-

De fini tion : Me dia n· Let X b

· ea random variable. For every num
ber M. if
P(X S M) :: 1/2 and f'(X > M ) >
x. - - l /2 I •t 1cn M 1.s caIIcd a 111cd1111
. . . .
1 of lhc d1stribu t1on of
Co rnp ute the tnedian of the follow
ing dis tributions:
I . Suppos e that X has the follow
ing disc
0.4, f'(X = 3) = 0.3 . P(X = 4) = 0.2 rete dislribution: P(X = I) = 0. I. P(X = 2) =
.
2. Sup pos e that X has the follow
ing discrete dis tribution: P(X = I )
0.2 . P(X = 3) = 0.3, P(X = 4) = 0.4 = 0.1. P(X =2) =
.
De finition (ce ntral mo ments): The
arithmetic mean of the variou s po\
about the me an in any dis trib utio ,ers of the deviation
n is called the moment of the distribu
tion .
First Moment: lfw e take the mea
n of the first po" er of the dev iations
mo me nt abo ut the me an. Fir st Mo is the first
me nt= µ 1 = l:{ X- R) = 0
N

µ 1 = E(x - E(x )) = 0

Sec ond Moment (Variance): The

mean of the squares of the deviations
is the sec ond
mo me nt abo ut the mean. Seco11d
Mome11t = µ 2 = l:{X - R )1
N

µ 2 = E(( x - £(x ))' )

• Th ird Moment: The mean of the
cub es of the deviations is the third
mo me nt abo ut
the me an. Th ird Mo me nt = µ
= r cx- x)3
3 N

• Fourth Moment: Th e mean of the

fourth power of the dev iati ons is the
. fourth
mo me nt abo ut the me an. Th ird Mome11t = ~14 = t ( X- R)'
N
Co mp ute the 2 nd , 3rd and 4 th centra
l moments of the following distrib
utions:
I • S upp ose tha t X h as the foll ow
ing dis crete distribution : P( X = l )
P(X = 3) = 0.3, P(X = 4) = 0.2. ~ 0. 1. P( X = 2) = 0.4.
2. Sup pos e tha t X has the following discre
tt: distrihution : P(X = I) = 0. I. P(X
P(X = 3) = 0 .3 . P(X = 4) = 0A. = 2) = 0.2 .
 3. be a di sc rete ra nd om
Le t va ria bl e R x - { l . 2
} an d pr ob ab ili ty m
as s func tio n
3 4 1( x • l
Px (x ) - l 4 1( :\ - :2
o otherwise

Fi nd '.!".i . 3'~ . an d 41n

ce nt ra l m om en ts.
De fin iti on : If X has
the un ifo rm d ist rib ut io
n on an in ter va l [a .
b}, th en th e p .d .f. of X
is

fo r a S x S b .
ot he rw is e
~e fi_nition:_ In an ex
pe rim en t of th ro \\i ng
:hs c re tc un ifo rm di a di e. X ( = number
str ib ut io n o n S = {1. uppear on rh ef ac e oj
2. 3. 4, 5. 6} an d its
pm f is
die) ha s a

1
f (x ) =6 _ l +l = 1/ 6, X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
W e ca n ge ne ra liz e
th is
fir st m po sit iv e in teg re su lt by let tin g_ X ha vc a discretl! un ifo
er s. so th at its pm f rm di str ib ut io n o, er
is th e

1
f( x) =m
-a + 1 , x = a, ... ... ... ... . m

I. Su pp os e th at a ra
nd om va ria bl e X ha
Fi nd th e pr ob ab ili t) s the uni form di str ib
th at X is od d . ut io n on th e in te ge rs
6 .. .. . IS .
2. Ir a ra nd om va ria bl e
X ha s th e un ifo rm db
p. d. f. o f X an d de te tri bu tio n <in th e in tc
rm in e th e valu es of n a l \- 4, 4). th en lin
P ( O s x S 2) . d th e
3. M et ro ra il se rv ice tr.1ins in th e A hm
be tw ee n 8 a. m . an d ed ab ad -G an dh in ag ar
9 p.m. W ha t is th e ro ut e ru n ev er y ha lf
pr ob ab ility th at an y ho ur
ra nd om tim e du rin pe rs on entering, th e
g th is pe rio d wi ll ha sta tio n at a
4. Th e average w ve to \\a it a l lea st 20
ei gh t th at is ga in ed m in utl!s"!
di st rib ut ed an d it ta by a pe rs on o ,.: r th
ke s ap pr ox im at e in e" in te r m on th s is un
teg er va lues from O ifo rm !}
(i) D et er m in e th e pr to IS lb!>.
ob ab ili ty m as s fu nc
( ii) Co m pu te th e m tio n of th e di~tri bu tio
ea n of th e di str ib ut n.
( iii ) Co m pu te th e pr io n.
o ba bi lit ) th at a pt:rs
month!>. on "i ll ga in be tw ee
n 4 an d 11 lb s in th
e\ \ in te r
 -
Com pute the medi an Coin nd rd
the follo wing distr ib~ti onstu te the 2 '3 and 4111 central moments
of
I. A balanced coin is tossed 3 . C .. . .
and compu te the median . limes. onstruct probab1h1y distribution for number of heads
2
· S~p:o se th at a box contains 7 red balls and 4 blue balls. If S balls
are selected at random
wit out replacement. determine the pmf o f the number of red balls
and compu te the median . that will be obtainc;\
3. A balanced coin is tossed 3 times. Construct probability distrib
ution for number of tails
and compu te the median . Find expected value and interpreted it?
4. · Suppo se that a box contains 8 red and 4 blue balloons. If S balloo
ns arc selected at random.
withou t replacement, determine the pmf of the number of red balloons
that will be obtained
and compu te the median. Find expected value and interpreted \t?
5 • Suppose that a box contains 4 red balls and 7 blue balls. If five balls
are selected at random.
withou t replacement. determine the pmf of th-.: number or blue balls
that will be obtained
and compute the median. Find expected value and interpreted it?
6. Suppo se that a box contains seven red balloons and three blue
balloons. If five balls are
selected at random. without replacement. determine the pmf of the numbe
r of blue balloo ns
that will be obtain ed and compu te the median. Find expected value
and interpreted it?
7. Suppo se that a box contains 4 red marbles and 6 blue marble
s. If live marble s are selected
at random , withou t replacement. determ ine the pmf of the number of
blue marble s that will
be obtain ed and compu te the median. Find expect ed value and interpr
eted it?
8. Seven thousand lottery tickets are sold for $S each. One ticket will
win $2.000 . two tickets
wi 11 win $750 each, and five tickets will win $ I 00 each. Let X denote the
net gain from the
purcha se of a random ly selecte d ticket. Constr uct the probab ility
distrib ution of X. Find
expec ted value and interpreted it and compu te the media n.
9. One thousa nd raffle tickets are sold for $1 each. Each has an equal
chanc e of winnin g. First
prize is $300, secon d prize is $200. and third prize is$ I 00. Let X denote
the net gain from
the purchase of one ticket. Const ruct the probabilit) distrih ution of
X. Find expec ted value
and interp reted it and compu te the median.
I 0. A Ii re insura nce compa ny will sell a $200,000 one-ye ar term
Ii fe insura nce policy to an
indivi dual in a partic ular risk group for a premium of$ I 95. Let
X denote the net gain to
the comp any from the sale of one such polic~ . Find the pmf if a
person in this risk group
has a 99.97 % chance of surviv ing one year. Find expec ted value
and interp reted it and
comp ute the media n.
11. Suppo se that two balanc ed dice arc rolled . and let X denot e the
absolu te value of the
differ ence betwe en the two numb ers that appea r. Determ ine the
pmf of X. Find expec ted
value and interp reted it and compu te the media n.
12. Suppo se that t\\ o balanc ed dice arc rolled . and let X denote the
, alue of the differ ence
betwe en the two numb ers that appea r. Determ ine the pmf o r X.
Find expec ted value and
interp reted it and comp ute the media n.
13. A civil engin eer is studyi ng a le fl- tum lane that is long enoug h to
hold 7 cars. Let X denot e
the numb er of cars left in the lane al the end of rando mly chose
n red light. The engin eer
 bc lic ,c s that th e pr
obnbilil\ 1ha1 X = xi
(Lhe possible va lues s proponional lo (x +
or 1)(8 - X) fo r x = O. I.
compute lhe median X)." Find the pm f for X. Find ex pected ·; · ' 7
14 . value and in terpre ted 11 0n d
· Sele ct iive card
s at random nnd "i 1h
ca rd s. Le t X denote out r..:placeme111 fro
the number of hear m .in ordinary deck
_ function (pml) of ts in the five cards. ~r. pl aying
1::>. Select X . Find expected va Find the probability
6 ca rd s at random an lu e and interpreted it an mass
d withoul rep lacemen d compute th c me~ia
Let X dcnote the nu t from an ordinary de n.
m be r of queens in th ck of playi~g ca rds.
of X. Find cxpect'-'CI e 6 card s. Find the probabili
16 · Roll a , alue and interprete ty mass function (p m
fair die t\\ ice. Let X d it an d compute the median. t)
numbe r,. . Find the pr bc the random varia
obabilit) mass functio ble that gives the m
n de sc ribing the di str aximum of the two
'a lu e and interprete ibution of X . Fi nd ex
d it and compute the pe ct ed
I 7. An um contains median.
five green balls. two
at rand 0 m w ith out blue balls. and thre e
replacement. Let x re d bal Is. You remov
denote the number of e three ba lls
m ass function de sc red balls. Find the pr
co m pu te th e media rib in g th e di str ibution of X. Find ex ooability
18 n. pected value and in
terpreted it an d
· A~ um co ntai ns 3
1th green. 2 blue balls.
~ ~u t replacemen and 3 red marbles.
L Let X denote the You pi ck 3 marbles
number of blue mar at ra nd om
nc uo n de sc ribing bles. Find the probab
co m pu te the m ed ia th e di str ib ut ion of X. Find expe ility m as s
19 n. cted valu e and inte
rpre te d it an d
· Y ou dr aw 9 ca rd s
from a standard deck
nu m be~ of ac es in of 52 cards without
)'O ur hand . Find the replacement. Let X
of X. Find ex pe ct ed pr obability mas s func de no te the
20- A va lu e and interprete tion de scribing th e di
:.s um e that X repr d it and compute th stribution
es en ts the differenc e m ed ian.
t~ ils ob ta in ed \\h en e be l\\ ee n the numbe
a co in is tossed 6 ti r of he ad s and the nu
Fi nd ex pe ct ed valu m es. Find all the po m be r of
e and interpreted it ssible va lues of X.
21 . A n urn ho ld s 5 and compute the med an d PM F?
white an d 3 black m ian.
re pl ac em en t an d X arbles . If 2 marbles
de no te s the nu m be are to be dr a\ \ n at ra
r of white marbles , nd om \\ ith ou t
fo r X . Fi nd ex pe ct find the probabilit)
ed va lu e an d interp di st rib ut io n
22 . A n um ho ld s reted it an d compute
5 w hi te an d 6 blac the m edian.
re plac em en t an d X k marbles. 1f 3 mar
bles are to be drawn
de no te s 1he nu m be at random \\ ith ou t
fo r X . Fi nd ex pe ct r of black marbles, fmd
ed va lu e and in te rp th e pr ob abi\ity di st rib ut io n
23 . A n um ho ld s re ted it and co mpute
5 w hi te . 6 gr ee n an d 3 th e m ed ia n.
w ith ou t re pl ac em bl ac k marbles. lf 3
en t an d X de no te marbl es ar e to be dr
s th e aw n at ra nd om
di st ri bu tio n fo r X nu m be r of green m ar b\ es
. Fi nd ex pe cted va , find th e pr ob ab ili
24 . A n um ho ld s lu e an d interpreted ty
S w hi te . 7 re d an d 3 il an d com pu te th e med
bl ac k m ar bl es. If 2 m ia n.
w ith ou t re pl ac em ar bl es ar e to be dr
en t an d X de no te aw n at ra nd om
di st ri bu tio n fo r X s th e nu m be r of red m ar bl es
. Fi nd ex pe ct ed va . lin d the pr ob ab ili
lu e an d in te rp re te d ty
z
25 . Le t be a ra nd om
va ri ab le gi vi ng th it an d co m pu te th e m ed ia
n.
to ss es of a fa ir e nu m be r of he ad
co in . Fi nd th e pr s mim.1s th e nu m be
ob ab ili t ) di st rib ut r of ta i\s in 2
in te rp re te d it an d io n o r l. Find ex
co m pu te th e m ed ia pe ct ed va \u e and
n.
-
26 . An urn con t am .
s 5 ma n' es and 4 n I . . . If the nu mb er
o f ap ple s tak . a rango m var iab l ~p e~. T_h rcc lru1 1s nre lokcn 111 rundom ed
val ue d . en IS do
c. th cn Iind the probnbilil} distrihuti on. Find exp ect
an int e rprete d it and co
27 A mpute the median. .
. n urn con tai ns 5 111 angocs and 4 a . rundom. Ir the nu mb er
of d , ppl es. Th ree fru11s arc taken nl
ma ng oes tak en is ran on. Find exp ected
ed
8
it ~Il l var iab le, the n find the probnbility dis tributi
va lue and int erp ret
o bal ls are h an com pu te the me dia n. . . pp ose
28 . Tw c ose n ran dom! Y Iirom an urn con1n1111n g 3 red and 4 hlaok bolls. Su ed .
tha t we wi n 15 f Fi enc h blu ck bol l sel ect
h or eac h red bal l sel ected a nd we los e , 10 for . ed val ue nnd
If X de no t t e wi n ·
es. . d the val ues o f X an d pm f! Fmd exp ect
d nm g a mo unt . lin ·
l·nt c rpr ete II and co mp ute the me dian.
" T and 4 bla ck baits. Su pp ose
2 ~- wo bal ls are c h ose n ran do ml y from an urn con tai nin g 3 red
red bal l sel ected .
I ed oml we los e t IO for eac h
I lat we win ~ 15 for eac h bla ck bal l sel ect
Find exp ec ted va lue Md
fin d the values or X an d p111/:J
! f X de no tes the w inn ing am ou nt
the me dia n .
tnte_rpreted it an d co mp ute and · 3' on rem ain ing
ma rke d · 1 · on on e face. ·2• o n 1w o of its fuces.
JO. A SIX s ide d die is s. lin d the
ow n twi ce. If X de no tes the lot.ii sco re in tw o thr ow
th ree fac es. Th e die is thr ret ed it and co mp ute
m var iab le and pm .
/ Fin d ex pe cte d value and int erp
va lue s o f the ran do
the me dia n. on rem ain ing
d ' 2' on on e fac e, ·3· on tw o of its faces. an d ·4·
rke
3 1. A six sid ed die is ma X de no tes the to tal sco re
in tw o thr ow s. 11nd the
th row n tw ice . If
three fac es. Th e die is a nd co mp ute
ble and pm f Fi nd ex pec ted val ue a nd int erp ret e d it
va lue s o f the ran do m va ria
the me dia n .