We can define history as everything that has happened in the past or an account of the past

According to Mark Lytle - History is not what happened in the past; rather, it is the act of selecting, analyzing, and
writing about the past
Analysis = Interpretation
Selection – Gathering – Analyzation - Interpretation – Conclusion
The interpretation becomes a creation based on the events that took place in the past.

An act of creation is based on an individualistic perspective. With individualism, certain factors may have affected or
influenced the writer’s views. These views would create history out of history.
An act of recreating means to give new life and meaning to the forgotten past. This recreation is one way of innovative
interpretation to allow the new generation to engage in discovering the meaning and significance of the past.
Types of History:
Factual History -
: means that it is something that can be proven or has already been proven by some means.
: to show proof and validity
: it tries to analyze by answering the 3Wh questions.
Speculative History -
: means that it is something that can be viewed from a different theoretical perspective or lens.
: answering the questions “why” and “how”.
: inquiry that uses counterfactual speculation of historical events to reflect our present society and the
social construct of memory.
Monumental History –
: common to those people who have made significant achievements and contributions to society,
especially to the country.
: the way to make the experience of a great life is to leave something for your memory to last forever.
Antiquarian History –
: gives reverence to the past, like the saving of the old buildings.
: the purpose of this antiquarian history is to preserve the past for current and future admiration.
Critical History –
: selects the best from the past to create and build a better future.
: the critical historian interrogates and ultimately condemns the past. It is where we try to look and
analyze the stories told about the past and shift those events that are worthy of continuation in the present.

Uses of History
History can be influential and shaping human affairs
History provides informed perspective about the world
History is a guide to making judgment
History provides a better understanding of the present situation
Historiography
: it is the study of historical writing, a method of doing historical research that focuses on gathering
documents from various sources to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.
: the term is derived from the Greek word “historia” which means past and “graphia” which means to
write.
Classification of Sources
Primary Sources –
: first-hand accounts
: accounts are written by the ones who witnessed as the events transpired
: memoirs, diaries, and personal journals of individuals
: some primary sources are also written by the other individuals on behalf of the witnesses of an events
Secondary Sources –
: a derivative of primary sources that may provide interpretations, reflections, criticisms, etc. of it.
: textbooks that compile and provide interpretations of historical events are great examples of secondary
sources.
Intentional Sources –
: intentional sources were created solely to leave the information for other people or next generation.
Unintentional Sources –
: unintentional sources were created without that intent of leaving the information for other people or
the next generation.

Written Source –
: written documents are usually seen as the best source.
1. Narrative or literary Source: documents that follows a narrated chronology for a variety of motives. This
category may include diaries, memoirs, even novels, and poetry.
2. Diplomatic Sources: usually legal documents such as executive orders or court rulings. Historians view
diplomatic sources as the purest, most trustworthy, and best sources.
3. Social Documents: records form organizations and other bureaucracies. Birth, marriage, and death records
are examples of social documents.
Archaeological sources –
: archaeological evidence or material remains are also good sources of history. This is especially important
in telling people about the times when no known written form of evidence existed. This would include sculptures,
pottery, weapons, jewelry, structures, and many others.
Oral evidences –
: in the age of technology, oral evidence has also evolved in form – captured in film, video, and audio
recordings. They have lesser reliability but can be tested for it. The reliability of the oral evidence can be tested in Internally
of externally.
Internal Test – internal test is done by checking the coherence of the information content to the period, place, etc.
it is supposed to tell.
External Test – external test of the reliability of oral evidence is by knowing whether the narrator is a member of
the group that controls the transmission of the information.

Historical sources can be found anywhere. Usually, highly informative and valuable written sources can be found in
archives, while unwritten sources are usually found in museums.
1. National Museum
 2. Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas
3. National Archives of the Philippines
4.
Historical Criticism
- Is a process by which a document is subjected to validate its authenticity and reliability

External Criticism –
: external criticism is concerned with the question of the authenticity of a historical source. This is done
by identifying the author of the source, the location and time of its production, and the material’s value as evidence.
Internal Criticism –
: internal criticism is concerned with the credibility and reliability of the content of the historical source.
This centers on how the author frames the substance and message of the historical material and the firmness and
consistency of his reporting of the event.

Philippine Historiography can be divided into the pre-colonial period, the colonial period: Spanish and
American, and the post-colonial period.

Pre-Colonial Period –
: there is only limited information during this era. This is because almost all records did not survive.
: most of the writing were written on perishable materials such as bamboo or leaves.
: the first and only written documents found in the early Philippine language as of the moment is called
The Laguna Copper Inscription (LCI).
: Las Costumbres Los Tagalos En Filipinas – Pardo Tavera
: Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas – Don Cristoval Gomez
Colonial Period –
: Most of the early historians were Spanish Friars. Hence, their accounts were concentrated on the
Spanish history of the Philippines.
: Labor Evangelica, Ministeros Apostolicos De Los Obreros De La Compania De Jesus – Francisco Colin
: Map of the Archipelago – Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde
: Carta Hydrographica Y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas
1. Chinese Filipinos
2. Cafres
3. Canarin
4. Lascar
5. Filipino Mestizos
6. Mardica
7. Japon
8. Filipino Natives
: Historia General De Filipinas – Jose Montero Y Vidal
: State of the Philippine Island – Thomas de Comyn
: Biblioteca Filipina – most reliable sources of historians in writing the history of the Philippines – Pardo
de Tavera
 : The Philippine Islands – Fred Atkinson
: The commonwealth of the Philippines – George Malcolm

Post Colonial Period –

: Conrado Benitez
: Dr. Nicolas Zafra
: Dr. Gregorio Zaide
: “Pantayong Pananaw ” - Zeus Salazar

Tabon Man:
- Discovered on May 28, 1962
- Tabon Cave in Palawan
- Dr. Robert B. Fox
- Prof. F. Landa Jocano
• A professor of the UP propose his theory of earlier evolution and movements. Contradiction to
Prof. Otley Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory
Manunggul Jar:
- Dr. Robert Fox and Miguel Antonio
- 1962
- Manunggul Cave, Lipuun point, Palawan
- The main purpose of this jar is for secondary burial
Maitum Anthropomorphic Jar:
- It is anthropomorphic because these many jars try to present the human form
- Ayub Cave, Brgy. Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani
- 29 jars are found
Butuan Ivory Seal:
- 1970s
- Libertad, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte
- This ivory seal is said to have been used to stamp documents of trade and commerce in Butan during olden
days.
- “Inscripted the word “Butban” (Butuan) in the ancient writing script Kavi/Kawi/Ancient Javanese
- Made of ivory tusks made form a rhinoceros horn
- Desciphered by Dr. Antoon Postma, a Dutch expert
Butuan Silver Strip:
- Found in one wooden coffin by treasure hunters
- Proceso Gonzales
- The writing is said to be in Eskaya script originating in Bohol
- Curve using a knife
The Flying Elephant:
: Franck Goddio
: Busuanga, Palawan below sea level of Lena Shoal
: 1997
Bolinao Skull Artifact:
: Bolinao, Pangasinan
:Golden Teeth – symbolize wealth and bravery
Oton Death Mask:
: June 5, 1967
: Alfredo Evangelista and F. Landa Jocano
: protected one's body upon death against evil spirits from entering it
Callao Man:
: Cagayan Valley
: 2007
: Armand Mijares and Florent Detroit