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FORM 1 Maths Simplified Notes

Mathematics (University of Nairobi)

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MATHEMATICS NOTES
FORM 1 SIMPLIFIED VERSION

QUICK STUDY TUTORIAL

An Updated Well-Organized Detailed Study Notes for the Current

Form 1 Syllabus with Several Clear Illustrations & Examples.

A Comprehensive Summary Analysis of

Mathematics KLB Book Work.

SERIES 1

Past KCSE Topical Questions Available At The End Of This Book.

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CHAPTER 1: NUMBERS
What is numbers?
Numbers are symbols or words which represent quantity of something for example in form 1B
there are forty four students.
i.e. 44 students
The numbers are represented by symbols called numerals.
Each symbol in a numeral is called a digit.
E.g. In 256 there are three digits 2, 5, and 6.
There are ten digits which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
Each digit in a numeral has a value called place value.
Example in 316, 6 is called ones and can be written as 6 1 , 1 is called tens and is written as 1
10 and 3 is called hundreds written as 3 100.
Therefore 316 can be written as 3 100 +1 x 10 + 6 1 this form is called expanded form.

The system where numbers are in groups of ten is called base ten numerations or decimal system
numeration.The place value of every digit in decimal system numeration is ten times the place
value of the next to the right.

Table of place values:-

Exercise 1.1
1. Write each of the following numbers in expanded form:-
(a) 94 =
(b) 7019 =
(c) 50 =
(d) 303 =
(e) 5003 =
(f) 500 =
(g) 999 =
(h) 5 =
(i) 5000 =

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2. Find the place value of the following:-

(a) 513 (1)
The place value of 1 is
(b) 357999 (5)
The place value of 5 is
(c) 50149 (5)
The place value of 5 is
(d) 8665 (8)
The place value of 8 is
(e) 227 (7)
The place value of 7 is
(f) 900412 (4)
The place value of 4 is

3) Write the numerals for each of the following:-

(a) 9 100 + 0 10 + 1 1

(b) 5 10000 + 5 1000 + 5 100 + 5 10 + 5 1

(c) 6 100000 + 8 10000 + 0 1000 + 1 100 + 7 10 + 0 1

(d) 5 100 + 0 10 + 1 1

1:2 NATURAL AND WHOLE NUMBERS

Natural numbers
Natural numbers are the ones that begin with 1,2, 3 to infinity.
They are counting number, they are denoted by N
Number line of natural numbers.

Whole numbers
Are the ones that begin by 0, 1, 2, 3, to infinity? They are denoted by W, in a number line.

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Even, odd and prime numbers:-

Even: are natural numbers which are divisible by 2 without remainder.
Example: - 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.
Odd:-
Odd numbers are natural numbers which are not divisible by 2, when they are divided by 2 they
give remainder, so the answer is not a natural numbers.
E.g: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11…………………………………………
Prime numbers:-
Prime numbers are natural numbers which are divisible by one and by themselves. They are the
ones with only two factors.
E.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 …………………..
5. Show even, odd, and prime numbers less
than 10 on separate number
Numbers up to one billion: 6. (a) Given any point as a number on a
Ten 10 number line for N or W.
Hundred 100 Can you always name another one
Thousand 1,000 to the right of it?
Ten thousand 10,000 7. Given any two points as numbers one
Hundred thousand 100,000 after another on a number line for N or W.
One million 1,000,000 Can you find the whole numbers between
them?
Ten million 10,000,000 8. Do the points representing N and W on a
number line completely fill the number line?
Hundred million 100,000,000 9. How does N differ from W.

One billion 1,000,000,000 More examples

1. Write the following numerals in words:-
EXERCISE 1:2 (a) 72 - Seventy two
1. For the given numbers below, write down (b) 10368 - Ten thousand three hundred
which are:- and sixty eight.
(a)Even (b)Prime (c)Odd (c) 1152 - One thousand one hundred and
9,12,15,17,25,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,46, fifty two.
47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,6 (d) 144 - One hundred and forty four.
1,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71. (e) 573921 - Five hundred and seventy three
2. Write down the prime numbers between thousand nine hundred and twenty one
70 and 90. (f) 952675 - Nine hundred and fifty two
3. Write down a number which is even and thousand six hundred and seventy five
prime (g) 105, 451, 225 - One hundred and five
4. Among the numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, million, four hundred and fifty one
13.What is not a prime number? Thousand, two hundred and twenty five
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2. Express the statement in numerals:- (b) Four hundred and five - 405
Nine billion eight hundred million and (c) Three thousand and sixteen - 316
two hundred = 9,800,000,200. (d) Eight thousand and sixteen -
3. Write down the largest four digit number 8016
= 9,999. (e) One hundred thirty seven
4. Write down the largest four digit number thousand two hundred and fourteen – 137214
when the digits are not repeating =9876. (f) One million five hundred
5. Write down the smallest three – digit thousand - 1,500,000
number without using a zero = 111 (g) Two million twenty three -
6. Change the order of the digits in 47986 to 2,000,023
make: (h) Nineteen thousand and forty five
(a) The largest possible number = - 19,045
98764 (i) One billion fourteen million two
(b) The smallest possible number = hundred and fifteen thousand -
46789 1,014,215,000
7. Write down the number with 6 in the
hundred place, 9 in the tens place, 0 in the
thousands place, 4 in the units place and 3 in Operations with whole numbers:-
the ten thousands place. 30,694 There are four operations which are addition,
8. Write down next three counting numbers subtraction , multiplication and division.
after 6999.
7000, 7001, 7002
9. Write the numbers in words:-
ADDITION (PLUS) (+):-
(a) 6054 - Six thousand and fifty four
i)Horizontal addition
(b) 3,250,000 - Three million two hundred
E.g. 254 + 369 =623
and fifty thousand.
14796 + 230 + 14 =15030
(c) 106,000 - One hundred and six
ii)Vertical addition:-
thousand
(d) 100,600 - One hundred thousand and
six hundred.
(e) 100,006 - One hundred thousand and
six.
(f) 205,020 - Two hundred and five
The answer obtained after adding is called
thousand and twenty.
sum.
(g) 2,415,982,728 - Two billion, four
hundred and fifteen million, nine hundred
and eighty two thousand, seven hundred and
twenty eight.

10. Write in numerals:-

(a) Six hundred seventy five -675
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SUBTRACTION ( - ) (MINUS):- DIVISION (÷)

i)Horizontal subtraction a÷b=c
E.g. 2349610 - 1396789 =952821 a = dividend
129 - 98 =31 b = divisor
The answer obtained after subtracting c = quotient
numbers is called Difference.
ii)Vertical subtraction:- Short division

Long or vertical division

Multiplication /Times (x)

a b=c
a = Multiplicant
b = Multiplier
c = Product
There are two types of Multiplication
Horizontal multiplication
E.g 2486 7 = 17402
Q = 735 remainder 4
E.g 126 8 = 1008
The number that divides is called divisor
The number to be divided is called dividend.
Vertical – multiplication:-
The answer obtained after division is called
Quotient.
The left over upon division is
called Remainder.
e.g. 29 ÷ 6 =

The number that multiplies is called

Multiplier
The number to be multiplied is called
multiplicand
The answer obtained after multiplication is
called product.

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Word problems on whole numbers

1. E.g In a school garden there are four rows
of cabbage with 12 in each row, six rows of
tomatoes with eight in each row.
How many plants of each kind are there?
Solution:-
1 row = 12 cabbage
4 rows = x
x = 12 cabbages x 4 rows
x = 48 cabbages
1 row = 8 tomatoes
6 row = x
X = 8 tomatoes x 6 rows
X = 48 tomatoes
There are 48 cabbages plants
48 tomatoes plants

Will the sums of the following be even or

2. Two thousand four hundred shillings
odd:-
are deposited by a teacher each month, How
5. Two numbers which are Odd.
much is this after two years?
The answer must be even.
Solution:-
6. Two numbers which are even.
2400shs = I month
Even numbers
1 year = 12 months
7. An odd and even number
2 yrs = 24 months
Odd numbers
2400shs x 24 months
8. Any two odd numbers.
∴ = 576000/=
Even numbers
More examples
9. Use horizontal way to find products in
questions:-
1. 128 x 5 = 640
2. 195 9 = 1755
3. 17289 2 = 34578
10. Use long multiplication method to
evaluate:-
2. 28782 - 2784 + 294. 249752 8921
Solution:- Solution:-

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sports magazine for 500 shillings each. How

much did he collect in all?
5. There are 17 streams in a school, each
stream has 35 pupils. How many pupils are
there in the school.
6. A page of a book has 36 lines. If each
line contains 14 words, how many words are
these if the book has 250 pages?
7. Jim’s school is 13 km from his
11. Find the product and quotient of the home. If he goes to school daily how many
following kilometers does he travel in 196 days.
(a) 247 x 100 8. Each day a school shop collects sh. 75000
Soln:- from the customers. If the collection was
made for eight days and sh. 275000 of the
collected money was used to make a fence
for the school. How much money was left?
9. A school collects 140 eggs from its
poultry farm each day. Each egg costs
80shillings. How much money per day does
the school earn in selling the eggs?
10. A school of 900 students has decided to
make uniforms for each student. If a shirt
and a pair of trousers need 2 m and 1.5 m
respective, How much of each material of
cloth will the school need so as to give
uniforms to all students.
SOLUTIONS
Revision exercise Qn 1.
1. In a school garden there are 4 rows of
carrots with 10 in each row .
How many plants are there?
2. Six students were given 96,000 shillings
to share equally. How many shillings did
each student get?
Qn 2.
3. The cost of one kilogram of sugar is 700
shillings and Juma buys 8 kgs of sugar.
How much did cost him?
4. Richard sold 240 copies of the daily news
paper for 300 shillings each, 198 pieces of
the Uhuru news paper for 200 shillings and 6

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Qn 8.

Qn 3.

Qn 9.
Qn 10.
Qn 4.

Qn 5.

Qn 6.
ORDER OF OPERATIONS
The order of priority is often given by the
word BODMAS to mean

B rackets
O rders
Qn 7. D ivision
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M ultiplication E.g Factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9,

A ddition 12, 18, and 36
S ubtraction Multiple of
3=3,6,9,12,15,18,21,242,730.............
so first perform any operation in brackets,
Then any use of orders division or
multiplication followed by Addition or PRIME FACTORIZATION
subtraction Is the process of writing numbers using their
Example : evaluate the following prime factors we use the short division in
writing / factorization.
(a) 12 + 4 x2 = 12 + (4x2) E.g Write the following as the product of
= 12 + 8 their prime factors.
12 + 4 x 2 = 20

(b) 20 ÷ 2 + 3 = (20 ÷ 2) + 3
= 10 + 3
20÷2 + 3 = 13
(c) 4 x 3 + 7 x 2 = (4 x3) + (7 x2)
= 12 + 14
= 26

1:4 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES OF ∴24=2×2×2×3

NUMBERS
When a number divides exactly into another
number, it is called a factor of a second
number.
The second number is called a multiple of the
first numbers.
e.g 16 ÷ 8 = 2 So 2 is the factor of 16 and 16
is the multiple of 2. Other factors of 16 are ∴48=2×2×2×2×3
8, 4, 1 and 16.
In general one (1) is a factor of every number
and each number is a factor of itself.
- Factors of a number are numbers less than
the given number.
- Factors are finite, and divisors of the given
number.
- Multiple are number greater than the given ∴420=2×2×3×5×7
number.
-They are infinite and dividend of a
particular number.
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(a) 2 + (3 +5) (h) (2+3) + 5

(b) 1+ (2 +3 ) (i) (2 + 2) +
1
(c) 2+ (2 +1 ) (j) (8 +4 ) +
4
(d) 4+ (3 +5 ) (k) (1 + 2 )
+3
(e) 1 + (1 +3) (l) (3 + 5) +
∴360=2×2×2×3×3×5 4
(f) 8 + (4 +4) (m) (1 + 1)
+3
THE LOWEST COMMON (g) (1 + 3) + 1 (n) 1 + (1 +
MULTIPLES (LCM) 3)
LCM is the short form of lowest or least
common multiple . SOLUTION
E.g 2 = 2, 4 6 8 , 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, a and h have Associative property
20, 22, 24-…………… b and k have Commutative property
3 = 3, 6, 9, 12 15, 18, 21, 24 27, c and I have Associative property
………………. e and m have Commutative property
Common multiples are = (6, 12, 18, and f and j have Associative property
24) g and n have Commutative property.
LCM = 6
E.g Find the lowest common multiples of 9, 2. By using properties of whole numbers
18, 24 give reasons why each of the following two
Soln expressions are equal.
9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, (a) 5 + (6 + 7) = (7 + 6) + 5
90, 99, 108, 117, 126…………. - The answer to the two expressions will be
18 = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, the same because they numbers have
180, 198………………………… commuted.
27 = 27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, (b) (8 + 3) + 4 = 8 + ( 4 + 3)
189…………………………………. - When you solve this you will get the same
Common multiples are={54,108....} answer because of the exchange of the
The least common multiples=54 numbers.
(c) 5 + (2 + 1 ) = 1 + ( 3 + 2)
- In this expression, we have seen that they
Exercise 1:5 are two different expressions so you cannot
1. Match the property in left column and get the same answer from the two.
right column then name the property (d) (5 + 3) + 2 = 3 + ( 2 + 5)
- In this two expression you can get the same
Left hand column Right hand answer because only the position of numbers
column and brackets as the one that has changed.
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3. Telling / writing equal expressions;- (d) 4 (3 + 1)

(a) 2 (5 3) = (2 5) 3 - = (4 3) + 4 1)
Associative property 6. Express each of the following in the form
(b) 4 (3 5) = (4 3) 4 - a x (b + c)
Associative property (a) (2 5 ) + 2 3)
(c) 2 (4 7) = 7 (2 4) - = 2 (5 + 3)
Associative property (b) (5 3) + 5 7)
(d) 3 (2 2) = 3 (2 2) 3 - = 5 (3 + 7)
Commutative property (c) (2 1) + (2 3)
(e) (3 2) 6 = 16 (2 2) - = 2 (3 + 7)
Commutative property (d) (7 3) + (7 1)
(f) (3 2) 3 = (2 3) 3 - = 7 ((3 + 1)
Commutative property 7. Calculate the following:-
4. Why is it permitted to write 3 x 2 x 5 x 9 (a) 14 5 + 16 – 4 = 82
without any brackets? (b) 36 72 ÷ 4 = 648
Because even if they are written without (c) (144 + 20) x 48 + 4 ÷ 2 = 7872
brackets they don’t destroy the meaning of (d) 24 (10 + 54) + 8 = 192.
the question / statement.
5. Express each of the following in the form
of (a x b ) + (a x c)
1:5 INTEGERS
(a) 2 (3 + 5) The integers are whole numbers from
= (2 3) + 2 5) negative infinity to positive infinity. They are
(b) 4 (3 + 10) denoted by Z.
= (4 3) + 4 10) The order of the size of the number 1, 2, 3,
(c) 2 x (3 + 7) 4……. Can be represented as points on a
= (2 3) + 2 7) number line
Starting from 0 to the right and other
numbers from 0 to the left
Number line for Z

If we want to know which number is larger

than the other we have to consider which one
is to the right or left
e.g. write down all the integers between -5
Consider the following and 4

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Solution move 2 steps to the left then-5 steps to the

left

Example: present on a number line

-3 Z 5
OR
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-3 Z 5

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Operation with integers

Integers can be operated using number lines
except for division
Addition
Addition of integers RULE2:To add a positive integer you move
RULE1:To add a negative integer you move to right on number line.
to the left on the number line. Example
Example -4+(+6)=+12
-2+-5=-7 Start at -4 move 6 steps to the right
Start at -2 move 5 steps to the left or Star at 0

OR
Start at 0 move 4 steps to the left then 6t steps to the right

+3+(+4)=7
Start at +3 move 4 steps to the right

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-4+-6=-10
Start at -4 move 6 steps to the left

Subtraction of integers
Subtraction of positive integers gives the same result as addition of integers
RULE 1
To substract a positive integer you move to the left on the number line.
Example -4-(+3)=-7
start at -4 move 3 steps to the right

RULE 2
To subtract a negative integer you move to the right on the number line
Example
-7-(-3)=-4
Start at -7 move 3 steps to the right

Multiplication
The rules for multiplying are as follows

+×+=+
+×-=-
-×+=-
-×-=+

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Division
The rules for division are as follows
- These are the ones which the numerators
are greater than the denominator
etc
(iii) Mixed fractions or mixed numbers
- These are the ones formed after
+ ÷ += + improper fractions are divided complete
+ ÷ - = -
- ÷ + = - e.g. =2 ,6 ,9
- ÷ - = + (iv) Equivalent fractions
NOTE: The result are similar to the rules of These are two or more fractions that can be
multiplication. simplified to equal lowest fraction.
Example:
-36÷6=-6
24÷6=+4
24÷-6=-4
-24÷6=-4
Example: Change the following into mixed
-24÷-6=4
numbers
1. = 7
2. =3
CHAPTER 2: FRACTIONS
A fraction is a number that can be written in 3. = 6
the form of
Where a and b are intergers and b 0 Fractions can be represented on number lines
e.g. represent on a number line.

The number which is written on top of

fraction is called Numerator and the bottom
is called denominator e.g

Type of fraction

(i) Proper fractions

- A proper fraction is the one in which
the numerator is less than denominator
e.g. etc
(ii) Improper fractions

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(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi) 3

Solution
(a) Proper fraction
, , , , , , ,
, ,
(b) Improper fraction
, , , ,
(c) Mixed fraction
1 ,3
Four equivalent fractions are:-
1. ,
Exercise 1 2. ,
1. (i)Which of the following are: -
(a) Proper fractions 3. ,
(b) Mixed fractions 4. ,
(c) Improper fractions
(ii) List four equivalent fractions 2. Write the following fractions in
(i) words
(ii) (a)
three quarters
(iii)
(b)
(iv)
A half
(v)
(c)
(vi) A third
(vii) (d)
(viii) Five over six

(ix) (e)
Nine over Ten
(x)
(f)
(xi)
A quarter
(xii) 2. Write the name of the fraction of the
(xiii) shaded part in figures ABCD and EFGH

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(i) Number line

(ii) L.C.M of the denominators

(I) Number line

Example 1. show and on a number
line and then find which is greater than the
other

= one over three (A third) Example 2. Which is greater between

Which is a proper fraction and ?
Solution:
E
H

(II) L.C.M of the denominators

Determine which fraction is greater between
and
Solution
1st find the L.C.M of 5 and 7
L. C. M of 5 and 7 = 35
2nd multiply by that L. C. M each fraction
35 = 14
F
35 = 20
G
Conclusion, check the one which has given
= one over four (A quarter) us bigger number after multiplication with
Which is a proper fraction L.C.M

Comparison of fraction
Fraction can be compared by using two Example: which is greater or ?
methods Solution:

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L.C.M = 44
44
=99
44
=12
:-

Operations on Fractions
Addition and Subtraction of Fraction

NOTE:
1 .Add the numerator together if each
fraction has the same denominator.

2. If the fraction has different denominator,

you must find the smallest number that each Multiplication
denominator divides into exactly. (LCM) NOTE: 1. Before multiplying a number
convert mixed number into improper
3. When adding fractions, do not add the fractions
denominator. 2. Multiply the numerators and
multiply the denominator.
Example: Examples:

Evaluate the following fractions

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CHAPTER 3: DECIMALS AND

PERCENTAGES
Are fractions of tenth, they are written using
a point which is a result of division of a
normal fraction
E.g. 0.34, 0.5, 0.333--------
In the fraction 0.2546 the place values are

Dividing Fractions Ten

On Ten Hundred Thousand Thousand
1. When dividing fractions invert the second es th ths ths ths
fraction then multiply the first fraction by the
inverted fraction. 0 2 5 4 6
Decimals can be converted into fractions and
vice versa
E.g. Change in to decimals
Solution:
= 0.75
This fraction which ends after dividing is
called terminating fraction. Other fractions
do not end, these ones are called recurring or
repeating decimals.
E.g.

2. Before dividing number convert mixed

Conversion of Repeating decimal into
numbers into improper fraction.
fractions

Solution:
0.3 = 0.333.......

Subtract (i) from (ii)

9t = 3.0

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= 80 = 140
t=
6. ,
Exercise 1
Solution
Insert or between each pair of
L. C. M of 4 and 4 = 4
fractions questions 4 to 12
4=1
1. ,
Solution 4=3
L.C.M = 3
3 =2
7. ,
3 =1 Solution
L. C. M of 5 and 6 = 30
30 = 12
2. ,
Solution 30 = 5
L.C.M = 63
63 = 7
8. ,
63 = 9 Solution
L. C. M of 9 and 6 = 18
18 = 16
3.
Solution 18 = 15
12 = 10
9. Which numbers are denominators
12 = 9
in each of the following fractions?
(a) 16 is the denominator.
4. ,
(b) 93 is the denominator
Solution
(c) 3 5 is the denominator
20 = 16
10. Which numbers are numerators in
20 = 15 each of the following fractions?
(a) Numerators is 3
5. , (b) 3 Numerators is 4
Solution
(c) Numerators is 12
L.C.M of 20 and 4 = 80
80 = 60
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(d) = 1
16 15. Change the following mixed
numbers into improper fractions
(a) 3
Solution

12. Which is greater (b) 15

Solution
(a) or
Solution
Find the L.C.M of 5 and 4 = 20
20 = 12 =
20 = 15 (c) 24
Solution

(b) or
Solution
Find the L.C.M of 3 and 2 = 6
=
x 6=4

x 6=3

3.3 PERCENTAGES
Percentages are fractions expressed out of
100. That is – are the ones whose
13. What is the condition for a fraction denominator is one hundred, they are
to be called improper? denoted by (%) called percent
The numerator is bigger than the
denominator. Example: 12% means 12 =
14. Change the following improper 70% = etc.
fractions into mixed numbers
(a) = 1
Examples: 1. convert the following
(b) = 4 percentage into fraction
(c) = 3 (i) 65%
(ii)75%
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100x = 21. ......................... (ii)

(iii) 12 %
Take away equation (i) from (ii)
100x = 21.
Solution
(i) 65% =
65 = = =
= x=
(ii) 75% (ii)
75 = = Solution
Let x = 0.9 ............................. (i)
= 10x = 9. ............................... (ii)
100x = 93.3 ...........................(iii)
(iii) 12 % Take equation (ii) away from equation (iii)
100x = 93.3
12 = =
=
12 % =
2. Change =
(i) 40% into decimal x=
(ii) 35% into fractions (iii) 0. 6
(iii) 0.125 into percentage Solution
Solution Let x = 0. 6 ................................ (i)
(i) 40% = = 1000x = 567.567 ......................... (ii)
= 0.4 Take away equation (i) from (ii)
(ii) 35% 1000x = 567.567
X = 0.567
35 =
=
(iii) 0.125 x=
Solution (iv) 0. 35
Solution
0.125 = 100% Let x = 0. 35 ............................. (i)
= 12.5% 10000x = 1352.1352 ......................... (ii)
Take (ii) - (i)
10000x = 1352.1352

3. Change the recurring decimals into =

fractions =
(i) 0
Solution x=
Let x = 0. ............................. (i) (v) 0. 1
Solution
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Let x = 0. 1 ................................ (i)

1000x = 219.219 ......................... (ii)
Take away equation (i) from (ii)
1000x = 219.219
x=
=
(ix) 0. 4
= Solution
x= Let y = 0. 4 ................................ (i)
(vi) 0. 8 1000y = 645. 4 .................... (ii)
Solution Take away equation (i) from (ii)
Let x = 0. 8 ................................ (i) 1000y - y = 645- 4
1000x = 186.186 ......................... (ii) 999y=645
Take away equation (i) from (ii) =
1000x = 186.186
y=
=
= (x) 0.
Solution
x= Let b = 0. ................................ (i)
(vii) 0. 63 100b = 64. ......................... (ii)
Solution Take away equation (i) from (ii)
Let n = 0. 63 ................................ (i) 100b - b = 64. -0.
10000n = 8634.8634 ......................... (ii) 99b = 64
Take away equation (i) from (ii)
10000n = 8634.8634 =

= b=
(xi)0. 2
= Solution
n= Let m = 0. 2 ................................ (i)
(viii) 0.7 1000m = 627. 2 ......................... (ii)
Solution Take away equation (i) from (ii)
Let x = 0.7 ............................. (i) 1000m - m = 627. 2 - 0. 2
10x = 0.7 ............................... (ii) 999m = 627
1000x = 792. ...........................(iii) =
Take away equation (ii) from equation (iii)
100x = 792. m=
1000x - 10x = 792. - 7.
990x = 785
4. In question (i) to (v) change the fractions
into decimals.

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Note: The decimal points must be in line, put

zeros at the end to give the same number of
Solution decimal places in each number.
1÷3=
= 0.33
ii.
Solution
5÷6=
= 0.833
iii.
Solution
4 ÷ 11 =
= 0.3636
iv.
Solution
1÷9=
= 0.111
v.
Solution
7 ÷ 13 =
= 0.538461

Solution
Let b = 0. 2 ................................ (i)
1000b = 123. 2 .................... (ii)
Take equation (i) away from equation (ii)
1000b - b = 123. 2 - 0. 2
999b = 123
–
b =
Multiplication
Operations on Decimals Note:
Operations with decimals are similar to 1. When multiplying decimals the answer must
operations with whole numbers: have the same number of decimal places as
the total number of decimal places in the
Addition number being multiplied.

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2. First carry out the multiplication in the usual

way, without any decimal points, then put
the point to the total decimal places.

Division
Therefore 68.32 ÷ 1.4 = 48.8
Note: (b)

It is not easy to divide by a decimal, so you

multiply each number by a power of 10 in
order that you are dividing by a whole
number.

Example:- (i) Find (a) 68.32 ÷ 1.4

(b) 9.66 ÷ 0.23 Therefore 9.66 ÷ 0.23 = 42

Solution

(a) 68.32 ÷ 1.4 = 68.32 x 10 ÷ 1.4 x 10

682.2÷14

By long division

(c) 7.32 1.2 = 7.32 x 10 1.2 x 10

73.2

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t
Therefore 7.32 ÷ 1.2 = 6.1

Mariam was given 20,000 shillings by

her father, she spent 48% of it to buy shoes.
How much money remained.
PERCENTAGES APPLIED TO REAL
Solution
LIFE PROBLEMS
20,000 The examples below show the wide range of
=9,600 application
20,000 Examples:-
- 9,600 1. In one week, Flora earned 48,000/=, she
11,600 spent 4,000/= on travel to and from work.
∴ The remained money was 11,600/= What percentage of her money was left?
Solution:

Percentage of a quantity
When finding a percentage of a quantity, it is
often helps to change the percentage to a
decimal and multiply it by the quantity.
Example:- Find (a) 20% of 840,000

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i) If the first neglected digit is greater or

equal to 5 the digit occupying the place value
will increase by 1 unit
ii) If the first neglected number is less than
five, then the number occupying the required
place value will remain unchanged.

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

Examples
Percentage increase and Decrease 1. Round off the following numbers to the
There are two steps to calculate percentage nearest whole number.
increase (or decrease)
Example: In 1975 the population of a village a) 3425
was 90. It increased by 30% the following b) 7.283
year. What was the population in the year c) 6.674
1976? d) 0.625
e) 36.12
f) 5446

Solutions

a) 3425≈ 3000
b) 7.283≈7
c) 6.674≈7
d) 0.625≈1
e) 36.12≈36
f) 5446≈5000

2. Round off the following to

CHAPTER 4: APPROXIMATIONS a) 1 decimal place.
Is the process of rounding off a number in b) 2 decimal places.
the given places in rounding makes numbers c) 3 decimal places.
easier to deal with but at the same time a) 23.7016
reduces their accuracy. b) 0.0094
The methods used for approximation or
rounding off numbers are decimal places and Solution
significant figures.
1. 23.7016≈23.7 to 1 decimal place.
ROUNDING OFF PROCEDURES 2. 23.7016≈23.70 to 2 decimal place.
1. 23.7016≈23.702 to 3 decimal places.
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Example: Round off 179999 correct to i)

b) 0.0094 hundreds ii) Thousand iii) Tens iv )Ten
thousands
a) 0.0094≈0.0 to 1 decimal place. Solution
b) 0.0094≈0.001 to 2 decimal place. i) 179999 180000
c) 0.0094≈0.009 to 3 decimal places. ii) 180000
iii) 180000
3. Round off the following number to the iv) 180000
nearest
a) Whole number
b) Tenth
Significant Figures
c) Hundredth
The are the total number of digits in the
given number including zero's which are in
i. 0.625
between non-zero digits.
ii. 8.385
Note
i) Zero is a significant figure when is in
between two non – zero digits
Solution
ii) When zero is an outcome of
i. 0.625
approximation (rounding off) where a 9
receives l and becomes ten, then zero of ten
a) 0.625≈1 to whole numbers
is a significant figure.
b) 0.625≈0.6 to tenth
Examples: determine the number of
c) 0.625≈0.63 to hundredths
significant figures in the following
i) 20896100
ii. 8.385
= There are six significant figures
ii) 0.00025060
a) 8.385≈8 to whole numbers
= There are four significant figures
b) 8.385≈8.4 to tenth
iii) 2.00008453
= There are nine significant figures
c) 8.385≈ 8.39 to hundredths
Examples: Re write following numbers
correcting to the required of significant
Example: Round off 84678 to
figures.
i) Tens
a. 0.23678 to 3 significant figures
Solution
Solution
84678 = 84700
0.23678
ii) Hundreds
∴= 0.24
Solution
b. 2.09478 to 3 significant figures
84678 = 85000
Solution
iii) Thousands
2.09478
Solution
∴= 2.09
84678 = 80000
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c. 0.009994 to 2 significant figures

Solution
0.009994 CHAPTER 5:
∴= 0.010
d. 0.00931225697 to 7significant figures ALGEBRA
Solutions Algebra is a study which deals with
0.00931225697 situations whereby some values unknown.
∴= 0.0093123 Normally these unknown are represented by
letters. Those letters are also referred to as
Exercise variables.
Re write the following numbers correctly to Algebraic expression
a. 10.999009 to three significant figures An expression – is a mathematical statement
Solution which consists of several variables. An
10.999009 expression can only be simplified, that is we
∴= 11.0 cannot find values of the variables (s) on it.
b. 705.4005 to six significant figures Examples
Solution 1. a + 2
705.4005 2. x + 3y + 9z
= 705.401 3.16p – qp
C. 847910 to three significant figures 4. a + b + c + d
Solution 5. 40
847910
∴= 848000 An equation
An equation is formed when two expression
Approximations in operations are joined by an equal sign
E.g
When you want to check approximation i) 2x – y = 16
whether a calculation is correct or not. Round ii) x + 2 = 6 – 5
each number in the calculation to 1 iii) 3y + xy = 9
significant figure. Do the calculation Each member of an equation or expression is
mentally. called Term
Example:
A group of 42 people go to the cinema, Coefficient
which cost 680/- each. What is the When a number is multiplied by a variable
approximation total cost? (s) that number is called coefficient of that
Solution variable
Round 42 to 40 and 680 to 700 Example
Therefore 40 x 700 = 28,000/= What is the coefficient of the variables in the
Note: The exact cost is 28,560 The following?
approximation is 28,000 which is close. a) 6x – 8p + y
b) – k + 3d
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c) 2a + 3b – c x=1
Solutions Number of terms = two
Coefficients of a) x is 6 Exercise 7.1
y is 1 1. Simplify each of the following
P = -8 expressions and after simplifying state
b) K = -1 a. the number of terms
d = 3, b. the coefficient of each of the terms
=1 i) n + n + n + n + n + k + k + k + x +
c) a = 2 x = 5n + 3k + 2x
b=3
c = -1 Solution
(a) There are3 terms
(b) Coefficient of “n” is 5
Addition and subtraction of algebraic
Coefficients of “y” is 3
expression
Addition and subtraction of algebraic Coefficients of “x” is 2
expression can be done by adding or ii) 3x + 4y – 7z + 3x – 7y + 2z
subtracting like term.
Like terms are those terms which has Solution
identical (same) variables a) There are 3 terms
6x – 3y – 5z
Examples
1. 2a + 4a = 6a b) coefficients of x is 6
2. 5a + 16a = 21a Coefficients of y is -3
3. 2x + 10x – 3x = 9x Coefficients of z is -5
iii) 3 x + 7x – x =
Examples: simplify the expression Solution
3n – 7n + 12n
Solution
-4n + 12n
12n – 4n
∴= 8n
Examples: simplify
6m – 4 – 2m + 15 a) There is 1 term
Soln
b) Coefficient of x is 10
6m – 2m – 4n + 15
= 4m + 11
Simplify each of the expressions in
Example: simplify 4x + 6y – 3x + 5y numbers 2 – 6
2. 12m + 13m
Solution
12m
4x – 3x + 6y + 5y
+ 13m
= x + 11y
25m = 25m
Coefficient: y = 11
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3. 5y + 7y – 4y Example:1) Multiply a – 2b + 6ab by 12xy

12y – 4y Solution
= 8y (a – 2b + 6ab) x 12xy
4. 24w - 28w = 12axy – 24bxy + 72abxy
-28w + Examples:2) Re – write without brackets
24w - 16a (-2mn + 9xb – 3kbc)
Solution
= -4w -16a (-2mn+9xb-3kbc) = (-16ax-2mn)
5. 15n – 9n + (-16a x 9xb) + (-16a x -3kbc)
15n – 9n = 32amn + -
= 6n 144axb + 48abck
6. 4k – k + 3k = 32amn -
3k + 3k 144axb +48abc
= 6k Example:3) divide 36xyz – 48xwz – 24xz by
7. 8y – 3 – 7y + 4 12z
8y – 7y – 3 + 4 Solution
y+4–3 (36xyz - 48xwz - 24xz) ÷ 12z
y+1
= y+ 1
8. 14x + 8 – 3x + 2
14x – 3x + 8 + 2
=11x + 10
9. 3a – 5b – 7a + 6c + 7a + 8b
3a – 7a + 7a – 5b + 8b + 6c
=3a + 3b + 6c
10. 4x – 6y + 7x + 2y
4x + 7x – 6y + 2y
=11x – 4y
11. 3x + 4 + 8x – 4 – 11x
3x + 8x – 11x + 4 – 4 Exercise 7.2
11x – 11x + 4 – 4 1. Complete the following
0+0 60xy – 30y + 90z = 30 ( )
=0 Solution
12. 8m + 0.4m – 2 – 6m + 8
8m + 0.4m – 6m – 2 + 8 60xy - 30y + 90z = 30 (2xy - y +3x)
8.4m – 6m + 6
= 2.4m + 6 2. Simplify i) xy + yz + 2xy – 3zy
ii) 8m ÷ 2 + 3mn ÷ n
Solution
Multiplication and division of algebraic i) xy + yz + 2xy - zy ⇒ xy+yz +2xy - zy = xy
expression + 2xy +yz - 3zy
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= 3xy -
2yz

ii) 8m ÷ 2 + 3mn ÷ n
ix) Pq -2qp + 3pq – 2qp
4m + 3m
Solution
(4 + 3) m
Pq + 3pq – 2qp – 2qp
=7m
4pq – 4pq
3. Simplify the following =0
i) 5mn – 3mn
x) (4x + 8y) ÷ 2 + (9xw + 4xy) ÷ w
= 2mn
solution
ii) xyz + 3xy + 4zx – zyx
= xyz – zyx + 3xy + 4zx

= 0 + 3xy + 4zx
= 3xy + 4zx
iii) 3 (2n + 3) + 4 (5n – 3)
Solution
6n + 9 + 20n – 12
6n + 20n + 9 – 12
=26n – 3
iv) abc + bac – cab xi) Multiply 6a – 5b by 3x
Solution Solution
abc + abc – abc 3x (6a – 5b) = 3x x 6a - 3x x 5b
abc – abc + abc = 18ax - 15bx
abc + 0 ∴= 18ax – 15bx
= abc Equations
v) 2 (5x + 3y) + 3(3x + 2y) An equations is a mathematical statement
Solution which involves two expression connected or
10x + 6y + 9x + 6y joined by an equal sign
10x + 9x + 6y + 6y So we define an equation also as statement of
= 19x + 12y equality e.g. 2y – 6 = 3x + 12
vi) m (2n + 3) + n (3m + 4) The values of variables can be found in
Solution equation if the number of equations is equal
2nm + 3m + 3mn + 4n to the number of unknown.
2nm + 3mn + 3m + 4n FORMULATION OF AN EQUATION
= 5mn + 3m + 4n There are three steps to follow when
vii) x (y – 5) + y (x + 2) formulating an equation which are;
Solution i) Understand the problem/question, what it
xy – 5x + yx + 2y is asking for
xy + yx – 5x + 2y ii) Let the unknown be represented by a
= 2xy – 5x + 2y variable
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iii) Formulate the equation using the given Soln

information
Let another number = x
∴ 24 - x = 16
Signs, words or phrase used when Exercise 7.3
formulating an equation:- Formulate equations for each of the
+ Addition, sum of, increase by, following
greater than, plus, taller than, more than 1. Five times a number gives twenty
- Difference, subtract, decrease, Soln
less than, shorter than. 5 x= 20
× Multiplication, times, 5x = 20
products. 2. The difference between 123 and another
÷ Division, divided, Quotient. number is 150
= Equals, is, given, result. Solution
let another number = x
Example 01
1. The age of the father is equal to the sum of Then x - 123 = 150
the ages of his son and daughter. If the ∴ x - 123 = 150
son’s age is thrice the age his sister,
formulate an equation. 3. The sum of 21 and another number is 125
Solution solution
Let y be the father age let another number = y
And x be the age of the daughter
The age of son = 3x Sum means (+)
y = 3x + x
y = 4x 21 + y = 125
2. The sum of two numbers is 20. If one of
the number is 8 formulate an equation. ∴ 21 + y = 125
Solution 4. When a certain number is increased by
Let one of the number be x 15, the result is 88
And the other number = 8 solution
x + 8 = 20
3. A girl is 14 years old, how old will she be Let the number be x
in x years time
Solution Then x + 15 = 88
A girl = 14 years x + 15 = 88
Let “y” be a girls age in x years time. 5. When 99 is increased by a certain number
In years time = + x the result is 63
∴y = 14 + x Solution
4. The difference between 24 and another
number is 16, form an equation Let the number = y
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Then 99 + y = 63
∴ 99 + y = 63 The sum of their age = q + n + 6
6. The product of 12 and another number is
the same as two times the sum of 12 and the ∴=q+n+6
number
Solution 10. When the sum of n and (n + 3) is
multiplied by 5 the result half the product of
Let the number be x the two numbers.

Then 12 x x = 2 x (12 + x) Write the expression of this statement:-

Solution
∴ 12x = 24 + 2x
7.A number is such that when it is double (n + (n +3) x 5 = ½ (n + (n +3) )
and 8 added to it, the result is the same as
multiplying the number by 3 and subtracting (2n + 3) x 5 = ½(2n + 3)
7.
solution

Let the number be x

Then x + x + 8 = x x 3 - 7

2x + 8 = 3x - 7 SOLVING FOR EQUATIONS

8. When 36 is added to a certain number, the Solving means finding the value of the
result is the same as multiplying the number unknown in the equation
by 5. Example 1
solution 1. x + 5 = 8
Let x be the number Solution
x+5=8
Then x + 36 = x x 5 x+5–5=8–5
x+0=3
∴ x + 36 = 5x x=3
9. If John is n years old and is 6 years older 2. x – 8 = 15
that James older, write an expression of the x – 8 + 8 = 15 + 8
sum of their ages. x = 23
Solution 3. 3x – 5 = 7
Let “J” be john, and “Q” be James and “N” 3x – 5 + 5 = 7 + 5
be the year
Let Q = q years 3x = 12

J = n + 6 years
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=
8 1 = (3x – 2)
8 = 6x – 4
x=4 8 + 4 = 6x – 4 + 4

12 = 6x
4. + 3 = 12
=
solution; x=2
7. - =4
multiply 2 both side
Solution

2m = 4 x 15

2m = 60

m= 30
8. + =5
5. (3x – 2) = 10
Solution
Solution

10x = 5 x 8

10x = 40

x=4
9. 2x – 5 = 3x – 8
Solution
3x-8=2x-5
3x-2x=8-5
x=3
6. =2 10. 4 – 3t = 0.3t – 5.9
Solution Solution

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4 + 5.9 = 0.3t + 3t EXERCISE 7.4

Solve the following equations
9.9 = 3.3t 1. x + 12 = 25
9.9 = 3.3t
3.3 3.3 Solution
t=3 x = 25 – 12
x = 13
11. +
Solution 2. =

x=5
Multiply by 8 both side
3. 2x + 12 = 25
Solution
2x + 12 – 12 = 25 – 12
2x + 0 = 13

4. x – 8 = 8

Solution
x– 8 + 8 = 8 + 8
x = 16
5. x = 5
12. = - solve for x 5
Solution
Solution
= -
X=5 5
X = 25
7 6. 2x – 8 = 8
14x-7 = 9x Solution
14x -9x =7 2x =8+8
2x = 16
5x = 7
=

x=
x=8
7. 3x – 3 = 15
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Solution
3x – 3 + 3 = 15 + 3

∴x =6
8. –3=
5
12. 4x – 7= 7
Solution Solution
4x = 7 + 7

4x = 14
=

9. 0.2x + 7 = 9
Solution 13. =
0.2x + 7 – 7 = 9 – 7 14

Solution

∴x = 10
10. 0.6x – 5 = 7
Solution
0.6x – 5 + 5 = 7 + 5

∴ x = 20
11. +3=
5 14.

Solution
Solution

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2. 18. 10

Solution

15. = 5 x 1 = 10 (x + 1)
6 5 = 10x + 10
5 – 10 = 10x
Solution
=6x
5
19.
=
∴x = 10 solution

16.
1 (x + 5) = 3 (x – 1)
Solution x+ 5 = 3x – 3
3 + 5 = 3x – x

3x = 25 + 1
∴x=4
= 20.
Solution

17. =
1 (x + 5) = 5 (x – 1)
10
x + 5 = 5x – 5
5 + 5 = 5x – x

5 = 10x

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Solving word problems ∴ The smaller number is 15

E.g. 1
If John has hundred shillings, how many Exercise 7.5
oranges can be buy if orange costs 50 1. If 4 is added to a number and the sum is
shillings? multiplied by 3 the result is 27. Find the
Solution number.
Let k be the number of oranges John Solution
can buy but one orange costs 50shs. Let the number be ‘b’
50 x k = 200 (b + 4) x 3 = 27
12 + 3b = 27
3b = 15
K=4 b= 5
∴John can buy 4 oranges 2. Okwi’s age is six times uli’s age.15 years
Example 2: hence Okwi will be three times as old as Uli.
A father age is 4 times the age of his son. If Find their ages.
the sum of there is fifty years Find the age of Solution
the son. Let the age of Uli be x
Solution Okwi = 6x
Let the age of father be y Okwi Uli
Let the age of the son be x 6x x
Therefore the age of the father is y = 6x + 15 x+5
4x 6x + 15 = 3x + 45
Their sum = 4x + x = 50
5x = 50 fifteen years to come
6x + 15 15 + x
Then 6x + 15 = 3(x + 15)
∴The son’s age is 10years old 6x + 15 = 3x + 45
6x - 3x = 45 - 15
Example 3: 3x = 30
The sum of 2 consecutive numbers is 31.
Find the smaller numbers
Solution x = 10
Let the smaller number be x Okwi = 60 years
Let the bigger number be x + 1 Uli = 10 years
x+ x + 1 = 31
2x + 1 = 31 3 . The sum of two consecutive odd numbers
2x = 31 - 1 is 88. Find the numbers
2x = 30 Solution
Let the number be n
n + 2, n + 4
n + 2 + n + 4 = 88
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2n + 6 = 88
,

n = 41
Example 2: (2x – 4) ≥ 9
The smaller number = 41 + 2 = 43
The bigger number = 41 + 4 = 45 (2x – 4) ≥ 9 x 3
4. Obi’s age is twice Oba’s age. 4 years ago 2x – 4 + 4 ≥ 29 x 3
Obi was three times as old as Oba. Find their
≥
ages.
Solution X≥3
Oba’s age let it be x
Obi Oba iii) Multiplying or dividing each side by
2x x negative number CHANGES the inequality
2x – 4 x–4 sign.
2x – 4 = (x – 4) 3 Example. Solve the inequality
2x – 4 = 3x – 12
( (4 – 3x) <
8=x
4
Obi = 16 years old.
Oba = 8 years old.
Solution
2 (4 – 3x) < 4 x 3

Inequalities in one unknown 2( )<

The following rules are useful when solving
inequalities
i) Adding or subtracting equal amounts from 4 – 3x < 6
each side does not change the inequalities -3x < 6 – 4
sign
Example : solve x – 2 ≤ 4
Solution
X–2+2≤4+2 The sign changes
X≤6
Example 2: 2x + 4 ≥ 16
Solution Examples 1: Solve -4x + 3≥
2x + 4 – 4 ≥ 16 – 4
-4x + 3≥
≥
-4x ≥ -3
X≥6
ii) Multiplying or dividing by same positive
number each side change the inequality sign -4x ≥ -
Example: solve 3y + 16 < 50
÷ -4
Solution
3y + 16 - 16 < 50 – 16
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(1 * 2) * 3 = 126
x ≤
iv) (2 * 1) * (3 * 2)
Solution
2 * 1 = p = 2 and q = 1
Examples 2. solve 5 (2) (1) – 2
2 * 1 = 10 – 2
Find their L.C.M =8
3 * 2 = p = 3 and q = 2
3 > x4
5 (3) (2) – 3
3 (2x – 6) 4 (3 – 2x)
15 x 2 – 3
6x – 18 > 12 – 8x
3 * 2 = 30 – 3
6x + 8x > 12 + 18
3∗2= 27
2*1=8
3 * 2 = 27
8 * 27
X>
8 * 27 = p = 8 and q = 27
5 (8) (27) – 8
40 x 27 – 8
BINARY OPERATIONS
1080 – 8
Is an operation denoted by *, which
Then: 8 * 27 = 1072
describe the formula of a given variables.
(2 * 1) * (3 8 2) = 1072

if P * q = 5pq – p: Find
iv. if (t * 5) = 50 find t
i) 2 * 3 =
Solution
p = 2 and q = 3
t * 5 = p = t and q = 5
2 * 3 = 5 (2) (3) – 2
t * 5 = 5 (t) (5) – t
= 30 – 2 = 28
15t – t
2 * 3 = 28
24t=50
ii) (1* 2) * 3
t * 5 = 24t
Solution
(1 * 2) = p = 1 and q = 2 = =
In (1 * 2) = 5 (1) (2) -1 = 9
=10-1
=9
t=
∴1∗2=9
9*3=p*q
9 * 3 = 5 (9) (3) – 9
= 135 – 9
= 126

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CHAPTER 6: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Introduction
The position of points on a line found by using a number line, that is

When two number lines one vertical and another one horizontal are considered one kept at
90o and intersecting at their zero marks, The result is called xy – plane or Cartesian plane. The
horizontal one is called x – axis and the vertical is called y – axis.
Origin is the where the two axes that is x – axis and y axis (intersect)

Coordinates of a point
The position of a point in the xy – plane is given by a pair of in the form of ordered pair. Thus
ordered pair is called coordinate. The coordinate of the point is therefore written in the form of (a,
b), Where the first number ‘’a’’ is the value in the horizontal axis i.e x – axis b is the value in the
y – axis
The value in the x – axis is also referred to as abscissa and y – axis is called ordinate. All distance
in the xy – plane are measured the origin.
Examples write the coordinates of the following point A, B, C, D, E, F

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Solutions
The coordinates of the points are
A = (0,5)
B = (5,0)
C = (0,4)
D = (-5,5)

Exercise 10.1
1. a) Write down the coordinates of each of the labeled points in figure 9.2
b) State the quadrant in which each of these points F, H, V and I belong

2. Draw axes on a graph paper and plot the points given below. Join in the order given with
straight lines forming polygonal figures shape have you drawn in each case.
a) (1, 1), (3, 1), (3, 3), (1, 3)
b) (-2, 1), (2, 5), (2, -2)
c) (3, 1), (5.4, 1) (4.3, 2), (3.3, 2)
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d) (5.5, 3.4), (6.5, 3.4), (6.8, 4.3), (6.0, 4.9), (5.2, 4.3)
e) (1.5, -3), (6, 3), (1.5, 3), (-6, -3)
f) (-1, 0), (-2, 2), (0, 1), (2, 2), (1, 0), (2, -2), (0, -1)

SLOPE/GRADIENT OF A LINE
Slope / gradient is the change in the vertical axis to the change in the horizontal axis.

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Example: Find the gradients of the lines pair, calculate the gradient of the line and
joining state whether it is positive, negative, zero or
(a) A (2, 4) and B (-2, 6) undefined.
(b ) A (-2, -2) and B (2, -4) (a) (0,3), (2,5)
(c) A (0, -1) and B (2, 3) (b) (5,8), (4,1)
(c) (1,5), (4,7)
Solution (d) (2,6), (5,3)
a. Let (x1, y1) be (2, 4) and (e) (1,6), (3,-1)
(x2, y2) be (-2, 6) (f) (3,6), (-2,-1)
(g) (0,2), (6,2)
M=
(h) (2,3), (-1,-3)
(i) (2,10), (2,0)
(j) ( - ), , 2)
(k) (-2,1), (4,3)
(l) (-4,4),(-3,3)
(m) (0,0), (-3,4)
b. let (x1, y1) be (-2, -2) (n) (99,6), (119,1)
(x2, y2) be (2, -4) (o) (0.64,-1.62, (1.36,-0.62))

M =

EQUATION OF A LINE
We have already discussed how to find the
gradient of a line for example the gradient of
=
the line joining points (2, - 4) and (5,0) is
m= given as.

c. A (0, -1) and B (2, 3)

Solution Since the two points are collinear.
Let (x1, y1) be (0, -1) we can find the equation of the line having
(x2, y2) be (2, 3) any point on a line say (x,y) and any point,
M = then from

M=2 let (x1,y1) = (x,y), and

(x2,y2) = (5,0)
Exercise 10.2
1.Plot pair of the following points on a graph
paper and join them by straight line. For each

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4(5-x) = 3x-y
20-4x = -3y (2) Give that y = - + 6 find the gradient of
this line

∴y = -
The gradient is

In general the equation of a straight line is

written as y = mx + c. Where m – Is the slope
Example: find the equation of the line
of the line and c is ordinate of the y. called y-
passing through the point (4, 6) and having a
intercept
slope -1/2
The point on the line (x,y) is called arbitrary
Solution
point
Example: - find the equation of line passing (x,y) , (4,6) , M =
through the points.
=
(12,-6) and (2, 6)
2(y-6) = x – 4
Solution
2y – 12 = x – 4
2y = x + 8

let (x,y)=(12,-6),
X-intercept and y – intercept.
(x2-y2)= (2,6)
X-intercept is the point where a line meets
(cuts) the x-axis, at the value of y (ordinate)
is equal to zero.
That is to say the x-intercept is found by
substituting y = 0 in the equation. Therefore
for the equation y = mx + c.
Y = 0, 0 = mx + c
Mx + c = 0
Mx = -c
x= -c/m.
Therefore the coordinate of x-intercept is (-
5(y-6)=-6(x-2) c/m, 0).
5y-30=-6x+12 y- Intercept is the point where the line and
5y=-6+12+30 the y- axis meet. All this point the abscissa is
5y=-6x+42 normally equal to zero. The x- intercept is
found by setting. x=0
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i.e y = mx + c 3x + 2y – 11 = 0
x=0
y = m(0) + c
y=c (ii) Y – intercept
The intercept (0,c) Let x = 0
3x + 2y – 11 = 0
The coordinate of the Y-intercept is =
(0,c)
Example : - a line L is passing through the y=
points A(5 – 2) and B(1,4). Y – Intercept =0,
Find The coordinate of Y-intercept is (0,11/2)
i. The equation of the line in the form of ∴ find the x-intercept
Y= mx +c and ax + by + c = o Let y=0
ii. The x and y intercept. mx + c = y
Solution:
i. 0= + 11
x =

The coordinate of X-intercept is (22/3,0)

(iii) If ax + by = 12 goes through points (1,-

2) and (4, 1) find the value a and b-

solution
(x,y) = (1,4)
+
=
-3 + 3x = 8 – 2y
2y = 11- 3x
Y=
Y= let the two collinear point be (x,y),(4,1) and
gradient 1
then from

then -3 + 3x = 8 - 2y
-3 + 3x = 8 – 2y
-3 + 3x – 8 + 2y = 0
3x – 11 + 2y = 0

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x-4 = y-1 2. Find the equations of the following lines

x-y=--1+4 a. (i) y – intercept - 2 , gradient 1
x-y=3
b. (ii) y – intercept 7, gradient
if the equation is multiple by 4 both side we
have
(iii) y- intercept -16, gradient 4
4(x-y)=4x3
4x-4y=12
d. (iv) y -intercept 2, gradient - 10
compare the equations.
e. (v) y- intercept 0.4, gradient -0.7
x-y=3 and ax+by=12
ax+by=4(3)
(3) Rewrite the following equations in the
form y = mx + c, and then determine the
gradient and the y- intercept of each.
x-y=3 a) (i) 7x + 4y = 11
(ii) 14x + 3y = 12
c) (iii) 2x = 5 + y
then d) (iv) 4x + 5y = 40
(v) 8x – ( )y = 0
a=1
(vi) 6x = 5 - 2y
(vii) + =9
b=-4
Qn. 4. Find the area of the shaded region in
The value of a=1 and b=-4
the following figure. If the equation line AB
is 5x + 6y-60 =0
EXERCISE 10.3
3. Find the equations of lines through points
a) (2,1) with gradient 2.
b) (0,5) with gradient -2
c) (1,-3) with gradient-3
d) (-2, -4) with gradient
e) (0, 0 ) with gradient -3
f) (-3 , -3) and y- intercept
g) ( 6, 2) and y intercept -2
h) (-1 , -1 ) and y - intercept -

i) ( 1 , 2 ) and y- intercept = 2
j) (5 , 5) and y intercept 0

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SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 13y=10

Are equations of more than one variable
which can be solved at the same time. There
are two ways of solving simultaneous
Omitting y
equations.
1. (i) Elimination method
(ii) Substitution method.
(iii) Graphical Method +
The principle of solving equations is that the
number of equations should be equal to the 13x=24
number of unknowns
=
Example of simultaneous equation
x=
(a) = Let find the value of y by take one equation
2x+ 3y=6
(b) =
These are examples of simultaneous
equations with two unknowns.

1. Elimination method
Is the method of omitting one variable and
solve the remaining variables.
How to eliminate
i. Check if there are equal coefficients
ii. If there are equal coefficients of same
variables in the both equations subtract. Example 2:
iii. If there are equal and opposite to
coefficients of same variable in both
equations, add.
2. If all coefficients are different modify Solution
the equations
Example 1. 2x + 3y = 6
3x=6
3x + 2y = 4
Modification
Omitting: x x =2
Let find the value of y by take one equation
6x+y=15
6 2 + y = 15
here we can now omit x by subtracting. 12 + y = 15
y = 15 - 12
y=3

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∴x =2 and y = 3 Let find the value of x by taken one equation

x + y=7
Example 03: x + 4 =7
2x + y = 10 x=7- 4
3x - 2y = 1 x=3
Solution. by Eliminate
Therefore: x=3 and y = 4
2. x + 8y =19
2x + 11y = 28

Solution
7x= 21
=

x=3 =
Let find the value of y by taken one equation
3x-2y=1 5y=10
3
9-2y=1 =
-2y=1-9 y= 2
Let find the value of x by take one
= equation
x + 8y = 19
y= 4 x+8
y=4 and x = 3 x=19-16
x=3
Solve the following simultaneous Therefore: x=3 and y = 2
equations by elimination method 3. 8x + 5y = 9
1. x + y = 7 3x + 2y = 4

5x + 12y = 7 Solution
Solution
Modify

-
=
y=5
Let find the value of x by taken one equation
-7y = -28
8x + 5y = 9
8x + 5(5) =9
y= 4
8x + 25 = 9
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8x = 9 – 25 y=1
8x = -16 Let find the value of x by taken one equation
2x + 3y = 8
=
2x + 3(1) = 8
x = -2
2x = 8-3
Therefore: x = -2 and y = 5
x=5
4. 2x- 3y = 7 = =
15x + y = 9
x=
Solution
Therefore: x= and y = 1

6. 3x - 4y = 20
x + 2y = 5
Solution

17x = 34
=
-
x=2
Let find the value of y by taken one
2x = 20
equation
2y – 3y = 7
2(2) – 3y =7 x= 10
Let find the value of y by taken the one
-3y=7-4, -3y=3 equation
4 – 3y = 7 x + 2y =5
10+ 2y = 5
=
2y = 5 – 10

y=-1 =
Therefore: x = 2, y = -1

5. 2x + 3y = 8
2x = 2 + 3y
Therefore: y = and x = 10
7. 6x = 7y + 7
solution
7y - x = 8
2x + 3y = 8
2x -3y = 2
Solution

=-
6y=6
= 5x= 15
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Let find the value of x by taken one equation

=
3x +5y = 31
x=3
3x+ 5(5) = 31
Let find the value of y by taken one equation
3x=31- 25
6x – 7y =7
6 (3) -7y = 7 =

x=2
Therefore: x = 2 and y = 5
10. 15x - 8y = 29
17x + 12y = 75
Solution
Therefore :

8. y = 4x - 7
16x - 5y = 25
solution
-4x + y = -7 x =3
16x - 5y = 25 Let find the value of y by taken one equation
15x – 8y = 29
15(3) – 8y = 29

+
Therefore: y = 2 and x = 3
-4x=-10

x = 2.5 or 5/2 2: SUBSTITUTION

Let find the value of y by taken equation one Example: 01 solve
y – 4x = -7 6x + y = 15
y = - 4 (2.5)= -7 3x + y = 9 by substitution method.
y = -7 +10 solution
y= 3 6x + y = 15 ......... (i)
Therefore x = 2.5 and y = 3 3x + y = 9........... (ii)
9. 2x + 7y = 39
3x + 5y = 31 from equation 1
solution 6x+y =15
y=15-6x.................(iii)
Substitute equation (iii) into (ii)
- 3x + y = 9
3x + 15 - 6x = 9
3x - 6x + 15 = 9
y= 5
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-3x = 9 - 15
Put (iii) into (ii)
-3x=-6
= =
x=2
y = 15 - 6x
y = 15 - 6 x 2
y= 15 - 12 = 3
x= 2 and y = 3

Example 02
2x + y = 10.................(i)
3x - 2y = 1..................(ii)
From (i)
2x + y = 10
2x - 2x + y = 10 - 2x
y = 10 - 2x .................(iii) 3x + 2y = 8
Put (iii)into (ii) 3(0) + 2y = 8
3x - 2 (10 - 2x) = 1 2y=8
3x - 20 + 4x = 1
=
3x + 4x - 20 = 1
∴Y = 4
= = X = 0 and y = 4
∴x = 3 Exercise 10 .4
1. Solve the simultaneous equations by
y = 10 - 2x using elimination method.
y = 10 - 2 (3) (i). 2x + y = 5
y = 10 - 6 4x - y = 7
y=4 (ii) 3x + y = 6
∴x = 3 and y = 4 5x + y = 8

Solve: (iii) 5x - 2y = 16
3x + 2y = 8.......... (i) x + 2y = 8
2x + 3y = 12...... (ii) (iv) 8x+5y=40
solution 9x + 5y = 5
from (i)
3x + 2y = 8 (v) 7x - 4y = 17
2y=8-3x 5x - 4y = 11
(vi) 0.7x - 0.5y = 2.5
=
0.7x - 0.3y = 2.9
Y= ....... (iii)
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2. Solve the following simultaneous 5. Solve the following system of

equations by using substitution method simultaneous equations by elimination.
6. (i) 10u + 3v - 4 = 0
(i). 3x - 2y = 6u + 2v - 2 =0
2x + y = 8
(ii) 5x + y = 23 (ii) x - y = 1
3x- 2y = 6
4x + 3y =
(iii) x - 3y = 2
4x + 2y = 36
(iii) 3x + 3y = 15
(iv) 7x - y = 14
2x + 5y =14
8x - 2y = 16
(iv) 7x - 3y = 15
(v) 7x + y = 14
5x- 2y = 19
8x - 2y = 16
(v) x + y = 5
x- y = 1

6. Solve the following by any method

3. Solve the following by using any

method
(i) 3y - x =
y + 2x = 6
(ii) 8m - n = 38 Solving word problems leading to
m - 3n = -1 simultaneous equations.
(iii) 5x - 2y = 10 1. A fathers age is four times the age of
-x + 3y = 24 his son. If the sum of their ages is 60 years.
Find the age of the son and that of the father.
1. 4.Solve the following simultaneous Solution.
equations by substitution method Let x be the age of the son
(i) x - y = -3 Let y be the age of father
2x - y = -5 y = 4x.................... (i)
(ii) X - 2y = 6 x+ y = 60 ............(ii)
X + 2y = 2 By substitution method
3. (iii) 3x - 4y = -11 x + y = 6, but y=4x
2x + 3y = 1 then
x + 4x = 60
4. (iv) 2x - 3y =32 5x=60
3x - 4y = 30 =
(v) 5a - 5b = 7 x = 12
2a - 4b = 2

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By solve value of y you can take one

equation
y= 4x
y = 4 (12) = 48
The age of the father is 48 years and that of
the son is 12 years

2. 2. The sum of two number is 12 and

their difference is 2 find the number
Solution
Let the first number be = x
Let the second number be= y

=
2x + 0 = 14
2x=14
=
x = 7
Let find the value of y
7 + y = 12
y = 12 - 7
y= 5
The numbers are 5 and 7
Example 03. If the numerator of a fraction is
decreased by 1 its value become2/3 but if
it denominator is increased by 5 its value
becomes ½ , what the fraction?

solution
let the fraction be a/b
= ................(i)
+ 5 = ..............(ii)
from (i)
=
Example 4
3(a-1) =2b
The sum of the digits of a two digit number
3a - 3 =2b
is 7. If the digits are reversed, the new
3a - 2b=3..................(iii)
number is increased by 3. Equal to 4 times
from (ii)
the original number
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Find the original number numbers

Let the number be x and y
x + y = 7……………… (i) 2. Two number are such that the first
The meaning of x, y = 10x + y number plus three times the second number
Similarly y, x = 10y + x is 1. And the first minus three times the
y, x + 3 = 4 (x, y) second is 1/7. Find the two numbers
10y+x+3=4(10x+y)
10y + x + 3 = 40x + 4y 3. The sum of the number of boys and girls
6y+3=39x in a class is 36. If twice the number of girls
exceeds the number of boys by 12, find the
=
number of girls and that of boys in the class.
13 x - 2y = 1....... (2)
4. Twice the length of a rectangle
= exceeds three times the width of the
rectangle by one centimeter and if one – third
=+ of the difference of the length and the width
is one centimeter find the dimensions of
15x + 0 = 15 the rectangle.
15x = 15 5. The cost of 4 pencils and five pens
together is 6000 shillings while the cost of 6
= pencils and 8 pens is 940 shillings, calculate
x=1 the cost of one pencil and one pe
Let find the value of y 6. Half of Paul’s money plus one – fifth of
x+y=7 John’s money is 1400 shilling John’s money
1+ y = 7 the number was x ,y is 1,6 is 2650 shillings. How much has each?
y= 6 7. A farmer buys 3 sheep and 4 goats for
The original number is 16 shs 290,Another buys sheep and goats from
the some market for shs 170.What price did
Exercise 10.5 they pay for (a) 1 goat (b) 1 sheep
1. The sum of two number is 109 and the SOLUTIONS.
difference of the same numbers 29. find the
EXERCISE 10.1
1. (a) Their coordinates are
A (2, 7) C (-3, -5)
J (0, 4) I (-2, -2)
F (3, 4) P (-4.5, -2.5)
N (4, 1.5) H (-4, 4)
M (6, 1) G (-2, 6)
V (2.5, -2) L (-3, 1)
D (6, -2) E (0, 0)
K (3, -5)

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(b) F belongs to quadrant I

H belongs to quadrant II

V belongs to quadrant IV

I belong to quadrant III

2 (a) Square

(b) Triangle

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(c) Trapezium

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(d) Parallelogram

(e) Octagon

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EXERCISE 10.2

1. a) (0, 3), (2, 5)

let (x1,y1) be (0,3)

(x2,y2) be (2,5)

M = 1 it is positive gradient.
(b) (5, 8), (4, 1)

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Let (x1, y1) be (5, 8)

(x2, y2) be (4, 1)

m= 7 Slope is positive
(c) (1, 5), (4, 7)

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Let (x1, y1) be (1, 5)

(x2, y2) be (4, 7)

The gradient is positive

(d) (2,6), (5,3)

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Let (x1, y1) = (2,6)

(x2, y2) = (5, 3)

It has a negative gradient

(e) (1,6), (3, -1)

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Let (x1, y1) be (1, 6)

(x2, y2) be (3, -1)

The gradient is negative

(f) (3, 6), (-2, -1)

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Let (x1, y1) be (3, 6)

(x2, y2) be (-2, -1)

m=
=
=

The gradient is positive

(g) (0,2), (6,2)

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Let (x1, y1) be (0, 2)

(x2, y2) be (6, 2)
M=

= =

=0
M =0 The gradient is zero

(h) (2,3), (-1,-3)

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Let (x1, y1) be (2, 3)

(x2, y2) be (-1, -3)

m=2
The gradient is positive

(i) (2,10), (2,0)

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Let (x1, y1) be (2, 10)

(x2, y2) be (2, 0)
M

M is undefined
The gradient is undefined

(j) ( - ), , 2)

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The gradient is positive

(k) (-2,1), (4,3)

let (x1,y1) be (-2,1)

(x2,y2) be (4,3)

The gradient is positive

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(i ) (-4,4), (-3,-3)

let (x1,y1) be (-4,-4)

(x2,y2) be (-3,-3)

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m= -7
The gradient is negative

(m) (0,0), (-3,4)

let (x1,y1) be (0,0)

(x2,y2) be (-3,4)

The gradient is negative

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(n) (99,6), (119,1)

let (x1,y1) be (99,0)

(x2,y2) be (119,1)
M

The gradient is negative

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(o) (0.64,-1.62), (1.36,-0.62)

let (x1,y1) be (0.64,-1.62)

(x2,y2) be (1.36,-0.62)

M
(x, y), (2, 1) m= 2

m=0
The gradient is
zero 2(2-x) = 1(1-y)
4-2x = 1-y
4 -2x =1-y
y=1-4+2x
EXERCISE 10.3 y= -3+2x
1. a) (2,1) with gradient 2. ∴y = 2x - 3.

b) (0,5) with gradient -2

(x, y), ( 0, 5) m = -2

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y = -3x

f) (-3 , -3) and y- intercept 1/2

Solution
(-3, -3)(x, y) y - intercept =1/2
-2(0 – x) = 1(5-y)
Y = mx + c
0+2x = 5 –y
(-3, -3),(x, y)
y= 5 -2x
substitute (-3,-3) to y = mx +c
∴ y= -2x + 5
c) (1,-3) with gradient -3
(x, y) , (1, -3) m = - 3

-3 – y = 3 - 3x
-y = - 3 + 3x + 3
-y = 3x
y= -3x
g) ( 6, 2) and y intercept -2
d) (-2, -4) with gradient 3/2 (6, 2), (0, -2)
(x, y) (-2 , -4) m = 3/2
= =

3(-2 – x) = 2(-4 – y)
-6 – 3x = -8 – 2y
Gradient = 2/3
2y = 6 + 3x - 8
Arbitrary

= + (x,y), (6,2)

3(2-y) = (6-x)
e) (0, 0 ) with gradient -3
6-3y = 12 - 2x
(x,y) (0,0) m = -3
-3y = 12 - 6-2x
= = -3y = 6- 2x
-3(0 – x) = 1(0 – y)
0 +3x = 0 – y
y = 0 – 3x
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0 = 2-y
y=2

j) (5,5) and y-intercept 0

(5,5) (0,0)
h) (-1 , -1 ) and y - intercept - 1/3

(-1, -1) and (0, -1/3)

y = 5-5 + x
Arbitrary point = (x,y)
y=x
(x,y), (-1,-1)

(2) (i) y – intercept -2 , gradient 1

(0, - 2) gradient 1
Arbitrary (x, y)

2(-1-x) = 3(-1-y)
-2-2x=-3-3y y–0 = y + 2
3y=-3+2+2x x = y+2
3y=-1+2x y=-2+x
(ii) y-intercept 7,gradient 3/4
(0,7), (x,y) , gradient 3/4

i) (1,2) and y-intercept = 2

(1,2), (0,2)

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iii) y-intercept -16, gradient 4

(0,-16), (x,y) m = 4

4x-0 = y +16
-y =-4x +16
y = 4x -16 ii) 14x + 3y = 12
y = 4x - 16

iv) y-intercept 2, gradient is -10

iii) 2x=5 +y
x=0
2x = 5 + y, y=0-5, y =-5
y = 2x -5
y =2x-5
Gradient = 2
3 (i) 7x + 4y = 11 y- intercept = (0,2)

iv) 4x +5y= 40

x=0

5y= -4x + 40

Alternatively
7x +7y = 11
4y = -7x +11

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y = 24x
y = 24 (0)
y=0
y = -8x X -3 = 24x
y = 24x + 0

Gradient = 24

y-intercept = (0,0)

vi) 6x =5-2y 4. x-intercept , y=0

x=0 5x + 6(0) - 60 = 0
5x - 60 = 0 + 60

x= 12
X- intercept = (12,0)

Gradient = -3 Y- intercept, x=0

5(0) + 6y - 60 = 0
5x - 60 = 60

y = 10
y-intercept = (0,10)

Area = 60 square units

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EXERCISE 10.4
1. (i) 2x + y = 5
4x - y = 7

x=4
Let find the value of y by taken equation one
5x -2y = 16
x=2 5 x 4 - 2xy =16
2x + y =5 20 - 2y = 16
2 (2) + y = 5 -2y = 16 - 20
4+y=5
y = 5-4
y=1 y=2
x = 4 and y = 2
x =2 and y = 1
(iv) 8x + 5y = 40
(ii). 3x + y = 6 9x + 5y = 5
5x + y =6

x+0 = 35
x = 35
let find the value of y by taken one equation
x=1
from 3x + y = 6 8 x 35 + 5y =40
3x1+y=6 280 + 5y = 40
3 +y = 6
y = 6-3
y=3 y = -48
x = 1 and y = 3 x = 35 and y = -48

(iii) 5x -2y = 16 (v). 7x -4y = 17

x+2=8 5x -4y = 11

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2. (i) 3x -2y = 5
Let find the value of y taken one equation 7x 2x +y = 8
- 4y = 17
3x - 2y = 5...............(i)
2x + y = 8................(ii)
y=8 - 2x .................(iii)

put eqn (iii) into (iv)

3x -2x (8 -2x) = 5
3x - 16 + 4x = 5
3x + 4x -16 =5
7x = 5 + 16

x=3
y= 8-2 x3
y= 8-6
(vi) 0.7x - 0.5y = 2.5 y=2
0.7x - 03y = 2.9 x =3 and y = 2

(ii) 5x + y =23
3x - 2y = 6
0-0.2 = -0.5
0.2y = -10.4 5x - y = 23............(i)
0.2 = -10.4 3x -2y = 6.............(ii)
y=2 5x-y +y = 23 + y.
5x =23 + y
Let find the value of x by taken one equation 5x - 23 =y................(iii)

0.7x - 0.5y = 2.5 put eqn (iii) in (ii)

0.7x - 0.5(2) = 2.5
0.7x = 2.5 + 1 3x -2 (5x - 23) = 6
3x -10x + 46 = 6
-7x+ 46 = 6
7x = 6 - 46

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y = 2 and x = 8

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

(iv) 7x - y = 14
8x - 2y = 16

7x - y =11...............(i)
8x - 2y = 16 ............(ii)
7x - 14 = y ..................(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)

8x - 2x (7x - 14) = 16
8x - 14 + 28 = 16
-6x + 28 = 16
(iii). x -3y=2

4x + 2y = 36 x=2

x -3y=2 ...............(i) Let find the value of y by taken one equation

4x + 2y = 36 ............(ii)
x=2 + 3y .................(iii) y = 7 x2 = 14
y = 14 -14 = 0
put eqn (iii) in (ii) y=0

4 (2 + 3y) + 2y = 36 x = 2 and y =o
8 + 12y +2y = 36
8 + 14y = 36
14y = 36 -8 (v) 7x + y = 14
8x - 2y =6

y=2
7x + y =14................(i)
8x - 2y = 6............... (ii)
Let find the value of x by taken one equation
y = 14 - 7x ...............(iii)
x= 2 +3y
put eqn (iii) in (ii)
x = 2+3(2)
x = 2 +6
8x - 2(14 - 7x) =6
x=8
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8x - 28 + 14x =6
22x - 28 = 6

x=2
Let find the value of y by taken one
equation

y +2x = 6
y + 2 x2 = 6
y +4 =6
y = 6-4
y =2

x =2 and y = 2

(ii) 8m- n = 38
m - 3n = -1

x = -90
Let find the value of y by taken one equation

n=2

Let find the value of m by taken one equation

m -3 = -1
x = -90 and y = 27 m-3 X 2 = -1
m-6 = -1
m = -1 + 6
3. (i) 3y - x = 4 m = 6-1
y + 2x = 6 m=5

n = 2 and m = 5

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= -3 +1
(iii) 5x - 2y = 10 x = -2
-x + 3y = 24
x= -2 and y = 1

(ii). x -2y = 6
x + 2y = 2

x - 2y = 6 ....................(i)
x + 2y = 2 ...................(ii)
Let find the value of y by taken one equation x =6 + 2y ....................(iii)
5 x 6 - 2y = 10
30 - 2y = 10 put eqn 3 into eqn 2

-2y = 10 -30 6 + 2y +2y = 2

6 + 4y = 2
4y = 2 -6

y = 10

x = 6 and y = 10
y = -1
4. (i) x -y = -3
x = 6 + 2x -1
2x - y = -5
x = 6 + -2
x= 4
x-y = -3 ....................(i)
2x - y = -5 ................(ii)
x = 4 and y = -1
x=-3 + y ...................(iii)

(iii) 3x - 4y = -11
put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii) 2x + 3y = 16
2(-3 + y) - y= -5
-6 + 2y - y = -5
y - 6 = -5
y = -5 + 6
y=1 6x -4y = -11 ..................(i)
6x + 3y = 16..................(ii)
x = -3 + y 6x = -11 + 4y ................(iii)
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put eqn (iii) into (ii)

-11 + 4y + 3y = 16 6x = 96 +9x -36
-11 + 7y = 16 6x = 96 - 324
7y = 16 +11

x = -38 and y = -36

(v) 5a -5b = 7
2a - 4b = 2

10a-5b =7 .............(i)
10a -4b = 2 .............(ii)
10a = 7 + 5b .............(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)i

7 +5b -4b= 2
(iv) 2x - 3y = 32 7 + b =2
3x - 4y = 30 b =2-7
b = -5
10a = 7+5x -5
10a = 7 + -25
10a =7 - 25
6x - 9y =96..............(i)
6x - 8y = 60..............(ii)
6x = 96 + 9y .............(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)

96 + 9y -8y =60
96 + y =60
y = 60 - 96 5. (i) 10u + 3v - 4 = 0
y= -36 6u + 2v - 2 = 0
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10u + 3v = 4
6u + 2v = 2

let find the value of x by taken one equation

let find the value of u by taken equation
10u + 3v =4
10u + 3 (-2) = 4
10u -6 = 4
10u = 4 +6
10u = 10

v = -2 and u = 1

(iii) 3x + 3y =15
(ii) x - y=1 2x + 5y = 14

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

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3x + 3y =15 Let find the value of x by taken one equation

x+y=5
x+2=5
x= 5-2
x=3
x = 3 and y = 2

(iv) 7x -3y = 15
5x - 2y = 19

y = 58
Let find the value of x taken one equation
7x -3y =15
7x - 3 x 68 = 15
7x - 204 =15

2x + 4y = 48..................... (ii)

Now you can take equation (i) and (ii) to

solve the equation
(v). x + y =5
x - y =1 3x-4y =12
2x+ 4y = 48

y=2 x = -9
Let find the value of y by taken one equation
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3x – 4y =3 x + 3y = 1 ...............(i)
3(-9) -4y = 3
-27 – 4y = 3
-4y = 3 + 27

y = -7.3 and x = - 9

EXERCISE 10.5

1. Let the numbers be x and y Let find the value of y

x+3y =1

2y = 80

y = 40
let find the value of x
x + y = 109
x + 40 = 109
x = 109 - 40
3. Let the girls number be x and the boys
x = 69
be y
The two numbers are 69 and 40

2. let the first number be x

let the second number be y
x = 16
let find the value of x
x + y = 36
16 + y = 36
y = 20

The girls are 16 and boys are 20

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4. let the length be x and the width be y The pencils are 50 and pens are 80

6. let paul,s money be x

let john's money be y

Let find the value of y

2x -3y = 1
2 x 2 -3y = 1
4 - 3y = 1

y=1
The length =2cm and width = 1cm

5. Let the pencils be x and pen be y

y = 1500

Let find the value of x

x = 50

Let the value of x

x = 2200
4x + 5y = 600 Paul's money = 2200 shs and John's money
4 x 50 + 5y = 600 = 1500 shs
200 +5y = 600
5y =600 -200
7. let the price of the sheep be a
Let the price of goat be = b
y = 80

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Consider the diagram below

2a = 100

a = 50
let find the value of b

3a + 4b = 290
3 x 50 + 4b = 290
150 + 4b = 290
4b = 290 - 150 There are two lengths of 6m, and two of 9m
Add these 6m + 6m + 9m + 9m = 30m
The perimeter is 30m

b = 35
2. find the perimeter of the following shapes

The price of sheep = a

The price of goat = b
They bought 1 goat at 35 shs and 1 sheep at
50shs

CHAPTER 7:
PERIMETERS AND
AREA
PERIMETER:
The perimeter is the length of a closed curve.
It is measured in centimeters, meter,
kilometer etc
To find the perimeter of a shape, add the
length of the sides which enclose it.
Example:
1. Find the perimeter of rectangle which is 6m
by 9m
solution

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Solution The perimeter of a circle is the length of its

(a) The Perimeter = 4m +6m +10m +12m circumference.
=32m
The perimeter is 32m
If c is the circumference, d is the diameter,
(b) For the triangle then the result is

Multiplying across by d, it become d

If radius r is given, then

The perimeter = 4cm + 5cm +7cm NOTE:

= 16cm
The perimeter = 16cm
(a) In the figure below find the value of p if
the perimeter is 24cm
Example
1) A Circular running track has radius 6cm.
What is the length of the track?
Solution

Take
C=2x 3.14x6
solution. C=37.68cm
The perimeter = 5cm +6cm +P cm +P cm
24 =16cm +2Pcm
2Pcm = 24cm - 16cm
2Pcm = 8cm (a) Circumference 88m
(b) Circumference 210m

P=4
Circumference of circles:
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Solution: Area = length x width

= a units x b units
= ab units square
Example:
1. The length of a rectangle is 55cm, and the
length is 8cm. What is the area?.
Solution:

28m
The diameter d = 28m

Area = length x width

= 55cm x 8cm
= 440cm2
The area of a rectangle
= 440cm2

2. The area of a rectangle is 2470m2,

and the length is 65m, what is the width .
Solution
Given Area =
2470m2

Length = 65m
AREA:- But Area =
The area of a shape is the one that gives how length x width
much surface it covers. 2470m2 =
Area is measured in square centimeters 65m x width
(cm) 2, square meters (m) 2, and square
kilometer (km) 2..........
Rectangle:-
consider the figure below
Width
= 38m
The width of the
rectangle is 38m.
Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram = base x height
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If base is b and height is h Consider the triangle below:-

Then Area = bh

The height of parallelogram is the

perpendicular height.

Example
The parallelogram has base 15cm and height
22mm.What is its area? give your answer in
cm

Example:
find area of triangle of below

Height = 22mm
10cm = 10mm
? = 22mm

= 2.2 cm
9m2
But Area = base x height The area = 9m2
= 15cm x 2.2 cm TRAPEZIUM
= 33cm2 consider the parallel side of a trapezium
The area of a parallelogram = 33cm2 are a and b as shown below
2. A rhombus has side 1.2m and height 0.8m.
What are its areas?

Solution
But Area = base x height
=1.2m x 0.8m
= 0.96m2
The area of a rhombus = 0.96m2
Triangle:-

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Then

Example; Find the area of the Trapezium

below

If the circle has the diameter d as shown

below
Solution

Where b = 20cm + 6cm

b = 26cm
a = 20cm
h = unknown

Then its area is

Since, d = r x r
d = 2r

Area =184cm2
Area of a circle:-
Consider a circle with radius r shown below

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Example:-
Find the area of the circle with the following
measurement

(a) Diameter 8m
(b) Radius 3cm
(c) Diameter 0.2km
Solution

2. find the area of these shapes

EXERCISE
1. find the perimeter of the shapes

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Area = 2m x 1.5m
= 3.0m2
Area = 3m2

Area = 6m2

3. A ball of radius 5m rolls along the

ground 100 times ,
a) How far has it traveled? a) It Rolls 100 times.
b) How many times must the ball roll for Rolling 1 time cover 31.4m
it to cover 157m? Rolling 100 times it will cover 31.4m x 100
(Take =3.14) = 3140m
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE 1 It will cover 3140m
1. a) Perimeter = 2.5cm + 8cm + 10cm +
3cm b) For the ball to cover 157m, it will roll x
Perimeter = 23.5cm times
b) Perimeter of triangle = 8cm + 6cm
+5cm

Perimeter =
19cm

c) Perimeter =2 (12cm + 7cm)

= 2 x 19cm
Perimeter = 38cm
2. a) Area = base x height x= 5
Base = 2m, height = 1.5m The ball will rolls 5 times.

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CHAPTER 8:

RATIO, PROFIT
AND LOSS
Ratio:- the ratio of number p and q is p:q or
p ÷ q or p/q
Examples:
1. Joha and Siwenza shared 4,000 shillings
between them. It Joha received 15,000
shillings and Siwenza got 25,000 shillings,
Question:
Find the ratio of the amounts they received:
1. complete the following
Solution:
(a) 12 : __ = 3 : 7
Joha : Siwenza
(b) 4 : 9 = ___ :63 solution
15,000: 25,000
(a) 12 : __ = 3 : 7
or
15,000 = 15 = 3
25,000 = 25 = 5
3:5
The ratio of the amount they received is
3:5
2. Express 6:4 in lowest terms
Solution
6 : 4 it can be written as
6/4 = 3/2
6:4 in its lowest term is 3:2
3. Complete the following ratio (b) 4 : 9 = ___ :63
(a) 9 : 24 = 3
(b) 15 : 39 = 15 solution
Solution

(a) 9 : 24 = 3 4 : 9 = ___ : 63

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3 of 156 is 39
12

4 x 156 = 52
12

4 of 156 is 52
12
5 x 156 = 65
12
5 of 156 is 65
12
Proportions

1. Divide 120 shillings the ratio 3 : 7 Question

Solution 1. Juma, Ali, Mary and Kalo have 300, 100,

3 + 7 = 10 500 and 600 shaves in a cooperative shop
3 x 120 = 36 shs respectively. Divide 150,000 shs among
10 them in the ratio of their shaves

7 x 120 = 84 shs Solution

10 300, 100, 500 and 600
= 300 + : 100 + : 500 + : 600
Therefore 3 of 120 is 36 shs = 3: 1: 5: 6
10 = 3: 1 : 5: 6
= 3 + 1 + 5 + 6 = 15
7 of 120 is 84 shs = 3 x 150,000 ÷ 30,000
10 15
= Juma hot 30,000 shs
2. divide 156 in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5 1/15 x 150,000 = 10,000
Ally got 10,000 shs
solution 3:4:5
3 + 4 + 5 = 12 5/15 x 150,000 = 30,000
Mary gor 50,000 shs
+ 7 = 10
3 x 156 = 39 6/15 x 150,000 = 60,000
12 Kalo got 60,000 shs

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PROFIT AND LOSS

Profit = Selling price - buying price (b) Solution
Loss = Buying price - selling price Loss made = 200,000/=
Buying price =800,000/=
Percentage profit = profit made x 100% The percentage loss
buying price = loss made x 100%
Buying price
Percentage loss = loss made x 100% =200,000 x 100%
buying price Example:- 800,000
1. A ration is bought for 24,000 shs and = 1 x 100%
sold for 36,000 shs. Find 4
(a) The profit made = 25%
(b) The percent profit
Solution Question
(a) Buying price = 24,000/= 1.A house was sold a profit of 900,000. If its
Selling price = 36,000/= late of the profit is 37 1/2. Find the lost
The profit made (buying price) of the house
= Selling price - buying price
= 36,000/= - 24,000/= Solution
= 12,000/= Profit made = 900,000
The percentage profit = 37 1/2
(b) The percentage profit Buying price = ?
= profit made x 100%
Buying price profit made x 100%
= 12,000 x 100% Buying price
24,000 37 1/2 = 900,000 x 100%
= ½ x 100% 1 buying price
= 50% B = 900,000 x 100%
2. A dealer paid 800,000/=for a machine 37 1/2
and solid it the following year for 600,000/=
Find: (a) the loss made = 900,00 x 100
(b) the percentage loss 75/2
(a) Solution
The loss made = 900,000 x 2
= Buying price – selling price 1 75
Buying price = 800,000/=
Selling price = 600,000/= = 180000000
800,000 - 600,000 75
= 200,000/= = 2,400,000/=

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2. A dealer paid sh. 20,000 for 10 books. He = 250 sh

sold 2/5 of them at 3000 each and the
remaining at 2500 each. What was his (c) buying price = 2000sh
percentage profit? selling price =1400sh
Solution loss = buying - selling
2/5 x 10 = 4 = 2000sh - 1400sh
4 x 3,000 = 12,000 shs. = 600sh
1/3 - 2/5 = 3/5 2. Find the buying price of an article which
3/5 x 10 = 6 is sold at:-
6 x 2500 = 15,000 shs (a) 98000sh at a profit of 40%
12,000shs + 15,000 shs (b) 30,000 sh at profit of 16%
= 27,000 shs
Profit = Selling - Buying piece (c) 108,500 sh at profit of 7%
= 27,000 shs - 20,000 shs
= 7,000 shs. (a) Solution
Percentage profit = Profit made Buying price = ?
Buying price Selling price = 98000 sh
7,000 x 100% Percentage profit = 40%
20,000 But percentage profit
= 7000 = Profit made x 100%
200 Buying price
= 35 % 40% = Profit made x 100%
Percentage is 35% Buying price
40% = profit made
Question 100 Buying price
1.Find the profit or loss when an article But profit made = S. P - B .P
bought for 2/5 = Selling - Buying
(a) 4000 sh and sold at 48000/= Business price
(b) Sh. 1250 and sold at 1500/= 2/5 = 98000 - B
Solutions B
(a) The profit made = Selling price - 2 X B = 5 ( 98000 - B)
buying price 2B = 490000 - 5B
buying price = sh 4000 2B + 5B = 490,000
selling price = sh 4800 7B = 490,000
profit = selling - buying 7 7B
= sh 4800 - 4000
= sh 800
(b) buying price = 1250sh B = 70,000 sh
selling price = sh 1500
profit = selling - buying Therefore Buying price = 70,000sh
profit = sh 1500 - sh 1250
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But the percentage profit = profit made x

(b) Solution 100%
Buying price (BP) buying price
Selling price (SP) = 30,000/=
Percentage profit (PP) = 16% 7% = profit made
PP = PM X 100% 100% buying price
BP
PM = SP - BP But the profit made
= selling price - buying price
16% = (SP - BP )100% 7 = selling price - buying price
BP 100 buying price
BP X 16% = (30,000 – BP X 100%)BP
BP 7 = 108,000 - B
16%BP = (30,000 - BP) 100% 100 B
100%
7 x B = 100(108,500 - B)
16BP = 30000 - BP
100 1 7B = 108,500 - 100B

100B + 7B = 108,500
4BP = 25(30,000 – BP)
4BP = 750,000 – 25 BP 107B = 108,500
4BP + 25BP = 750,000 107 107
29BP = 750,000
29 29 B = 10140.19sh

Therefore The buying price of an article is

BP = 750,000 10140.19sh
29
BP = 25862.7
3. find the article which is bought for
Therefore the buying price of an article is 25,000 sh and sold at profit of 24%
25862.07shs
solution

(c) 108,500 sh at profit of 7%

Data given ;
Data given : Buying price = 25,000sh
selling price = 108,500sh profit percentage = 24%
profit percentage = 7% selling price = ?
buying price = ? but profit percentage
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profit made x 100%

buying price 40 x 180,000
100
24% = profit made x 100%
buying price = 40 x 1,800
= 72,000 sh
24 = profit made Then 180,000 sh + 72,000 sh
100% buying price = 252,000 sh

But profit made Therefore Selling price of machine is

252,000 sh
= selling price - buying

5. At a clearance sale boots which are cost

6 = selling price - buying price 30,000 sh each were sold at a loss of 25%.
25 buying price Calculate the loss and clearance price
Solution
6 = S.P - 25,000
25 25,000 Data given :

6 X 25,000 = 25 (S.P - 25,000) buying price = 30,000

150,000 = 25S.P - 625,000
625,000 + 150,000 = 25S.P loss = 25%
775,000 = 25S.P loss made = 25% x 30,000sh
25 25 = 25 x 30,000sh
100
31,000 = S.P
= 7,500 sh
Therefore Selling price of the article is
31,000 sh The loss made of boots is 7,500 sh
Clearance price (selling price)
4. A machine losting 18000/= is sold at profit loss made = buying - selling price
of 40%. What is the selling price? 7,500sh = 30,000sh - S
7,500 - 30,00 = - S
solution -22,500 = -S
-1 -1
Data given :

buying price = 180,000 Therefore Clearance price is 22,500sh

profit percentage = 40%
selling price = ?
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100
SIMPLE INTEREST 90,000 = P x 4 x 5
1. Simple interest (1): Is the amount of money 100
paid as a profit. 90,000 = 20P
2. Principle (P): The money borrowed or 1 100
deposited or lent. 20P x 1 = 90,000 x 100
3. Rate (R) : Is the principle change per year. 20 20
4. Time (T): Period I year P = 450,000 SH
5. Amount (A): The sum of principle and The principle is 450,000 sh.
interest EXERCISE
Interest = Principle x made x Time 1. Find the percentage rate at which interest
100 on :
(a) 20,000 /= for 4 years is 2000/=
I = PRT Solution
100 Data given:
Interest = 2000/=
Examples: Principle = 20,000/=
1. Find the simple interest on 18,000 sh for 2 Time = 4 years
year at rate of 6% Rate = ?
Solution I = PRT
Data given: 100
Principle = 18,000 sh 20,000 = 200 x R x 4
Rate = 6% 100
Time = 2 years 20,000 = 800 R
Interest = ? 800 800
I = PRT 25 % = R
100 :. Rate is 25%
I = 18,000 x 6 x 2 (b) 16, 0000 /= for 3 years is 9600/=
100 Solution
I = 180 X 12 Data given
= 2,160 Interest = 96, 00/=
Therefore the simple interest is 2,160 sh Principle = 160,000/=
Time = 3 years
Rate =?
Solution: I = PRT
Data given: 100
Simple interest = 90,000 sh 9600 = 160,000 x R x 3
Rate = 4% 100
Time = 5 years 9600 = 4800 R
Principle =? 4800 4800
I = PRT 2% = R
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:. The rate is 2% Solution

2. Find the principle that would earn 54,000 Data given:
/= in 10 years at rate of 5% Principle = 80,000/=
Solution Rate = 20%
Data given Time = 1 year
Interest = 54,000/= Interest = ?
Rate = 5% But, I = PRT
Time = 10years 100
Principle = ? I = 80,000 x 20 x 1
I = PRT 100
100 = 800 X 20
54,000 = P x R 10 = 16,000
2100 The simple interest is 1,600/=
54000 = P x 2 (a) 14,000/= for 1 year at rate of 3% per
2 annul
108000 = P
:. The rate principle is 108 ,000/= Solution:-
1. Find the simple interest on 54,000/= Data given:
inverted for 18 months at the rate of 12% per Principle = 14,000/=
annum Rate = 3%
Solution Interest = 1 year
Data given But, I = PRT
Interest =? 100
Principle = 54,000/= I = 14,000 x 3 x 1
Rate = 12 100
Time = 18 months = 140 x 3
= 1 years and 6 months = 420/=
= 1 years and half The simple interest is 420/=
I = PRT 2. Find the number of year (time in year ) in
100 which the interest on:
54,000 x 12 x 1 ½ (a) 20,000/= at the rate of 4% is 4,800/=
100 Solution:
540 x 6 x Data given:
= 3,240 = Principle = 20,000/=
:. The simple interest is 3.240 /= Rate = 4%
Interest = 4,800/=
But, I = PRT
EXERCISE 2 100
1. Find the simple interest on 4,800 = 20,000 x 4 x I
(a) 80,000 sh for 1 year at rate of 20% per 100
annum 4,800 = 800T
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800 800 1 00 0
6 = T 10 0
The time is 6 years 10
(b) 50,000/= at the rate of 1% in 30,000/= 1
Solution: EXAMPLES
Data given: 1. Convert 9.17m into km
Principle = 60,000/=
Rate = 1%
Interest = 30,000
But, I = PRT
100
30,000 = 60,000 X 1 X T
100

30,000 = 600T
600 600
50 = T
2. Convert 2/51km into :-
Therefore The time is 50 years
(a) dm (b) mm (c) hm(A)

(a)

CHAPTER 9:
UNITS
UNITS OF LENGTH
Basic unit of length is meter.
Other unit are such as :-
Unit Symbol
Millimeter mm
Centimeter cm
Decimeter dm (b)
Meter m
Decameter dam
Hectametre hm
Kilometer km

Km hm dam m dm cm mm
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
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OPERATIONS ON
UNIT OF LENGTH
1. Addition
Example Add the following:-

Add

Question
1. Add together the following length (a)
785m, 97m, 605m, (b) 8dam, 9m, 2cm (Give
your answer in metre.
Solution

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SUBSTRATION
EXAMPLE

perform the following

DIVISION
Perform the following meter.

MULTIPLICATION EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES

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2. Evaluate 38m ÷ 50 = (Give your answer

in centimeter).

3. Find the following in meter

EXERCISE
2. A roil of string ps 8.3 metres long. pieces
of string of length 2.30m, 78m, 2.37m and
0.95m are cut off. The remaining part is
divided into equal pieces of length 32cm.
How many equal pieces are there?

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There are 19 pieces.

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OPERATION ON UNITS OF MASS

EXAMPLE

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12 month = 1 year

365 or 366 days = 1 year

365 or 36 days = 1 year

Time can be measured by using a clock.

There are two ways of reading time clock :-

(i) By reading time in 12 hours

(ii) By reading time in 24 hours.

60 seconds = 1 minutes

60 minutes = 1 hour
EXAMPLES
24 hour = 1 day 1. Change 25 minutes past 10 in the
following using :-
7 days = 1 week
(a) 12 hours clock
4 week = 1 month
(b) 24 hours closk
28, 29, 30 or 31 days = 1 month

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Solution:
(a) 12 hours clock

10:25am

(b) 24 hours clock

10:25 hours

2. Write the following times using a 24 -

hours clock :

(a) 6: 30 am
(b) 9: 45 p.m
. Solution:

(a) 6:30 a.m it will be in 24 hours is 0630

hours

(b) 9:45 p.m it will be in 24 hours is 2145

hours.

3. Write the following times in words using 3. Write the following times using a 24
12 hours clock :- hours clock.

(a) 2040 (a) 3:20p.m

(b) 2349 (b) 5:37 p.m

Solution : (c) 70:53 a.m

(a) 08:40 p.m Solution

It is forty minutes past eight. Twenty (a) 1520 hours

minutes to nine.
(b) 1737 hours
(b) 11:49 pm
(c) 0453 hours
It is four nine minutes past eleven .

Eleven minutes to twelve

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UNIT OF CAPACITY
The basic unit is litre (l)
Other unit are:

NOTE:
1l = 1000cm3
1k = 10000l
1? = 1000ml

Conversion of unit of capacity

EXAMPLES
Change the following into cm3:-
(a) 6.5 litre

(b) 35 litre

EXERCISE
1. One litre of cooking oil cost sh. 700. Find
the cost of 15 litres
Solution:
Sh. 700 x 15 litres
= Tsh 10,500

2. Doto sells 1 litre of milk for sh. 100. How

many litres of milk should Doto sell to get
sh. 34,800?

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FOR MATHEMATICS FREE

TOPICAL QUESTIONS

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0746222000

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CALL/TEXT 0746 222 000

mwalimuconsultancy@gmail.com

THIS IS A PROPERTY OF MWALIMU

CONSULTANCY LTD.

POWERED BY MR
ISABOKE

SUCCESS

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