums become soft and flabby and bleeding of the gums occur. (1 mark)
Periodontal diseases
(12) Two glucose molecules combine to form the disaccharide sucrose. The molecular formula of
glucose is C6H12O6 while a single sucrose molecule has the molecular C12H22O11. Account for the
observation. (3marks)
During condensation a water molecule is lost; leading to the loss of hydrogen atoms/ ions and
oxygen atom from the resultant disaccharide.
(13) How is the dark stage of photosynthesis dependent to light stage? (2 marks)
- Receives hydrogen ions / atoms which reduce carbon (IV) oxide.
- Receives adenosine triphosphate that provides energy. Rej. ATP
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(14) A group of students set up the following experiments to investigate the factors that affect
enzymes
Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4

Egg white Boiled starch Boiled starch Boiled starch

Amylase/ptyalin at 30o C Dilute acid Amylase Amylase

Amylase 360C

(a) Identify the property of enzymes being investigated in tubes 1 and 2 (2 marks)
Tube l – enzyme specificity 1mk
Tube 2- effect of PH on enzyme reactions 1mk

(b) After 3 hours thee students tested the content in the four tubes for starch. They obtained the
following results in tube 2, 3 and 4.
Tube 2 – blue – black colours
Tube 3 – Brown colour of iodine remained
Tube 4 – Blues black colour.
Account for the results obtained in tube 3 and 4. (2 marks)
Tube 3 – enzyme amylase converted starch to reducing sugar; hence no change 1mark
Tube 4 – Enzymes are denatured by high temperature, hence starch not hydrolyzed 1mark

(c) What results would you expect in tube 3 if temperature was maintained at 5oC? Give a reason
for your answer. (2 marks)
Would turn blue black; Enzyme would be inactive at low temperatures hence starch not
hydrolyzed
(d) Name two enzymes found in the pancreatic juice (3 marks)
-Pancreatic amylase 1mk
- Trypsin 1mk
- Pancreatic lipase 1mk

(15) The diagram below represents a process that occurs in the alimentary canal.

i) Identify process Q. (1mark)

Emulsification/mechanical/physical digestion

ii) Give the significance of the above mentioned process. (1 mark)

To increase surface area for digestion of fats

(16) a) State one advantage of heterodonts over homodonts. (1mark)

Heterodonts are able to feed on a variety of foods;

Page 4 of 25
 (b) A certain animal was found to have the following number of teeth on the upper jaw: - six molars,
six pre molars, no canines and incisors; and on the lower jaw: - six incisors, two canines, six pre
molars and six molars.
i) Write the dental formula of the above animal. (2 marks)
i 0 : c 0 : p 3 ; m 3 = 32
3 1 3 3

ii) What is the likely diet of the animal? (1mark)

Vegetations /plants;

(17) Study the equation below and answer the question that follows.
Enzyme T
Maltose + Water Glucose + Glucose
Process Q
i) Name
Enzyme T:- Diastase/invertase/ptyalin/amylase;
Process Q: - Hydrolysis;
ii) Name another substance that can have the same effect as enzyme T. (1 mark)
Hydrochloric acid;

(18) State the importance of the following substances in nutrition.

i) Roughage. (1 mark)
- Provides the bulk needed for faster movement of food through the gut;
- Helps in maintaining a healthy digestive tract;

ii) Water. (2mark)

- Acts as a solvent;
- Helps in transportation of food;
- Used in formation of protoplasm;
- Helps in thermoregulation;
- Maintains turgidity of the cell;
- Helps in digestion of food;

(19) Study the dental formula of an organism below..

I 3/3, C 1/1, Pm 3/2, M 1/1 = x
(a) (i) What is the total number of teeth this organism possesses?
Upper jaw = 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 8 X 2 = 16
Lower jaw = 3 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 7 x 2 = 14
Total number of teeth = 10 + 20 = 30

(ii) What is the mode of feeding of the organism?

Carnivorous; Reject carnivore

Page 5 of 25
 (b) State two functions of mucus produced along the alimentary canal.
- To lubricate the food;
- To protect the alimentary canal wall from digestion by protein digesting enzyme
/protoelytic enzyme;
- Make the food adhere together during swallowing;

(20) (a) State the roles of enzyme catalase in living cells

Catalyses the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide; to harmless water and oxygen in
active tissues;

(b) Which factor inactivates enzyme?

Low temperature;

(21) The chemical equation below represents a physiological process that takes place in living
organisms:
R
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + Q
(a) Name the process R : Condensation;
(b) Name the substance Q: Water

(22) (a) A leaf of a potted plant kept in darkness for 48hours was smeared with Vaseline jelly then
exposed to sunlight for 8hours. Explain why the test for starch in the leaf was negative
Stomata on the epidermis were blocked; thus no carbon (IV) oxide entered the heat;
therefore photosynthesis did not take place;

(b) Name two other processes that were interfered with in the plant
Respiration; Excretion/ transpiration;

(c) State the differences between etiolated and normal plants.

Etiolated plant Normal plant
- Yellow leaves/stems - green leaves/stems;
- small leaves - large leaves;
- long inter-nodes and thin stems - short internodes and thick stem;
- weak stem/feeble stem - strong /firm stem;

(23) List two functional differences between plants and animals.

PLANTS ANIMALS
- Make their own food through the process of - Depend on plants and other animals for
photosynthesis food;
- They do not move from one place to another - They move from one place to another;
- Respond slowly to stimuli - Respond faster /quickly to stimuli;

Page 6 of 25
(24) The diagram below shows chemical reactions A and B which are controlled by enzymes x and y
respectively.
Glucose + Fructose

Reaction A in presence of enzyme x

Reaction B in presence of enzyme y

Sucrose + Water

Name: (i) Reaction A: Condensation

(ii) Enzyme y: Sucrase

(25) What are the two functions of bile salts during the process of digestion?
- To emulsify fats;
- To neutralize acidic chime from the stomach;
- To provide an alkaline condition for enzyme activities;

(26) State three adaptations of aquatic plants to photosynthesis

- Have stomata on upper surface;
- Large leaf surface to increase surface are for absorption of light;
- Presence of aerenchyma tissues, allows them to float on water hence accessing sunlight;

(27) A biological washing detergent contains enzymes which remove stains like mucus and oils from
clothes which are soaked in water with the detergent:-
(a) Name two groups of enzymes that are present in detergent
– Protease;
- Lipase

(b) Explain why stains would be removed faster with the detergent in water at 35oC rather than at
15oC
At 35oC optimum temperature for enzyme to act; at 15oC enzymes in active since
temperature is low;

(28) Name the diseases caused by deficiency of : (a) Iodine: Goiter

(b) Vitamin C: Scurvy

(29) Name two enzymes and one metal ion that are needed in the blood clotting process
Enzymes – Thrombin; Thromboplastin/ Thrombokinase;
Metal ion – Calcium ions;

Page 7 of 25
(30) The diagram below shows how food boles move along the human oesophogus and the
Intestine

(a) Identify the process illustrated in the diagram

Peristalysis

(b) Briefly state how the movement of food boles from position 1 to position 2 is achieved
Circular and longitudinal muscles on the wall of oesophagus and intestines contract
alternately;

(c) Name one component of a person’s diet that assists in the movement of food described in (b)
above
Roughages

(31) State two adaptations of herbivores which enable them to digest cellulose
Long gut / many chambers to provide large surface area for digestion; bacteria in rumen has
enzyme cellulase which digest cellulose (to glucose/ sugars).

(32) a) Name the component of a person’s diet that is essential for peristalsis : Roughages

b) Give two groups of food which are reabsorbed along the mammalian digestive system
without undergoing digestion: Water, vitamins, mineral salts;

(33) State three roles of light in photosynthesis

- Photolysis – Splitting water into H+ and oxygen gas;
- Synthesis of ATP to be used during dark stage;
- Synthesis of chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis;

(34) One of the components of bile is a chemical left over from destruction of red blood cells
i) Identify the chemical substance: Biliverdin; Bilirubin

ii) What is the role of bile in digestion?

- Emulsify fats;
-Neutralizes the acidic chime from the stomach
- Provide an alkaline medium in which pancreatic enzymes (P. amylase, P. Lipase,
Trypsin) work best

Page 8 of 25
(35) (a) What is peristalsis? Involuntary movement of food along the alimentary canal
(b) Explain how the process above is brought about.
Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles along the gut;

(36) The following reaction may occur in a forward and backward direction.
Water + Carbon (IV) Oxide Glucose + Oxygen + Energy
(a) Name the organelle where the reaction occurs in:
(i) Forward direction: Chloroplasts
(ii) Backward direction: Mitochondrion

(b) Give one difference and one similarity for the two organelles named in (a) above
Similarity — Both have a double membrane;
Differences: Chloroplast Mitochondrion;
- Grana - Cristae;
- Stroma - Matrix;

(37) A solution of sugar cane was boiled with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate was
added to the solution, which was then boiled with benedict’s solution. An orange precipitate was
formed.
(a) Why was the solution boiled with hydrochloric acid and then sodium hydrogen carbonate
added in it
HCl — to hydrolyse complex sugar to simple sugar
NaHCO3 — To neutralize the HC1

(b) To which class of carbohydrates does sugar cane belong? Disaccharides;

(c) State the form in which carbohydrates are:
(i) Transported in animals: Glucose
(ii) Transported in plants : Sucrose

(38) a) The mitochondria organelle has cristae structure on the inner membrane. State the function of
the cristae
Increases surface area for attachment of respiratory enzymes;

b) The diagram below represents a cell organelle

(i) Name the part labeled Y: Intergrana;

(ii) State the function of the part labeled X
Accept site 4 photolysis; contains chlorophyll pigment absorbs light;
Page 9 of 25
(39) a) State the role of emulsification in the digestion of fats in the alimentary canal
Increases surface area of fats for purpose of digestion;
b) What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the alimentary canal?
- Destroys any ingested pathogens;
- Provides acidic media for protein digesting enzymes (pepsin);
- Converts/ activates pepsinogen inactive form to pepsin;
Accept any two correct

(40) Explain how saliva is important in digestion

– Has enzymes amylase which digests starch to maltose
- Has mucus which lubricates food for easy swallowing

(41) What is the fate of excess glucose in plants?

They are converted to starch; then stored in organs and tissues;

(42) Briefly explain the fate of the following products from the light stage of the process of
Photosynthesis :(a) Oxygen: Releases to the atmosphere or used by plants for respiration;
(b) Hydrogen: Enter dark stage, where it combines with CO2 to form simple sugar;(c)
(c) ATP: Provides energy during the combination of hydrogen atoms with CO2 in dark stage;

(43) In an experiment to investigate on aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set-up as
shown in the diagram below;

The test tubes were left in the bath for 30minutes.The content of each test tube was then tested for
starch using iodine solution:-
(a) What was the aim of the experiment?
To investigate the effect of boiled saliva on starch/to show the effect of boiled/denatured
enzyme amylase has on starch;

(b) What results were expected in test-tube A and B

A- Brown colour/colour of iodine persists;
B- Blue black/blue/dark colouration;

(c) Account of the results you have given in (b) above in test tube A and B
A- Starch has been digested/starch has been broken down/amylase hydrolyses starch
hence no colour changes;
B- Enzymes/amylase denatured hence no starch digested;
Page 10 of 25
(44) Below is a process that takes place along the mammalian digestive system:
A

Lipids Fatty acids + glycerol

B
(a) Name the processes represented by A and B
A- Condensation;
B- Hydrolysis;

(b) Name part of the alimentary canal where the process B takes place
-Duodenum;
- Ileum; (Any correct Rej. Wrong spelling)

(45) The diagram below represents a cell organelle

(i) Name the part labeled x: Stroma

(ii) State the function of the part labeled Y:
Site of light reaction of photosynthesis /site of water photolysis and adenosine
triphosphate production (ATP)

(46) The table below shows three enzymes A, B and C and their respective optimum pH.
Enzyme Optimum pH
A 6.8
B 2.0
C 8.0
(i) Name the most likely region of the alimentary canal of a mammal where enzyme
B would be found: Stomach
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above
Presence of hydrochloric acid to provide acidic conditions

Page 11 of 25
(47) In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two tubes A and B were set up as shown
in the diagram below. A B

Starch + saliva Starch + boiled saliva

Water bath at 37ºC

The test tubes were left in the water bath for 30 minutes. The content of each tube was then tested
for starch using iodine solution.
(a) What was the aim of the experiment?
To investigate the effect of heat on salivary amylase

(b) Explain the expected in the tube.

A – The brown colour of iodine was retained because the starch was digested by enzyme
amylase in the saliva;  1.
B – The colour changed to blue black/black; because amylase in the saliva was denatured
by heat;

(48) (a) Name the specific part of the chloroplast where the following processes occur.
(i) Carbon (IV) oxide fixation: S troma
(ii) Photolysis: Grana

(b) State one way in which the dark reactions of photosynthesis depends on light reaction.
– Provide energy – ATP;
- Provide H+ - that is, H2 gas /atoms;

(49) The concentration of carbon IV oxide in a tropical forest was measured during the course of 24
hour period from mid-night. The graph below shows the results obtained.
Carbon (IV) oxide
concentration

Midnight 12.00 Midnight

Account for the results obtained at: noon
(a) Midnight: There was no photosynthesis at night; and carbon (IV) oxide was not used hence
the high concentration;
(b) At 12.00 noon: Carbon (IV) oxide was used in photosynthesis and therefore CO2 concentration
dropped.

Page 12 of 25
(50) State three ways by which the rate of enzyme controlled reactions can be increased.
- By increasing the enzyme /substrate concentration;
- By increasing the temperature below the optimum up to the optimum temperature;
- Providing suitable /favourable /optimum pH.

(51) Study the dental formula given below:

I 0; C 0 ; PM 3; M 2
4 0 3 3
(a) Identify with reasons the mode of feeding of the animals whose dental formula isgiven above
- Mode of feeding is herbivorous. Reject Herbivore
- Absence of upper incisors but have hony pad

(b) Calculate the total number of teeth in the mouth of the above animal
Upper jaw = 0 + 0 + 3 + 2 = 5 X 2 = 10
Lower jaw = 4 + 0 + 3 + 3 = 10 x 2 = 20
Total number of teeth = 10 + 20 = 30

(52) (a) State two difference between monosaccharide and polysaccharides

Monosaccharide Polysaccharides
- Are soluble in water - Are insoluble in water
- Form sweet tasting solution - Do not have a sweet taste
- Reduce Copper(II) ions in benedicts solution to - They do not reduce
Copper (I) ions when heated together
- Are crystalizable - Are not crystallizable

(b) Name the bond found in proteins : Peptide bond

(53) Name two products of light reaction used in the dark reaction
(i) H+/H atom; Rej. H2 /Hydrogen gas
(ii) ATP/energy

(54) State two functions of the large intestine in humans.

(i) Absorption of water; Accept absorption of salts/ calcium/ iron;
(ii) secretion of mucus;

Page 13 of 25
(55) The diagram below shows a leaf of a growing plant partly covered with aluminium foil.
The plant was placed in the sun from morning to midday and then tested for starch.

Leaf

Aluminium foil

(a) What was the aim of the experiment?

To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis;

(b) State the observation made when the leaf was tested for starch
Only the uncovered areas turned blue- black with iodine; the part covered with aluminum
foil did not receive light and thus could not carry out photosynthesis;

(56) The figure shows the effect of temperature on an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
B  C
Rate of reaction

A

X

Temperature oC
(a) Explain what happens between A and B
As the temperature increases, the rate of the reaction also increases; this happens because
an increase in temperature increases molecular movement, thus increasing the chances of
collision between the enzyme and substrate molecules;

(b) What is X?
X: Is the optimum temperature/ It is the temperature at which the reaction proceeds at
Optimum

(57) Name two mineral elements that are necessary in the synthesis of chlorophyll.
(i) Nitrogen
(ii) Magnesium
(iii)Iron

Page 14 of 25
(58) The diagram below represents a longitudinal section through the ileum wall

(a) Identify the structure labeled A and B

A: Villus B: Lacteal

(b) State one function of A and B

A - Increases surface area for maximum digestion and absorption;
B – Absorption of fatty acids and glycerols;

(c) State two functions of the ileum

- Final digestion of undigested foods;
- Absorption of soluble end products of digestion;

(d) Explain the role of the liver in digestion

Produces bile juice which contains bile salts that emulsify fats; neutralizes acidic chyme
from the stomach; provide an alkaline condition for enzyme activities

(e) State the endocrine role of the pancreas in a mammal

Produces insulin and glucagon hormones;
Reject if only one hormone is mentioned

(59) The chart below shows the relationship between concentration of CO2 around the plant and the
rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis

F G
E

Concentration of CO2

(a) Account for the rate of photosynthesis between D-E

Rapid increase (in water photosynthesis) due to increase in concentration of CO2

(b) Account for the rate of photosynthesis between F-G

Constant rate/no increase rate and no decrease, other factors /light/temperature water
become limiting/inadequate.
Page 15 of 25
 (c) Briefly describe the reactions during the light stage of photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll traps energy.
- Light energy react water into hydrogen ions and oxygen/photolysis.
- Hydrogen is picked by hydrogen.
- Acceptor/NAD/NADP (and becomes reduce, * ACCEPT NADPH, NADPH
- ATP adenosine triphosphate formed.

(60) The diagram below shows the effect of varying light intensity on the exchange of carbon IV
oxide between the leaves of a green plant and the atmosphere.

(a) What is the name given to the point marked x? Compensation point

(b) i) With reference to carbon (IV) oxide exchange state what happens at point x.
There is a net uptake or release of Carbon (VI) oxide by the plant; (The Carbon (VI) oxide
released from respiration is equivalent to that which is taken up during photosynthesis)

ii) Explain how the effect observed at point x occurs.

The rate of respiration and photosynthesis in the plants are equal; therefore all the
Carbon (VI) Oxide released during respiration is used in photosynthesis;

(c) Explain why there is a net uptake of carbon (IV) oxide at light intensity above x.
At light intensity beyond/above X, the rate of photosynthesis is higher than the rate of
respiration; and this requires a net uptake of Carbon (IV) Oxide (to sustain the increasing
rate of photosynthesis);

(d) What would happen to the plant if light intensity falling on it were maintained at x throughout?
Growth would cease because all the products of photosynthesis would be utilized in
respiration;

(e) What can you say about the exchange of oxygen between the plant and the surrounding air at
intensities below x?
The plant will take up oxygen from the surrounding air since the rate of respiration is
higher than the rate of photosynthesis;

Page 16 of 25
(61) The following diagram of a leaf shows what happens in a pant leaf during photosynthesis:-

(a) Give two ways in which leaves are adapted to absorb light
- Broad and flat to absorb maximum light
- Have chloroplast with chlorophyll to trap light.
- Transparent cuticle to allow light to pass through

(b) Name the gases labelled X and Y

X: Carbon (IV) Oxide Y: Oxygen

(c) Name the tissue that transports water into the leaf and sugars out of the leaf
Xylem – Transports water
Phloem – Sugars out of the leaf
(d) Explain why it’s an advantage for the plant to store carbohydrates as starch rather than as
sugars
Starch is insoluble in water, hence osmotically inactive; this reduces effect on absorption of
water.

(62) (a) What is meant by digestion?

Breakdown of complex food, substance; into simple diffusible substances;

(b) Describe how mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function

(i) Intestines relatively long/coiled /folded; this allows food enough time for absorption.
(ii) Intestines long /have villi; to increase the surface area for absorption and digestion;
(iii) The walls have glands which secrete enzymes for digestion ;( examples of correct
enzymes e.g. Maltose, sucrose lactose etc).some glands /goblet cells also produce mucus;
which protects
(iv) The intestinal wall has goblet cells that produces mucus which prevents it from auto
digestion/being digested; and reduces friction;
(v) Intestines have opening of ducts which allows bile pancreatic juice into the lumen;
(vi) The intestines have circular and longitudinal muscle, whose contraction and
relaxation/peristalsis; Leads to mixing of food with enzymes/juice; facilitating rapid
digestion and help push food along the gut;

Page 17 of 25
 (vii) The intestines are well supplied with blood vessels to supply oxygen/ remove digested
food from an efficient absorption and transporting system to move the food away from
the small intestines;
(viii) Have lacteal vessels for transport of fat/lipid; have thin epithelial lining; to facilitating
fast absorption /diffusion;
Note. Allow increases in surface are for absorption only once

(63) Form one students from St. John’s school arranged their apparatus as shown below, to
investigate a certain phenomenon. The set up was placed in light.

(a) State the likely aim of the set up

To investigate the rate of photosynthesis;

(b) State the role of the syringe in the set-up above

It is used to draw the bubbles of gas through the apparatus;

(c) (i) Name gas X: Oxygen

(ii) Write an equation to show how gas X was formed in the set-up
6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2;

Acc. Either word or chemical equation

If chemical, must be balanced, symbols capital.

Or
Light
Carbon (IV) Oxide + water Glucose + Oxygen;
Chlorophyll

(d) State three factors that increase the rate of enzyme activity
- Optimum temperature
- Optimum PH
- Absence of inhibitors.
- Presence of co-factors or co-enzymes.
- Low substrate concentration.
Page 18 of 25
 (e) Give a reason why the test tube is immersed in a beaker of water
- To minimize temperature changes.

(64) A student was culturing E. coli (a bacterium) in a Petri-dish. He placed the Petri-dish in an
incubator at 30oC.He removed it from the incubator the following day and found that five colonies of
bacteria had grown. He decided to return it into the incubator to give it more time. When he removed
it fourteen days later, he could not observe any colony.
(a) Why was there no colony on the fourteenth day?
The bacteria ad exhausted the available food materials and they died;

(b) Explain how bacteria cause spoilage of stored food in warm moist conditions.
They multiply very fast as they feed on the food substances; release toxic waste on food then
die there causing food spoilage

(c) Name other organisms which also cause food spoilage: Fungi

(d) State their economic importance to nature.

– Speed up recycling of matter in the ecosystem;
- Breaks down /decompose dead complex organic matter
(65) The table below shows the results of an experiment carried out to determine the rate of
photosynthesis at different light intensities and varying Carbon (IV) oxide concentrations. The rate
was determined by counting the number of bubbles per minute. The temperature was kept constant

Light intensity in lux % carbon(IV)oxide concentration

0.0% 0.3% 0.6% 0.9% 1.2% 1.5% 1.8%
1500 0 16 30 38 40 40 40
6000 0 52 80 96 100 98 100
10000 0 80 100 115 120 122 120

Page 19 of 25
 (a) On a graph paper provided, draw a graph for each of the light intensities. All the three graphs
should be plotted on the same axis (rate of photosynthesis on vertical axis and carbon (IV)
Number of Bubbles of CO2 produced oxide concentration on horizontal axis

Title -1mk
Scale - 1mk
Labeled axes – 2mks
Plotting – 3mks
Curve – 3mks (free hand) (Continuous not dotted - Rej. curve if joined with a ruler
(b) What is the effect of an increase in carbon (IV) oxide concentrations and light intensities
As carbon dioxide concentration increase rate of photosynthesis also increases up to a limit
beyond which there is no increase even if CO2 concentration is increased.
- Increase in light intensity increases rate of photosynthesis up to a limit

Page 20 of 25
 (c) Briefly explain how aquatic green plants meet light intensities and carbon (IV) oxide
requirement
- Have a darker colour/ light sensitive chlorophyll which enables them maximumly absorb
any light rays penetrating water
- They either float next to water surface to be exposed /closer to light or floats on water
surface.
- Have thin or no cuticle to allow easier diffusion of dissolved CO2

(d) Using the data provided in the table state two factors required by the green plants for food
production
– Carbon (IV) Oxide concentration;
- Light intensity ;

(66) Explain how the mammalian intestines are adapted to perform their function.

(i) Is relatively long/ cooled/ folded to allow food (enough) time/ increase surface area for
absorption of digested food and for digestion
(ii) Lumen has projection called villi; villi has projections called microvilli; to increase surface
area for absorption
(iii) Walls have glands which secret enzymes for digestion; e.g. maltase/ sucrose/ lactase/
enterokinase/ peptidases
(iv) Some glands/ goblet cells produce mucus; which protects the intestinal wall from being
digested and also reduce friction
(v) Have openings of ducts which allow bile/ pancreatic juice into the lumen
(vi) The intestines have circular and longitudinal muscles; whose contraction and relaxation/
peristalsis leads to mixing of food with enzymes/ juices; facilitating rapid digestion; and
helps push food along the gut
(vii) Intestines are well supplied with blood vessels/ highly vascullarized; to supply oxygen/
remove digested food
(viii) Lacteal vessels; transport fats/ lipids
(ix) They have thin epithelia; to facilitate fast/ rapid absorption/ diffusion

Page 21 of 25
(67) A healthy plant was kept in the dark for 24hours following which two of its leaves were enclosed
in glass flasks as shown below. The set up was the exposed to sunlight for a number of hours.

(a) Why was it necessary to keep the plant in the dark for 24 hours?
To destarch the plant leaves;
(b) Give the function of each of the following in the experiment
(i) Sodium hydroxide
To absorb carbon (IV) oxide in the flask;

(ii) Sodium hydrogen corbonate

To enrich the air in the flask with carbon (IV) oxide;

(c) Explain the expected results in leaf.

(i) M when tested for starch
Leaf M – Sodium Hydroxide absorbed Carbon (IV) oxide in the flask;
- No photosynthesis occurred and so the leaf retained the brown colour of Iodine;

(ii) N when tested for starch?

Leaf N – Sodium hydrogen carbonate enriched the flask with carbon (IV) oxide;
- Photosynthesis occurred and starch formed reacted with iodine to give the
leaf the characteristic blue-black colour;

(d) Suggest a suitable control for this experiment

Conical flask covered with aluminium foil and no sodium hydroxide or sodium hydrogen
carbonate;

(68) In an experiment, a leaf from a plant which had been kept in the dark overnight was boiled in
water for a minute. It was then boiled in alcohol and washed in warm water. Iodine solution was then
added onto the leaf:
(a) Why was the leaf boiled in;-
(i) Water: To kill cells/expose starch graduals/stop biology processes;

Page 22 of 25
 (ii) Alcohol: To decolourise the leaf/to dissolve chlorophyll;

(b) (i) What observation was made on the leaf after adding iodine solution
Leaf retained brown colour of iodine;

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) above

Starch was absent (since no photosynthesis had taken place);

(c) What was the aim of the experiment

To investigate the necessity of light in the process of photosynthesis;

(d) Why was it necessary to wash the leaf in warm water

To soften the leaf and wash off alcohol;

(e) What is a variegated leaf?

Leaf with some parts/patches lacking chlorophyll;

(f) Write a word equation for the process of photosynthesis

Water + carbon (IV) oxide Light Glucose + oxygen;
Chlorophyll (carbohydrate)

(69) The diagram below shows an experiment that was carried out to measure how fast water plant
such as Elodea photosynthesizes.

The shoot was exposed to different light intensities and the rate of photosynthesis estimated
by counting the number of bubbles of gas leaving the shoot in a given time, the results are
given below;
Number of bubbles per minute 7 14 20 24 26 27 27 27
Light intensity (Arbitrary units) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Page 23 of 25
(a) Plot these data on a piece of graph paper provided

(b) At what light intensity did the shoot produce ;

(i) 18 bubbles per minute: 2.5 – 2.7; i.e. 2.6 + 0.1
(ii) 25 bubbles per minute: 4.5 + 0.1

(c) Give two better ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis than counting bubbles
- Volume of CO2 consumed/ volume of O2 liberated
- Change in dry mass (due to photosynthesis);

(d) What is the role of light intensity in photosynthesis

- Photolysis of water
- ATP synthesis

(e) Account for the expected results of doing this experience at the following temperature;
(i) 4ºC: - Rate of photosynthesis very low
- Enzymes inactivated
Page 24 of 25
 (ii) 34ºC: - Rapid rate of photosynthesis
- Optimum temperature for enzyme reaction

(iii)60ºC: - Very low rate of photosynthesis

- Enzymes denatured

(f) Other than light intensity and temperature, name other factors that affect the rate of
photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll concentration (in leaves)
- CO2 concentration
- Water availability

Page 25 of 25
 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
(1) (a) Name a blood vessel that has capillaries on both ends. (1 mark)
(b) Briefly explain how bee stings can cause death. (3 marks)
(2) Students subjected an orange plant growing outside the laboratory to the following:
(i) Selected two sized leaves and gently brushed them clean on both sides
(ii) Placed two strips of dry cobalt chloride paper on both sides of each leaf and opposite each
other and covered the cobalt chloride with the cello tape. They observed time taken for any
color change to occur and recorded the following.
Side of the leaf Upper epidermis Lower epidermis
Time taken 5 minutes 2 minutes
a) (i) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)
(ii)What was the purpose of brush cleaning the leaf? (1mk)
b) (i) What was the original color of dry cobalt chloride paper? (1mk)
(ii)What color change did the students observe? (1mk)
c) Explain the difference in the time taken for color change observed. (2mk)
d) Explain how water shortage could have an indirect effect on photosynthesis by influencing the
availability of co2. (2mks)
(3) Give three reasons why pressure of blood is greater in the arterioles than in the veins of mammals
(3 marks)
(4) State three ways through which a newborn acquires natural immunity (3 marks)
(5) Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows.

(a) Draw the set up how it would appear after a week on the space above (1mark)
(b) Explain the above appearance after a week (3marks)
(c) Name the hormone which would revert the effect of stem ringing…………. (1mk)
(6) a) Name two diseases babies should be immunized against soon after birth (2 mks)
b) State two importance of blood clotting on a fresh wound (2 mks)
(7) State two differences between the composition of blood entering the liver via hepatic portal vein and
blood leaving the liver to the heart via hepatic vein. (2mks)

Blood entering the liver Blood leaving the liver

(8) State what can be measured in the following manner using a Potometer (2mks)
(i) Directly
(ii) Indirectly

Page 1 of 17
(9) The diagram below shows part of a longitudinal section of a young root.

(a) Describe how the structure labeled A is structurally modified to perform its function. (4 marks)
(b) Explain how water molecules enter the structure labeled A. (2 marks)
(b) State two forces that maintain a continuous column of water in the structure D. (2 marks)
(10) The red blood cells lack mitochondria
a) How is this of advantage to red blood cells? (1 mark)
b) Apart from the reason stated above, give one other reason. (1 mark)
c) State two other characteristics of the red blood cell. (2 marks)
(11) Explain why the rate of transpiration is reduced when humidity is high. (1 mark)
(12) A girl has blood group AB.
(a) Give the antibodies found in the red blood cells of her blood. (1 mark)
(b) What makes the girl a universal recipient (1 mark)
(13) Give two structural differences between xylem and phloem tissues. (2marks)
(14) Explain why a fresh wound on the skin bleeds more on a hot sunny day than on a cold chilly day
(15) State three adaptations of red blood cells to their functions.
(16) How are sieve tube elements adapted to their function
(17) Name the polysaccharides found in the following structures:- (a) Exoskeleton
(b) Xylem vessels
(18) State three factors that maintain transpiration stream
(19) (a) List three forces that facilitate the transport of water and mineral salts up the stem.
(b) Name the tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed.
(20) What is the destination of materials translocated in plants?
(21) A person whose blood group is AB requires a blood transfusion, name the blood groups of the
donors.
(22) Explain why capillaries are: (i) Thin walled
(ii) Branched
(23) An experiment was set-up as shown below to investigate a certain plant process:

Page 2 of 17
 (a) What process was being investigated above?
(b) What observation was made if;
i. The experiment was left in strong wind for one hour?
ii. All the leaves were removed from the plant?
(24) How is aerenchyma tissue adapted to its function?
(25) (a) State three structural differences between arteries and veins in mammals
(b) Name a disease that causes thickening and hardening of arteries
(26) Identify two forces that help in upward movement of water in plants
(27) (a) State three ways in which red blood cells are adapted to their functions
(b) Distinguish between tissue fluid and lymph
(c) Explain why deficiency of vitamin K leads to excessive bleeding even from small cuts
(28) Name the type of circulatory system found in the phylum Arthropoda
(29) Name the blood vessel that nourishes the heart
(30) a) In which form is oxygen transported in the blood.
b) Why do plants not take in oxygen during the day although they need it for respiration?
(31) Name a disease of the blood characterized by excessive production of white blood cells
(32) Laboratory analysis of a patient’s urine revealed the following concentration of various
Substances:
Blood proteins 0.00%
Water 50%
Glucose 48%
Salts 0.8%
Urea 1.2%
(a) From the analysis above, which disease is the patient suffering from
(b) Name two symptoms of the disease in 3(a) above
(33) The diagrams below show two conducting elements of the xylem tissue

(a) Identify each of them A and B

(b) What makes the cellulose side walls of both A and B able to prevent collapsing?
(34) Explain why the rate of transpiration is reduced when humidity is high
(35) (a) State two functions of the xylem vessels,
(b) List two structural adaptations that make xylem vessels suitable to their function
(36) (a) What is peristalsis?
(b) Explain how the process above is brought about.

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(37) The diagram below shows a part of a circulatory system. The arrows indicate the direction of the
flow of blood;

B
A
Ileu
m

C
(a) Identify the blood vessels labeled A and B
(b) Explain why it is important to transport food substances to organ C before being released
for circulation to the rest of the body
(38) Name four methods plants employ to remove excretory waste products
(39) a) State the form in which oxygen is transported in the mammalian blood
b) Why is it dangerous to sleep in an enclosed room with a burning jiko
c) Why do plants not take in oxygen during the day although they need it for respiration?
(40) Name a disease of blood characterized by excessive – production of white blood cells
(41) The diagram shows a section through a plant organ.

(a) (i) Name the class of the plant from which the section was obtained belong.
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i) above
(b) How the part is labelled C adapted to its functions?
(42) State two roles of transpiration to a plant
(43) Uptake of water by plants is not affected by metabolic poisons. Explain.
(44) The diagram below represents a plant tissue.
A
A B

(a) Identify each of them.

(b) What property makes B to be more efficient in function?
(c) What makes the walls of both A and B impermeable to water and solutes?
(45) A woman gave birth to a child of blood group B+ (B positive). Name the two antigens that
determined her child’s blood group.
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(46) A transfusion of RH+ blood was given to a patient with Rh- blood. After one week a similar
transfusion was given to the same patient. What was likely to be the effect of the second transfusion?
(47) The diagrams below show stages in the process of feeding shown by amoeba.

Food

Nucleus A
(a) Name the part labeled A.
(b) Name the process illustrated in the diagram above.
(c) Name the type of cell in human beings that exhibit this process.
(48) (a) Why are xylem vessels more efficient in the transport of water than tracheids?
(b) What is the significance of xylem vessels being dead?
(49) Distinguish between guttation and transpiration
(50) Other than transport, state one other function of xylem tissue in plants
(51) State two functions of aerenchyma tissue in plants
(52) (a) What is sickle-cell anaemia?
(b) Identify the part of the heart that initiates the heart beat
(53) (a) Give a reason why the left ventricle muscles are thicker than the right ventricles muscles
(b) State the forms in which carbon (IV) oxide is transported in the blood
(54) Explain how the following adaptation reduce transpiration in xerophytes
(a) Sunken stomata
(b) Thick waxy cuticle
(55) Name the: (a) Material that strengthens xylem tissue
(b) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed
(56) The diagram below shows the traverse section of a young stem.

B
C

(a) What are the functions of the structures labeled A, DB and C

(b) WhatE type of cells are fonjd in the parts labeleld D
(c) Name the tissue labeled E
(57) Name the components of blood that do not enter the renal tubule in mammals
(58) Outline the route taken by a molecule of glucose from the ileum up to the kidney.

(59) The flow chart below shows a blood transfusion pathway

A

O AB

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B
 (a) What three conclusions can you draw from the flow chart?
(b) State two precautions that must be observed during blood transfusion
(c) Explain how blood clot is formed once a blood vessels is injured
(60) The figure below represents a diagram of a photometer;

(a) What is the photometer used for?

(b) State the precautions which should be taken when setting up a photometer
(c) Explain what you will expect if set up was placed under the following environmental
conditions;
(i) Dark room
(ii) Leafy shoot enclosed in polythene bag
(iii) In a current of air created by a fan
(61) The amount of blood flow through various parts of the body of a mammal was measured in cm3
per minute at rest and during different physical activities. Results are shown below.
Blood flow in cm3/min
At rest During light Exercise During strenuous Exercise
Heart muscles 200 300 1050
Gut 1300 1000 400
Skeletal muscles 1100 5050 23000
Kidneys 900 650 250
Skin 400 1300 600
(a) Calculate the percentage change in blood flow through the skeletal muscles and gut when the
mammal was exposed to strenuous exercise.
i) Skeletal muscles
ii) Gut

(b) Account for the differences in amount of blood flow through the gut and skeletal muscles;
i) At rest
ii) During strenuous exercise
(c) Account for the result obtained for the skin during light exercise
(c) Name two substances which are removed from the body by the kidney
Page 6 of 17
 (62) The diagram below represents a transverse section of a young stem.

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B and D

(b) State the functions of the parts labeled C and E
(c) List three differences between the section above and the one that would be obtained from the
root of the same plant
(63) Kosgei and Onyancha collided during a football match and each got bruised. Kosgei’s bruise
stopped bleeding after ten minutes while Onyancha’s bruise continued bleeding and he had to be
taken to hospital for treatment.
(a) Explain the process which brought about stoppage of Kosgei’s bleeding
(b) Distinguish between blood clotting and haemagglutination.
(c) Name the disease that Onyancha could be suffering from.
(64) In an experiment, a leafy shoot was set up in a photometer and kept in a dark room for 2 hours.
The set up was then transferred to a well-lit room for 2 hours.
(a) What was the aim of this experiment? (1mk)
(b) Explain the results which would be expected in each of the two experiments conditions. (3mks)
(65) Explain how drooping of leaves on a hot sunny day is advantageous to plant. (2mks)
(66) Explain how environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration in flowering
plants. (20mks)

(67) The diagram below represents a transverse section of a young stem.

a) Name the parts labeled A and B (2mks)
A___________________
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B____________________
b) State the functions of the parts labeled C, D and E
C________________
D_____________
__
E_____________
__
c) List three differences between the section shown above and one
that would be obtained from the root of the same plant (3mks)

5. The diagram below represents the pathway of water from soil into the plant.
_a) Name the structu
K_______________
Page 7 of 17
L_______________ (2mks)
b) Explain how water from the soil reaches the structure labeled L.
(5mks)
c) Name the process by which mineral salts enter into the plant.
(1mk)
6. State two ways in which xylem are adapted to their function. (2mks)
7. What makes young herbaceous plant remain upright? (2mks)
infosnkenya@gmail.com

8. The diagram below represents part of phloem tissue

_a) Name the structures labeled R and S and a c

R ___________________
S ___________________
Cell T ___________________ (3mks)
b) State the function of the structure labeled S. (1mk)
c) Explain why xylem is a mechanical tissue (2mks)
9. Name the
a) Material that strengthens xylem tissue. (1mk)
b) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed.
(1mk)
10. How are xylem vessels adapted for support? (1mk)
11. What is the role of vascular bundles in plant nutrition? (3mks)
12. a) Name two tissues which are thickened with lignin. (2mks)
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b) How is support attained in herbaceous plant? (1mk)
13. The diagram below represents a transverse section through a plant organ.

Page 8 of 17
 a) From which plant organ was the section obtained? (1mk)
b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2mks)
_c) Name the parts labeled J, K
J__________________________________
K_________________________________
L_________________________________
d) State two functions of the part labeled M. (2mks)
14. Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaves in a tree. (20mks)
15. State two ways in which the root hairs are adapted to their function.
(2mks)
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16. The diagram below represents a plant tissue. Name the part labeled
_17. In an experiment to determine the effect of ringing on the conce
phloem, a ring of bark from the stem of a tree was cut and
removed. The amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm3 piece of
bark above the ring was measured over a 24 hour period. Sugar
was also measure in the bark of a similar stem of a tree which was
not ringed. The results are shown in the table below
infosnkenya@gmail.com
Among of sugar in grammes per 16 cm 3 piece of bark
Normal stem Ringed stem
Time of the day
06 45 0.78 0.78
09 45 0.80 0.91
12 45 0.81 1.01
15 45 0.80 1.04
18 45 0.77 1.00
21 45 0.73 0.95
00 45 0.65 0.88
.
a)
Using the same axes, plot a graph of the amount of sugar against time
(6mks)
b) At what time was the amount of sugar highest in the;
i) Ringed stem (1mk) ii) Normal stem (1mk)
_ii) 15 45 hours and 00 45 hours _(2mks)
c) How much sugar would be in the rigged stem if it was measured at 03 45
hours.
(2mks)
d) Give reasons why there was sugar in the stems of both trees at 06 45
hours.
(2mks)
e) Account for the shape of the graph for the tree with ringed stem between:
i) 06 45 hours and 15 45 hours (3mks)
f) Other than sugars name two compounds that are translocated in phloem.

Page 9 of 17
(2mks)
18. Explain why plants shed off their leaves. (2mks)
19. a) What is the importance of transpiration to plants?
b)Give adaptive features which enable a plant to reduce the loss of water
1. People can die when they inhale gases from burning charcoal in poorly ventilated
rooms. What compound is formed in the human body that leads to such
deaths?
(1mk)
2. Explain why blood from a donor whose blood group is A cannot be transfused
into
a recipient whose blood group is B. (2mks)
3. State one difference between closed and open circulatory systems. (1mk)
4. a) Give an example of a phylum where all members have
_i) Open circu
ii) Closed circulatory system (2mks)
b) What are the advantages of the closed circulatory system over the
open circulatory system? (5mks)
5. Explain two ways in which mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) are adapted
to their function (2mks)
6. a) i) Name the blood vessels that link arterioles with venules.
(1mk)
ii) Explain four ways in which the vessels you named in (a) above are suited to
carrying out their functions. (4mks)
b) State two ways in which the composition of blood in the
pulmonary arterioles differ from that in the pulmonary venules.
(2mks)
7. Why would carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death? (2mks)
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8. Explain how the red blood cells of mammals are adapted for efficient transport of
oxygen. (2mks)
9. The chart below is a summary of the blood clotting mechanism in man.
_Name _ i) The blood cells represented by X ii) Metal ion represented by Y
iii) The end product of the mechanism represented Z
10. a) How can excess bleeding result in death? (2mks)
b) Name the process by which the human body naturally stops
bleeding. (1mk)
c) How can low blood volume be brought back to normal? (2mks)
11. a) Name one defect of the circulatory system in humans. (1mk)
b) State three functions of blood other than transport. (3mks)
12. a) What prevents blood in veins from flowing backwards? (1mk)
b) State two ways in which the red blood cells are adapted to their
function. (2mks)
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1. State one way by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted from mother to child.
Page 10 of 17
 (1mk)
14. Explain how the various components of blood are adapted for their function.
(20mks)
15. Distinguish between blood, plasma, serum, tissue fluid and lymph.
(10mks)
16. a) A patient whose blood group is A died shortly after receiving
blood from a person of blood group B. Explain the possible cause of
death of
the patient. (2mks)
_b) A person of blood group AB requires
i) Name the blood groups of the possible donors (2mks) ii)
Give reasons for your answer in (i) above. (2mks)
17. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity. (2mks)
18. Explain why a person can catch a cold several times in a year but only
catches
measles once in his or her lifetime. (2mks)
19. Most carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs within the red
blood
cells and not in the blood plasma. Give two advantages of this mode of
transport.
(2mks)
20. What is the importance of tissue fluid? (2mks)

ANSWERS
1) (a) Hepatic portal vein;

Page 11 of 17
 (b) The bodies of some people react to allergens like bee sting by over producing antibodies; An
antigen – antibody reaction occurs causing cells to bust to release histamine; which causes blood vessels
to be dilated lowering pressure, inflammation increases permeability of epithelial cells which causes
swelling and inflammation. OWTTE
2) a) (i) To investigate the rate of transpiration on both upper and lower leaf surfaces (1mk)
Reject: rate of transpiration
(ii) To remove the cuticle thus exposing the stomata (reject: clean the leaf/ remove cuticle
only) (1mk)
b) (i) Blue Reject: pink (1mk)
(ii) Changed from blue to pink (1mk) reject: changed to pink
c) It takes less time for the chloride paper to change on the lower leaf surface than on the upper
leaf surface; because higher rate of transpiration is on the lower leaf surface than on the
upper leaf surface because there are more number of stomata.
d) Guard cells lose turgidity; stomata close restricting entry of carbon (IV) oxide;
3) Blood flows into the arteries at higher pressure directly from the heart.
4) Through its placenta
Breastfeeding
Natural infection by pathogen
5)
a)

b) Removal of bark of the stem (during ringing) removes phloem; translocation interfered with on
ringed section, leading to accumulation of manufactured on ripper part.
c) Traumatin- Hormone produced in response to wound. It is a precursor to traumatic acid
hormone.
6) a) Tuberculosis; Polio/poliomyelitis; (2mks)
b) - Prevent loss of blood/loss of nutrients in blood;
- Prevent entry of pathogens; (2mks)
7)

Blood entering the liver Blood leaving the liver

- More nutrients Less nutrients;
- Less Carbon (IV) Oxide
More Carbon (IV) Oxide concentration;
concentration
- More Oxygen less Oxygen;
8)
(i) Rate of water uptake ;
(ii) Rate of transpiration ;
9) (a) Elongated to increase surface area for absorption of water and mineral salts; Large sap vacuole to
increase the osmotic pressure of root hair cell;
Page 12 of 17
 (b) Water molecules are in high concentration in the soil than in the sap vacuole of root hair
cell; water molecules moves into the cell by osmosis;
(c) Root pressure; adhesion and cohesion force; transpiration pull; capillarity; any 2.
10) a) To prevent them from consuming space/room for the oxygen they carry (1mk)
b) To create room for hemoglobin packing. 1mk
c) - Have thin membrane to reduce distance caused by diffusing gases.
- Have haemoglobin which has high affinity for oxygen.
- Are flexible / can bend and twist to be able to pass through the capillary lumen.
Any 2mks
11) Air around the leaf gets saturated with water vapour hence space for water vapour from the leaf
to occupy / low saturation deficit / low diffusion gradient / the difference in concentration of water
vapour in the atmosphere and in the air spaces are greatly/highly reduced. (Any one mark)
12) a) None;
b) Can receive blood from any donor without agglutination due to absence of antibodies;
13)
xylem phloem
Dead tissue Living tissue
Lignified wall Not lignified
Hollow Has cytoplasmic strands and sieve plates
Perforated Not Perforated
Has bordered pits No pits
14) On a hot sunny day blood vessels are dilated hence more blood is lost; on a cool chilly day the
blood vessels have constricted hence less blood flows on the surface of the skin;
15) - Biconcave disc shaped to increase surface area for gaseous exchange;
- Have no nucleus to increase room for the package of red blood cells;
- Numerous in number to increase surface area for the transportation of oxygen
- Have haemoglobin which has a high affinity of oxygen;
16) - Cytoplasmic filaments/strands along which food streams;
- Companion cells have mitochondria that provide energy for translocation;
- Sieve plates with sieve pores thorugh which cytoplasmic filaments pass.
- Photoplasmic material pushed on the sides to create lumen space for translocation;
17) (a) Chitin;
(b) Lignin:
18) - Root pressure;
- Cohesion – adhesion forces
- Transpiration pull;
19) (a) – transpiration pull;
- Cohesion and adhesion;
- Capillarity;
- Root pressure;
(b) Phloem;
20) - Growing regions (e.g meristems); storage organs for storage (e.g stems, roots, fruits)
- secretory organs (e.g. flower nectarines);

Page 13 of 17
21) A, AB, B, O; for all blood groups
22) (i) Efficient diffusion of substances e.g. food, gases and waste products;
(ii) Efficient transport of food/gases/waste products to and from cells;
23) (a) Transpiration;
(b) (i) The level of water in the boiling tube reduced significantly;
(ii) The level of water did not reduce;
24) Aerenchyma tissues have large and numerous air spaces; hence facilitation buoyancy;
25) a)

Arteries Veins
- Thick muscular - Thin muscular walls
- No valves (except pulmonary artery - valves present;
and aorta
at the base - Wide lumen (large) lumen;
- Narrow (small) lumen
b) Arteriosclerosis; reject Artheroma
26) Transpiration pull; Capillarity;
Cohesion and adhesive forces; Root pressure;
27) (a) -numerous to increase surface area
-Biconcave to increase surface area for packaging hemoglobin alter shape to fit narrow
lumens of capillaries;
-No nucleus to increase surface area for oxygen leading;
-Have hemoglobin which has high affinity for oxygen;
(b) Tissue fluid is a fluid / liquid found surrounding cells/ between cells formed as a result of
ultra filtration from blood while lymph is inter cellular fluid which nutrients and oxygen have
been taken and is rich in waste materials (mark as a whole)
(c) Vitamin K is needed for formation of prothrombin which is activated to thrombin which
helps in clotting of blood.
28) Open circulatory system
29) Coronary Artery;
30) a) Oxyhaemoglobin;
b) Use oxygen released from photosynthesis process;
31) Leukemia (acc. blood cancer)
32) (a) Diabetes mellitus
(b) - Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
- Passing urine frequently;
- Constantly feeling thirsty;
- Dehydration;
- Loss of weight;
- Poor resistant to infection;
33) (a) A – Tracheid; B – Vessel;
(b) - Side walls are impregnated with lignin/deposited with lignin /walls are lignified/pressure of
lignin nucleus not enclosed by a membrane ;

Page 14 of 17
34) There is high concentration of water vapour around the leaf/less space for water vapour form the
leaf to occupy low saturation deficit /low diffusion gradient / the diffusion between the
concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere and the air spaces is greatly reduced.
35) a) Transports water and dissolved mineral salts; provides mechanical support due to
lignification of cells
b) Narrow lumen of vessels and tracheids – enhances capillarity forces;
Presence of pits on lignified walls follows for lateral movement of water;
They are hollow to allow uninterrupted/ continuous flow of water from roots to leaves;
36) a) Involuntary movement of food along the alimentary canal
b) Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles along the gut;
37) a) A – Hepatic portal vein; B- Hepatic artery;
b) Excess glucose must be converted to glycogen; for storage
38) - Leaf fall;
- Exudation;
- Gutation;
- Transpiration
39) (a) Oxyhaemoglobin
(b) Burning charcoal produces carbon (II) Oxide which combines with haemoglobin to
Oxyhaemoglobin form carboxyhaemoglobin that is stable/ does not dissociate; reducing
efficiency of haemoglobin in carrying oxygen leading to death; Rej. death alone
(c) Because oxygen is release as a by-product of photosynthesis hence utilized by plants for
respiration.
40) Leukemia/ blood cancer;
41) (a) (i) Dicotyledonae;
(ii) Star shaped xylem/phloem between the arms o the xylem;
(b) Lignified walls to prevent it from collapsing/keep it hollow open throughout:
- Hollow/Lack cross walls for continuous flow of water and mineral salts any 1
- Narrow Lumen to enhance capillarity;
42) - Creates transpiration pull:
- Absorbs latent heat of vaporization hence cools leaves of the plant: (2marks)
43) Water absorption does not involve active transport that requires energy from respiration
facilitated enzymes ; hence no metabolic inhibition involved;
44) (a) A – Tracheids ; B – Xylem vessel;
(b) B is hollow at the middle therefore the substance flowing through it gets to their destination
faster as compared to that of A; 
(c) – Lignifications; 
45) - Antigen B;
- Rhesus antigen / Rhesus factor /rhesus protein;
46) After the first transfusion the patient would produce rhesus antibodies; second transfusion
rhesus antigen would react with rhesus antibodies; causing agglutination;
47) (a) Pseudopodium; 
(b) Phagocytosis; 
(c) White blood cells.

Page 15 of 17
48) (a) Xylem vessels are hollow (lack cross walls) , hence more efficient in transporting water
than tracheids which have trapped ends with perforation;
(b) Xylem vessels are dead due to heavy lignification on their walls hence provision of support
to the plant as well preventing collapse ;
49) Transpiration is the loss of water vapour, while gutation is loss or exudation of liquid water
through hydathodes
50) Support
51) – Storage of air
- For buoyancy
52) (a) A blood disorder where red blood cells appear sickle shaped
(b) Sino-atrio node/pace maker
53) a) To generate high pressure to pump blood; to all parts of the body/ to furthest distance;
b) Hydrogen carbonate (HCO3)
Carbonic acid;
54) a) Sunken stomata form pits; in which water vapour accumulates reducing rate of
transpiration
b) Water proof to reduce the rate of transpiration;
55) a) Lignin;
b) Phloem;
56) a) A – Transport of organic food substances from sites of manufacture;
B – Formation of new xylem and phloem tissues;
C – Transport of water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves;
b) Parenchyma cell;
c) Sclerenchyma;
57) - Blood cells;
- Plasma proteins;

58)
Absorbed Blood Hepatic Liver Hepartic
Ileum
portal vein vein
stream

Systole
Lungs Pulmonary Systole Inferior
Right Right
artery vena cava
ventricle auricle

Systole Systole Renal artery

Pulmonary Left Left Aorta
Vein
auricle ventricle
Kidney
Acc. Descriptive form Rej. – From appoint of a mistake
59) (a) - Blood group O is a universal donor (as it donates to all other blood groups); *UGU*
- Blood group AB a universal recipient (as they receive blood from all other groups.
- Blood group A can receive blood from group O and A only.
- Blood group B can receive blood from O and B only.
Page 16 of 17
 - Blood group O does not receive blood from other blood groups except O.
- Compatibility of blood group
- Absence of pathogens in blood.
- The Rhesus factor matches.
(c)- When blood vessel is injured, exposed platelets rupture to release thromboplastin
(enzymes); which converts prothrombin to thrombin; in presence of Ca2+ thrombin activates
conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin; which forms mesh work of fibre in the cut surface;
60) a) Measure rate of transpiration;
b) -Assemble apparatus under water;
- Apply vasectomy between cork shoot contacts;
- Open the reservoir tap;
c) i) The air bubble will not move
ii) Water droplets will be seen in he polythene;
iii) Air bubble will move faster
61) (a) (i) (23000 – 100) x 100 = 1,990%;
1100
(ii) (1300 – 400) x 100 = -6.92%;
1300
(b) (i) At rest, the gut is more active than skeletal muscles as this is the time when digestion is
taking place; more blood goes to gut to transport the absorbed food;
(ii) During strenuous exercise, skeletal muscles are more active; and a lot of blood is diverted
to help it contract and relax while very little blood flow through the gut which becomes
less active;
(c) During light exercise, the skin becomes more active; thus give the highest blood flow
compared to other times to release excess heat, sweat and wastes.
(d) – Excess water;
- urea, ammonia, uric acid; (OWTTE)
62) a) A- Epidermis
B- Pith
b) C- Transports manufactured food/ products of photosynthesis/ translocates food
E- Transports water and mineral salts
c)
Section above Section from root
Xylem/ phloem form around cambium Xylem star shaped and centrally placed
Pith at the centre No pitch
Roof hairs absent Roof hair present
Epidermis has cuticle Epidermis has no cuticle
63) a) Platelets exposed to air rupture on damage tissues to release thromboplastin/(enzyme)
/thrombokinase; Thromboplastin neutralizes heparin; and activates prothrombin to thrombin;
throbin activates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin; which forms meshwork of fibres
on the bruised surface;
b) Blood clotting is the conversion of soluble blood protein into a mass of tangled threads of
insoluble protein; while haemogglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells;
c) Haemophilia;
Page 17 of 17
 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: GASEOUS EXCHANGE
(1) The table below shows the percentage of gases in samples of inhaled and exhaled air
Percentage in
Gas Inhaled air Exhaled air
Oxygen 20.55 16.01
Carbon(iv) oxide 0.04 3.99
Nitrogen 78.53 75.20
Water vapour 0.48 4.42
Other gases 0.40 0.38
a) Use the information in the table to explain why the percentage of nitrogen is lower in exhaled air
than in the inhaled air. (1mk)
Some nitrogen remains in the air passages (where it forms part of the dead space)

b) Account for:
(i) Percentage of water vapour in exhaled and inhaled air. (2mks)
As air leaves the respiratory surface it gets moistened by the film of moisture (vapour)
on the epithelial lining; hence higher percentage of water vapour than the inhale air;

(ii) Percentage of carbon(iv) oxide in the inhaled and exhaled air (2mks)
Higher in exhaled air than in inhaled air due to more carbon (iv) oxide produced in
respiratory cells during respiration;

c) With respect to electron microscope, Explain each of the following;

(i) Live specimens cannot be viewed using an electron microscope (2mks)
Specimens are mounted in the vacuum and hence living cells will die due to lack of
oxygen

(ii) The specimen is mounted in a vacuum (1mk)

Illumination by the beam of electrons is too strong and will kill living cells/ tissues;

(2) Describe how gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants (14mks)
Gaseous exchange takes place in spongy mesophyll and involves carbon (IV) oxide and oxygen
gases. During the day carbon (IV) oxide diffuses into air spaces of the spongy mesophyll due to
concentration gradient from the air spaces then the carbon (IV) oxide diffuses into photosynthetic
cells in solution form.
During photosynthesis, carbon (IV) oxide is used while oxygen is produced. Some of the oxygen
used in respiration while the rest of the oxygen diffuses out through the stomata due to a
concentration gradient;
At night oxygen diffuses into air spaces of the spongy mesophyll. Due to concentration gradient
the oxygen dissolves into a thin film of moisture then carbon (IV) oxide is produced;
It then diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata due to concentration gradient;
At night carbon (IV) oxide accumulates in the leaf since photosynthesis does not take place;

Page 1 of 9
 Some gaseous exchange also takes place through the cuticle and epidermis of young leaves and
stems;
Also epidermis of roots carries out gaseous exchange with the air I the soil;
Some plants have breathing roots called pneumatophores through which gaseous exchange
occurs; in aquatic woody plants these roots provide a wide surface area for gaseous exchange due
to many lenticels;
Gaseous exchange also occurs through lenticels found in older stems. The cork cells at the
lenticels are loosely packed to enable gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and cork cells

(3) The diagram below shows the gaseous exchange system of a locust.

(a) Name the substance that brings rigidity of R : Chitin (1 mark)

(b) Name the part labeled S: Muscle tissue (1mark)
(c) How is the part labeled Q structurally adapted to its function (2 marks)
Has hairs to trap any solid particles in air entering Q, has valves to regulate the opening and
closing the spiracle.

(4) State three ways the alveolus of human lung is suited to its function (3mks)
(i) Numerous to increase surfaced area to enhance gaseous exchange;
(ii) Epithelium is moist to dissolve respiratory gases;
(iii) Thin epithelium for rapid/faster diffusion of gases;
(iv) Highly vascularised to transport respiratory gases (To maintain a steep concentration
gradient);

(5) What changes take place during inhalation in the breathing cycle of a mammal in the following
parts? (2mks)
(i) Intercostal muscles
External intercostals muscles contract while internal intercostals muscles relax;
(ii) Diaphragm
Diaphragm muscles contract, causing diaphragm to flatten;

(6) (a) Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a bony fish. (12 marks)
During inhalation, floor of the mouth cavity is lowered; by muscular contractions; volume of
mouth cavity is increased; and its pressure decreases; operculum acts as a valve; to ensure
that water rich in dissolved oxygen; flows only through the mouth; during exhalation, mouth
closes; the floor of the mouth is raised by muscular contractions; its volume decreases ;and
pressure increases; operculum bulges outwards; causing a reduction in pressure ;and increase
in volume; water rich in dissolved oxygen flows over the gills;
Page 2 of 9
 (b) Describe the photosynthetic theory of opening and closing the stomata. (8 marks)
During the day, chloroplast of guard cells accumulate sugar/glucose produced through the
process of photosynthesis; Accumulated sugar/glucose in the guard cells increases osmotic
pressure of the cell sap of the guard cells; Water is drawn from the neighboring epidermal
cells by osmosis; Guard cells become turgid and bulges outward; This opens the stomata; At
night, sugar/glucose which had accumulated in guard cells is converted to starch; Osmotic
pressure of guard cells falls; The cells lose water to the neighboring epidermal cells and
become flaccid; The guard cells are drawn towards one another. The stomata close;

(7) The figure below shows the apparatus used for collecting some of the substances in cigarette smoke.
As the cigarette burns the cotton wool turns brown.

(a) Name the substance that causes the cotton wool to change its colour (1mk)
Tar;

(b) The cotton wool provides a large surface area on which this substance collects. what structures in
the lungs does the cotton wool represent (1mk)
Alveoli;

(c) Explain how smoking affects the amount of oxygen taken up by the blood (3mks)
Smoke deposits tar; that distorts the alveoli thus impeding / blocking gaseous exchange; Smoke
contain Carbon (II) Oxide that forms Carboxyhaemoglobin that does not dissociate even in
presence of oxygen; thus reduces the amount of oxygen transported;

(8) Give three ways in which the gill of a bony fish is adapted to gaseous exchange (3mks)
(i) Highly vascularised gill filament.
(ii) Thin membrane on gill filament.
(iii) Broad surface on gill filament.
(iv) Numerous gill filaments …

(9) The table below represents certain aspect of the circulatory system in certain animals. Fill in the
missing spaces. (3 marks)
Heart No. of atrium No. of ventricle Type of circulation
A 2 2 Double circulatory system
B 2 11 Double circulatory system
C 1 1 Single circulatory system
Page 3 of 9
(10) Name the tissue that carry out the following function in mammals.
(a) Binds and supports various organs in the body (1 mark)
Connective tissue
(b) Transport oxygen throughout the body (1 mark)
Blood tissue
(c) Contract and relax to bring about movement (1 mark)
Skeletal muscle tissue

(11) The apparatus shown below was set up by form two students in a certain school.

a) Name the gas X: Oxygen gas (1 mark)

b) Write a word equation for the reaction which produces the gas. (I mark)
Catalase
Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen +Water

c) Where in the body does this type of reaction occur (1 mark)

Liver

(12) The diagram below shows part of the plant tissue.

a) Name the cell labeled X and part labeled W. (2 marks)

X- Guard cell
W – Stoma Rej. Stomata

b) State two adaptations of cell labeled X to its function. (2 marks)

(i) Have chloroplast which contain chlorophyll that trap sunlight energy for photosynthesis
(ii) Have thin outer wall and thick inner wall to enhance bulging during opening and
closing of stomata.

Page 4 of 9
(13) The diagram below represents part of a mammalian respiratory system.

a) Name the structure: Alveoli (1 mark)

b) State two observable ways in which the structure is suited to its function (1 mark)
(i) Highly vascularised to provide a large surface area for transportation of respiratory
gases (Rej one gas only)
(ii) Numerous to provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange

(14) a) Discuss gaseous exchange in the alveolus. (8 marks)

 Lungs have numerous alveoli to increase surface area for diffusion of gases
 Alveoli have thin membrane which minimizes resistance against diffusion of gases
 Blood flowing in the capillaries contains less oxygen and more Carbon (IV) Oxide since
it is from body tissues
 Alveoli are supplied with air through the bronchioles which link them to the trachea
 Alveoli are supplied with many capillaries containing blood to transport gases
 Air in alveoli contain more oxygen and combines with haemoglobin forming
oxyhaemoglobin
 Carbon (IV) oxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli from where it is exhaled.
(8mks)
b) Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation in mammals. (8 marks)
Exhalation
 Internal intercostal muscles contract as external intercostal muscles relax
 The ribcage moves downwards and inwards
 Diaphragm muscles relax; Diaphragm regains its original shape
 Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
 Pressure in the lungs increases
 Air is then forced out of the lungs 6marks
Inhalation
 External intercostal muscles contract as internal intercostal muscles contract
 The ribcage moves upwards and outwards
 Diaphragm muscles contract and the diaphragm flattens
 Volume of thoracic cavity increases;
 Pressure in the lungs increases
 Air then rushes into the lungs 6marks

Page 5 of 9
(15) Explain why diffusion alone is adequate for gaseous exchange in protozoans. (3marks)
Most protozoans are single celled hence have a large surface area to volume ratio; They live in
water/moist environment and their body is in contact with the surrounding water; Oxygen in
the water diffuses into the body of the protozoans while Carbon (IV) Oxide diffuses out into
the surrounding water;

(16) The diagram below shows cells in plants:-

(a) Identify the cells shown above: Guard cells;

(b) Explain how the cells are adapted to their function
Cell walls are thicker on the inner side than on the outer side; which enables them to pull
inwards when the cells are turgid; contains chloroplasts that are able to photosynthesize
and produce sugars which enable them to absorb water; (any two points)

(c) Explain how accumulation of carbon (IV) Oxide in the cells above would lead to the closure
of structure A
Accumulation of carbon (IV) oxide in the leaf forms a weak carbonic acid; lowering the
pH which favours conversion of sugar to starch; causing the guard wells to lose turgidity;
and close;

(17) Explain how the guard cells are adapted to perform their function.
They have thick inner membrane and thin outer membrane to allow them to bulge outwards
when turgid to open stomata; Have numerous chloroplasts, to carryout photosynthesis,
forming sugars to control opening and closing of stomata;

(18) State two ways in which the guard cells differ their adjacent epidermal cells
GUARD CELLS OTHER EPIDERMAL CELLS
- Have chloroplasts/photosynthesize - No chloroplasts/do not photosynthesize
- Have thick inner walls/thin outer walls - Walls uniformly thickened block shaped
Bean shaped (any correct pair )

(19) State two ways in which guard cells differ from other epidermal cells
-Guard cells have chloroplast;
-They are bean shaped;

Page 6 of 9
 (20) Whooping cough is a disease of the respiratory system name the causative agents and give two
symptoms
Causative agent: Bacteria, bacteria/

Symptoms:
- Prolonged coughing and vomiting
- Convulsions and coma
- Conjuctival haemorrhage
- Severe bronchopneumonia

(21) Discuss how gaseous exchange occurs in

(a) Terrestrial Insects (9mks)
Air enters into tracheal system through spiracles; It moves into the tracheoles then moves
on to the tips of tracheoles; Air rich in oxygen dissolves in a fluid at the tip of the
tracheoles. There is low concentration of oxygen in tissues as compared to the fluid;
Oxygen diffuses into the tissues due to concentration gradient. It is used in metabolic
activities; In tissues there is high carbon dioxide concentration than in the fluid in
tracheoles; carbon (IV) oxide diffuses from tissues into tracheole due to concentration
gradient. It moves into trachea then out of the body through spiracles.

(b) Bony fish (11mks)

Water enters through the mouth when it opens its mouth. When it closes the floor is raised
and water flows over the gills. Oxygen diffuses into the gills blood capillaries while carbon
(IV) oxide diffuses from the blood capillaries along concentration gradient. Flow of water
and blood in gill filaments is by counter current flow.

(22) a) Explain how mammalian lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange. (8mks)
(i) Large number of alveoli-increase surface area for gaseous exchange
(ii) Alveoli moist-dissolve diffusing gases.
(iii) Thin walls- allow quick diffusion of gases
(iv) Rich blood supply- transport oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide.

(23) a) Describe the path taken by carbon (IV) oxide released from the tissues of an insect to the
atmosphere.
Carbon (IV) oxide diffuses into the tracheoles then into the trachea and out into the
atmosphere through spiracles.

b) Name two structures used for gaseous exchange in plants. (2mks)

(i) Stomata.
(ii) Lenticels
(iii) Cuticle

Page 7 of 9
(24) Why are gills in fish highly vascularized? (1mk)
To facilitate transportation of gases/exchange of gases i.e. oxygen and carbon (IV)
oxide

(25) State two ways in which floating leaves of aquatic plants are adapted to gaseous exchange. (2mks)
(i) High number of stomata on the upper surface of the leaf.
(ii) Absence of cuticle to allow diffusion of (IV) oxide and oxygen.

(26) a) Name two structures for gaseous exchange in aquatic plants. (2mks)
(i) Pneumatophores
(ii) Aerenchyma tissues
(iii) Cuticle

b) What is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm muscles during breathing in mammals? (3mks)
The diaphragm flattens, Volume in thoracic cavity increases. Pressure inside decreases
compared to atmospheric pressure. Air rushes into the lungs through the nostrils.

(27) The diagram below represents some gaseous exchange structures in humans.

(a) Name the structure labeled K, L and M (3mks)

K- Pleaural membranes
L – Alveolus
M- Intercostals muscles

(b) How the structure is labeled J suited to its functions? (3mks)

(i) Has c-shaped cartilage rings that support it, preventing it from collapsing and allow free
flow of air.
(ii) Inner lining has mucus secreting cells that trap fine dust particles and micro-organisms.
(iii) Inner lining has hair like structures called cilia that enhance upward movement of the
mucus to the larynx.

(c) Name the process by which inhaled air moves from the structure labeled L into blood capillaries.
Diffusion (1mk)

(d) Give the scientific name of the organism that causes tuberculosis in humans. (1mk)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Page 8 of 9
(28) State three factors that make alveolus adapted to its function. (3mks)
(i) Highly folded to increase surface area.
(ii) High network of blood capillaries
(iii) Thin walled
(iv) Moist walls

(29) Explain why water logging of the soil may lead to death in plants. (2mks)
The epidermis of the root hair cells do not have cuticle and gaseous exchange takes place.
When soil is water logged oxygen cannot diffuse into the root tissues hence no respiration.
Metabolic activities stop leading to death.

(30) Write three advantages of breathing through nose than through mouth. (3mks)
(i) Air is cleaned by the cilia in nostrils
(ii) Air is warmth through the nose
(iii) Controlled amount of air is taken in through nose
(iv) Individual is able to detect the smell of air breathed in.

(31) State and explain ways the leaves are adapted for gaseous exchange (4mks)
(i) Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed allowing diffusion of gases.
(ii) Spongy mesophyll cells have a film of moisture on the surface to dissolve diffusing
gases.
(iii) Large sub-stomatal air space in order to create high concentration gradient of
diffusing gases.
(iv) Presence of stomata where gases enter or leave the leaf.

(32) Name three gaseous constituents involved in gaseous exchange in plants. (3mks)
(i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Water vapour
(iii) Oxygen

(33) Name three sites of gaseous exchange in frogs. (3mks)

(i) Skin
(ii) Mouth (Buccal cavity)
(iii) Lungs

(34) Name the main site of gaseous exchange in (4mks)

a) Mammals: Alveoli
b) Fish: Gill filaments
c) Leaves: Spongy mesophyll cells
d) Amoeba : Cell membrane

(35) Name the physiological process by which gas exchange takes place at the respiratory
surface in animals and plants (1mk)
Diffusion
Page 9 of 9
 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: RESPIRATION
(1) (a) Name the product of glycolysis. (1 mark)
Pyruvic acid/pyruvate;

(b) What is the role of the cristae in a mitochondrion? (1 mark)

Increase surface area for attachment of respiratory enzymes;

(c) Which is the most common substrate of respiration in human beings? Give a reason for your
answer. (2 marks)
Glucose; if soluble hence easily transported to respiratory sites; requires less oxygen to
oxidize; Any one reason for 1 mrk

(2) 2C51H98O6 + 145O2 102CO2 + 98H2O

(a) Identify the process above : Aerobic respiration (1mk)

(b) State the importance of the above reaction (2marks)

Enables the body to obtain energy for metabolic reaction/activities; source of metabolic
water

(3) a) In what form is energy stored in muscles? (1mk)

Adenosine Triphosphate; acc. ATP (1mk)

b) Write a word equation for aerobic respiration in plants (1mk)

Glucose + Oxygen Water + Carbon (IV) Oxide + Energy;

c) Give a reason why fats are respired less often in the human body yet they yield higher
amounts of energy per unit weight than carbohydrates. (1mk)
(i) Complete oxidation of lipids require a lot of oxygen;
(ii) Lipids are insoluble in water hence difficult to transport in the body
(iii) Complete oxidation of lipids takes a longer time

(4) (a) State two regions within a cell where the second phase of respiration occurs (2mks)
(i) Cytoplasm; (ii) Matrix of mitochondria;

(b) Give two uses of energy released during respiration (2mks)

(i) Cell division ;
(ii) Secretion of substances ;
(iii) Transmission of nerve impulses ;
(iv) Muscle contraction during movement ;
(v) Re-absorption of substances in the kidney ;

Page 1 of 9
(5) The diagram below illustrates an experiment to determine the rate of a certain process in a small
insect.

(a) State the changes observed after the experiment has run for five minutes. (1 mark)
Coloured water rises up; /drops of colored water level in the beaker.

(b) Account for the changes observed in (a) above. (4 marks)

The insect respired; taking up oxygen and releasing CO2; CO2 is absorbed by soda
lime/calcium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide; pressure decreases; in the flask, atmospheric
pressure push water up the capillary tube;

(c) Why is it necessary to place the flask in a water bath? (1 mark)

To maintain a constant temperature during the period of the experiment;

(d) Name the organelle involved in the process under investigation and the significance of this
process. (2 marks)
Mitochondrion; site for respiration that yield energy;

(6) Study the equation below and answer the questions that follow.
C18H36O2 + 26O2 18CO2+18H20
i) Identify the process represented by the above equation. (1 mark)
Respiration;

ii) Calculate the respiratory quotient in the above equation. (2 marks)

RQ = Volume of CO2 produced ;
Volume of Oxygen consumed
= 18CO2 = 0.69
26O2

(7) What is glycolysis? The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid

Page 2 of 9
(8) (a) Distinguish between gaseous exchange and respiration
Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases across a respiratory surface; while respiration is the
biochemical breakdown of food molecules to produce energy (and carbon (IV) oxide);

(b) Name the products of anaerobic respiration in plants

- Ethanol/Alcohol;
- Carbon (IV) oxide; and energy; (any two)

(9) (a) State two phases of aerobic respiration

- Glycolysis;
- Krebs cycle;

(b) With a reason, state the phase that yields more energy
Krebs cycle; because oxygen is used to oxidize glucose to water, Carbon (IV) Oxide and energy;

(10) A process that occurs implants is represented by the equation below:-

C6H16O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy
(Glucose) (Ethanol) (Carbon (IV) Oxide)
(a) Name the process: Anaerobic respiration/fermentation;

(b) State the economic importance of the process named in (a) above
(i) Baking of bread
(ii) Brewing industry
(iii) Dairy industry- e.g. production of yoghurt
(iv) Production of organic acids e.g. ethanoic acid
(v) Production of compost manure
(vi) Sewage treatment

(11) Give a reason why it is difficult to calculate respiratory quotient (RQ) in plants
Carbon (IV) oxide produced in respiration is utilized in photosynthesis; oxygen produced in
photosynthesis is used in respiration;

(12) a) Explain what is meant by the term oxygen debt in human beings
Amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic acid that accumulates in the body tissues
when oxygen available is lower than the demand.

b) What are the end products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

Energy/ATP/ Lactic acid
(13) One molecule of lipid gives more energy than one molecule of glucose when respired aerobically
but it is NOT always used as a respiratory substrate
(a) Give two reasons for this
(i) Complete oxidation of lipids require a lot of oxygen;
(ii) Lipids are insoluble in water hence difficult to transport in the body
(iii)Complete oxidation of lipids takes a longer time
Page 3 of 9
 (b) Name two disaccharides which are reducing sugar
(i) Maltose
(ii) Lactose

(14) The apparatus below was set up by a student to find out the changes in gases during germination

(a) After 48 hours the level of water in the U-tube at A and B was as shown. Explain the
observation
Germinating seeds respired using oxygen in the conical flask and produced CO 2, which was
absorbed by the sodium hydroxide solution. A partial vacuum was created in the conical
flask. The atmospheric pressure being higher pushes the water down to A and up to B.

(b) Calculate the respiration quotient (RQ) from the equation below:-
2C51H98O6+145O2 102 CO2 + 98H2O + Energy
RQ = Volume of CO2 produced = 102 = 0.70;
Volume of O2 used 145
(c)Identify the substrate being respired in the above equation
Lipids;

(15) (a) (i) Where in a cell does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

(ii) Name the product of the above process

Pyruvic acid

(b) Briefly explain Kreb’s cycle in a plant cell during anaerobic respiration
Pyruvic acid is broken down; into ethanol and CO2

(16) The oxidation state of a certain food is represented below by a chemical equation:-
2 C3H2O2N + 6O2 (NH)2CO2 + 5CO2 +5H2O
(a) Calculate the respiratory quotients (RQ) of the food substrate
RQ = Volume of CO2 produced = 5 ; = 0.83;
Volume of O2 consumed 6
(b) Identify the food substrate: Protein;
Page 4 of 9
(17) How does the sunken of stomata help in minimizing the rate of transpiration in plants
(i) Lowers saturation deficit by trapping H2O moisture;
(ii) Protects direct sunlight to the stomatal pore;
(iii) They form depressions such that when wind blows it does not carry away water molecules.

(18) Active yeast cells were added to dilute sugar solution in a container. The mixture was kept in a
warm room. After a few hours bubbles of a gas were observed escaping from the mixture
(a) Write an equation to represent the chemical reaction above
Glucose water + carbon (IV) oxide + energy/210kj
Or
C6H12O6 H2O + CO2 + ATP (energy) (mark as a whole) 1mk

(b) State two economic importance of this type of chemical reaction in industry?
(i) Baking of bread
(ii) Brewing industry
(iii) Dairy industry- e.g. production of yoghurt
(iv) Production of organic acids e.g. ethanoic acid

(19) Give two reasons why fats are not the main respiratory substrates in the body of a mammal and
yet they give a lot of energy when oxidized.
(i) Insoluble hence not easily transported to respiratory sites;
(ii) They require more oxygen to be oxidized;
(iii) Complete oxidation of lipids takes a longer time

(20) The equation below summarizes a metabolic process in plants.

Glucose Ethanol + carbon (IV) oxide+ Energy
State two industrial applications of the above equation
(i) Making of beer/Brewing/Ethanol/alcohol;
(ii) Baking industry/Raising of the dough:

(21) (a) Differentiate between respiration and respiratory surface.

Respiration – Chemical breakdown of food to release energy 
Respiratory surface – Surface across which respiratory gases exchange

(b) Why is an effective respiratory system often associated with a circulatory system?
Circulatory system transports the respiratory gases to and from tissues; hence maintains
steep concentration gradient around the respiratory surface;

(22) State two reasons why lipids are rarely used as a respiratory substrate compound to
carbohydrates.
(i) Not very soluble/not readily soluble therefore not easily transported to the site of
respiration;
(ii) A lot of oxygen is required to oxidize one gram of fat/liquid than one gram of glucose;
(iii) Complete oxidation of lipids takes a longer time
Page 5 of 9
(23) The equation below shows respiration for a certain food substrate. Study it and answer questions
that follow:
2C51H98O6 + 145O2 102CO2 + 98H2O
(a) Calculate the respiratory Quotient, RQ
RQ = Volume of CO2 given out = 102 = 0.70;
Volume of O2 used; 145

(b) Suggest with reasons the possible food substrate

Fats/ oil/ lipid;
Reason: RQ for lipids/ fats/ oils is always less than 0.8; more oxygen is used than
carbon (IV) produced;

(24) The apparatus below was used to investigate anaerobic respiration:-

Oil film
Yeast + 10% glucose solution

Yeast + 10%
glucose solution

(a) How would you remove dissolved oxygen from the glucose before the experiment
commencing? Boiling
(b)
(c) State what happens to the lime water as the experiment proceeds to the end
Becomes milky/cloudy /precipitate

(d) Describe the reactions in the experiment

Yeast produces enzyme amylase which catalyze breakdown of glucose anaerobically into
energy (heat), CO2 and Ethanol. CO2 makes lime water to become cloudy

(e) Explain what would happen if the temperature of glucose solution and yeast was raised beyond
45oC?
High temperature donators enzymes, reduces/stops respiration/stops the reaction.

(25) The diagram below shows a set up that was used to demonstrate fermentation.

Page 6 of 9
 Glucose solution was boiled and oil added on top of it. The glucose solution was then allowed to
cool before adding the yeast suspension.
(a) Why was the glucose solution boiled before adding the yeast suspension? (1mk)
To derive off air or oxygen

(b) What was the importance of cooling the glucose solution before adding the yeast suspension?
(1mk)
To avoid killing yeast/Denaturing enzymes in yeast

(c) What was the use of the oil in the experiment? (1mk)
(d) What observation would be made in test tube B at the end of the experiment (1mk)
(e) Suggest a control for this experiment (1mk)
1. Give two reasons why accumulation of lactic acid during vigorous
exercise lead to
an increase in heart beat. (2mks)
2. A process that occurs in plants is represented by the equation below.
C6H12O6 2C2 H5OH) + (2CO2) + Energy Glucose Ethanol Carbon
Dioxide
a) Name the process (1mk)
infosnkenya@gmail.com
b) State the economic importance of process name in (a) above.
(1mk)
3. Other than carbon dioxide, name the other products of anaerobic
respiration in
plants. (2mks)
4. Name the substance which accumulates in muscles when respiration
occurs with
insufficient oxygen. (1mk)
5. a) In what form is energy stored in muscles? (1mk)
b) State the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in plants.
(2mks)
_7. State four ways in which respiratory surfaces are suited to t
(4mks)
8. a) A dog weighing 15.2kg requires 216kJ while a mouse weighing
50g requires 2736KJ per day. Explain. (2mks)
b) What is the end product of respiration in animals when there is
insufficient oxygen supply? (1mk)
9 a) Name the products of anaerobic respiration in:
i) Plants (1mk) ii) Animals (1mk) b) What is oxygen debt? (1mk)
10. 5C51H98O6 + 145O2 1 O2CO2 + 98 H2O + energy
The above equation shows an oxidation reaction of food substances.
a) What do you understand by the term respiratory quotient? (1mk)
b) Determine respiratory quotient of the oxidation of food substance.
(2mks)
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infosnkenya@gmail.com
c) Identify the food substances. (1mk)
11 Write differences between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis. (4mks)
12 Below is a diagram of an organelle that is involved in aerobic respiration.

a) Name the organelle _(1mk)

b) Name the parts labeled A, B, and C. (3mks)
c) What is the purpose of the folding labeled D? (1mk)

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d) Give the chemical compound which is formed in the organelle and forms
the immediate source of energy.
infosnkenya@gmail.com

Page 9 of 9
 TOPICAL QUESTIONS: EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS
(1) Small birds like the European robin puff up (swell up) their feathers during winter. Explain the
significance of this behavioral response. (3 marks)
To reduce heat loss; since the feathers trap more air; that acts as insulator against heat loss/that
is a poor conductor of heat;

(2) Animals have complex excretory organs as compared to the plants. Explain. (2 marks)
- Animals are more active hence fast accumulation of metabolic wastes;
- Animal waste is more/highly toxic;
- Most animal wastes are in liquid or solid form and cannot be excreted by simple diffusion;
Mark any 2 responses
(3) Name two parts in the kidney nephron where re-absorption of water takes place. (2 marks)
Descending limb of the Loop of Henle; Distal convoluted tubule;

(4) Describe the effects of high osmotic pressure of the body fluids on urine formation (5mks)
High osmotic pressure of body fluids will stimulate pituitary gland to secrete more antidiuretic
hormone; which causes increase in permeability of the kidney tubules; leading to re-absorption of
more water; leading to production of little volume of concentrated urine.

(5) The figure shown below represents a mammalian structure. Use it to answer the questions that
follow

(a) Name parts labeled A,C, and D on the diagram (3 marks)

A: Afferent arterioles
B: Efferent arterioles
C: Proximal convoluted tubule

(b) (i) State structural difference between Part A and B (1mark)

A has wider lumen than B

(ii) State the importance of the above difference in (b) (i) above (1 mark)
Increases pressure to cause ultra filtration in the glomerulus.
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 (c) Explain how part D is adapted to its function (2 marks)
- Has counters current flow to enhance re-absorption;
- Long to increase surface area for re-absorption.

(d) Name two materials found in B and absent in D (2 marks)

Blood cells; plasma proteins; glucose; amino acids

(6) State the function of the following parts of the kidney nephron: (2mks)
(i) Proximal convoluted tubule
Selective re-absorption of all glucose, Amino acids, some water and mineral salts;

(ii) Loop of Henle

Re-absorption of water and salts;

(7) State one way certain plants get rid of the following metabolic wastes: (2mks)
a) Excess water: Transpiration/ evaporation/ guttation;
b) Caffeine: Store in fruits e.g. coffee berries/ store in leaves (and buds) e.g. in tea;

(8) Explain the role of the following parts of the mammalian skin (3mks)
(i) Malphigian layer: Its cells contain melanin that protects the skin against ultra-violet light
from the sun; have actively dividing cells that form new epidermis; Any one correct

(ii) Sweat gland: Produce sweat through which body excretes water, salts and urea; sweat
evaporates using latent heat of vaporization thus cooling the body in hot conditions;
Any one correct
(iii) Sebaceous gland: Secrete sebum that is antiseptic/ waterproof/ prevents skin from drying or
cracking/keep skin supple;

(9) The diagram below shows how blood glucose in mammalian body is regulated.

Corrective mechanism P

Rise
Fall

Normal glucose level

Normal glucose level
(90mg/100ml blood)

Rise
Fall
Corrective mechanism Q

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 (a) Explain what happens during corrective mechanism P (3mks)
Pancreas secrete more insulin; which stimulates liver cells to convert excess glucose into
glycogen which is stored; some is converted into fats and stored beneath the skin; increased
oxidation of glucose to release energy;

(b) Name the hormone involved in corrective mechanism Q (1mk)

Glucagon;

(10) What is the fate of excess amino acids in the human body (3mks)
Deaminated in the liver; where amino group is converted to ammonia which combines with
Carbon (iv) Oxide to form urea; Carboxyl group is converted to glucose which is oxidized to
produce energy or glycogen for storage in the liver;

(11) Give reasons for each of the following statements:-

(a) Constant body temperature is maintained in the body (2mks)
Most enzymes in the body work within a narrow range of temperature; high temperatures
above optimum denature enzymes and low temperatures inactivate enzymes;

(b) Low blood sugar is harmful to the body (2mks)

Sugar is a raw material for respiration; hence low sugar levels leads to low rate of
respiration leading to less energy available to the body / low rate of metabolism;

(12) A certain organ K was surgically removed from a rat. It was later found that there was a drastic
increase in glucose level in the blood. When substance Q was injected into the animal the glucose in
the blood went back normal. Identify
i) Organ K: Pancreas (1 mark)
ii) Substance Q: Insulin (1 mark)

(13) Name the three processes that take place in the liver to bring about difference in composition of
blood in hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein. (3 marks)
(i) Deamination
(ii) Detoxification
(iii)- Blood sugar regulation 1x3 = 3marks

(14) a) What problems are experienced by fresh water and marine fish in their habitats ?(2 marks)
Fresh water fish – osmotic influx of water in the fish causing dilution of protoplasm bursting
of cells 1mark
Marine fish – Osmotic extraction of water from the body tissues leading to dehydration 1 mark

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 b) Compare how the fresh water and marine fish overcome the problem identified above (4 mk)
FRESH WATER FISH MARINE FISH
High glomeruli filtration rate Low glomeruli filtration rate
Numerous and large glomeruli Fewer and smaller glomeruli
Excrete large amount of dilute urine Ecrete small amount of concentrated urine
Nitrogenous waste very toxic e.g. ammonia Nitrogenous waste less toxic which require less
which need a lot of dilution water for removal
Chloride secretory cells in the gills take up Chloride secretory cells excludes salts
salts actively

c) Explain why a person discharges urine more often when the environmental temperatures are
low than when they are high. (2 marks)
When environmental temperatures are low, water loss through sweating is reduced; leading to
increase in urine output, in high temperature a lot of water to low urine output.

(15) The equation below represents a metabolic process that takes place in the mammalian liver.
Amino acids Organic compound + Urea
i) Identify the process: Deamination (1 mark)
ii) Name the process in which nitrogen is excreted in amoeba: Diffusion (1mark)

(16) State three adaptations of the proximal convoluted tubule to its function. (3 marks)
(i) Long and highly coiled to provide large surface area for efficient reabsorption;
(ii) Highly coiled to reduce the speed of flow for efficient re-absorption;
(iii) Numerous mitochondria in the cell lining of the tubule for energy production required
for active reabsorption;
(iv) Microvilli to increase the surface area for re-absorption;
(v) Well supplied with blood vessels for transportation of reabsorbed materials;

(17) Explain how animals are adapted to cold climate. (3marks)

i) Thick layer of subcutaneous fat; which insulates the body against heat loss;
ii) Thick layer of fur; which insulates the body against heat loss;
iii) Short body extremities; to reduce surface area for heat loss;

(18) A certain organ K was surgically removed from a rat, later drastic increase in glucose level in the
blood was reported but when substance Q was injected into the animal the whole process was
reversed.
Identify: (i) Organ K: Pancreas
(ii) Substance Q: Insulin

(19) Explain why small mammals such as moles feed more frequently than larger ones such as
elephants
Small mammals have large surface area to volume ratio; hence lose heat quickly to environment;
to replace the heat lost, their metabolism is high making them to feed more frequently

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(20) Explain why a rat, though small eats more frequently than an elephant
A rat has a large surface area to volume ratio thus loses a lot of energy in form of heat
therefore eats a lot to replace the lost energy;

(21) Explain the following:-

(a) Fresh water fish excrete ammonia : Ammonia is highly soluble in water and requires a lot of
water for excretion hence assists in the removal of excess ammonia;

(b) Glucose is absent in urine yet present in glomerular filtrate: All the glucose is reabsorbed at
the proximal convoluted tubule;

(22) (a) State two functions of the kidney

– Excretion;
- Osmo-regulation;

(b) Name two substances that are not found in urine of a healthy person
– Glucose
- Amino acids;

(c) Name two diseases that affect the kidney

– Nephritis;
- Kidney stones /Gall stones;
- Hepatitis A and B;

(23) (a) State two structural modifications of the kidneys of deserts animals like kangaroo rat.
- Extra long loop of Henle to maximize water reabsorption back to the blood;
- Have fewer and smaller glomeruli to reduce ultrafiltration;

(b) Describe how ingestion of very salty food may reduce the amount of water excreted in urine.
Salty food increases the salt concentration in blood; Blood becomes hypertonic to kidney
tubules; more water is reabsorbed from kidney tubules; hypertonic urine (urine having
more salts) is thus produced;

(24) A student mixed a sample of urine from a person with Benedict’s solution and heated, the colour
changed to orange.
(a) What was present in the urine sample? Glucose;

(b) What did the student conclude on the health status of the person? The person was a sufferer of
diabetes mellitus;

(c) Which organ in the person may not be functioning properly? Pancreas;

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(25) (a) If the human pancreas is not functional:-
(a) Name the hormone which will be deficient: Insulin and Glucagon;

(b) Name the disease the human is likely to suffer from: Diabetes mellitus;

(b) What is diuresis? Is a condition which is characterized by production of large volumes of

dilute urine;

(26) State one structural adaptation of nephron in the kidney of a desert mammal
i) Extra long loop of Henle to maximize water reabsorption back to the blood;
ii) Have many and smaller glomeruli to reduce ultrafiltration;

(27) Name the nitrogenous wastes excreted by the following organisms:-

Animal Nitrogenous Waste
(i) Desert mole Urea;
(ii) Marine fish Triethylamine;
(iii) Tilapia Ammonia;

(28) The table below shows description of sizes of glomeruli renal tubules of two animals which are
living in different environments
Animal X Animal Y
Glomeruli Large and few Small and many
Renal tubules Short Long
(a) Name the likely environment in which each animal lives :
(i) Animal X: Fresh water; Reject water
(ii) Animal Y: Desert/ Arid areas; Reject land

(b) What role does vasoconstriction play in thermoregulation?

Reduces blood flow to the skin as more blood is stored in the spleen, reducing heat loss
through the skin;

(29) The table below shows the approximate percentage concentration of various components in
blood plasma entering the kidney, glomerular filtrate and urine of a healthy human being
Component Plasma Glomerular filtrate Urine
Water 90 90 94
Glucose 0.1 0.10 0.00
Amino acids 0.05 0.05 0.00
Plasma proteins 8.0 0.00 0.00
Urea 0.03 0.03 2.00
Inorganic ions 0.72 0.72 1.50
(a) Name the process responsible for the formation of glomerular filtrate: Ultra filtration;

(b) What process is responsible for the absence of glucose and amino acids in urine?
Selective reabsorption;
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 (c) Explain why there are no plasma proteins in the glomerular filtrate?
Proteins have large molecular sizes hence not ultrafiltrated;

(30) What is the importance of sebaceous glands in the human skin?

Produces sebum to keep hair and epidermis supple and water proof; and protect skin against
bacteria (through antiseptic substances);

(31) Explain why sweat accumulates on a person’s skin in a hot humid environment
Sweat produced does not evaporate due to high humidity; Body does not cool hence more sweat is
produced leading to accumulation;

(32) Distinguish between diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus

Diabetes mellitus
- Caused by failure of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin;
- High glucose concentration in the blood than normal;

Diabetes insipidus
- Inability of the pituitary gland to secret anti-diuretic hormone;
- High concentration of solutes in blood;

(33) State two processes through which plants excrete their metabolic wastes.
(i) Gaseous exchange;
(ii) Transpiration;
(iii)Shedding leaves;
(iv) Production of resins and gums;
(v) Storage of wastes in seeds/bark/fruits;

(34) The figure below shows a vertical section through a mammalian kidney.

(a) Label the parts A and B: A – Medulla; B – Cortex;

(b) Which part is the Bowman’s capsule found? Cortex;

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(35) (a) Explain the effects of the production of large amounts of Antidiuretic hormone in the human
body
Enhances more re-absorption of water; leading production little but concentrated urine;

(b) State two functions of the loop of Henle

Re-absorption of water; Na+/CL- ions;

(36) Study the homeostatic scheme below:

Excess Fewer hormones A
C
released
Normal concentration of Normal concentration of
sodium ions in the blood sodium ions in the blood

C
Deficiency
Release of hormone A

D Further deficiency

(a) Identify the hormone labeled A: Aldosterone;

(b) Name the site of action of hormone A: Loop of Henle;

(c) Identify the feedback labeled D Positive feedback;

(37) State three importance of Osmosis in animals

i) Re-absorption of unuseful substances in the kidney;
ii) Absorption of digested food from the ileum;
iii) Removal of metabolic waste products from kidney;

(38) A patient was complaining of thirst most of the times. A sample of the patient’s urine was found
not to contain a lot of sugar but was dilute:-
(a) Name the hormone the person’s body was deficient of : Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopression;

(b) Which gland produces the above hormone: Pituitary gland;

(c) Name the disease that the patient was most likely suffering from: Diabetes Inspidus;

(39) State two features in the nephron that facilitate ultra filtration
i) Afferent vessels are wider than efferent vessels;
ii) Presence of pores on capillary and Glomerula membrane;
iii) Highly coiled narrow capillaries to reduce speed of flow of blood and increase; pressure

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(40) The table below shows a description of size of glomeruli and renal tubules of two animals
which are adapted to living in different environment:-
Animal A Animal B
Glomeruli large and few small and many
Renal tubules short long
(a) Name the likely environment in which animal A lives: Arid/ semi arid areas

(b) Suggest the main nitrogenous waste produced by animal B : Ammonia

(c) Name the organelle of osmoregulation in each of the following animal:

(i) Paramecium: Contractile vacuole
(ii) Insects: Malphigian tubules

(41) What role is played by the liver in excretion?

- Deamination
- Detoxification
- Breakdown of haemoglobin/ Haemoglobin regulation

(42) The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in the mammalian liver:
Enzymes
Amino acids organic compound + urea
(a) Name the process: Deamination;

(b) What is the importance of the process to the mammals?

i) Removal of excess amino acids;
ii) Availing of energy in the body;
iii) Formation of glycogen /fats for storage; (Award any one)

(43) A person was found to pass out large volume of dilute urine frequently. Name the:-
(a) Disease the person was suffering from? Diabetes insipidus;

(b) Hormone that was deficient : Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopression;

(44) Explain the effects of the following on the quantity and composition of urine
(a) Drinking large amount of clean water: Large quantities of dilute urine;

(b) Drinking very salty soup: Small quantities of concentrated urine; (renal failure if habitual)

(c) Removal of pancreas: Production of urine containing glucose/sugar;

(45) (a) Distinguish between excretion and egestion

Excretion — Separation and elimination of waste products of metabolism from bodies of living
organisms while Egestion- Removal of undigested materials from food vacuoles/alimentary canals
of animals:
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 (b) State the importance of excretion in the bodies of living organisms.
Removes waste products of metabolism to create/produce suitable internal environment for
best working of cells

(46) The diagram below shows simplified structures of kidneys from two different animals.

Animal M
Animal N
(a) Suggest possible habitat in which animal N is found: N – Desert/arid/semi arid;

(b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above.

Small sized glomeruli; to reduce ultra filtration longer loop of Henle; to increase
reabsorption of water – conservation of water. N.B. – Reject 12(b) if 12 (a) is wrong.

(47) (a) What is poikilotherm? Organisms whose body temperature varies with the environmental
temperature; 

(b) State two classes of phylum chordata where all members are poikilothermic.
(i) Reptilia - Rej. Reptile;
(ii) Amphibia - Rej. Amphibians;

(48) The diagram below represents a mammalian nephron

(a) Name the structure labelled Q Glomerulus;.

(b) State two adaptations of part labeled R
(i) Long and highly coiled to provide large surface area for efficient reabsorption;
(ii) Highly coiled to reduce the speed of flow for efficient re-absorption;
(iii)Numerous mitochondria in the cell lining of the tubule for energy production required
for active reabsorption;
(iv) Microvilli to increase the surface area for re-absorption;
(v) Well supplied with blood vessels for transportation of reabsorbed materials;

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(49) Distinguish between internal environment and external environment as used in homeostasis.
Internal environment is the immediate surroundings of the body cells while external environment
is the immediate surroundings of the organism

(50) The diagram below represents a nephron of a mammal:

D

C
B
(a) Name the parts labeled A, B and D
A – capsular space/ Bowmans capsule;
B – Descending wing of loop of Henle;
D – Glomerula

(b) Name a major substance in glomerular filtrate whose concentration remains the same between
A and C: Urea;

(51) The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in a certain organ in the m
mammalian body:-
Ammonia enzymes Organic compound Q + water
Carbon (IV) oxide
(a) Name the process represented in the equation: Deamination;

(b) Name the organ in which the process occurs: Liver;

(c) Why is the process important to the mammal?

Prevents ammonia from accumulating to toxic levels; which would affect body functions;

(d) Identify the organic compound Q: Urea;

(e) Explain the source of ammonia in the organ named in (b) above.
Excess amino acids are broken down to form amino group; which is combined with
hydrogen atom to form ammonia;

(f) What happens to organic compound Q?

It is transported to the kidney; through the renal artery where it is excreted

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(52) The table below shows the percentage of some substances in the glomerular filtrate and urine of
a certain mammal:-
Substances Contents in glomerular filtrate Contents in urine
Water 90 90
Sodium ions 0.3 0.35
Chloride ions 0.37 0.60
Glucose 0.1 0.0
Urea 0.03 2.0
Proteins 0.0 0.0
(a) From the above table, account for ;
(i) The absence of glucose in urine
Glucose is completely reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule back to the
bloodstream;

(ii) The absence of protein in both glomerular filtrate and urine

Protein has molecules hence not ultrafiltered (from glomerulus) to proximal
convoluted tubule;

(b) Explain the significance of the flow system in the nephron where the glomerular filtrate
flows in opposite direction to that of blood in the surrounding capillaries
Create a steep diffusion gradient; hence higher rate of reabsorption of useful Substances-
glucose/amino acids/sodium and chloride ions from the nephron tubules back to the
blood stream;

(c) Name the hormone that controls the percentage of water in urine and that which control the
amount of salts
(i) Percentage of water: Antidiuretic hormone;
(ii) Amount of salts: Aldosterone;

(d) List any two diseases /disorders of the kidney

Nephritis; kidney stones; Kidney failure;

(53) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

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 (a) Name the structure represented by the diagram: Nephron;
(b) (i) Name the parts labelled D and M
D = Afferent arteriole;
M = Efferent arteriole;

(ii) Name the hormones whose sites of action are Q and G

Q = Aldosterone; G - ADH/ vasopressin.

(c) Name one substance that is present in part N but absent in part Z
Red blood cells/white blood cells/ plasma proteins;

(d) The contents of part V were boiled with Benedicts’ solution and an orange precipitate was
formed. Account for the results
This shows that reducing sugar (glucose) was present in urine; the person is likelyto be
suffering from Diabetes mellitus;

(54) In an investigation, two persons A and B drank the same amount of glucose solution. Their
blood sugar levels were determined immediately and thereafter at intervals of one hour for the next
six hours. The results were as shown in the following table:-
Time (hrs) Blood glucose level (mg/100ml)
Person A Person B
0 90 120
1 220 360
2 160 370
3 100 380
4 90 240
5 90 200
6 90 160
(a) Draw a graph of blood sugar levels of persons A and B against time on the same axis

To draw the graph

(b) Explain each of the following observations;-
(i) Blood sugar level increased in person A between 0 and 1 hour
Blood sugar level increased as a result of the glucose being absorbed in the ileum;
by diffusion / or active transport;

(ii) The blood sugar level dropped in person A between 1 and 4 hours
– The blood sugar level dropped as a result of the conversion of glucose to
glycogen; (and fats) by influence of insulin;
- There was also an increased rate of respiration reducing the blood sugar level;

(c) From the graph, what is the normal blood glucose sugar level for human beings
90 mg/100ml of blood;

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 (d) Suggest a reason for the high sugar level in person B
Person B has a defect in the pancreas; He did not produce enough insulin to control the
blood sugar level;

(e) How can the high blood sugar level in person B controlled?
By administration of insulin;

(f) What is the biological significance of maintaining a relatively constant sugar level in a
human being
- A constant level of blood sugar ensures optimum levels of metabolism;
- High level will increase the osmotic pressure and that affect metabolism;
- Low levels reduce energy supply in the body tissues and affect metabolism;

(g) Account for the decrease in the blood glucose level of person B after 4 hours
- Glucose is used for respiration;
- Glucose was lost in urine;

(55) An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of drinking on excess amount of water on
the flow of urine. A person drinks one litre of water and urine was collected at intervals of
15minutes.
The results were as shown below:
Time in minutes 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
Urine output 1.6 1.6 1.6 5.4 9.0 9.0 7.6 3.0 0.8 0.8
ml/min
(a) Plot a suitable graph to represent urine output with time.
Urine output ml/mim

Time in minutes
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 (b) Explain the rate of flow of urine between the following times;
(i) 15 and 60minutes.
-The rate increases with time; because a lot of acid been drunk;
- Very little ADH or No ADH produced yet;
- No reabsorption taking place;

(ii) 60 and 75minutes.

- The rate remain constant
- Pituitary not stimulated to produce ADH
- Nephron, less permeable
- No water being reabsorbed back to blood;

(iii)75 and 135 minutes.

- The rate reduces with time;
- Little water remaining in blood; due to a lot of water lost through urine;
- No water being taken

(c) Name two hormones responsible for regulation of relative amount of salts and water in man.
ADH; Aldosterone

(56) a) Explain how urea is formed in the human body

Excess amino acids are deaminated and the converted into urea in the liver

b) Describe the path taken by urea from the organ where it is formed until it is released from
the human body
Urea from the liver is carried through hepatic vein into post/inferior vena cava; right
auricle, right ventricle; pulmonary artery into lungs; Pulmonary vein , left auricle; left
ventricle; aorta renal artery; glomerulus’s; into Bowman’s capsule; kidney tubules
ascending and descending; collecting tubule ureter; into urinary bladder , urethra and
out of the body in the form of urine.

(57) The diagram below represents a mammalian nephron.

(a) Name the structures labeled B,C and D

B- Bowman’s capsule C- Loop of Henle D- Distal convoluted tubule
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 (b) Name the process by which substances are reabsorbed from structure C into blood capillaries
Active transport

(c) How is the pressure in structure A achieved?

Afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole

(58) How does an Endotherm respond to both heat gain and heat loss?
a) Response of an endotherm to heat grain
(a) Subcutaneous of fat little/ localized: to encourage heat loss/ not to impede heat loss
(b) Hair is lowered/ lies flat; by relaxation of erector pilli muscles; insulator reduced/
little air trapped; heat readily lost (by radiation and convector)
(c) Sweating/ panting occur; Evaporation of water absorbs latent heat of vaporization;
leaving a cooling effect
(d) Cutaneous/ superficial blood vessels dilate; Blood flows near skin surface facilitating
heat loss
(e) Metabolic rate falls/ BMR falls; Less heat generated to avoid overheating
b) Response of Endotherm to heat loss
i) Subcutaneous/ Adipose fat insulates; facilitating heat conservation
ii) Hair raised/ erects; by contraction of erector pili muscle; Insulator increased/ trapsair;
facilitating heat conservation
iii) Cutaneous/ superficial blood vessel vasoconstrict blood flows deep in the dermis;
conserving heat
iv) Sweating/ panting stops; little heat is conserved
v) Extra heat is produced; by increase in metabolic rate of liver/ muscles/ shivering/goose
pimples/ animals become more active

(59) The diagram below represents a mammalian nephron

(a) Name the Structure labelled P and X, (2mks)

P: Efférent arteriole/vessel; X: Loop of Henle: (Rj. Wrong spelling)

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 (b) State the structural modifications of the part label led Q for
(i) Desert mammals: Small sized; Few; (2mrks)

(ii) Fresh water mammals: Large sized: Many: (2marks)

(c) (i) Name one substance present at point R but absent at point S in a healthy mammal.
Glucose:

(ii) The appearance of the substance you have named in (c)(i) above is a symptom of a
certain disease. Name the disease: Diabetes mellitus: (Rej; wrong spelling)

(60) Describe how the mammalian skin regulates body temperature (20mks)

High body temperature above normal: sweat glands: produce sweat: water in the sweat
evaporates/ sweat evaporates: absorbing latent heat of vaporization produces a cooling
effect.Hairs lie flat; due to relaxation of erector pilli muscles: no/little air is trapped:
Increased heat loss from the body; Blood arterioles/vessels; vasodilate/dilates: more blood
floss to the skin hence more heat is dispersed by radiation and convection: when the body
temperature is low below normal; sweat glands produce less/no sweat: no latent heat is
absorbed/more heat is retained in the body; The hairs stand upright/erect: to trap air
between them: that insulates the body against at loss; more heat is retained in the body;
Blood vessels/arterioles constrict/vasoconstrict: less blood flows to the skin: reduces heat
loss/ more heat is retained in the body;
Subcutaneous fat/ adipose [issue; beneath the skin insulates the body against heat loss:
more heat is retained in the body: 22 marks

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