Geometry

Chapter 7
Resource Masters
 Consumable Workbooks
Many of the worksheets contained in the Chapter Resource Masters booklets
are available as consumable workbooks.
Study Guide and Intervention Workbook 0-07-860191-6
Skills Practice Workbook 0-07-860192-4
Practice Workbook 0-07-860193-2
Reading to Learn Mathematics Workbook 0-07-861061-3

ANSWERS FOR WORKBOOKS The answers for Chapter 7 of these workbooks

can be found in the back of this Chapter Resource Masters booklet.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America. Permission is granted to reproduce the
material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only
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ISBN: 0-07-860184-3 Geometry

Chapter 7 Resource Masters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03
 Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Lesson 7-6
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 381–382
Proof Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Lesson 7-1
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 385
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 351–352
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Lesson 7-7
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 355
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 387–388
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Lesson 7-2
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 391
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 357–358
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Chapter 7 Assessment
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 361
Chapter 7 Test, Form 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 393–394
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Chapter 7 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . 395–396
Chapter 7 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . 397–398
Lesson 7-3
Chapter 7 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . 399–400
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 363–364
Chapter 7 Test, Form 2D . . . . . . . . . . . 401–402
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Chapter 7 Test, Form 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 403–404
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Chapter 7 Open-Ended Assessment . . . . . . 405
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 367
Chapter 7 Vocabulary Test/Review . . . . . . . 406
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chapter 7 Quizzes 1 & 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Lesson 7-4 Chapter 7 Quizzes 3 & 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 369–370 Chapter 7 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Chapter 7 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Chapter 7 Standardized Test Practice . 411–412
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 373 Unit 2 Test/Review (Ch. 4–7) . . . . . . . . 413–414
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 First Semester Test (Ch. 1–7) . . . . . . . 415–416

Lesson 7-5 Standardized Test Practice

Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 375–376 Student Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2–A34
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 379
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Glencoe Geometry

 Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 7 Resource Masters
The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the resources
you use most often. The Chapter 7 Resource Masters includes the core materials needed
for Chapter 7. These materials include worksheets, extensions, and assessment options.
The answers for these pages appear at the back of this booklet.
All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in the
Geometry TeacherWorks CD-ROM.

Vocabulary Builder Pages vii–viii Skills Practice There is one master for
include a student study tool that presents each lesson. These provide computational
up to twenty of the key vocabulary terms practice at a basic level.
from the chapter. Students are to record
definitions and/or examples for each term. WHEN TO USE These masters can be
You may suggest that students highlight or used with students who have weaker
star the terms with which they are not mathematics backgrounds or need
familiar. additional reinforcement.

WHEN TO USE Give these pages to Practice There is one master for each
students before beginning Lesson 7-1. lesson. These problems more closely follow
Encourage them to add these pages to their the structure of the Practice and Apply
Geometry Study Notebook. Remind them to section of the Student Edition exercises.
add definitions and examples as they These exercises are of average difficulty.
complete each lesson.
WHEN TO USE These provide additional
Vocabulary Builder Pages ix–x practice options or may be used as
include another student study tool that homework for second day teaching of the
presents up to fourteen of the key theorems lesson.
and postulates from the chapter. Students
are to write each theorem or postulate in Reading to Learn Mathematics
their own words, including illustrations if One master is included for each lesson. The
they choose to do so. You may suggest that first section of each master asks questions
students highlight or star the theorems or about the opening paragraph of the lesson
postulates with which they are not familiar. in the Student Edition. Additional
questions ask students to interpret the
WHEN TO USE Give these pages to context of and relationships among terms
students before beginning Lesson 7-1. in the lesson. Finally, students are asked to
Encourage them to add these pages to their summarize what they have learned using
Geometry Study Notebook. Remind them to various representation techniques.
update it as they complete each lesson.
WHEN TO USE This master can be used
Study Guide and Intervention as a study tool when presenting the lesson
Each lesson in Geometry addresses two or as an informal reading assessment after
objectives. There is one Study Guide and presenting the lesson. It is also a helpful
Intervention master for each objective. tool for ELL (English Language Learner)
students.
WHEN TO USE Use these masters as
reteaching activities for students who need
additional reinforcement. These pages can
also be used in conjunction with the Student
Edition as an instructional tool for students
who have been absent.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Glencoe Geometry

Enrichment There is one extension • A Vocabulary Test, suitable for all
master for each lesson. These activities may students, includes a list of the vocabulary
extend the concepts in the lesson, offer an words in the chapter and ten questions
historical or multicultural look at the assessing students’ knowledge of those
concepts, or widen students’ perspectives on terms. This can also be used in conjunc-
the mathematics they are learning. These tion with one of the chapter tests or as a
are not written exclusively for honors review worksheet.
students, but are accessible for use with all Intermediate Assessment
levels of students.
• Four free-response quizzes are included
WHEN TO USE These may be used as to offer assessment at appropriate
extra credit, short-term projects, or as intervals in the chapter.
activities for days when class periods are • A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option
shortened. to assess the first half of the chapter. It is
composed of both multiple-choice and
Assessment Options free-response questions.
The assessment masters in the Chapter 7
Resources Masters offer a wide range of Continuing Assessment
assessment tools for intermediate and final • The Cumulative Review provides
assessment. The following lists describe each students an opportunity to reinforce and
assessment master and its intended use. retain skills as they proceed through
their study of Geometry. It can also be
Chapter Assessment used as a test. This master includes
free-response questions.
CHAPTER TESTS
• Form 1 contains multiple-choice questions • The Standardized Test Practice offers
and is intended for use with basic level continuing review of geometry concepts
students. in various formats, which may appear on
the standardized tests that they may
• Forms 2A and 2B contain multiple-choice encounter. This practice includes multiple-
questions aimed at the average level choice, grid-in, and short-response
student. These tests are similar in format questions. Bubble-in and grid-in answer
to offer comparable testing situations. sections are provided on the master.
• Forms 2C and 2D are composed of free-
response questions aimed at the average Answers
level student. These tests are similar in • Page A1 is an answer sheet for the
format to offer comparable testing Standardized Test Practice questions
situations. Grids with axes are provided that appear in the Student Edition on
for questions assessing graphing skills. pages 398–399. This improves students’
• Form 3 is an advanced level test with familiarity with the answer formats they
free-response questions. Grids without may encounter in test taking.
axes are provided for questions assessing • The answers for the lesson-by-lesson
graphing skills. masters are provided as reduced pages
All of the above tests include a free- with answers appearing in red.
response Bonus question. • Full-size answer keys are provided for
• The Open-Ended Assessment includes the assessment masters in this booklet.
performance assessment tasks that are
suitable for all students. A scoring rubric
is included for evaluation guidelines.
Sample answers are provided for
assessment.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Vocabulary Builder

Vocabulary Builder
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 7.
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description. Remember
to add the page number where you found the term. Add these pages to your
Geometry Study Notebook to review vocabulary at the end of the chapter.

Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
ambiguous case

angle of depression

angle of elevation

cosine

geometric mean

Law of Cosines

Law of Sines

Pythagorean identity








puh·thag·uh·REE·ahn

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Vocabulary Builder (continued)
Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
Pythagorean triple

reciprocal identity








ri·SIP·ruh·kuhl

sine

solve a triangle

tangent

trigonometric identity








trig·uh·nuh·MET·rik

trigonometric ratio

trigonometry

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7 Learning to Read Mathematics

Proof Builder
This is a list of key theorems and postulates you will learn in Chapter 7. As you

Proof Builder
study the chapter, write each theorem or postulate in your own words. Include
illustrations as appropriate. Remember to include the page number where you
found the theorem or postulate. Add this page to your Geometry Study Notebook
so you can review the theorems and postulates at the end of the chapter.

Found
Theorem or Postulate Description/Illustration/Abbreviation
on Page

Theorem 7.1

Theorem 7.2

Theorem 7.3

Theorem 7.4
Pythagorean Theorem

Theorem 7.5
Converse of the
Pythagorean Theorem

Theorem 7.6

Theorem 7.7

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ix Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Study Guide and Intervention

Geometric Mean
Geometric Mean The geometric mean between two numbers is the square root of
their product. For two positive numbers a and b, the geometric mean of a and b is the
a x
positive number x in the proportion



. Cross multiplying gives x2  ab, so x 
ab
.
x b

Example Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers.

a. 12 and 3 b. 8 and 4
Let x represent the geometric mean. Let x represent the geometric mean.

Lesson 7-1
12 x 8 x




Definition of geometric mean




x 3 x 4
x2  36 Cross multiply. x2  32
x 
36
 or 6 Take the square root of each side. x 
32

 5.7

Exercises
Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers.

1. 4 and 4 2. 4 and 6

1
3. 6 and 9 4.

and 2
2

5. 2
3
 and 3
3
 6. 4 and 25

7.
3
 and
6
 8. 10 and 100

1 1 2
2
 3
2

9.

and

10.

5
and

5
2 4

11. 4 and 16 12. 3 and 24

The geometric mean and one extreme are given. Find the other extreme.

13.
24
 is the geometric mean between a and b. Find b if a  2.

14.
12
 is the geometric mean between a and b. Find b if a  3.

Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

15. The geometric mean of two positive numbers is greater than the average of the two
numbers.

16. If the geometric mean of two positive numbers is less than 1, then both of the numbers
are less than 1.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 351 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Geometric Mean
Altitude of a Triangle In the diagram,
ABC 
ADB 
BDC. B
An altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two right
triangles. The two triangles are similar and each is similar to the
original triangle. A C
D

Example 1Use right
ABC with Example 2 Find x, y, and z.

R
D
B⊥AC . Describe two geometric PR PQ




y
25
means. PQ PS z
25 15 S
a.
ADB 
BDC so



.
AD BD



PR  25, PQ  15, PS  x x
BD CD 15 x
Q P
25x  225 Cross multiply. 15
In
ABC, the altitude is the geometric
x 9 Divide each side by 25.
mean between the two segments of the
Then
hypotenuse.
y PR  SP
b.
ABC 
ADB and
ABC 
BDC,  25  9
AC AB AC BC  16
so



and



.
AB AD BC DC PR QR





In
ABC, each leg is the geometric QR RS
mean between the hypotenuse and the 25 z




PR  25, QR  z, RS  y
segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to z y
25 z
that leg.



y  16
z 16
z2  400 Cross multiply.
z  20 Take the square root of each side.

Exercises
Find x, y, and z to the nearest tenth.

1. 2. 2 3. y
x z
x y 5
x 1 8
1 3
z

4.

12 5. 6.
y x y z
z


3 x 2
y
2
1 2 x 6

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 352 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Skills Practice

Geometric Mean
Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers. State exact answers and
answers to the nearest tenth.

1. 2 and 8 2. 9 and 36 3. 4 and 7

4. 5 and 10 5. 2
2
 and 5
2
 6. 3
5
 and 5
5


Lesson 7-1
Find the measure of each altitude. State exact answers and answers to the nearest
tenth.

7. A 2D 8. P2 M
7 12

C B L N

9. E 2
H 10. S

R T
G F 4.5 U 8

Find x and y.
11. 12.
x y x
10 y

3 9 4

13. 4 14.
y
15 5
x
x 2
y

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 353 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Practice
Geometric Mean
Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers to the nearest tenth.
4
1. 8 and 12 2. 3
7
 and 6
7
 3.

and 2
5

Find the measure of each altitude. State exact answers and answers to the nearest
tenth.

4. U 5. J 6
M
17
T V
5 A 12 L K

Find x, y, and z.
6. 8 7. 25
6
y 23
x x
z y
z

8. 9.
y z 10
3

2 x x y
z 20

10. CIVIL ENGINEERING An airport, a factory, and a shopping center are at the vertices of a
right triangle formed by three highways. The airport and factory are 6.0 miles apart. Their
distances from the shopping center are 3.6 miles and 4.8 miles, respectively. A service road
will be constructed from the shopping center to the highway that connects the airport and
factory. What is the shortest possible length for the service road? Round to the nearest
hundredth.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 354 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Geometric Mean
Pre-Activity How can the geometric mean be used to view paintings?
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-1 at the top of page 342 in your textbook.
• What is a disadvantage of standing too close to a painting?

• What is a disadvantage of standing too far from a painting?

Reading the Lesson

Lesson 7-1
1. In the past, when you have seen the word mean in mathematics, it referred to the
average or arithmetic mean of the two numbers.
a. Complete the following by writing an algebraic expression in each blank.
If a and b are two positive numbers, then the geometric mean between a and b is

and their arithmetic mean is .

b. Explain in words, without using any mathematical symbols, the difference between
the geometric mean and the algebraic mean.

2. Let r and s be two positive numbers. In which of the following equations is z equal to the
geometric mean between r and s?
s z r s r z z z z r
A.
z

r
B.
z

z
C. s: z  z: r D.
z

s
E.
r

s
F.
s

z

3. Supply the missing words or phrases to complete the statement of each theorem.
a. The measure of the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle
to its hypotenuse is the between the measures of the two
segments of the .
b. If the altitude is drawn from the vertex of the angle of a right
triangle to its hypotenuse, then the measure of a of the triangle
is the between the measure of the hypotenuse and the segment
of the adjacent to that leg.
c. If the altitude is drawn from the of the right angle of a right
triangle to its , then the two triangles formed are
to the given triangle and to each other.

Helping You Remember

4. A good way to remember a new mathematical concept is to relate it to something you
already know. How can the meaning of mean in a proportion help you to remember how
to find the geometric mean between two numbers?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 355 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Enrichment

Mathematics and Music

Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher who lived during the sixth century B.C.,
believed that all nature, beauty, and harmony could be expressed by whole-
number relationships. Most people remember Pythagoras for his teachings
about right triangles. (The sum of the squares of the legs equals the square of
the hypotenuse.) But Pythagoras also discovered relationships between the
musical notes of a scale. These relationships can be expressed as ratios.
C D E F G A B C
1 8 4 3 2 3 8 1

















1 9 5 4 3 5 15 2

When you play a stringed instrument, The C string can be used 3

of C string
4
you produce different notes by placing to produce F by placing
your finger on different places on a string. 3
a finger
4
of the way
This is the result of changing the length
along the string.
of the vibrating part of the string.

Suppose a C string has a length of 16 inches. Write and solve

proportions to determine what length of string would have to
vibrate to produce the remaining notes of the scale.

1. D 2. E 3. F

4. G 5. A 6. B

7. C

8. Complete to show the distance between finger positions on the 16-inch

C string for each note. For example, C(16)  D14

  1

.
2 7
9 9
7
1

in.
C 9 D E F G A B C

9. Between two consecutive musical notes, there is either a whole step or

a half step. Using the distances you found in Exercise 8, determine what
two pairs of notes have a half step between them.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 356 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Study Guide and Intervention

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
The Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the sum of the B
squares of the measures of the legs equals the square of the measure of c
a
the hypotenuse.
A C

ABC is a right triangle, so a2  b2  c2. b

Example 1 Prove the Pythagorean Theorem. c y B

D
D
With altitude C, each leg a and b is a geometric mean between x a
h
hypotenuse c and the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg.
A b
C
c a c b




and



, so a2  cy and b2  cx.
a y b x
Add the two equations and substitute c  y  x to get
a2  b2  cy  cx  c( y  x)  c2.

Example 2
a. Find a. b. Find c.

Lesson 7-2
B B
13
a c
20
C A
12 C A
30

a2 b2  c2 Pythagorean Theorem
a2  b2  c2 Pythagorean Theorem
a2  122  132 b  12, c  13
202  302  c2 a  20, b  30
a2  144  169 Simplify.
400  900  c2 Simplify.
a2  25 Subtract.
1300  c2 Add.
a  5 Take the square root of each side.

 1300  c Take the square root of each side.

36.1  c Use a calculator.

Exercises
Find x.

1. 2. x 3.
3 3 65
25
9
15
x x

4. 4 5. 6. x
x 9 x
16
5 28
9 11
33

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 357 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse

Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem If the sum of the squares C
of the measures of the two shorter sides of a triangle equals the square of b a
the measure of the longest side, then the triangle is a right triangle.
A c B
If the three whole numbers a, b, and c satisfy the equation
a2  b2  c2, then the numbers a, b, and c form a If a2  b2  c2, then
Pythagorean triple.
ABC is a right triangle.

Example Determine whether
PQR is a right triangle. P

a2  b2  c2 Pythagorean Theorem
20
10

102  (10
3
)  2
202 a  10, b  10
3
, c  20 R
10

3
Q

100  300  400 Simplify.

400  400✓ Add.

The sum of the squares of the two shorter sides equals the square of the longest side, so the
triangle is a right triangle.

Exercises
Determine whether each set of measures can be the measures of the sides of a
right triangle. Then state whether they form a Pythagorean triple.

1. 30, 40, 50 2. 20, 30, 40 3. 18, 24, 30

3 4 5
4. 6, 8, 9 5.

,

,

6. 10, 15, 20
7 7 7

7.
5
,
12
,
13
 8. 2,
8
,
12
 9. 9, 40, 41

A family of Pythagorean triples consists of multiples of known triples. For each

Pythagorean triple, find two triples in the same family.

10. 3, 4, 5 11. 5, 12, 13 12. 7, 24, 25

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 358 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Skills Practice

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
Find x.

1. 2. 3. x
13
x x
9
32
12 12
12

4. 5. 6. 31
12.5 x 9 9
x 14
x
25 8

Determine whether
STU is a right triangle for the given vertices. Explain.

Lesson 7-2
7. S(5, 5), T(7, 3), U(3, 2) 8. S(3, 3), T(5, 5), U(6, 0)

9. S(4, 6), T(9, 1), U(1, 3) 10. S(0, 3), T(2, 5), U(4, 7)

11. S(3, 2), T(2, 7), U(1, 1) 12. S(2, 1), T(5, 4), U(6, 3)

Determine whether each set of measures can be the measures of the sides of a
right triangle. Then state whether they form a Pythagorean triple.

13. 12, 16, 20 14. 16, 30, 32 15. 14, 48, 50

2 4 6
16.

,

,

17. 2
6
, 5, 7 18. 2
2
, 2
7
, 6
5 5 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 359 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Practice
The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
Find x.

1. 2. 3. 26
x 34
x
23 21
26
18
13 x

4. 34 5. 6.
x 24 24
16 x
x
22
14 42

Determine whether
GHI is a right triangle for the given vertices. Explain.

7. G(2, 7), H(3, 6), I(4, 1) 8. G(6, 2), H(1, 12), I(2, 1)

9. G(2, 1), H(3, 1), I(4, 4) 10. G(2, 4), H(4, 1), I(1, 9)

Determine whether each set of measures can be the measures of the sides of a
right triangle. Then state whether they form a Pythagorean triple.

11. 9, 40, 41 12. 7, 28, 29 13. 24, 32, 40

9 12 1 2
2

4
 2
3

4
14.

,

, 3 15.

,

3
,1 16.

7
,

7
,


5 5 3 7

17. CONSTRUCTION The bottom end of a ramp at a warehouse is dock

10 feet from the base of the main dock and is 11 feet long. How 11 ft
ramp ?
high is the dock?
10 ft

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 360 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Reading to Learn Mathematics

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
Pre-Activity How are right triangles used to build suspension bridges?
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-2 at the top of page 350 in your textbook.
Do the two right triangles shown in the drawing appear to be similar?
Explain your reasoning.

Reading the Lesson

1. Explain in your own words the difference between how the Pythagorean Theorem is used
and how the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is used.

Lesson 7-2
2. Refer to the figure. For this figure, which statements are true?
p
m
A. m2  n2  p2 B. n2  m2  p2
C. m2  n2  p2 D. m2  p2  n2 n

E. p2  n2  m2 F. n2  p2  m2
G. n 

m2  
p2 H. p 
m
2 
n2

3. Is the following statement true or false?

A Pythagorean triple is any group of three numbers for which the sum of the squares of the
smaller two numbers is equal to the square of the largest number. Explain your reasoning.

4. If x, y, and z form a Pythagorean triple and k is a positive integer, which of the following
groups of numbers are also Pythagorean triples?
A. 3x, 4y, 5z B. 3x, 3y, 3z C. 3x, 3y, 3z D. kx, ky, kz

Helping You Remember

5. Many students who studied geometry long ago remember the Pythagorean Theorem as the
equation a2  b2  c2, but cannot tell you what this equation means. A formula is useless
if you don’t know what it means and how to use it. How could you help someone who has
forgotten the Pythagorean Theorem remember the meaning of the equation a2  b2  c2?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 361 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Enrichment

Converse of a Right Triangle Theorem

You have learned that the measure of the altitude from the vertex of
the right angle of a right triangle to its hypotenuse is the geometric
mean between the measures of the two segments of the hypotenuse.
Is the converse of this theorem true? In order to find out, it will help
to rewrite the original theorem in if-then form as follows.

If
ABQ is a right triangle with right angle at Q, then Q

QP is the geometric mean between AP and PB, where P
is between A and B and Q B
P is perpendicular to A .

A B
P

1. Write the converse of the if-then form of the theorem.

2. Is the converse of the original theorem true? Refer Q

to the figure at the right to explain your answer.

A B
P

You may find it interesting to examine the other theorems in

Chapter 7 to see whether their converses are true or false. You will
need to restate the theorems carefully in order to write their
converses.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 362 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Study Guide and Intervention

Special Right Triangles
Properties of 45°-45°-90° Triangles The sides of a 45°-45°-90° right triangle have a
special relationship.

Example 1 If the leg of a 45°-45°-90° Example 2 In a 45°-45°-90° right

right triangle is x units, show triangle the hypotenuse is
2  times
that the hypotenuse is x
2  units. the leg. If the hypotenuse is 6 units,
find the length of each leg.
x
45 x

2 The hypotenuse is
2  times the leg, so
divide the length of the hypotenuse by
2 .
45
x 6
a

Using the Pythagorean Theorem with
2
a  b  x, then 6
2 



2
2
c2  a2  b2
6
2

 x2  x2 

2
 2x2
 3
2
 units
c
2x2
 x
 2

Exercises
Find x.

1. 2. 3

2 3.
45 x 45

Lesson 7-3
10 x
45 x
8

4. 18 5. 6.
x 18 x 3

2
x x

7. Find the perimeter of a square with diagonal 12 centimeters.

8. Find the diagonal of a square with perimeter 20 inches.

9. Find the diagonal of a square with perimeter 28 meters.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 363 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Special Right Triangles

Properties of 30°-60°-90° Triangles The sides of a 30°-60°-90° right triangle also
have a special relationship.

Example 1 In a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, show that the P

hypotenuse is twice the shorter leg and the longer leg is
3  times 60
the shorter leg. M
30 a
Q
30

MNQ is a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, and the length of the 2x 60
x
hypotenuse MN is two times the length of the shorter side N
Q
. N
Using the Pythagorean Theorem,

MNP is an equilateral
a2  (2x) 2  x2 triangle.
 4x2  x2
MNQ is a 30°-60°-90°
 3x2 right triangle.

a 
3x2
 x
 3

Example 2 In a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, the hypotenuse is 5 centimeters.

Find the lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.
If the hypotenuse of a 30°-60°-90° right triangle is 5 centimeters, then the length of the
shorter leg is half of 5 or 2.5 centimeters. The length of the longer leg is
3
 times the
length of the shorter leg, or (2.5)(
3 ) centimeters.

Exercises
Find x and y.

1. 2. y 3.
60 x 11
1
2 x 60 x
30 8 30
y y

4. 5. 6.
y 60 y 60
x x
x
30 y
20
9

3 12

7. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 32 centimeters. Find the length of an altitude

of the triangle to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.

8. An altitude of an equilateral triangle is 8.3 meters. Find the perimeter of the triangle to
the nearest tenth of a meter.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 364 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Skills Practice

Special Right Triangles
Find x and y.

1. 2. 3.
60 24 x
x 32 x 12

30 45
y y y

4. x 5. 6. 13

45 8 16 y
y 13 13
60 x
y
x 13

For Exercises 7–9, use the figure at the right. B

60
c
7. If a  11, find b and c. a

30
A b
C

8. If b  15, find a and c.

9. If c  9, find a and b.

Lesson 7-3
For Exercises 10 and 11, use the figure at the right. A B

C
10. The perimeter of the square is 30 inches. Find the length of B.
45
D C

D
11. Find the length of the diagonal B.

12. The perimeter of the equilateral triangle is 60 meters. Find the E

length of an altitude.

60
D F
G

13.
GEC is a 30°-60°-90° triangle with right angle at E, and EC is

the longer leg. Find the coordinates of G in Quadrant I for E(1, 1)
and C(4, 1).

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 365 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Practice
Special Right Triangles
Find x and y.

1. 2. 3.
y y
x 26
x
x 60
45 30
9 25 y

4. 5. 6.
28 y 11
y x x
x 60 45
3.5 y

For Exercises 7–9, use the figure at the right.

x B
D
7. If a  4
3
, find b and c. c 60
y a

30
A b
C
8. If x  3
3
, find a and CD.

9. If a  4, find CD, b, and y.

10. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 39 centimeters. Find the length of an altitude
of the triangle.

11.
MIP is a 30°-60°-90° triangle with right angle at I, and IP

 the longer leg. Find the
coordinates of M in Quadrant I for I(3, 3) and P(12, 3).

12.
TJK is a 45°-45°-90° triangle with right angle at J. Find the coordinates of T in
Quadrant II for J(2, 3) and K(3, 3).

13. BOTANICAL GARDENS One of the displays at a botanical garden 6 yd

is an herb garden planted in the shape of a square. The square
measures 6 yards on each side. Visitors can view the herbs from a 6 yd 6 yd
diagonal pathway through the garden. How long is the pathway?
6 yd

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 366 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Special Triangles
Pre-Activity How is triangle tiling used in wallpaper design?
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-3 at the top of page 357 in your textbook.
• How can you most completely describe the larger triangle and the two
smaller triangles in tile 15?

• How can you most completely describe the larger triangle and the two
smaller triangles in tile 16? (Include angle measures in describing all the
triangles.)

Reading the Lesson

1. Supply the correct number or numbers to complete each statement.
a. In a 45°-45°-90° triangle, to find the length of the hypotenuse, multiply the length of a
leg by .
b. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the hypotenuse, multiply the length of
the shorter leg by .
c. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the longer leg is opposite the angle with a measure of .
d. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the longer leg, multiply the length of
the shorter leg by .

Lesson 7-3
e. In an isosceles right triangle, each leg is opposite an angle with a measure of .
f. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the shorter leg, divide the length of the
longer leg by .
g. In 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the longer leg, divide the length of the
hypotenuse by and multiply the result by .
h. To find the length of a side of a square, divide the length of the diagonal by .

2. Indicate whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

a. The lengths of the three sides of an isosceles triangle satisfy the Pythagorean
Theorem.
b. The lengths of the sides of a 30°-60°-90° triangle form a Pythagorean triple.
c. The lengths of all three sides of a 30°-60°-90° triangle are positive integers.

Helping You Remember

3. Some students find it easier to remember mathematical concepts in terms of specific
numbers rather than variables. How can you use specific numbers to help you remember
the relationship between the lengths of the three sides in a 30°-60°-90° triangle?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 367 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Enrichment

Constructing Values of Square Roots

The diagram at the right shows a right isosceles triangle with
two legs of length 1 inch. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the length 1
of the hypotenuse is
2  inches. By constructing an adjacent right
triangle with legs of
2 inches and 1 inch, you can create a segment
of length
 3.


3

By continuing this process as shown below, you can construct a


2
1
“wheel” of square roots. This wheel is called the “Wheel of Theodorus”
after a Greek philosopher who lived about 400 B.C.

Continue constructing the wheel until you make a segment of

length
18
.

1
1

1
1


42

3


5


2
1


18


6

1


7


17


8


16  4


93


15


10


14


11

13


12

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 368 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Study Guide and Intervention

Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios The ratio of the lengths of two sides of a right S
triangle is called a trigonometric ratio. The three most common ratios r t
are sine, cosine, and tangent, which are abbreviated sin, cos, and tan,
T s R
respectively.
leg opposite R leg adjacent to R leg opposite R
sin R 

cos R 


tan R 



leg adjacent to R
hypotenuse hypotenuse
r s r







t t s

Example Find sin A, cos A, and tan A. Express each ratio as B

13
a decimal to the nearest thousandth. 5
C A
12

opposite leg adjacent leg opposite leg

sin A 

cos A 

tan A 


hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent leg
BC AC BC







AB AB AC
5 12 5







13 13 12
 0.385  0.923  0.417

Exercises
Find the indicated trigonometric ratio as a fraction B
and as a decimal. If necessary, round to the nearest
ten-thousandth. 34 E
30
20
1. sin A 2. tan B 16
C 16 A D 12 F

3. cos A 4. cos B

Lesson 7-4
5. sin D 6. tan E

7. cos E 8. cos D

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 369 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Trigonometry
Use Trigonometric Ratios In a right triangle, if you know the measures of two sides
or if you know the measures of one side and an acute angle, then you can use trigonometric
ratios to find the measures of the missing sides or angles of the triangle.

Example
Find x, y, and z. Round each measure to the nearest A
whole number. z 58
18
x
B y C
a. Find x. b. Find y. c. Find z.
x  58  90 y
tan A 


18
cos A 


18 z
x  32 y 18
tan 58° 

cos 58° 


18 z
y  18 tan 58° z cos 58°  18
y  29 z 


18
cos 58°
z  34

Exercises
Find x. Round to the nearest tenth.

1. 2.
x 16
12
28
32 x

3. 12 4. x
x 1
5
4

5. 40 6.
64 x
16 x 15

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 370 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Skills Practice

Trigonometry
Use
RST to find sin R, cos R, tan R, sin S, cos S, and tan S. S
Express each ratio as a fraction and as a decimal to the t
nearest hundredth. r

1. r  16, s  30, t  34 2. r  10, s  24, t  26 R s

T

Use a calculator to find each value. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth.

3. sin 5 4. tan 23 5. cos 61

6. sin 75.8 7. tan 17.3 8. cos 52.9

Use the figure to find each trigonometric ratio. Express B

answers as a fraction and as a decimal rounded to the 9 40
nearest ten-thousandth. A
41 C
9. tan C 10. sin A 11. cos C

Lesson 7-4
Find the measure of each acute angle to the nearest tenth of a degree.
12. sin B  0.2985 13. tan A  0.4168 14. cos R  0.8443

15. tan C  0.3894 16. cos B  0.7329 17. sin A  0.1176

Find x. Round to the nearest tenth.

18. C 19. C 20. S

x
27 8 x
13
x L 33
A B A B U
27 19

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 371 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Practice
Trigonometry
Use
LMN to find sin L, cos L, tan L, sin M, cos M, and tan M. N
Express each ratio as a fraction and as a decimal to the
nearest hundredth.
L M
1.
 15, m  36, n 39 2.
 12, m  12
3
, n  24

Use a calculator to find each value. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth.

3. sin 92.4 4. tan 27.5 5. cos 64.8

Use the figure to find each trigonometric ratio. Express B

answers as a fraction and as a decimal rounded to the 5

10
5
nearest ten-thousandth. A C
15
6. cos A 7. tan B 8. sin A

Find the measure of each acute angle to the nearest tenth of a degree.
9. sin B  0.7823 10. tan A  0.2356 11. cos R  0.6401

Find x. Round to the nearest tenth.

12. x
13. 29
14.
9 32
11 x
41
23 x

15. GEOGRAPHY Diego used a theodolite to map a region of land for his
class in geomorphology. To determine the elevation of a vertical rock
formation, he measured the distance from the base of the formation to 36
his position and the angle between the ground and the line of sight to 43 m
the top of the formation. The distance was 43 meters and the angle was
36 degrees. What is the height of the formation to the nearest meter?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 372 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Trigonometry
Pre-Activity How can surveyors determine angle measures?
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-4 at the top of page 364 in your textbook.
• Why is it important to determine the relative positions accurately in
navigation? (Give two possible reasons.)

• What does calibrated mean?

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to the figure. Write a ratio using the side lengths in the M N
figure to represent each of the following trigonometric ratios.
A. sin N B. cos N
P

C. tan N D. tan M

E. sin M F. cos M

2. Assume that you enter each of the expressions in the list on the left into your calculator.
Match each of these expressions with a description from the list on the right to tell what
you are finding when you enter this expression.

a. sin 20 i. the degree measure of an acute angle whose cosine is 0.8

b. cos 20 ii. the ratio of the length of the leg adjacent to the 20° angle to the
length of hypotenuse in a 20°-70°-90° triangle
c. sin1 0.8
iii.the degree measure of an acute angle in a right triangle for
d. tan1 0.8
which the ratio of the length of the opposite leg to the length of
e. tan 20 the adjacent leg is 0.8
f. cos1 0.8 iv. the ratio of the length of the leg opposite the 20° angle to the
length of the leg adjacent to it in a 20°-70°-90° triangle

Lesson 7-4
v. the ratio of the length of the leg opposite the 20° angle to the
length of hypotenuse in a 20°-70°-90° triangle
vi. the degree measure of an acute angle in a right triangle for
which the ratio of the length of the opposite leg to the length of
the hypotenuse is 0.8

Helping You Remember

3. How can the co in cosine help you to remember the relationship between the sines and
cosines of the two acute angles of a right triangle?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 373 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Enrichment

Sine and Cosine of Angles

The following diagram can be used to obtain approximate values for the sine
and cosine of angles from 0° to 90°. The radius of the circle is 1. So, the sine
and cosine values can be read directly from the vertical and horizontal axes.
90°
80°
1
70°

0.9 60°

0.8 50°

0.7
40°

0.6

30°
0.5

0.4
20°

0.3

0.2
10°

0.1

1
0°
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0.64 40°

Example
Find approximate values for sin 40°
c  1 unit
and cos 40. Consider the triangle formed by the
segment marked 40°, as illustrated by the shaded
a  sin x °
triangle at right.
x°
0 b  cos x ° 0.77 1
a 0.64 b 0.77
sin 40° 



or 0.64 cos 40° 



or 0.77
c 1 c 1

1. Use the diagram above to complete the chart of values.

x° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
sin x ° 0.64
cos x ° 0.77

2. Compare the sine and cosine of two complementary angles (angles whose
sum is 90°). What do you notice?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 374 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Study Guide and Intervention

Angles of Elevation and Depression
Angles of Elevation Many real-world problems that involve igh
t
looking up to an object can be described in terms of an angle of ofs
line
elevation, which is the angle between an observer’s line of sight
and a horizontal line.
angle of
elevation

Example The angle of elevation from point A to the top

of a cliff is 34°. If point A is 1000 feet from the base of the cliff,
x
how high is the cliff?
34
Let x  the height of the cliff. A
1000 ft
x opposite
tan 34° 

tan 


1000 adjacent

1000(tan 34°)  x Multiply each side by 1000.

674.5  x Use a calculator.

The height of the cliff is about 674.5 feet.

Exercises
Solve each problem. Round measures of segments to the nearest whole number
and angles to the nearest degree.

1. The angle of elevation from point A to the top of a hill is 49°.

If point A is 400 feet from the base of the hill, how high is
the hill? ??

A 49
400 ft

2. Find the angle of elevation of the sun when a 12.5-meter-tall ✹ sun

telephone pole casts a 18-meter-long shadow.
12.5 m
?
18 m

3. A ladder leaning against a building makes an angle of 78°

with the ground. The foot of the ladder is 5 feet from the
building. How long is the ladder? ?

78
5 ft

4. A person whose eyes are 5 feet above the ground is standing

on the runway of an airport 100 feet from the control tower.
Lesson 7-5

That person observes an air traffic controller at the window

of the 132-foot tower. What is the angle of elevation? 132 ft

?
5 ft
100 ft

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 375 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Angles of Elevation and Depression

Angles of Depression When an observer is looking down, the angle of
horizontal depression
angle of depression is the angle between the observer’s line of sight
and a horizontal line. gh
t
o f si
line Y

Example The angle of depression from the top of an horizontal D

B
80-foot building to point A on the ground is 42°. How far angle of
is the foot of the building from point A? depression
80 ft
Let x  the distance from point A to the foot of the building. Since
the horizontal line is parallel to the ground, the angle of depression 42
A x
C
DBA is congruent to BAC.
80 opposite
tan 42° 

tan 


x adjacent
x(tan 42°)  80 Multiply each side by x.
80
x 

Divide each side by tan 42°.
tan 42°
x  88.8 Use a calculator.

Point A is about 89 feet from the base of the building.

Exercises
Solve each problem. Round measures of segments to the nearest whole number
and angles to the nearest degree.

1. The angle of depression from the top of a sheer cliff to 35

point A on the ground is 35°. If point A is 280 feet from
?
the base of the cliff, how tall is the cliff?
A 280 ft

2. The angle of depression from a balloon on a 75-foot

string to a person on the ground is 36°. How high is 36
the balloon? 75 ft ?

3. A ski run is 1000 yards long with a vertical drop of ?

208 yards. Find the angle of depression from the top 1000 yd 208 yd
of the ski run to the bottom.

4. From the top of a 120-foot-high tower, an air traffic 19

controller observes an airplane on the runway at an 120 ft
angle of depression of 19°. How far from the base of the
tower is the airplane? ?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 376 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Skills Practice

Angles of Elevation and Depression
Name the angle of depression or angle of elevation in each figure.

1. 2. R
F T
L
W
S T S

3. D C 4.
Z W
B A
R P

5. MOUNTAIN BIKING On a mountain bike trip along the Gemini Bridges Trail in Moab,
Utah, Nabuko stopped on the canyon floor to get a good view of the twin sandstone
bridges. Nabuko is standing about 60 meters from the base of the canyon cliff, and the
natural arch bridges are about 100 meters up the canyon wall. If her line of sight is five
feet above the ground, what is the angle of elevation to the top of the bridges? Round to
the nearest tenth degree.

6. SHADOWS Suppose the sun casts a shadow off a 35-foot building.

If the angle of elevation to the sun is 60°, how long is the shadow
35 ft
to the nearest tenth of a foot?
60
?

7. BALLOONING From her position in a hot-air balloon, Angie can see her car parked in a
field. If the angle of depression is 8° and Angie is 38 meters above the ground, what is
the straight-line distance from Angie to her car? Round to the nearest whole meter.

8. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT Kyle is at the end Kyle’s eyes

of a pier 30 feet above the ocean. His eye level is 20 3 ft
Lesson 7-5

pier
3 feet above the pier. He is using binoculars to
30 ft
watch a whale surface. If the angle of depression
whale water level
of the whale is 20°, how far is the whale from
Kyle’s binoculars? Round to the nearest tenth foot.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 377 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Practice
Angles of Elevation and Depression
Name the angle of depression or angle of elevation in each figure.

1. T R 2. R P

Z Y
L M

3. WATER TOWERS A student can see a water tower from the closest point of the soccer
field at San Lobos High School. The edge of the soccer field is about 110 feet from the
water tower and the water tower stands at a height of 32.5 feet. What is the angle of
elevation if the eye level of the student viewing the tower from the edge of the soccer
field is 6 feet above the ground? Round to the nearest tenth degree.

4. CONSTRUCTION A roofer props a ladder against a wall so that the top of the ladder
reaches a 30-foot roof that needs repair. If the angle of elevation from the bottom of the
ladder to the roof is 55°, how far is the ladder from the base of the wall? Round your
answer to the nearest foot.

5. TOWN ORDINANCES The town of Belmont restricts the height

of flagpoles to 25 feet on any property. Lindsay wants to determine
x
whether her school is in compliance with the regulation. Her eye 25
level is 5.5 feet from the ground and she stands 36 feet from the 5.5 ft
flagpole. If the angle of elevation is about 25°, what is the height 36 ft

of the flagpole to the nearest tenth foot?

6. GEOGRAPHY Stephan is standing on a mesa at the Painted Desert. The elevation of

the mesa is about 1380 meters and Stephan’s eye level is 1.8 meters above ground. If
Stephan can see a band of multicolored shale at the bottom and the angle of depression
is 29°, about how far is the band of shale from his eyes? Round to the nearest meter.

7. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT Mr. Dominguez is standing Mr. Dominguez

on a 40-foot ocean bluff near his home. He can see his two 6 ft
dogs on the beach below. If his line of sight is 6 feet above
the ground and the angles of depression to his dogs are 34° 40 ft bluff
and 48°, how far apart are the dogs to the nearest foot?
48 34

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 378 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Angles of Elevation and Depression
Pre-Activity How do airline pilots use angles of elevation and depression?
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-5 at the top of page 371 in your textbook.
What does the angle measure tell the pilot?

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to the figure. The two observers are looking at U observer at
T top of building
one another. Select the correct choice for each question.
a. What is the line of sight?
observer R S
(i) line RS (ii) line ST (iii) line RT (iv) line TU on ground

b. What is the angle of elevation?

(i) RST (ii) SRT (iii) RTS (iv) UTR

c. What is the angle of depression?

(i) RST (ii) SRT (iii) RTS (iv) UTR

d. How are the angle of elevation and the angle of depression related?
(i) They are complementary.
(ii) They are congruent.
(iii) They are supplementary.
(iv) The angle of elevation is larger than the angle of depression.

e. Which postulate or theorem that you learned in Chapter 3 supports your answer for
part c?
(i) Corresponding Angles Postulate
(ii) Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
(iii) Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
(iv) Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

2. A student says that the angle of elevation from his eye to the top of a flagpole is 135°.
What is wrong with the student’s statement?

Helping You Remember

3. A good way to remember something is to explain it to someone else. Suppose a classmate
finds it difficult to distinguish between angles of elevation and angles of depression. What
Lesson 7-5

are some hints you can give her to help her get it right every time?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 379 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Enrichment

Reading Mathematics
The three most common trigonometric ratios are B
sine, cosine, and tangent. Three other ratios are the
cosecant, secant, and cotangent. The chart below
c
shows abbreviations and definitions for all six ratios. a
Refer to the triangle at the right.

Abbreviation Read as: Ratio A C

b
leg opposite A a
sin A the sine of A




hypotenuse c

leg adjacent to A b
cos A the cosine of A





hypotenuse c

leg opposite A a
tan A the tangent of A





leg adjacent to A b

hypotenuse c
csc A the cosecant of A




leg opposite A a

hypotenuse c
sec A the secant of A





leg adjacent to A b

leg adjacent to A b
cot A the cotangent of A





leg opposite A a

Use the abbreviations to rewrite each statement as an equation.

1. The secant of angle A is equal to 1 divided by the cosine of angle A.

2. The cosecant of angle A is equal to 1 divided by the sine of angle A.

3. The cotangent of angle A is equal to 1 divided by the tangent of angle A.

4. The cosecant of angle A multiplied by the sine of angle A is equal to 1.

5. The secant of angle A multiplied by the cosine of angle A is equal to 1.

6. The cotangent of angle A times the tangent of angle A is equal to 1.

Use the triangle at right. Write each ratio. R

7. sec R 8. csc R 9. cot R

t
s
10. sec S 11. csc S 12. cot S
T S
r
13. If sin x°  0.289, find the value of csc x°.

14. If tan x°  1.376, find the value of cot x°.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 380 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Study Guide and Intervention

The Law of Sines
The Law of Sines In any triangle, there is a special relationship between the angles of

Lesson 7-6
the triangle and the lengths of the sides opposite the angles.

sin A sin B sin C

Law of Sines






a b c

Example 1 In
ABC, find b. Example 2 In
DEF, find mD.

B E

74 30 58 28
45
C A D F
b 24
sin C sin B sin D sin E




Law of Sines



Law of Sines
c b d e
sin 45° sin 74° sin D sin 58° d  28, mE  58,




mC  45, c  30, mB  74




30 b 28 24 e  24
b sin 45°  30 sin 74° Cross multiply.
24 sin D  28 sin 58° Cross multiply.
30 sin 74°
b 

Divide each side by sin 45°. 28 sin 58°
sin 45° sin D 

Divide each side by 24.
24
b  40.8 Use a calculator.
28 sin 58°
D  sin1

Use the inverse sine.
24
D  81.6° Use a calculator.

Exercises
Find each measure using the given measures of
ABC. Round angle measures to
the nearest degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.

1. If c  12, mA  80, and mC  40, find a.

2. If b  20, c  26, and mC  52, find mB.

3. If a  18, c  16, and mA  84, find mC.

4. If a  25, mA  72, and mB  17, find b.

5. If b  12, mA  89, and mB 80, find a.

6. If a  30, c  20, and mA  60, find mC.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 381 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Law of Sines

Use the Law of Sines to Solve Problems You can use the Law of Sines to solve
some problems that involve triangles.

Let
ABC be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of the sides opposite
Law of Sines sin A sin B sin C
the angles with measures A, B, and C, respectively. Then
a

b

c
.

Example Isosceles
ABC has a base of 24 centimeters and a B

vertex angle of 68°. Find the perimeter of the triangle. 68
c a
The vertex angle is 68°, so the sum of the measures of the base angles is
b
112 and mA  mC  56. A
24
C
sin B sin A




Law of Sines
b a
sin 68° sin 56°




mB  68, b  24, mA  56
24 a
a sin 68°  24 sin 56° Cross multiply.
24 sin 56°
a 

Divide each side by sin 68°.
sin 68°
 21.5 Use a calculator.

The triangle is isosceles, so c  21.5.

The perimeter is 24  21.5  21.5 or about 67 centimeters.

Exercises
Draw a triangle to go with each exercise and mark it with the given information.
Then solve the problem. Round angle measures to the nearest degree and side
measures to the nearest tenth.

1. One side of a triangular garden is 42.0 feet. The angles on each end of this side measure
66° and 82°. Find the length of fence needed to enclose the garden.

2. Two radar stations A and B are 32 miles apart. They locate an airplane X at the same
time. The three points form XAB, which measures 46°, and XBA, which measures
52°. How far is the airplane from each station?

3. A civil engineer wants to determine the distances from points A and B to an inaccessible
point C in a river. BAC measures 67° and ABC measures 52°. If points A and B are
82.0 feet apart, find the distance from C to each point.

4. A ranger tower at point A is 42 kilometers north of a ranger tower at point B. A fire at

point C is observed from both towers. If BAC measures 43° and ABC measures 68°,
which ranger tower is closer to the fire? How much closer?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 382 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Skills Practice

The Law of Sines
Find each measure using the given measures from
ABC. Round angle measures

Lesson 7-6
to the nearest tenth degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.

1. If mA  35, mB  48, and b  28, find a.

2. If mB  17, mC  46, and c  18, find b.

3. If mC  86, mA  51, and a  38, find c.

4. If a  17, b  8, and mA  73, find mB.

5. If c  38, b  34, and mB  36, find mC.

6. If a  12, c  20, and mC  83, find mA.

7. If mA  22, a  18, and mB 104, find b.

Solve each
PQR described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.

8. p  27, q  40, mP  33

9. q  12, r  11, mR  16

10. p  29, q  34, mQ  111

11. If mP  89, p  16, r  12

12. If mQ  103, mP  63, p  13

13. If mP  96, mR  82, r  35

14. If mR  49, mQ  76, r  26

15. If mQ  31, mP  52, p  20

16. If q  8, mQ  28, mR  72

17. If r  15, p  21, mP  128

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 383 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Practice
The Law of Sines
Find each measure using the given measures from
EFG. Round angle measures
to the nearest tenth degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.

1. If mG  14, mE  67, and e  14, find g.

2. If e  12.7, mE  42, and mF  61, find f.

3. If g  14, f  5.8, and mG  83, find mF.

4. If e  19.1, mG  34, and mE  56, find g.

5. If f  9.6, g  27.4, and mG  43, find mF.

Solve each
STU described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.

6. mT  85, s  4.3, t  8.2

7. s  40, u  12, mS  37

8. mU  37, t  2.3, mT  17

9. mS  62, mU  59, s  17.8

10. t  28.4, u  21.7, mT  66

11. mS  89, s  15.3, t  14

12. mT  98, mU  74, u  9.6

13. t  11.8, mS  84, mT  47

14. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT To find the distance from the edge

of the lake to the tree on the island in the lake, Hannah set up a
C
triangular configuration as shown in the diagram. The distance
from location A to location B is 85 meters. The measures of the
angles at A and B are 51° and 83°, respectively. What is the distance A
from the edge of the lake at B to the tree on the island at C?
B

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 384 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Reading to Learn Mathematics

The Law of Sines
Pre-Activity How are triangles used in radio astronomy?

Lesson 7-6
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-6 at the top of page 377 in your textbook.
Why might several antennas be better than one single antenna when
studying distant objects?

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to the figure. According to the Law of Sines, which of the P
following are correct statements? n m
m n p sin m sin n sin p
A.





B.






sin M sin N sin P M N P M p N

cos M cos N cos P sin M sin N sin P

C.





D.






m n p m n p
sin P sin M sin N
E. (sin M)2  (sin N)2  (sin P)2 F.






p m n

2. State whether each of the following statements is true or false. If the statement is false,
explain why.
a. The Law of Sines applies to all triangles.
b. The Pythagorean Theorem applies to all triangles.

c. If you are given the length of one side of a triangle and the measures of any two
angles, you can use the Law of Sines to find the lengths of the other two sides.
d. If you know the measures of two angles of a triangle, you should use the Law of Sines
to find the measure of the third angle.

e. A friend tells you that in triangle RST, mR  132, r  24 centimeters, and s  31
centimeters. Can you use the Law of Sines to solve the triangle? Explain.

Helping You Remember

3. Many students remember mathematical equations and formulas better if they can state
them in words. State the Law of Sines in your own words without using variables or
mathematical symbols.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 385 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Enrichment

Identities
An identity is an equation that is true for all values of the B
variable for which both sides are defined. One way to verify
an identity is to use a right triangle and the definitions for c
a
trigonometric functions.

Example 1 A C
Verify that (sin A)2  (cos A)2  1 b
is an identity.
(sin A)2  (cos A)2  

  


a 2 b 2
c c
a b
2 2 c2




2  1
c c
To check whether an equation may be an identity, you can test
several values. However, since you cannot test all values, you
cannot be certain that the equation is an identity.

Example 2 Test sin 2x  2 sin x cos x to see if it could be an identity.

Try x  20. Use a calculator to evaluate each expression.
sin 2x  sin 40 2 sin x cos x  2 (sin 20)(cos 20)
 0.643  2(0.342)(0.940)
 0.643
Since the left and right sides seem equal, the equation may be an identity.

Use triangle ABC shown above. Verify that each equation is an identity.
cos A 1 tan B 1
1.



2.




sin A tan A sin B cos B

3. tan B cos B  sin B 4. 1  (cos B)2  (sin B)2

Try several values for x to test whether each equation could be an identity.

5. cos 2x  (cos x)2  (sin x)2 6. cos (90  x)  sin x

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 386 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Study Guide and Intervention

The Law of Cosines
The Law of Cosines Another relationship between the sides and angles of any triangle
is called the Law of Cosines. You can use the Law of Cosines if you know three sides of a
triangle or if you know two sides and the included angle of a triangle.

Let
ABC be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of the sides opposite
Law of Cosines the angles with measures A, B, and C, respectively. Then the following equations are true.
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

Example 1

Lesson 7-7
In
ABC, find c. C
c2  a2  2ab cos C
b2 Law of Cosines
12 48 10
c2  122  102  2(12)(10)cos 48° a  12, b  10, mC  48

c 
122 
102  
2(12)(10)cos 48° Take the square root of each side.
A c B

c  9.1 Use a calculator.

Example 2 In
ABC, find mA. 7 C


a2 b2   2bc cos A
c2 Law of Cosines B
8

72 5  8  2(5)(8) cos A a  7, b  5, c  8
2 2 5
A
49  25  64  80 cos A Multiply.
40  80 cos A Subtract 89 from each side.
1


 cos A Divide each side by 80.
2
1
cos1

 A Use the inverse cosine.
2
60°  A Use a calculator.

Exercises
Find each measure using the given measures from
ABC. Round angle measures
to the nearest degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.

1. If b  14, c  12, and mA  62, find a.

2. If a  11, b  10, and c  12, find mB.

3. If a  24, b  18, and c  16, find mC.

4. If a  20, c  25, and mB  82, find b.

5. If b  18, c  28, and mA  59, find a.

6. If a  15, b  19, and c  15, find mC.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 387 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Law of Cosines

Use the Law of Cosines to Solve Problems You can use the Law of Cosines to
solve some problems involving triangles.

Let
ABC be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of the sides opposite the
Law of Cosines angles with measures A, B, and C, respectively. Then the following equations are true.
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

Example Ms. Jones wants to purchase a piece of land with the 300 ft
shape shown. Find the perimeter of the property. 80
Use the Law of Cosines to find the value of a. 300 ft
a c

a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A Law of Cosines 88

200 ft
a2  3002  2002  2(300)(200) cos 88° b  300, c  200, mA  88

a 
130,0
 
00  120,0 00 cos
88° Take the square root of each side.
 354.7 Use a calculator.

Use the Law of Cosines again to find the value of c.

c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C Law of Cosines
c2  354.72  3002  2(354.7)(300) cos 80° a  354.7, b  300, mC  80

c 
215,8
12.09
 
 212,820 
cos 80° Take the square root of each side.
 422.9 Use a calculator.

The perimeter of the land is 300  200  422.9  200 or about 1223 feet.

Exercises
Draw a figure or diagram to go with each exercise and mark it with the given
information. Then solve the problem. Round angle measures to the nearest degree
and side measures to the nearest tenth.

1. A triangular garden has dimensions 54 feet, 48 feet, and 62 feet. Find the angles at each
corner of the garden.

2. A parallelogram has a 68° angle and sides 8 and 12. Find the lengths of the diagonals.

3. An airplane is sighted from two locations, and its position forms an acute triangle with
them. The distance to the airplane is 20 miles from one location with an angle of
elevation 48.0°, and 40 miles from the other location with an angle of elevation of 21.8°.
How far apart are the two locations?

4. A ranger tower at point A is directly north of a ranger tower at point B. A fire at point C
is observed from both towers. The distance from the fire to tower A is 60 miles, and the
distance from the fire to tower B is 50 miles. If mACB  62, find the distance between
the towers.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 388 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Skills Practice

The Law of Cosines
In
RST, given the following measures, find the measure of the missing side.

1. r  5, s  8, mT  39

2. r  6, t  11, mS  87

3. r  9, t  15, mS  103

4. s  12, t  10, mR  58

Lesson 7-7
In
HIJ, given the lengths of the sides, find the measure of the stated angle to the
nearest tenth.

5. h  12, i  18, j  7; mH

6. h  15, i  16, j  22; mI

7. h  23, i  27, j  29; mJ

8. h  37, i  21, j  30; mH

Determine whether the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines should be used first to
solve each triangle. Then solve each triangle. Round angle measures to the nearest
degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.

9. B 10. M
c 19 24 86

66 L N
A C 52
33

11. a  10, b  14, c 19 12. a  12, b  10, mC  27

Solve each
RST described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.

13. r  12, s  32, t  34

14. r  30, s  25, mT  42

15. r  15, s  11, mR  67

16. r  21, s  28, t  30

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 389 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Practice
The Law of Cosines
In
JKL, given the following measures, find the measure of the missing side.

1. j  1.3, k  10, mL  77

2. j  9.6,
 1.7, mK  43

3. j  11, k  7, mL  63

4. k  4.7,
 5.2, mJ  112

In
MNQ, given the lengths of the sides, find the measure of the stated angle to
the nearest tenth.

5. m  17, n  23, q  25; mQ

6. m  24, n  28, q  34; mM

7. m  12.9, n  18, q  20.5; mN

8. m  23, n  30.1, q  42; mQ

Determine whether the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines should be used first to
solve
ABC. Then sole each triangle. Round angle measures to the nearest degree
and side measure to the nearest tenth.

9. a  13, b  18, c  19 10. a  6, b  19, mC  38

11. a  17, b  22, mB  49 12. a  15.5, b  18, mC  72

Solve each
FGH described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.

13. mF  54, f  12.5, g  11

14. f 20, g  23, mH  47

15. f  15.8, g  11, h  14

16. f  36, h  30, mG  54

17. REAL ESTATE The Esposito family purchased a triangular plot of land on which they
plan to build a barn and corral. The lengths of the sides of the plot are 320 feet, 286 feet,
and 305 feet. What are the measures of the angles formed on each side of the property?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 390 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Reading to Learn Mathematics

The Law of Cosines
Pre-Activity How are triangles used in building design?
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-7 at the top of page 385 in your textbook.
What could be a disadvantage of a triangular room?

Reading the Lesson

1. Refer to the figure. According to the Law of Cosines, which D

Lesson 7-7
statements are correct for
DEF? f
e
A. d 2  e2  f 2  ef cos D B. e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E E
F d
C. d2  e2  f2  2ef cos D D. f2  d2  e2  2ef cos F
E. f 2  d2  e2  2de cos F F. d 2  e2  f 2
sin D sin E sin F
G.





H. d 
e
2  f
2  2e 
f cos D
d e f

2. Each of the following describes three given parts of a triangle. In each case, indicate
whether you would use the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines first in solving a triangle
with those given parts. (In some cases, only one of the two laws would be used in solving
the triangle.)
a. SSS b. ASA
c. AAS d. SAS
e. SSA

3. Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why.
a. The Law of Cosines applies to right triangles.
b. The Pythagorean Theorem applies to acute triangles.

c. The Law of Cosines is used to find the third side of a triangle when you are given the
measures of two sides and the nonincluded angle.

d. The Law of Cosines can be used to solve a triangle in which the measures of the three
sides are 5 centimeters, 8 centimeters, and 15 centimeters.

Helping You Remember

4. A good way to remember a new mathematical formula is to relate it to one you already
know. The Law of Cosines looks somewhat like the Pythagorean Theorem. Both formulas
must be true for a right triangle. How can that be?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 391 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Enrichment

Spherical Triangles
Spherical trigonometry is an extension of plane trigonometry. C
Figures are drawn on the surface of a sphere. Arcs of great a
circles correspond to line segments in the plane. The arcs of b
three great circles intersecting on a sphere form a spherical
triangle. Angles have the same measure as the tangent lines B
A
drawn to each great circle at the vertex. Since the sides are c
arcs, they too can be measured in degrees.

The sum of the sides of a spherical triangle is less than 360°.

The sum of the angles is greater than 180° and less than 540°.
The Law of Sines for spherical triangles is as follows.

sin a sin b sin c






sin A sin B sin C

There is also a Law of Cosines for spherical triangles.

cos a  cos b cos c  sin b sin c cos A
cos b  cos a cos c  sin a sin c cos B
cos c  cos a cos b  sin a sin b cos C

Example Solve the spherical triangle given a  72,

b  105, and c  61.
Use the Law of Cosines.
0.3090  (–0.2588)(0.4848)  (0.9659)(0.8746) cos A
cos A  0.5143
A  59°
0.2588  (0.3090)(0.4848)  (0.9511)(0.8746) cos B
cos B  0.4912
B  119°
0.4848  (0.3090)(–0.2588)  (0.9511)(0.9659) cos C
cos C  0.6148
C  52°
Check by using the Law of Sines.
sin 72° sin 105° sin 61°






 1.1
sin 59° sin 119° sin 52°

Solve each spherical triangle.

1. a  56°, b  53°, c  94° 2. a  110°, b  33°, c  97°

3. a  76°, b  110°, C  49° 4. b  94°, c  55°, A  48°

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 392 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 1 SCORE

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.

1. Find the geometric mean between 20 and 5. 1.

A. 100 B. 50 C. 12.5 D. 10

2. Find x in
ABC. C 4 2.
A. 8 B. 10 16
x
C.
20
 D. 64
A B

3. Find x in
PQR. R 3.
A. 13 B. 15 5
x

C. 16 D.
60
 P Q
12

4. Find x in
STU. U 4.
A. 2 B. 8 17
x

Assessments
C.
32
 D.
514 S T
15

5. Which set of measures could represent the sides of a right triangle? 5.

A. 2, 3, 4 B. 7, 11, 14
C. 8, 10, 12 D. 9, 12, 15

6. Find x in
DEF. F 6.
A. 6 B. 6
2 6
x

C. 6
3 D. 12 D E
6

7. Find y in
XYZ. Z 7.
A. 7.5
3 B. 15
3
 y 45

15

2

C. 15 D. 30 45

X Y

8. The length of the sides of a square is 10 meters. Find the length of the 8.
diagonal of the square.
A. 10 m B. 10
2m
C. 10
3m D. 20 m

9. Find x in
HJK. K 9.
A. 5
2 B. 5
3 60
x
5
C. 10 D. 15 30

H J

10. Find x in
ABC. B 10.

A. 25 B. 25
2 x

C. 25
3  D. 100 A
60
30

50
C

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 393 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 1 (continued)

11. In
QRS, R is a right angle. Which is the ratio for the tangent of S? 11.
measure of leg adjacent to S measure of hypotenuse
A.



B.




measure of hypotenuse measure of leg opposite S
measure of leg opposite S measure of leg opposite S
C.



D.




measure of hypotenuse measure of leg adjacent to S

12. Find cos A in
ABC. B 12.

75
7 7 21
A.

B.


24 25 C A
72
25 24
C.

D.


24 25

13. Find x to the nearest tenth. 13.

67
20
A. 7.3 B. 17.3
C. 18.4 D. 47.1 x

14. Find the angle of elevation of the sun when a pole 25 feet tall casts a shadow 14.
42 feet long.
A. 30.8° B. 36.5° C. 53.5° D. 59.2°

15. Which is the angle of depression in the figure at O 15.

A
the right?
A. AOT B. AOB
C. TOB D. BTO
B T

16. Find y in
XYZ to the nearest tenth if mY  36, mX  49, and x  12. 16.
A. 0.04 B. 9.35 C. 14.80 D. 15.41

17. To find the distance between two points A and B on C 17.

opposite sides of a river, a surveyor measures the
distance from A to C as 200 feet, mA  72, and
mB  37. Find the distance from A to B. Round A B
your answer to the nearest tenth.
A. 77.4 ft B. 201.2 ft C. 250.4 ft D. 314.2 ft

18. In
ABC, a  12, b  8, and mA  40. Find mB to the nearest tenth. 18.
A. 25.4 B. 56.3 C. 59.3 D. 74.6

19. Find the third side of a triangular garden if two sides are 8 feet and 12 feet 19.
and the included angle has a measure 50.
A. 7.8 ft B. 9.2 ft C. 14.4 ft D. 146.3 ft

20. In
DEF, d  20, e  25, and f  30. Find mF to the nearest tenth. 20.
A. 82.8 B. 75.5 C. 55.8 D. 47.2

Bonus In
ABC, a  50, b  48, and c  40. Find mA to B:

the nearest tenth.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 394 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2A SCORE

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.

1. Find the geometric mean between 7 and 12. 1.

A. 5 B. 9.5
C.
19
 D.
84

2. In
PQR, RS  4 and QS  6. Find PS. R 4
2.
A. 2 B. 5 S
6
C.
10
 D.
24
P Q

3. Find x. 3.
A.
18
 B.
14
 x

C. 4.5 D. 3 2 7

4. Find y. 3 4.
A. 12 B. 11

Assessments
y 6
C. 9 D. 2

5. Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs measure 5.
5 and 7.
A. 12 B.
24
C.
35 D.
74
6. Find x. 6.
A. 3 B. 4 6 6
x
C. 4
3 D. 2

5
8

7. Which of the following could represent sides of a right triangle? 7.

A. 9, 40, 41 B. 8, 30, 31
C. 7, 8, 15 D.
2 ,
3,
6

8. Find c. 8.
A. 7 B. 7
2 7
c

C. 7
3 D. 14 45

9. Find the perimeter of a square to the nearest tenth if the length of its 9.
diagonal is 12 inches.
A. 8.5 in. B. 33.9 in.
C. 48 in. D. 67.9 in.

10. Find x. 10.

A. 4 B. 4
2
 8 8
x
C. 4
3 D. 8

3
60

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 395 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2A (continued)

11. Find x to the nearest tenth. 11.

A. 5.8 B. 5.9 x 10

C. 8.1 D. 17.3 36

12. In right triangle ABC, a  12, b  9, and c  15. Find tan B. 12.
4 5 3 3
A.

B.

C.

D.


3 4 4 5
13. Find x to the nearest tenth of a degree. x
13.
A. 56.3 B. 45 9
5
C. 33.7 D. 29.1

14. If a 20-foot ladder makes a 65° angle with the ground, how many feet up a 14.
wall will it reach? Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
A. 8.5 ft B. 10 ft C. 18.1 ft D. 42.9 ft
15. A ship’s sonar finds that the angle of depression to a wreck on the bottom of 15.
the ocean is 12.5°. If a point on the ocean floor is 60 meters directly below the
ship, how many meters, to the nearest tenth, is it from that point on the
ocean floor to the wreck?
A. 277.2 m B. 270.6 m C. 61.5 m D. 13.3 m
16. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the angle of elevation of the sun if a 16.
building 100 feet tall casts a shadow 150 feet long.
A. 60° B. 48.2° C. 41.8° D. 33.7°
17. When the sun’s angle of elevation is 73°, a tree tilted ✹ 17.
at an angle of 5° from the vertical casts a 20-foot
shadow on the ground. Find the length of the tree to
the nearest tenth. 5

A. 6.3 ft B. 19.2 ft 73

C. 51.1 ft D. 219.4 ft 20-foot shadow

18. In
CDE, mC  52, mD  17, and e  28.6. Find c to the nearest tenth. 18.
A. 77.1 B. 49.1 C. 24.1 D. 18.4
19. In
PQR, p  56, r  17, and mQ  110. Find q to the nearest tenth. 19.
A. 4076.2 B. 63.8 C. 52.6 D. 3.1
20. Pete is building a kite using the dimensions given 2 ft 2 ft 20.
in the figure at the right. Find the measure of the
4 ft
angle the 2-foot edge makes with the 3-foot edge. 3 ft 3 ft
A. 104.5 B. 85.2
C. 60 D. 14.5

Bonus From a window 20 feet above the ground, the angle of B:

elevation to the top of another building is 35°. The
distance between the buildings is 52 feet. Find the height
of the building to the nearest tenth of a foot.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 396 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2B SCORE

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.

1. Find the geometric mean between 9 and 11. 1.

A.
99
 B.
20

C. 10 D. 2
2. In
PQR, RS  5 and QS  8. Find PS. R 5 2.
S
A. 3 B. 6.5
8
C.
13
 D.
40

P Q

3. Find x. 3.
A. 5.5 B.
11
 x
C.
24 D.
33

3 8

4. Find y. 4 4.
A. 4 B. 5

Assessments
y 6
C. 8 D. 9

5. Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs measure 5.
6 and 5.
A. 11 B.
11
C.
30 D.
61
6. Find x. 8
6.
A.
39
 B. 6 x
10
C. 5
3 D. 5 8

7. Which of the following could represent sides of a right triangle? 7.

3 5
A.

, 1,

B.
3
,
5
,
15

4 4
C. 7, 17, 24 D. 8, 15, 16

8. Find c. 8.
A. 18 B. 9
3
 9
c

C. 9
2 D. 9 45

9. Find the perimeter of a square to the nearest tenth if the length of its 9.
diagonal is 16 millimeters.
A. 11.3 mm B. 45.3 mm
C. 90.5 mm D. 128.0 mm
10. Find x. 10.
A. 6 B. 6
2
 12 12
x
C. 6
3 D. 12
3
60

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 397 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2B (continued)

11. Find x. 11.

A. 8.0 B. 8.9 12

C. 10.4 D. 10.8 42

x

12. In right triangle ABC, a  14, b  48, and c  50. Find tan A. 12.
7 7 24 24
A.

B.

C.

D.


24 25 25 7

13. Find x to the nearest tenth of a degree. 13.

A. 56.9 B. 54.5 11
6
C. 33.1 D. 28.6 x

14. If a 24-foot ladder makes a 58° angle with the ground, how many feet up a 14.
wall will it reach? Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
A. 38.4 ft B. 20.8 ft C. 20.4 ft D. 12.7 ft

15. A ship’s sonar finds that the angle of depression to a wreck on the bottom of 15.
the ocean is 13.2°. If a point on the ocean floor is 75 meters directly below the
ship, how many meters, to the nearest tenth, is it from that point on the
ocean floor to the wreck?
A. 328.4 m B. 319.8 m C. 77.0 m D. 17.6 m

16. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the angle of elevation of the sun if a 16.
building 125 feet tall casts a shadow 196 feet long.
A. 63.8° B. 50.4° C. 39.6° D. 32.5°

17. When the sun’s angle of elevation is 76°, a tree tilted ✹ 17.
at an angle of 4° from the vertical casts a 18-foot
shadow on the ground. Find the length of the tree, to
the nearest tenth. 4

A. 250.4 ft B. 56.5 ft 76

C. 17.7 ft D. 4.6 ft 18-foot shadow

18. In
ABC, mA  46, mB  105, and c  19.8. Find a to the nearest tenth. 18.
A. 29.4 B. 28.5 C. 15.7 D. 14.7

19. In
LMN, l  42, m  61, and mN  108. Find n to the nearest tenth. 19.
A. 7068.4 B. 84.1 C. 79.2 D. 24.7

20. Josephine is planning a triangular garden. If the lengths of the sides are 20.
50 feet, 80 feet, and 100 feet, what is the measure of the largest angle?
A. 7.9° B. 82.1° C. 89.9° D. 97.9°

Bonus From a window 24 feet above the ground, the angle B:

of elevation to the top of another building is 38°. The
distance between the buildings is 63 feet. Find the height
of the building to the nearest tenth of a foot.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 398 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2C SCORE

1. Find the geometric mean between 2
5

 and 5
2
. 1.
For Questions 2–5, find x.
2. 3. 2.
4 x
x

6 2 12
3.

4. 60 5. 4.
x 20 20
20 x
5.
20

6. Determine whether
ABC is a right y C 6.

triangle. Explain your answer.
A

Assessments
B
O x

7. Find x. x 7.
22

8. In parallelogram ABCD, AD  4 A D 8.
and mD  60. Find AF.
F
B C

9. Find x and y. 9.
60

4

3 x
30

y

10. Find x to the nearest tenth. 10.

x
18

9.2

11. An A-frame house is 40 feet high and 11.

30 feet wide. Find the measure of the
40 ft
angle, to the nearest tenth of a degree,
that the roof makes with the floor. x
30 ft

12. A 30-foot tree casts a 12-foot shadow. Find the angle of 12.
elevation of the sun to the nearest tenth of a degree.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 399 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2C (continued)

13. A boat is 1000 meters from a cliff. If 13.

the angle of depression from the top
of the cliff to the boat is 15°, how tall 1000 m
is the cliff? Round your answer to
the nearest tenth.

14. A plane flying at an altitude of 10,000 feet begins descending 14.

when the end of the runway is below a point 50,000 feet away.
Find the angle of descent (depression) to the nearest tenth of a
degree.

15. Find x to the nearest tenth. 15.

26

37
52

x

16. Find x to the nearest tenth of 7 15

16.
a degree. 23
x

17. A tree grew at a 3° slant from the 17.

vertical. At a point 50 feet from the
x
tree, the angle of elevation to the top
of the tree is 17°. Find the length of 17
93

the tree to the nearest tenth of a foot. 50 ft

18. Find x to the nearest tenth of 5 7 18.

a degree. x
11

19. In
XYZ, mX  152, y  15, and z  19. Find x to the 19.
nearest tenth.

20. To approximate the length of a K 20.

pond, a surveyor walks 400 meters 400 m 110
220 m
from point L to point K, then turns L E
and walks 220 meters from point K
to point E. If m LKE  110, find
the length LE of the pond to the
nearest tenth of a meter.

Bonus Find x. B:


6

x 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 400 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2D SCORE

1. Find the geometric mean between 3
6

 and 5
6
. 1.

For Questions 2–5, find x.

2. 3. 2.
8 x
x

12 3.
3 10

4. 80 5. 4.
x 24 24
30 x
5.
24

6. Determine whether
ABC is a right y C 6.

triangle. Explain your answer.

Assessments
A

B
O x

7. Find x. x 7.
30

8. In parallelogram ABCD, AD  14 A D 8.
and mD  60. Find AF.
F
B C

9. Find x and y. 60
9.

8

3
x
30

y

10. Find x to the nearest tenth. x

10.
16

8.3

11. An A-frame house is 45 feet high and 11.

32 feet wide. Find the measure of the
45 ft
angle, to the nearest tenth of a degree,
that the roof makes with the floor. x
32 ft

12. A 38-foot tree casts a 16-foot shadow. Find the angle of 12.
elevation of the sun to the nearest tenth of a degree.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 401 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 2D (continued)

13. A boat is 2000 meters from a cliff. If 13.

the angle of depression from the top
of the cliff to the boat is 10°, how tall 2000 m
is the cliff? Round your answer to
the nearest tenth.

14. A plane flying at an altitude of 10,000 feet begins descending 14.

when the end of the runway is below a point 60,000 feet away.
Find the angle of descent (depression) to the nearest tenth of a
degree.

15. Find x to the nearest tenth. 15.

68

23 x

42

16. Find x to the nearest tenth of a degree. 17

16.
x
38
6

17. A tree grew at a 3° slant from the 17.

vertical. At a point 60 feet from the
x
tree, the angle of elevation to the top
of the tree is 14°. Find the length of 14
93

the tree to the nearest tenth of a foot. 60 ft

18. Find x to the nearest tenth of a degree. 8 9 18.

x
16

19. In
XYZ, mX  156, y  18, and z  21. Find x to the 19.
nearest tenth.

20. To approximate the length of a pond, K 20.

a surveyor walks 420 meters from 420 m 280 m
125

point L to point K, then turns and L E
walks 280 meters from point K to
point E. If mLKE  125, find the
length LE of the pond to the nearest
tenth of a meter.

Bonus Find x. B:

2

15
x
16

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 402 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 3 SCORE

2 3
1. Find the geometric mean between

and

. 1.
9 9

2. Find x in
PQR. P 2x 2.
S
6
5

Q R

3. Find x in
XYZ. Y 3.


21
X x4 Z
W x

4. If the length of one leg of a right triangle is three times the 4.

length of the other and the hypotenuse is 20, find the length of
the shorter leg.
5. Find the length of the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right 5.

Assessments
triangle with legs of length 3 and 4.
6. Find x. 6.
17
x

8
9 3.5

7. Richmond is 200 kilometers due east of Teratown and Hamilton 7.

is 150 kilometers directly north of Teratown. Find the shortest
distance in kilometers between Hamilton and Richmond.
8. Is 48, 55, 73 a Pythagorean triple? Show why or why not. 8.

9. Find the perimeter of this square. 9.

6

3

10. Find the perimeter of rectangle ABCD. 12 10.

D C

60

A B

11. Find x and y. 11.

60
y
x
30

15

12.
ABC is a 30°-60°-90° triangle with right angle A and with 12.
C
A as the longer leg. Find the coordinates of C if A(4, 2)
and B(4, 6).

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 403 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Test, Form 3 (continued)

13. If A || C
B D
, find x and the A 12 B
length of CD
. 13.
10

45
60

C x D

14. The angle of elevation from a point on the street to the top of a 14.
building is 29°. The angle of elevation from another point on
the street, 50 feet farther away from the building, to the top of
the building is 25°. To the nearest foot, how tall is the building?

15. The angle of depression from the top of a flagpole on top of a 15.
lighthouse to a boat on the ocean is 37°, while the angle of
depression from the bottom of the flagpole to the boat is 36.8°.
If the boat is 1 mile away from shore and the lighthouse is
right on the edge of the shore, how tall is the flagpole? Round
your answer to the nearest foot.

16. In
JKL, mJ  26.8, mK  19, and k  17. Find
to the 16.
nearest tenth.

17. Solve
PQR for r  22, p  51, and mQ  96. Round answers 17.
to the nearest tenth.

18. Don hit a golf ball 250 yards toward the hole. However, due to 18.
the wind, his drive is 5° off course. If the angle between the hole
and where the ball lands is 97°, how far is it from where Don
hit the ball to the hole? Round to the nearest tenth of a yard.

19. In
HJK, mH  32, k  8, and h  7. Find mK. Round 19.

your answer(s) to the nearest tenth of a degree.

20. The distance from Albany to Bethany is 75 miles and from 20.
Bethany to Celina 105 miles. If the roads from Bethany to
Albany and from Bethany to Celina make an 87° angle, what is
the distance from Albany to Celina? Round to the nearest tenth.

Bonus A 50-foot vertical pole that stands on a hillside makes an B:

angle of 10° with the horizontal. Two guy wires extend
from the top of the pole to points on the hill 60 feet uphill
and downhill from its base. Find the length of each guy
wire to the nearest tenth.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 404 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Open-Ended Assessment SCORE

Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a clear, concise solution to

each problem. Be sure to include all relevant drawings and justify
your answers. You may show your solution in more than one way or
investigate beyond the requirements of the problem.

1. If the geometric mean between 10 and x is 6, what is x? Show how you

obtained your answer.

2. R

60

P Q
8 S 2

a. Max used the following equations to find x in
PQR. Is Max correct?

Why or why not?

Assessments
2 x





x 8
x2  2  8
x2  16
x4

b. For PRQ to be a right angle, what would the measure of 

P
S have to be?

c. Is
PRS a 45°-45°-90° triangle? How do you know?

3. To solve for x in a triangle, when would you use sin and when would you
use sin1? Give an example for each type of situation.

4. Draw a diagram showing where the angles of elevation and depression

are. How are the measures of these angles related?

5. Draw an obtuse triangle and label the vertices and the measures of two
angles and the length of one side. Explain how to solve the triangle.

6. Irina is solving
ABC. She plans to first use the Law of Sines to find two
of the angles. Is Irina’s plan a good one? Why or why not?
B
4 12

A C
15

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 405 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Vocabulary Test/Review SCORE

ambiguous case geometric mean reciprocal identities tangent

angle of depression Law of Cosines secant trigonometric identity
angle of elevation Law of Sines sine trigonometric ratio
cosecant Pythagorean identity solving a triangle trigonometry
cosine Pythagorean triple

Choose from the terms above to complete each sentence.

1. The square root of the product of two numbers is the ? 1.
of the numbers.

2. A group of three whole numbers that satisfy the equation 2.

a2  b2  c2, where c is the greatest number, is called a(n)
? .

3. A ratio of the lengths of two sides of a right triangle is called 3.

a(n) ? .

4. An angle between the line of sight and the horizontal when an 4.

observer looks upward is called a(n) ? .

5. An angle between the line of sight and the horizontal when an 5.

observer looks downward is called a(n) ? .

6. Three commonly used trigonometric ratios are the ? , 6.

? , and ? .
sin A sin B sin C
7. For
ABC, the ? says





. 7.
a b c

8. For
ABC, the ? says a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A. 8.

9. The reciprocal of the sine is called the ? . 9.

10. The reciprocal of the cosine is called the ? . 10.

Define each term.

11. solving a triangle 11.

12. Pythagorean Theorem 12.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 406 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Quiz SCORE

(Lessons 7–1 and 7–2)

1. Find the geometric mean between 12 and 16. 1.

For Questions 2 and 3, find x and y.

2. 3. 2.
x y
y
x 8
3.
5 12 9

4. Find x. 4.
x
4

11

5. Do 19, 15, and 13 form a Pythagorean triple? Why or why not? 5.

NAME DATE PERIOD

Assessments
7 Chapter 7 Quiz SCORE

(Lessons 7–3 and 7–4)

For Questions 1 and 2, find x.

1. 2. 1.
6 x 6
x
45
60
30

2.
For Questions 3 and 4, find x to the nearest tenth.
3. 4. 3.
11 x
x 31

13 17 4.

5. A rectangle has a diagonal 20 inches long that forms angles of 5.

60° and 30° with the sides. Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

6. Find sin 52°. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth. 6.

7. If cos A  0.8945, find A to the nearest tenth of a degree. 7.

8. The distance along a hill is 24 feet. If the land slopes uphill at 8.

an angle of 8°, find the vertical distance from the top to the
bottom of the hill.

9. A surveyor is standing on horizontal ground level with the 9.

base of a skyscraper. The angle formed by the line segment
from his position to the top of the skyscraper is 31°. The
height of the building is 1200 feet. Find the distance from the
building to the surveyor to the nearest foot.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 407 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Quiz SCORE

(Lessons 7–5 and 7–6)

1. Name the angle of elevation in S R 1.

the figure.
P Q

2. Find x to the nearest tenth. 2.

10
x
76
22

3. Solve
ABC. Round your answers to B 3.

18
the nearest tenth. 11
49

A C

4. A triangular lot has 500 feet of frontage along a river. The 4.

other two sides make angles of 48° and 75° with the riverfront
side. Find the length of the shortest side to the nearest foot.

5. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE A squirrel 37 feet up in a 5.

tree sees a dog 29 feet from the base of the tree. Find the
measure of the angle of depression to the nearest tenth of a
degree.
A. 38.4 B. 51.9 C. 45.0 D. 128.1

NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Quiz SCORE

(Lesson 7–7)

For Questions 1 and 2, find x to the nearest tenth.

1. 2. x 15 1.
x 6
23
82

18 2.
32

3. Solve
RST. Round your answers to R 3.

the nearest degree. 48 61

T S
76

4. A hiker is 6 miles from a tower and 8 miles from the lodge. 4.

She estimates that the angle between her path to the tower
and her path to the lodge is 42°. Find the distance from the
tower to the lodge to the nearest tenth of a mile.

5. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE For
ABC, find a to the 5.

nearest tenth if mA  96, b  41, and c  50.
A. 66.3 B. 67.9 C. 4395.3 D. 4609.6

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 408 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Mid-Chapter Test SCORE

(Lessons 7–1 through 7–4)

Part I Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Find the geometric mean between 7 and 9. 1.
A.
63
 B. 16 C. 8 D. 2

2. Find x. 24
2.

2
A.
216
 B.
9
x
5

23 24
C. 6
55
 D.

5

3. Find sin C. A 3.
5

2
2
A.
2
 B.

5 B C


23


23
23
C.
D.


2
 5

Assessments
4. Find x to the nearest tenth. 4.
A. 14 B. 18.4 28

C. 21.1 D. 32.2 49

x

5. Find y to the nearest tenth of a degree. 5.

A. 144.9 B. 60.0 19
C. 44.7 D. 35.1 y
27

Part II
For Questions 6–8, find x and y.
6. 7. 6.
6 y 20 y
x

3 x 60
45

7.

8.
8

3 30

8.
45

x 60

y

9. Do 56, 90, 106 form a Pythagorean triple? Why or why not? 9.

10. Guy wires 80 feet long support a 65-foot tall telephone pole. To 10.
the nearest tenth of a degree, what angle will the wires make
with the ground?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 409 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Chapter 7 Cumulative Review SCORE

(Chapters 1–7)

1. Name the vertex and sides, then classify IFT. 1.

(Lesson 1-4) I T
89

F

For Questions 2 and 3, complete K L M

the following proof. (Lesson 2-7)
J
K
Given: JLM

J
H K
L
 H
K
Prove: H K
M
Proof:
Statements Reasons
K
1. JL M, H
J K
L
 1. Given 2.
2. JK  LM, HJ  KL 2. (Question 2)
3. (Question 3) 3. Segment Addition Post.
4. HJ  JK  KL  LM 4. Substitution Prop.
5. HK  KM 5. Substitution Prop. 3.
K
6. H K M 6. Def. of  segments

For Questions 4 and 5, use the figure A E

2 5
at the right. 3
D
4
4. Find the measure of the numbered 1
25
41

4.
angles if mABC  57 and B C
mBCE  98. (Lesson 4-2)

D
5. If B is a median, AD  2x  6, and 5.
DC  22.5  4x, find AC. (Lesson 5-1)

6. Write an inequality to describe the 12

12 6.
possible values of x. (Lesson 5-5) 117
85

14
5x  6

7. A band of sequins that measures 108 inches is cut into two 7.

pieces so that their lengths are in a 5:7 ratio. Find the length
of each piece. (Lesson 6-1)

8. Stan invests $1875 in a certificate of deposit that earns 4.5% 8.

interest compounded annually. Find the balance of his account
after 4 years. (Lesson 6-6)

For Questions 9 and 10, use the P Q

60
10
figure at the right. 30
5
L
9
9. Find QP to the nearest tenth. M R 9.
(Lesson 7-2)

10. Find LM and PM. (Lesson 7-3) 10.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 410 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Standardized Test Practice SCORE

(Chapters 1–7)

Part 1: Multiple Choice

Instructions: Fill in the appropriate oval for the best answer.

A
1. If T bisects YTB, TC bisects BTZ, Y T Z 1. A B C D

mYTA  4y  6, and mBTC  7y  4,

A C
find mCTZ. (Lesson 1-4)
B
A. 52 B. 38
C. 25 D. 8

2. Which statement is always true? (Lesson 2-5) 2. E F G H

E. If right
QPR has sides q, p, and r, where r is the hypotenuse,

then r2  p2  q2.
F
F. If E  || H
J
, then EF  HJ.
G. If lines KL and VT are cut by a transversal, then K  || V
L T
.
R
H. If D  and R H are congruent, then R bisects D
H
.

3. The equation for


PT is y  2  8(x  3). Determine an equation 3. A B C D

Assessments
for a line perpendicular to

PT . (Lesson 3-4)
1
A. y 

x  7 B. y  8x  13
8
1
C. y  

x  2 D. y  8x
8
4. Angle Y in
XYZ measures 90°. X Y
 and Y
Z
 each measure 16 4. E F G H

meters. Classify
XYZ. (Lesson 4-1)

E. acute and isosceles
F. equiangular and equilateral
G. right and scalene
H. right and isosceles

5. Two sides of a triangle measure 4 inches and 9 inches. Determine 5. A B C D

which cannot be the perimeter of the triangle. (Lesson 5-4)

A. 19 in. B. 21 in. C. 23 in. D. 26 in.
AB
6.
ABC 
STR, so

 ? . (Lesson 6-2) 6. E F G H
CA
AB ST TR RS
E.

F.

G.

H.


BC RS RS ST
7. The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are 452 meters 7. A B C D

tall. A woman who is 1.75 meters tall stands 120 meters from the
base of one tower. Find the angle of elevation between the woman’s
hat and the top of the tower to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-5)
A. 14.8° B. 15.4° C. 74.5° D. 75.1°
8. Which equation can be used to find x? 8. E F G H
x
(Lesson 7-4)
73

E. x  y sin 73° F. x  y cos 73° y
y y
G. x 

H. x 


cos 73° sin 73°

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 411 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Standardized Test Practice (continued)

Part 2: Grid In
Instructions: Enter your answer by writing each digit of the answer in a column box
and then shading in the appropriate oval that corresponds to that entry.

9. Find the measure of the smaller of two 9. 10.

complementary angles whose measures differ 3 3 . 5 1
/ / / /
by 23. (Lesson 1-5) . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10. How many counterexamples are necessary to 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
prove that a statement is false? (Lesson 2-3) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

11. Find x so that
|| m . (Lesson 3-5) 11. 12.

1 4 . 5 1 8 . 0
/ / / /
6x  17 134  4x . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0

m 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
12. Find c to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-6) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
B 27.7

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
33 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
c
26.1

126.2

A C
19

Part 3: Short Response

Instructions: Show your work or explain in words how you found your answer.

13. If
DEF 
HJK, mD  26, mJ  3x  5, and 13.

mF  92, find x. (Lesson 4-3)

14. Use the Exterior Angle Inequality B 14.

Theorem to list all of the angles 3 5
whose measures are less than 1 2 4 6 7 C
m1. (Lesson 5-2) A D 8

For Questions 15 and 16, use the F

figure at the right.
x G
15. Determine whether 60

18 15.

EFH 
JGH. (Lesson 6-3) E 30

J
H

H
16. If G is the midpoint of F, 16.
find x. (Lesson 7-3)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 412 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Unit 2 Review SCORE

(Chapter 4–7)

1. Use a protractor to classify
UVW,
UWX, V

W 1.
and
XWY as acute, equiangular, obtuse, Y
or right.
X
U

2. In the figure, 1  2. Find the D G 2.

measures of the numbered angles. 2 70

3 1 110
65

E F H

3. Name the corresponding congruent sides for
AFP 
STX. 3.

4. Determine whether
ABC 
PQR given A(2, 7), B(5, 3), 4.

C(4, 6), P(8, 1), Q(11, 9), and R(2, 12).

Assessments
K
5. In the figure, L bisects JKM and J 5.
KLJ  KLM. Determine which theorem
or postulate can be used to prove that K L

JKL 
MKL.
M

6. Triangle ABC is isosceles with AB  BC. Name a pair of 6.

congruent angles in this triangle.

7. Name the missing coordinates for isosceles y 7.

right
JKL with legs b units long. K(?, ?)

J (?, ?) L(?, ?) x

For Questions 8 and 9, refer to the figure. X W Y

W
8. Find a and mZWT if Z is an altitude of 8.
T

XYZ, mZWT  3a  5, and
mTWY  5a  13. Z

9. Determine which angle has the greatest measure: YWZ, 9.

WZY, or ZYW.

10. Mr. Ramirez bought a stove and a dishwasher for just over 10.
$1206. State the assumption you would make to start an
indirect proof to show that at least one of the appliances cost
more than $603.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 413 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Unit 2 Review (continued)

11. Determine whether 128 feet, 136 feet, and 245 feet can be the 11.
lengths of the sides of a triangle.

12. Casey has a 13-inch television and a 52-inch television in her 12.
home. What is the ratio of the sizes of the smaller and larger
TVs?

13. If
EFG 
EJK, find x, JK, J

10 F 13.
KG, and the scale factor 12
32
(x  7)

E
relating
EFG to
EJK. 18
9
K
G

14. Find y. 14.

y4
7
2y  1
7

15. Find the perimeter of
ABC Y 15.

if
ABC 
XYZ.
28 A 30
C 6
B
X Z
46

16. Alex has $750 in a bank account that earns 2.7% interest. If 16.
the interest is compounded annually and he does not make
any withdrawals, find the balance of his account after 3 years.

17. Find the geometric mean between 27 and 42 to the nearest 17.
tenth.

18. Determine whether 27, 120, and 123 are the measures of the 18.
sides of a right triangle. Then state whether they form a
Pythagorean triple.

19. The diagonal of a square is 56 centimeters long. Find the 19.

perimeter of the square to the nearest tenth.

20. Find mP to the nearest tenth in right
MNP for M(3, 6), 20.
N(3, 8), and P(5, 8).

For Questions 21 and 22, refer to the figure. S

21. Find mS if mT  68, t  65, and s  33. t r 21.
R s T
22. Solve
RST if t  17, s  11, and mR  40. 22.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 414 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 First Semester Test SCORE

(Chapter 1–7)

For Questions 1–7, write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at
the right of each question.
1. Angles AFH and HFB form a linear pair and mAFH  83. Find mHFB. 1.
A. 164 B. 97 C. 83 D. 41.5

2. Given C(2, 5), D(7, 0), and F(13, 6), which of the following is a true 2.
conjecture?
A.
CDF is a right triangle. B.
CDF is an isosceles triangle.
C.
CDF is an equilateral triangle. D. C, D, and F do not form a triangle.

3. Which is the inverse of the statement If x  5, then x  3  8? 3.

A. If x  3  8, then x  5. B. If x  5, then x  3  8.
C. If x  5, then x  3  8. D. If x  3  8, then x  5.

4. Find the slope of a line that is perpendicular to


GH. y 4.
2 3
A.

B.

Assessments
3 2 O x
2 3 H
C. 

D. 


3 2
G

5. Find the distance between parallel lines
and m whose equations are 5.
3 3 9
y 

x  4 and y 

x 

.
4 4 4
9
A. 4 B. 5 C. 9 D.


4
6. Find sin P. Q 6.
14 14 50
A.

B.

14
50 48
48 P 48 R
C.

D. 1
50

7. Find mG. 32 G 7.
A. 30° B. 32° F
22
18
C. 35° D. 55.8° H

8. Find c and PK if P is between L and K, LP  c  22, PK  5c, 8.

and LK  34. Does P bisect LK
?

9. Determine the distance between A(15, 12), and B(30, 48) on 9.

a coordinate plane. State the coordinates of the midpoint of 
A
B.

Justify each statement with a property or definition.

C
10. If AB
D
, then AC  BD. 10.

11. If 2 and 3 are complementary, then m2  m3  90. 11.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 415 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 First Semester Test (continued)

12. If the measures of two angles of a triangle are 24 and 30, is 12.
the triangle acute, obtuse, or right? Explain your reasoning.

13. Identify the congruent triangles K P 13.

in the figure. J
M
L N

For Questions 14 and 15, refer to y

B
the figure. Triangle ABC is an
isosceles right triangle. D 2

D
14. If C bisects C, find m1 1 14.
A C x
and m2.

15. Determine the coordinates of A, B, and C, if the triangle has 15.

legs n units long.

For Questions 16–18, refer to the B 14

D
figure. 14 10
E
16. Write a statement using , , C 13 16.
F 12
or  to describe the measures
of DBC and DCB.

E
17. Write an inequality to represent the possible measures of D. 17.

18. If mFBC  3x  1 and mCBD  34, write an inequality to 18.

describe the possible values of x.

19. Identify the similar triangles, find L 19.

MN, and state the scale factor from J
63 M
the smaller triangle to the larger 42 K
triangle. N 55

20. Find the first three iterates of 4(x  3) if x initially equals 0. 20.

21. A plane is flying at 35,000 feet, and the pilot wants to descend 21.
to 22,000 feet over the next 60 miles. What should be his angle
of depression to the nearest tenth? (Hint: 5280 feet  1 mile)

22. Solve
DEF if DE  58, EF  62, and mE  49. Round 22.
angle measures to the nearest degree and side measures to
the nearest tenth.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 416 Glencoe Geometry

 NAME DATE PERIOD

7 Standardized Test Practice

Student Record Sheet (Use with pages 398–399 of the Student Edition.)

Part 1 Multiple Choice

Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval.

1 A B C D 4 A B C D 7 A B C D

2 A B C D 5 A B C D

3 A B C D 6 A B C D

Part 2 Short Response/Grid In

Solve the problem and write your answer in the blank.
For Questions 8, 9, 11, and 12, also enter your answer by writing each number or
symbol in a box. Then fill in the corresponding oval for that number or symbol.

8 (grid in) 8 9

9 (grid in) / / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
11 (grid in) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
12 (grid in) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Answers
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

11 12
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Part 3 Open-Ended
Record your answers for Question 13 on the back of this paper.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A1 Glencoe Geometry

©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Study Guide and Intervention 7-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Geometric Mean Geometric Mean

Geometric Mean The geometric mean between two numbers is the square root of Altitude of a Triangle In the diagram, 䉭ABC ⬃ 䉭ADB ⬃ 䉭BDC. B
their product. For two positive numbers a and b, the geometric mean of a and b is the An altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two right
a x triangles. The two triangles are similar and each is similar to the
positive number x in the proportion



. Cross multiplying gives x2  ab, so x  兹ab
苶.
x b original triangle. A C
D

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Example Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers.
a. 12 and 3 b. 8 and 4 Example 1 Use right
ABC with Example 2 Find x, y, and z.
R
Let x represent the geometric mean. Let x represent the geometric mean. BD
苶苶⊥苶 AC苶. Describe two geometric PR PQ y




25
means. PQ PS z
12 x 8 x S




Definition of geometric mean



AD BD 25 15
x 3 x 4



PR  25, PQ  15, PS  x x
a.
ADB ⬃
BDC so



. 15 x
Cross multiply.
BD CD Q P
x2  36 x2  32 25x  225 Cross multiply. 15
In 䉭ABC, the altitude is the geometric
x  兹36
苶 or 6 Take the square root of each side. x  兹32
苶 x 9 Divide each side by 25.
mean between the two segments of the
Then

Lesson 7-1
⬇ 5.7 hypotenuse.
y PR  SP
b.
ABC ⬃
ADB and
ABC ⬃
BDC,  25  9
Exercises AC AB AC BC  16
so



and



.
AB AD BC DC PR QR
Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers.




In 䉭ABC, each leg is the geometric QR RS
mean between the hypotenuse and the 25 z
1. 4 and 4 4 2. 4 and 6 兹24
苶 ⬇ 4.9



PR  25, QR  z, RS  y
segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to z y
that leg. 25 z
Answers

1



y  16
3. 6 and 9 兹54
苶 ⬇ 7.3 4.

and 2 1 z 16
2

A2
z2  400 Cross multiply.
z  20 Take the square root of each side.
5. 2兹3
苶 and 3兹3
苶 兹18
苶 ⬇ 4.2 6. 4 and 25 10
1



7. 兹3
苶 and 兹6
苶 18 4 ⬇ 2.1 8. 10 and 100 兹1000
苶 ⬇ 31.6 Exercises
Find x, y, and z to the nearest tenth.
1 1 2兹2
苶 3兹2
苶 12
9.

and

10.

5
and

5


⬇ 0.7
2 4 冪莦
18
⬇ 0.4 25
冪莦 1. 2. 2 3.
(Lesson 7-1)

y
x z
x y 5
11. 4 and 16 8 12. 3 and 24 兹72
苶 ⬇ 8.5 x 1 8
1 3
z

The geometric mean and one extreme are given. Find the other extreme. 兹3
苶 ⬇ 1.7 兹10
苶 ⬇ 3.2; 兹14
苶 ⬇ 3.7; 3; 兹72
苶 ⬇ 8.5;
13. 兹24
苶 is the geometric mean between a and b. Find b if a  2. 12 兹35
苶 ⬇ 5.9 兹苶8 ⬇ 2.8

14. 兹12
苶 is the geometric mean between a and b. Find b if a  3. 4
4. 12
兹苶 5. 6.
y x y z
Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true. z
3
兹苵 x 2
y
2
15. The geometric mean of two positive numbers is greater than the average of the two 1 2 x 6
numbers. never
2; 3 2; 兹8
苶 ⬇ 2.8; 3.5; 兹8
苶 ⬇ 2.8;
16. If the geometric mean of two positive numbers is less than 1, then both of the numbers 兹苶8 ⬇ 2.8 兹苶24 ⬇ 4.9
are less than 1. sometimes

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 351 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 352 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Skills Practice 7-1 Practice (Average)

Geometric Mean Geometric Mean

Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers. State exact answers and Find the geometric mean between each pair of numbers to the nearest tenth.
answers to the nearest tenth. 4
1. 8 and 12 2. 3兹7
苶 and 6兹7
苶 3.

and 2
5
1. 2 and 8 2. 9 and 36 3. 4 and 7
8

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
兹96
苶 ⬇ 9.8 兹126
苶 ⬇ 11.2

⬇ 1.3
4 18 兹28
苶 ⬇ 5.3 5
冪莦
4. 5 and 10 5. 2兹2
苶 and 5兹2
苶 6. 3兹5
苶 and 5兹5
苶
Find the measure of each altitude. State exact answers and answers to the nearest
兹50
苶 ⬇ 7.1 兹20
苶 ⬇ 4.5 兹75
苶 ⬇ 8.7 tenth.

4. U 5. J 6
M
17
Find the measure of each altitude. State exact answers and answers to the nearest
tenth. T V
5 A 12 L K

Lesson 7-1
7. A 2D 8. P2 M 兹60
苶 ⬇ 7.7 兹102
苶 ⬇ 10.1
7 12

C B L N
Find x, y, and z.
兹14
苶 ⬇ 3.7 兹24
苶 ⬇ 4.9 8
6. 7. 25
6
Answers

y 23
x x

A3
9. E 2 10. S z y
H
z
9

R T 兹184
苶 ⬇ 13.6; 兹248
苶 ⬇ 15.7; 兹114
苶 ⬇ 10.7; 兹150
苶 ⬇ 12.2;
G F 4.5 U 8
兹713
苶 ⬇ 26.7 兹475
苶 ⬇ 21.8
兹18
苶 ⬇ 4.2 6
(Lesson 7-1)

8. 9.
y z 10
Find x and y. 3

2 x x y
11. 12. z 20
x y x
10 y
4.5; 兹13
苶 ⬇ 3.6; 6.5 15; 5; 兹300
苶 ⬇ 17.3
3 9 4

6; 兹108
苶 ⬇ 10.4 兹40
苶 ⬇ 6.3; 兹56
苶 ⬇ 7.5
10. CIVIL ENGINEERING An airport, a factory, and a shopping center are at the vertices of a
13. 4 14. right triangle formed by three highways. The airport and factory are 6.0 miles apart. Their
y
15 5 distances from the shopping center are 3.6 miles and 4.8 miles, respectively. A service road
x will be constructed from the shopping center to the highway that connects the airport and
x 2
y factory. What is the shortest possible length for the service road? Round to the nearest
hundredth. 2.88 mi
兹60
苶 ⬇ 7.7; 兹285
苶 ⬇ 16.9 12.5; 兹29
苶 ⬇ 5.4

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 353 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 354 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-1 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-1 Enrichment

Geometric Mean
Pre-Activity How can the geometric mean be used to view paintings? Mathematics and Music
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-1 at the top of page 342 in your textbook. Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher who lived during the sixth century B.C.,
• What is a disadvantage of standing too close to a painting? believed that all nature, beauty, and harmony could be expressed by whole-

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Sample answer: You don’t get a good overall view. number relationships. Most people remember Pythagoras for his teachings
• What is a disadvantage of standing too far from a painting? about right triangles. (The sum of the squares of the legs equals the square of
Sample answer: You can’t see all the details in the painting. the hypotenuse.) But Pythagoras also discovered relationships between the
musical notes of a scale. These relationships can be expressed as ratios.
Reading the Lesson C D E F G A B C
1. In the past, when you have seen the word mean in mathematics, it referred to the 1 8 4 3 2 3 8 1

















average or arithmetic mean of the two numbers. 1 9 5 4 3 5 15 2
a. Complete the following by writing an algebraic expression in each blank.
When you play a stringed instrument, The C string can be used 3
4
of C string
If a and b are two positive numbers, then the geometric mean between a and b is

Lesson 7-1
you produce different notes by placing to produce F by placing
ab your finger on different places on a string. 3


a finger
4
of the way
兹ab
苶 and their arithmetic mean is 2 . This is the result of changing the length
along the string.
b. Explain in words, without using any mathematical symbols, the difference between of the vibrating part of the string.
the geometric mean and the algebraic mean. Sample answer: The geometric
mean between two numbers is the square root of their product. The
arithmetic mean of two numbers is half their sum.
Suppose a C string has a length of 16 inches. Write and solve
Answers

2. Let r and s be two positive numbers. In which of the following equations is z equal to the proportions to determine what length of string would have to
vibrate to produce the remaining notes of the scale.

A4
geometric mean between r and s? A, C, D, F
s z r s r z z z z r
A.
z

r
B.
z

z
C. s: z  z: r D.
z

s
E.
r

s
F.
s

z
2 4
1. D 14

in. 2. E 12

in. 3. F 12 in.
9 5
3. Supply the missing words or phrases to complete the statement of each theorem.
2 3 8
a. The measure of the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle 4. G 10

in. 5. A 9

in. 6. B 8

in.
3 5 15
to its hypotenuse is the geometric mean between the measures of the two
hypotenuse
(Lesson 7-1)

segments of the . 7. C 8 in.

b. If the altitude is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right
triangle to its hypotenuse, then the measure of a leg of the triangle
8. Complete to show the distance between finger positions on the 16-inch
is the geometric mean between the measure of the hypotenuse and the segment 2 7
of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg.
C string for each note. For example, C(16)  D冢14

冣  1

.
9 9

c. If the altitude is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right 7 1 1 2 7
1

in. 3

in. 5

in. 6

in. 7

in.
C 9 D 5 E 4 in. F 3 G 5 A 15 B 8 in. C
triangle to its hypotenuse , then the two triangles formed are
similar to the given triangle and to each other.

Helping You Remember 9. Between two consecutive musical notes, there is either a whole step or
a half step. Using the distances you found in Exercise 8, determine what
4. A good way to remember a new mathematical concept is to relate it to something you two pairs of notes have a half step between them.
already know. How can the meaning of mean in a proportion help you to remember how
to find the geometric mean between two numbers? Sample answer: Write a E and F, B and C
proportion in which the two means are equal. This common mean is the
geometric mean between the two extremes.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 355 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 356 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Study Guide and Intervention 7-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
The Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the sum of the B Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem If the sum of the squares C
squares of the measures of the legs equals the square of the measure of c of the measures of the two shorter sides of a triangle equals the square of b a
a
the hypotenuse. the measure of the longest side, then the triangle is a right triangle.
A b
C A c B
䉭ABC is a right triangle, so a2  b2  c2. If the three whole numbers a, b, and c satisfy the equation

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
a2  b2  c2, then the numbers a, b, and c form a If a2  b2  c2, then
Example 1 Prove the Pythagorean Theorem. Pythagorean triple. 䉭ABC is a right triangle.
c D
y B
With altitude C
苶D苶, each leg a and b is a geometric mean between x a
h
hypotenuse c and the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg. Example
A b
C Determine whether
PQR is a right triangle. P
c a c b




and



, so a2  cy and b2  cx. 20
a y b x a2  b2 ⱨ c2 Pythagorean Theorem 10
Add the two equations and substitute c  y  x to get 102  (10兹3
苶 )2 ⱨ 202 a  10, b  10兹3
苶, c  20 R Q
3
10兹苵
a2  b2  cy  cx  c( y  x)  c2. 100  300 ⱨ 400 Simplify.
400  400✓ Add.
Example 2 The sum of the squares of the two shorter sides equals the square of the longest side, so the
triangle is a right triangle.
a. Find a. b. Find c.
B B
13
a c
20
C A Exercises
12 C A
30
Determine whether each set of measures can be the measures of the sides of a
Answers

a2  b2  c2 Pythagorean Theorem
c2 Pythagorean Theorem

Lesson 7-2
a2  b 2  right triangle. Then state whether they form a Pythagorean triple.

A5
a2  122  132 b  12, c  13
202  302  c2 a  20, b  30
a2  144  169 Simplify. 1. 30, 40, 50 2. 20, 30, 40 3. 18, 24, 30
400  900  c2 Simplify.
a2  25 Subtract.
1300  c2 Add. yes; yes no; no yes; yes
a  5 Take the square root of each side.
兹苶 1300  c Take the square root of each side.

36.1 ⬇ c Use a calculator. 3 4 5

4. 6, 8, 9 5.

,

,

6. 10, 15, 20
7 7 7
no; no yes; no no; no
(Lesson 7-2)

Exercises
Find x.
7. 兹5
苶, 兹12
苶, 兹13
苶 8. 2, 兹8
苶, 兹12
苶 9. 9, 40, 41
1. 2. x 3.
3 3 65 no; no yes; no yes; yes
25
9
15
x x

兹18
苶 ⬇ 4.2 12 60
A family of Pythagorean triples consists of multiples of known triples. For each
Pythagorean triple, find two triples in the same family. Sample answers are
given.
4. 4 5. 6. 10. 3, 4, 5 11. 5, 12, 13 12. 7, 24, 25
x 9 x
x
16
5 28 30, 40, 50; 10, 24, 26; 14, 48, 50;
9 11
33 12, 16, 20 15, 36, 39 21, 72, 75
3


兹1345
苶 ⬇ 36.7 兹663
苶 ⬇ 25.7
10

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 357 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 358 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Skills Practice 7-2 Practice (Average)

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
Find x. Find x.

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 26
13 x
x x x 34
x
9 21
23 26

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
32 18
12 12
12 13 x

15 5 兹1168
苶 ⬇ 34.2 兹698
苶 ⬇ 26.4 兹715
苶 ⬇ 26.7 兹595
苶 ⬇ 24.4
4. 5. 6. 31
4. 34 5. 6.
12.5 x 9 9 x 24 24
x 16 x
x 14 x
22
14 42
25 8

兹468.7
苶5 苶 ⬇ 21.7 兹65
苶 ⬇ 8.1 兹1157
苶 ⬇ 34.0 兹1640
苶 ⬇ 40.5 兹60
苶 ⬇ 7.7 兹135
苶 ⬇ 11.6

Determine whether
STU is a right triangle for the given vertices. Explain. Determine whether
GHI is a right triangle for the given vertices. Explain.
7. S(5, 5), T(7, 3), U(3, 2) 8. S(3, 3), T(5, 5), U(6, 0) 7. G(2, 7), H(3, 6), I(4, 1) 8. G(6, 2), H(1, 12), I(2, 1)
no; ST  兹8
苶, TU  兹17
苶, yes; ST  兹8
苶, TU  兹26
苶, yes; GH  兹2
苶, HI  兹98
苶, no; GH  兹149
苶, HI  兹130
苶,
Answers

Lesson 7-2
US  兹13
苶, US  兹18
苶, IG  兹100
苶, IG  兹17
苶,

A6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(兹8苶 )2  (兹13
苶 )  (兹17
苶) (兹8苶 )2  (兹18
苶 )  (兹26
苶) (兹2苶 )2  (兹98
苶 )  (兹100
苶) (兹130
苶 )  (兹17
苶 )  (兹149
苶)
9. S(4, 6), T(9, 1), U(1, 3) 10. S(0, 3), T(2, 5), U(4, 7)
9. G(2, 1), H(3, 1), I(4, 4) 10. G(2, 4), H(4, 1), I(1, 9)
yes; ST  兹50
苶, TU  兹68
苶, yes; ST  兹8
苶, TU  兹40
苶, yes; GH  兹29
苶, HI  兹58
苶, yes; GH  兹45
苶, HI  兹125
苶,
US  兹18
苶, US  兹32
苶, IG  兹29
苶, IG  兹170
苶,
2 2 2 2 2
(兹18
苶 )  (兹50
苶 )  (兹68
苶) (兹8苶 )2  (兹32
苶 )  (兹40
苶) 2 2 2 2 2 2
(Lesson 7-2)

(兹29
苶 )  (兹29
苶 )  (兹58
苶) (兹45
苶 )  (兹125
苶 )  (兹170
苶)
11. S(3, 2), T(2, 7), U(1, 1) 12. S(2, 1), T(5, 4), U(6, 3)
yes; ST  兹50
苶, TU  兹45
苶, no; ST  兹34
苶, TU  兹50
苶, Determine whether each set of measures can be the measures of the sides of a
right triangle. Then state whether they form a Pythagorean triple.
US  兹5
苶, US  兹20
苶,
2 2 2 2 2 2 11. 9, 40, 41 12. 7, 28, 29 13. 24, 32, 40
(兹45
苶 )  (兹5
苶 )  (兹50
苶) (兹34
苶 )  (兹20
苶 )  (兹50
苶)
yes, yes no, no yes, yes

Determine whether each set of measures can be the measures of the sides of a 9 12 1 2兹2
苶 兹4 4
苶 2兹3
苶
14.

,

, 3 15.

,

3
,1 16.

7
,

7
,


right triangle. Then state whether they form a Pythagorean triple. 5 5 3 7
yes, no yes, no yes, no
13. 12, 16, 20 14. 16, 30, 32 15. 14, 48, 50
yes, yes no, no yes, yes 17. CONSTRUCTION The bottom end of a ramp at a warehouse is dock

2 4 6 10 feet from the base of the main dock and is 11 feet long. How 11 ft
16.

,

,

17. 2兹6
苶, 5, 7 18. 2兹2
苶, 2兹7
苶, 6 ramp ?
5 5 5 high is the dock? about 4.6 ft high
10 ft
no, no yes, no yes, no

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 359 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 360 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-2 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-2 Enrichment

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse
Pre-Activity How are right triangles used to build suspension bridges? Converse of a Right Triangle Theorem
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-2 at the top of page 350 in your textbook. You have learned that the measure of the altitude from the vertex of
Do the two right triangles shown in the drawing appear to be similar? the right angle of a right triangle to its hypotenuse is the geometric

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Explain your reasoning. Sample answer: No; their sides are not mean between the measures of the two segments of the hypotenuse.
proportional. In the smaller triangle, the longer leg is more than Is the converse of this theorem true? In order to find out, it will help
twice the length of the shorter leg, while in the larger triangle, to rewrite the original theorem in if-then form as follows.
the longer leg is less than twice the length of the shorter leg.
If 䉭ABQ is a right triangle with right angle at Q, then Q
QP is the geometric mean between AP and PB, where P
Reading the Lesson is between A and B and Q苶苶P is perpendicular to A
苶B苶.
1. Explain in your own words the difference between how the Pythagorean Theorem is used
and how the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is used. Sample answer: The
Pythagorean Theorem is used to find the third side of a right triangle if A B
you know the lengths of any two of the sides. The converse is used to P
tell whether a triangle with three given side lengths is a right triangle.

2. Refer to the figure. For this figure, which statements are true? 1. Write the converse of the if-then form of the theorem.
p
m
A. m2  n2  p2 B. n2  m2  p2 B, E, F, G If QP is the geometric mean between AP and
C. m2  n2  p2 D. m2  p2  n2 n PB, where P is between A and B and Q 苶P
苶A 苶苶B,
Answers

Lesson 7-2
then
ABQ is a right triangle with right angle

A7
E. p2  n2  m2 F. n2  p2  m2
at Q.
G. n  兹苶 p2
m2  苶 H. p  兹m
苶 n2
2 苶

3. Is the following statement true or false?

A Pythagorean triple is any group of three numbers for which the sum of the squares of the 2. Is the converse of the original theorem true? Refer Q
smaller two numbers is equal to the square of the largest number. Explain your reasoning. to the figure at the right to explain your answer.
Sample answer: The statement is false because in a Pythagorean triple, PQ PB
(Lesson 7-2)

all three numbers must be whole numbers. Yes; (PQ)2  (AP)(PB) implies that



.
AP PQ
Since both  APQ and QPB are right
4. If x, y, and z form a Pythagorean triple and k is a positive integer, which of the following angles, they are congruent. Therefore A B
P
groups of numbers are also Pythagorean triples? B, D
APQ ⬃
QPB by SAS similarity. So
A. 3x, 4y, 5z B. 3x, 3y, 3z C. 3x, 3y, 3z D. kx, ky, kz  A ⬵ PQB and  AQP ⬵ B. But the acute
angles of
AQP are complementary and
m  AQB  m  AQP  m PQB. Hence
Helping You Remember m  AQB  90 and
AQB is a right triangle
with right angle at Q.
5. Many students who studied geometry long ago remember the Pythagorean Theorem as the
equation a2  b2  c2, but cannot tell you what this equation means. A formula is useless
if you don’t know what it means and how to use it. How could you help someone who has You may find it interesting to examine the other theorems in
forgotten the Pythagorean Theorem remember the meaning of the equation a2  b2  c2? Chapter 7 to see whether their converses are true or false. You will
Sample answer: Draw a right triangle. Label the lengths of the two legs need to restate the theorems carefully in order to write their
as a and b and the length of the hypotenuse as c. converses.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 361 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 362 Glencoe Geometry

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Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Study Guide and Intervention 7-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Special Right Triangles Special Right Triangles

Properties of 45°-45°-90° Triangles The sides of a 45°-45°-90° right triangle have a Properties of 30°-60°-90° Triangles The sides of a 30°-60°-90° right triangle also
special relationship. have a special relationship.

Example 1 If the leg of a 45°-45°-90° Example 2 In a 45°-45°-90° right

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Example 1 In a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, show that the P
right triangle is x units, show triangle the hypotenuse is 兹2 苶 times hypotenuse is twice the shorter leg and the longer leg is 兹3
苶 times 60
that the hypotenuse is x兹2 苶 units. the leg. If the hypotenuse is 6 units, the shorter leg. 30 a
M Q
find the length of each leg. 30
䉭MNQ is a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, and the length of the x
2x 60
45 2
x兹苵 The hypotenuse is 兹2 苶 times the leg, so hypotenuse M苶N NQ
苶 is two times the length of the shorter side 苶 苶.
x N
divide the length of the hypotenuse by 兹2 苶. Using the Pythagorean Theorem,
45 䉭MNP is an equilateral
x 6 a2  (2x) 2  x2 triangle.
a

Using the Pythagorean Theorem with 兹2苶  4x2  x2 䉭MNQ is a 30°-60°-90°
6兹2 苶 right triangle.
a  b  x, then 
 3x2
兹2苶兹2 苶 a  兹苶 3x2
c2  a2  b2
6兹2 苶  x 兹苶3
 x2  x2 
2
 2x2
 3兹2
苶 units
c 兹苶2x2 Example 2 In a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, the hypotenuse is 5 centimeters.
 x兹苶 2 Find the lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.
If the hypotenuse of a 30°-60°-90° right triangle is 5 centimeters, then the length of the
Exercises
Answers

shorter leg is half of 5 or 2.5 centimeters. The length of the longer leg is 兹3
苶 times the
length of the shorter leg, or (2.5)(兹3苶 ) centimeters.

A8
Find x.
1. 2. 2
3兹苵 3.
45 x 45
Exercises
10 x
45 x Find x and y.
8
1. 2. y 3.
8兹2
苶 ⬇ 11.3 3 5兹2
苶 ⬇ 7.1 60 x 11
1
2 x 60 x

Lesson 7-3
(Lesson 7-3)

30 8 30
y y
4. 18 5. 6.
x 18 x 2
3兹苵 1; 0.5兹3
苶 ⬇ 0.9 8 兹3
苶 ⬇ 13.9; 16 5.5; 5.5兹3
苶 ⬇ 9.5
x x

4. 5. 6.
y 60 y 60
9兹2
苶 ⬇ 12.7 18兹2
苶 ⬇ 25.5 6 x x
x
30 y
12 20
3
9兹苵
7. Find the perimeter of a square with diagonal 12 centimeters. 24兹2
苶 ⬇ 33.9 cm 9; 18 4 兹3
苶 ⬇ 6.9; 8兹3
苶 ⬇ 13.9 10兹3
苶 ⬇ 17.3; 10

8. Find the diagonal of a square with perimeter 20 inches. 5兹2

苶 ⬇ 7.1 in. 7. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 32 centimeters. Find the length of an altitude
of the triangle to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. 9.2 cm

9. Find the diagonal of a square with perimeter 28 meters. 7兹2

苶 ⬇ 9.9 m 8. An altitude of an equilateral triangle is 8.3 meters. Find the perimeter of the triangle to
the nearest tenth of a meter. 28.8 m

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 363 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 364 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Skills Practice 7-3 Practice (Average)

Special Right Triangles Special Right Triangles

Find x and y. Find x and y.
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.
60 y y
24 x 12 x 26
x 32 x x

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
x 60
30 45 45 30
y y y 9 25 y

12, 12兹3
苶 64, 32兹3
苶 6兹2
苶, 6兹2
苶 9兹苶2 9兹2苶 25兹3
苶, 50 13, 13兹3
苶

,

2 2
4. x 5. 6. 13 4. 5. 6.
45 8 16 y 28 y 11
y 13 13 y x x
60 x x 60 45
y
x 13 3.5 y

8, 8兹2
苶 8, 8兹3
苶 45, 13兹2
苶 45, 14兹2
苶 3.5兹3
苶, 7 11兹苶2 苶

; 11兹2
2
For Exercises 7–9, use the figure at the right. B For Exercises 7–9, use the figure at the right.
60 x B
c D
7. If a  11, find b and c. a 7. If a  4兹3
苶, find b and c. c 60
y a
30
b  11兹3
苶; c  22 A b
C b  12, c  8兹3
苶
30
A b
C
Answers

8. If b  15, find a and c. 8. If x  3兹3

苶, find a and CD.

A9
a  5 兹3
苶; c  10兹3
苶 a  6兹3
苶, CD  9
9. If c  9, find a and b. 9. If a  4, find CD, b, and y.
a  4.5; b  4.5兹3
苶 CD  2兹3
苶, b  4兹3
苶, y  6

For Exercises 10 and 11, use the figure at the right. 10. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 39 centimeters. Find the length of an altitude
A B Lesson 7-3 of the triangle.
(Lesson 7-3)

10. The perimeter of the square is 30 inches. Find the length of B

苶C苶.
6.5兹3
苶 in. or about 11.26 in.
7.5 in. 45
D C
11. 䉭MIP is a 30°-60°-90° triangle with right angle at I, and I苶P
苶 the longer leg. Find the
11. Find the length of the diagonal B
苶D苶. coordinates of M in Quadrant I for I(3, 3) and P(12, 3).
7.5兹2
苶 in. or about 10.61 in. (3, 3  3兹3苶 ) or about (3, 8.19)
12. The perimeter of the equilateral triangle is 60 meters. Find the E 12. 䉭TJK is a 45°-45°-90° triangle with right angle at J. Find the coordinates of T in
length of an altitude. Quadrant II for J(2, 3) and K(3, 3).
10兹3
苶 m or about 17.32 m
60
(2, 2)
D F
G
13. BOTANICAL GARDENS One of the displays at a botanical garden 6 yd
13. 䉭GEC is a 30°-60°-90° triangle with right angle at E, and E苶C苶 is is an herb garden planted in the shape of a square. The square
the longer leg. Find the coordinates of G in Quadrant I for E(1, 1) measures 6 yards on each side. Visitors can view the herbs from a 6 yd 6 yd
and C(4, 1). diagonal pathway through the garden. How long is the pathway?
6 yd
(1, 1  兹3苶 ) or about (1, 2.73) 6兹2
苶 yd or about 8.48 yd

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 365 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 366 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-3 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-3 Enrichment

Special Triangles
Pre-Activity How is triangle tiling used in wallpaper design? Constructing Values of Square Roots
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-3 at the top of page 357 in your textbook. The diagram at the right shows a right isosceles triangle with
• How can you most completely describe the larger triangle and the two two legs of length 1 inch. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the length 1

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
smaller triangles in tile 15? Sample answer: The larger triangle is of the hypotenuse is 兹2 苶 inches. By constructing an adjacent right
an isosceles obtuse triangle. The two smaller triangles are triangle with legs of 兹2苶 inches and 1 inch, you can create a segment
congruent scalene right triangles. of length 兹苶 3.
3
兹苵
• How can you most completely describe the larger triangle and the two
By continuing this process as shown below, you can construct a 2
兹苵
smaller triangles in tile 16? (Include angle measures in describing all the 1
“wheel” of square roots. This wheel is called the “Wheel of Theodorus”
triangles.) Sample answer: The larger triangle is equilateral, so
after a Greek philosopher who lived about 400 B.C.
each of its angle measures is 60. The two smaller triangles
are congruent right triangles in which the angle measures 1
are 30, 60, and 90.
Continue constructing the wheel until you make a segment of
Reading the Lesson length 兹18
苶.
1. Supply the correct number or numbers to complete each statement.
a. In a 45°-45°-90° triangle, to find the length of the hypotenuse, multiply the length of a 1
1
leg by 兹2
苶 .
1
b. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the hypotenuse, multiply the length of
1
the shorter leg by 2 . 42
兹苵 3
Answers

兹苵
c. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the longer leg is opposite the angle with a measure of 60 . 5
兹苵
2
兹苵

A10
d. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the longer leg, multiply the length of 1
18
兹苶
the shorter leg by 兹3
苶 . 6
兹苵

e. In an isosceles right triangle, each leg is opposite an angle with a measure of 45 .

1
7
兹苵
f. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the shorter leg, divide the length of the 17
兹苶
longer leg by 兹3
苶 .

Lesson 7-3
8
(Lesson 7-3)

g. In 30°-60°-90° triangle, to find the length of the longer leg, divide the length of the 兹苵
16  4
兹苶
hypotenuse by 2 and multiply the result by 兹3
苶 .
h. To find the length of a side of a square, divide the length of the diagonal by 兹2
苶 . 93
兹苵
15
兹苶
2. Indicate whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
10
兹苶
a. The lengths of the three sides of an isosceles triangle satisfy the Pythagorean 14
兹苶
Theorem. sometimes 11
兹苶 13
兹苶
12
兹苶
b. The lengths of the sides of a 30°-60°-90° triangle form a Pythagorean triple. never
c. The lengths of all three sides of a 30°-60°-90° triangle are positive integers. never

Helping You Remember

3. Some students find it easier to remember mathematical concepts in terms of specific
numbers rather than variables. How can you use specific numbers to help you remember
the relationship between the lengths of the three sides in a 30°-60°-90° triangle?
Sample answer: Draw a 30-60-90 triangle. Label the length of the
shorter leg as 1. Then the length of the hypotenuse is 2, and the length of
the longer leg is 兹3苶. Just remember: 1, 2, 兹3
苶.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 367 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 368 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Study Guide and Intervention 7-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Trigonometry Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios The ratio of the lengths of two sides of a right S Use Trigonometric Ratios In a right triangle, if you know the measures of two sides
triangle is called a trigonometric ratio. The three most common ratios r t or if you know the measures of one side and an acute angle, then you can use trigonometric
are sine, cosine, and tangent, which are abbreviated sin, cos, and tan, ratios to find the measures of the missing sides or angles of the triangle.
T s R
respectively.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
leg opposite ⬔R leg adjacent to ⬔R leg opposite ⬔R Example Find x, y, and z. Round each measure to the nearest A
sin R 

cos R 



hypotenuse
tan R 


z
hypotenuse leg adjacent to ⬔R whole number. 58
18
r s r x






B y C
t t s
a. Find x. b. Find y. c. Find z.
Example x  58  90 y 18
Find sin A, cos A, and tan A. Express each ratio as B tan A 

cos A 


13 18 z
a decimal to the nearest thousandth. 5 x  32 y 18
C A tan 58° 


18
cos 58° 


z
12
y  18 tan 58° z cos 58°  18
opposite leg adjacent leg opposite leg
sin A 

cos A 

tan A 

y ⬇ 29 18
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent leg z 


cos 58°
BC AC BC z ⬇ 34







AB AB AC
5 12 5







13 13 12
⬇ 0.385 ⬇ 0.923 ⬇ 0.417
Answers

Exercises

A11
Find x. Round to the nearest tenth.
Exercises
1. 2.
Find the indicated trigonometric ratio as a fraction B x 16
and as a decimal. If necessary, round to the nearest 12
28
ten-thousandth. 32 x
30 34 E
20 17.0 48.6
1. sin A 2. tan B 16

15 8 C A D
(Lesson 7-4)

; 0.8824

; 0.5333 16 12 F

17 15
3. 12 4. x
x 1
5
3. cos A 4. cos B 4
8 15


; 0.4706

; 0.8824
17 17 22.6 76.0

5. sin D 6. tan E
Lesson 7-4

4 3 5. 40 6.
64 x


; 0.8

; 0.75 16 x 15
5 4

7. cos E 8. cos D 24.9 34.2

4 3


; 0.8

; 0.6
5 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 369 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 370 Glencoe Geometry

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Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Skills Practice 7-4 Practice (Average)

Trigonometry Trigonometry
Use
RST to find sin R, cos R, tan R, sin S, cos S, and tan S. S Use
LMN to find sin L, cos L, tan L, sin M, cos M, and tan M. N
Express each ratio as a fraction and as a decimal to the t
Express each ratio as a fraction and as a decimal to the
nearest hundredth. r nearest hundredth.
L M
R T

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1. r  16, s  30, t  34 2. r  10, s  24, t  26 s 1. ᐉ  15, m  36, n 39 2. ᐉ  12, m  12兹3
苶, n  24
16 10 15 12
sin R 

⬇ 0.47; sin R 

⬇ 0.38; sin L 

⬇ 0.38; sin L 

 0.50;
34 26 39 24
30 24 36 12兹3
cos R 

⬇ 0.88; cos R 

⬇ 0.92; cos L 

⬇ 0.92; cos L 
苶 ⬇ 0.87;
34 26 39 24
16 10 15 12
tan R 

⬇ 0.53; tan R 

⬇ 0.42; tan L 

⬇ 0.42; tan L 
⬇ 0.58;
30 24 36 12兹苶 3
30 24 36
sin S 

⬇ 0.88; sin S 

⬇ 0.92; sin M 

⬇ 0.92; 12兹苶 3 ⬇ 0.87;
34 26 39
sin M 

24
16 10
cos S 

⬇ 0.47; cos S 

⬇ 0.38; 15 12
34 26 cos M 

⬇ 0.38; cos M 

 0.50;
39 24
30 24
tan S 

⬇ 1.88 tan S 

 2.4 36 12兹3
16 10 tan M 

 2.4 tan M 
苶 ⬇ 1.73
15 12
Use a calculator to find each value. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth. Use a calculator to find each value. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth.

3. sin 5 0.0872 4. tan 23 0.4245 5. cos 61 0.4848 3. sin 92.4 0.9991 4. tan 27.5 0.5206 5. cos 64.8 0.4258
Answers

6. sin 75.8 0.9694 7. tan 17.3 0.3115 8. cos 52.9 0.6032

A12
Use the figure to find each trigonometric ratio. Express B
answers as a fraction and as a decimal rounded to the 10
5兹苶
5
nearest ten-thousandth. A C
Use the figure to find each trigonometric ratio. Express 15
B
answers as a fraction and as a decimal rounded to the 9 6. cos A 7. tan B 8. sin A
40
nearest ten-thousandth. A 3兹10
苶 3 兹苶10
41

⬇ 0.9487

 3.0000
⬇ 0.3162
C 10 1 10
9. tan C 10. sin A 11. cos C
(Lesson 7-4)

9 40 40 Find the measure of each acute angle to the nearest tenth of a degree.


⬇ 0.2250

⬇ 0.9756

⬇ 0.9756
40 41 41
9. sin B  0.7823 51.5 10. tan A  0.2356 13.3 11. cos R  0.6401 50.2

Find the measure of each acute angle to the nearest tenth of a degree.
Find x. Round to the nearest tenth.
12. sin B  0.2985 17.4 13. tan A  0.4168 22.6 14. cos R  0.8443 32.4
12. x
64.4 13. 29
18.1 14. 24.2
15. tan C  0.3894 21.3 16. cos B  0.7329 42.9 17. sin A  0.1176 6.8 9 32
11 x
Lesson 7-4

41
23 x
Find x. Round to the nearest tenth.
18. C 19. C 20. S 15. GEOGRAPHY Diego used a theodolite to map a region of land for his
x class in geomorphology. To determine the elevation of a vertical rock
27 8 x
13 formation, he measured the distance from the base of the formation to
33 36
x A B L U his position and the angle between the ground and the line of sight to 43 m
A B 27 19
the top of the formation. The distance was 43 meters and the angle was
28.8 73.5 15.9 36 degrees. What is the height of the formation to the nearest meter? 31 m

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 371 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 372 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-4 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-4 Enrichment

Trigonometry
Pre-Activity How can surveyors determine angle measures? Sine and Cosine of Angles
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-4 at the top of page 364 in your textbook. The following diagram can be used to obtain approximate values for the sine
• Why is it important to determine the relative positions accurately in and cosine of angles from 0° to 90°. The radius of the circle is 1. So, the sine

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
navigation? (Give two possible reasons.) Sample answers: (1) To and cosine values can be read directly from the vertical and horizontal axes.
90°
avoid collisions between ships, and (2) to prevent ships 80°
1
from losing their bearings and getting lost at sea. 70°
• What does calibrated mean? Sample answer: marked precisely to
0.9 60°
permit accurate measurements to be made
Reading the Lesson 0.8 50°

1. Refer to the figure. Write a ratio using the side lengths in the M N
figure to represent each of the following trigonometric ratios. 0.7
40°
MP NP
A. sin N

B. cos N

0.6
MN MN P
MP NP 30°
C. tan N

D. tan M

0.5
NP MP
NP MP
E. sin M

F. cos M

0.4
MN MN 20°

2. Assume that you enter each of the expressions in the list on the left into your calculator. 0.3
Answers

Match each of these expressions with a description from the list on the right to tell what

A13
you are finding when you enter this expression. 0.2
10°

a. sin 20 v i. the degree measure of an acute angle whose cosine is 0.8 0.1

b. cos 20 ii ii. the ratio of the length of the leg adjacent to the 20° angle to the 1
length of hypotenuse in a 20°-70°-90° triangle 0°
c. sin1 0.8 vi 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
iii.the degree measure of an acute angle in a right triangle for
d. tan1 0.8 iii 0.64 40°
which the ratio of the length of the opposite leg to the length of
(Lesson 7-4)

e. tan 20 iv the adjacent leg is 0.8 Example

Find approximate values for sin 40°
c  1 unit
f. cos1 0.8 i iv. the ratio of the length of the leg opposite the 20° angle to the and cos 40. Consider the triangle formed by the
length of the leg adjacent to it in a 20°-70°-90° triangle segment marked 40°, as illustrated by the shaded
a  sin x °
triangle at right.
v. the ratio of the length of the leg opposite the 20° angle to the x°
0 b  cos x ° 0.77 1
length of hypotenuse in a 20°-70°-90° triangle a 0.64 b 0.77
sin 40° 

⬇

or 0.64 cos 40° 

⬇

or 0.77
c 1 c 1
vi. the degree measure of an acute angle in a right triangle for
which the ratio of the length of the opposite leg to the length of
Lesson 7-4

the hypotenuse is 0.8 1. Use the diagram above to complete the chart of values.
x° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°

Helping You Remember sin x ° 0 0.17 0.34 0.5 0.64 0.77 0.87 0.94 0.98 1
cos x ° 1 0.98 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.64 0.5 0.34 0.17 0
3. How can the co in cosine help you to remember the relationship between the sines and
cosines of the two acute angles of a right triangle? 2. Compare the sine and cosine of two complementary angles (angles whose
Sample answer: The co in cosine comes from complement, as in sum is 90°). What do you notice?
complementary angles. The cosine of an acute angle is equal to the sine The sine of an angle is equal to the cosine of the complement
of its complement. of the angle.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 373 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 374 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Study Guide and Intervention 7-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Angles of Elevation and Depression Angles of Elevation and Depression

Angles of Elevation Many real-world problems that involve ht Angles of Depression When an observer is looking down, the angle of
ig horizontal depression
looking up to an object can be described in terms of an angle of fs angle of depression is the angle between the observer’s line of sight
eo
lin
elevation, which is the angle between an observer’s line of sight and a horizontal line. ht
sig
and a horizontal line. of
angle of line

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Y
elevation

Example The angle of elevation from point A to the top Example The angle of depression from the top of an horizontal D
of a cliff is 34°. If point A is 1000 feet from the base of the cliff, B
x 80-foot building to point A on the ground is 42°. How far angle of
how high is the cliff? is the foot of the building from point A? depression
34 80 ft
Let x  the height of the cliff. A
1000 ft Let x  the distance from point A to the foot of the building. Since
x opposite the horizontal line is parallel to the ground, the angle of depression 42
tan 34° 

tan 

A x
C
1000 adjacent ⬔DBA is congruent to ⬔BAC.
1000(tan 34°)  x Multiply each side by 1000. 80 opposite
tan 42° 

tan 


674.5  x Use a calculator. x adjacent
x(tan 42°)  80 Multiply each side by x.
The height of the cliff is about 674.5 feet.
80
x 

Divide each side by tan 42°.
tan 42°
Exercises x ⬇ 88.8 Use a calculator.

Solve each problem. Round measures of segments to the nearest whole number Point A is about 89 feet from the base of the building.
and angles to the nearest degree.
Answers

Exercises
1. The angle of elevation from point A to the top of a hill is 49°.

A14
If point A is 400 feet from the base of the hill, how high is Solve each problem. Round measures of segments to the nearest whole number
the hill? ?? and angles to the nearest degree.
460 ft A 49 1. The angle of depression from the top of a sheer cliff to
400 ft 35
point A on the ground is 35°. If point A is 280 feet from
?
2. Find the angle of elevation of the sun when a 12.5-meter-tall the base of the cliff, how tall is the cliff?
✹ sun 280 ft
telephone pole casts a 18-meter-long shadow. 196 ft A
(Lesson 7-5)

35° 12.5 m
?
2. The angle of depression from a balloon on a 75-foot
18 m string to a person on the ground is 36°. How high is 36
the balloon? 75 ft ?
3. A ladder leaning against a building makes an angle of 78° 44 ft
with the ground. The foot of the ladder is 5 feet from the
building. How long is the ladder? ?
3. A ski run is 1000 yards long with a vertical drop of ?
24 ft 78 208 yards. Find the angle of depression from the top
5 ft 1000 yd 208 yd
of the ski run to the bottom.
4. A person whose eyes are 5 feet above the ground is standing 12°
on the runway of an airport 100 feet from the control tower.
That person observes an air traffic controller at the window 4. From the top of a 120-foot-high tower, an air traffic 19
of the 132-foot tower. What is the angle of elevation? 132 ft controller observes an airplane on the runway at an 120 ft
52° angle of depression of 19°. How far from the base of the
? tower is the airplane? ?
5 ft
Lesson 7-5

100 ft 349 ft

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Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Skills Practice 7-5 Practice (Average)

Angles of Elevation and Depression Angles of Elevation and Depression

Name the angle of depression or angle of elevation in each figure. Name the angle of depression or angle of elevation in each figure.
1. 2. R 1. T R 2. R P
F T
L

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
W Z Y
S T S L M

FLS; TSL RTW; SWT TRZ ; YZR PRM ; LMR

3. D 4. 3. WATER TOWERS A student can see a water tower from the closest point of the soccer
C
field at San Lobos High School. The edge of the soccer field is about 110 feet from the
Z W water tower and the water tower stands at a height of 32.5 feet. What is the angle of
B A elevation if the eye level of the student viewing the tower from the edge of the soccer
R P
field is 6 feet above the ground? Round to the nearest tenth degree.
about 13.5
DCB; ABC WZP; RPZ
4. CONSTRUCTION A roofer props a ladder against a wall so that the top of the ladder
5. MOUNTAIN BIKING On a mountain bike trip along the Gemini Bridges Trail in Moab, reaches a 30-foot roof that needs repair. If the angle of elevation from the bottom of the
Utah, Nabuko stopped on the canyon floor to get a good view of the twin sandstone ladder to the roof is 55°, how far is the ladder from the base of the wall? Round your
Answers

bridges. Nabuko is standing about 60 meters from the base of the canyon cliff, and the answer to the nearest foot.
natural arch bridges are about 100 meters up the canyon wall. If her line of sight is five

A15
about 21 ft
feet above the ground, what is the angle of elevation to the top of the bridges? Round to
the nearest tenth degree.
about 57.7 5. TOWN ORDINANCES The town of Belmont restricts the height
of flagpoles to 25 feet on any property. Lindsay wants to determine
x
whether her school is in compliance with the regulation. Her eye 25
6. SHADOWS Suppose the sun casts a shadow off a 35-foot building. level is 5.5 feet from the ground and she stands 36 feet from the 5.5 ft
If the angle of elevation to the sun is 60°, how long is the shadow flagpole. If the angle of elevation is about 25°, what is the height 36 ft
(Lesson 7-5)

35 ft
to the nearest tenth of a foot? of the flagpole to the nearest tenth foot?
about 20.2 ft 60
?
about 22.3 ft

7. BALLOONING From her position in a hot-air balloon, Angie can see her car parked in a 6. GEOGRAPHY Stephan is standing on a mesa at the Painted Desert. The elevation of
field. If the angle of depression is 8° and Angie is 38 meters above the ground, what is the mesa is about 1380 meters and Stephan’s eye level is 1.8 meters above ground. If
the straight-line distance from Angie to her car? Round to the nearest whole meter. Stephan can see a band of multicolored shale at the bottom and the angle of depression
about 273 m is 29°, about how far is the band of shale from his eyes? Round to the nearest meter.
about 2850 m
8. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT Kyle is at the end Kyle’s eyes
of a pier 30 feet above the ocean. His eye level is 20 3 ft
pier 7. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT Mr. Dominguez is standing Mr. Dominguez
3 feet above the pier. He is using binoculars to on a 40-foot ocean bluff near his home. He can see his two
30 ft 6 ft
watch a whale surface. If the angle of depression dogs on the beach below. If his line of sight is 6 feet above
whale water level
of the whale is 20°, how far is the whale from the ground and the angles of depression to his dogs are 34° 40 ft bluff
Kyle’s binoculars? Round to the nearest tenth foot. and 48°, how far apart are the dogs to the nearest foot?
48 34
Lesson 7-5

about 96.5 ft about 27 ft

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 377 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 378 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-5 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-5 Enrichment

Angles of Elevation and Depression
Pre-Activity How do airline pilots use angles of elevation and depression? Reading Mathematics
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-5 at the top of page 371 in your textbook. The three most common trigonometric ratios are B
What does the angle measure tell the pilot? Sample answer: how sine, cosine, and tangent. Three other ratios are the

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
steep her ascent must be to clear the peak cosecant, secant, and cotangent. The chart below
c
shows abbreviations and definitions for all six ratios. a
Refer to the triangle at the right.
Reading the Lesson
Abbreviation Read as: Ratio A C
b
1. Refer to the figure. The two observers are looking at U observer at leg opposite ⬔A a
T top of building sin A the sine of ⬔A




one another. Select the correct choice for each question. hypotenuse c

a. What is the line of sight? iii leg adjacent to ⬔A b

cos A the cosine of ⬔A





observer R S hypotenuse c
(i) line RS (ii) line ST (iii) line RT (iv) line TU on ground
leg opposite ⬔A a
tan A the tangent of ⬔A





b. What is the angle of elevation? ii leg adjacent to ⬔A b
(i) ⬔RST (ii) ⬔SRT (iii) ⬔RTS (iv) ⬔UTR hypotenuse c
csc A the cosecant of ⬔A




leg opposite ⬔A a
c. What is the angle of depression? iv
hypotenuse c
sec A the secant of ⬔A





(i) ⬔RST (ii) ⬔SRT (iii) ⬔RTS (iv) ⬔UTR leg adjacent to ⬔A b

d. How are the angle of elevation and the angle of depression related? ii leg adjacent to ⬔A b
cot A the cotangent of ⬔A





leg opposite ⬔A a
(i) They are complementary.
Answers

(ii) They are congruent.

A16
(iii) They are supplementary. Use the abbreviations to rewrite each statement as an equation.
(iv) The angle of elevation is larger than the angle of depression. 1
1. The secant of angle A is equal to 1 divided by the cosine of angle A. sec A 


cos A
e. Which postulate or theorem that you learned in Chapter 3 supports your answer for 1
part c? iv 2. The cosecant of angle A is equal to 1 divided by the sine of angle A. csc A 


sin A
(i) Corresponding Angles Postulate
1
(ii) Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem 3. The cotangent of angle A is equal to 1 divided by the tangent of angle A. cot A 


(Lesson 7-5)

tan A
(iii) Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
(iv) Alternate Interior Angles Theorem 4. The cosecant of angle A multiplied by the sine of angle A is equal to 1. csc A sin A  1

2. A student says that the angle of elevation from his eye to the top of a flagpole is 135°. 5. The secant of angle A multiplied by the cosine of angle A is equal to 1. sec A cos A  1
What is wrong with the student’s statement?
An angle of elevation cannot be obtuse. 6. The cotangent of angle A times the tangent of angle A is equal to 1. cot A tan A  1

Helping You Remember Use the triangle at right. Write each ratio. R
3. A good way to remember something is to explain it to someone else. Suppose a classmate t t s
7. sec R

8. csc R

9. cot R


finds it difficult to distinguish between angles of elevation and angles of depression. What s r r t
s
are some hints you can give her to help her get it right every time? Sample answers: t t r
10. sec S

11. csc S

12. cot S


(1) The angle of depression and the angle of elevation are both measured r s s
between the horizontal and the line of sight. (2) The angle of depression T S
r
is always congruent to the angle of elevation in the same diagram. 13. If sin x°  0.289, find the value of csc x°. ⬇ 3.46
(3) Associate the word elevation with the word up and the word
Lesson 7-5

depression with the word down. 14. If tan x°  1.376, find the value of cot x°. ⬇ 0.727

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 379 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 380 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Study Guide and Intervention 7-6 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Law of Sines The Law of Sines

The Law of Sines In any triangle, there is a special relationship between the angles of Use the Law of Sines to Solve Problems You can use the Law of Sines to solve
the triangle and the lengths of the sides opposite the angles. some problems that involve triangles.

sin A sin B sin C Let 䉭ABC be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of the sides opposite
Law of Sines





Law of Sines

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
a b c sin A sin B sin C
the angles with measures A, B, and C, respectively. Then
a

b

c
.

Lesson 7-6
Example 1 In
ABC, find b. Example 2 In
DEF, find mD.
Example Isosceles
ABC has a base of 24 centimeters and a B

B E vertex angle of 68°. Find the perimeter of the triangle. 68

c a
74 30 58 28 The vertex angle is 68°, so the sum of the measures of the base angles is
b
112 and m⬔A  m⬔C  56. A C
45 24
C A D F
b 24 sin B sin A




Law of Sines
sin C sin B b a
Law of Sines
sin D sin E





c b



Law of Sines sin 68° sin 56°
d e



m⬔B  68, b  24, m⬔A  56
sin 45° sin 74° 24 a




m⬔C  45, c  30, m⬔B  74 sin D sin 58° d  28, m⬔E  58,
30 b



a sin 68°  24 sin 56° Cross multiply.
28 24 e  24
b sin 45°  30 sin 74° Cross multiply. 24 sin 56°
24 sin D  28 sin 58° Cross multiply. a 

Divide each side by sin 68°.
30 sin 74° sin 68°
b 

Divide each side by sin 45°. 28 sin 58° ⬇ 21.5 Use a calculator.
sin 45° sin D 

Divide each side by 24.
24
b ⬇ 40.8 Use a calculator. The triangle is isosceles, so c  21.5.
28 sin 58°
D  sin1

Use the inverse sine.
24 The perimeter is 24  21.5  21.5 or about 67 centimeters.
Answers

D ⬇ 81.6° Use a calculator.

A17
Exercises
Exercises Draw a triangle to go with each exercise and mark it with the given information.
Then solve the problem. Round angle measures to the nearest degree and side
Find each measure using the given measures of
ABC. Round angle measures to measures to the nearest tenth.
the nearest degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.
1. One side of a triangular garden is 42.0 feet. The angles on each end of this side measure
1. If c  12, m⬔A  80, and m⬔C  40, find a. 66° and 82°. Find the length of fence needed to enclose the garden.
(Lesson 7-6)

18.4 192.9 ft

2. If b  20, c  26, and m⬔C  52, find m⬔B. 2. Two radar stations A and B are 32 miles apart. They locate an airplane X at the same
37 time. The three points form ⬔XAB, which measures 46°, and ⬔XBA, which measures
52°. How far is the airplane from each station?
3. If a  18, c  16, and m⬔A  84, find m⬔C. 25.5 mi from A; 23.2 mi from B
62
3. A civil engineer wants to determine the distances from points A and B to an inaccessible
4. If a  25, m⬔A  72, and m⬔B  17, find b. point C in a river. ⬔BAC measures 67° and ⬔ABC measures 52°. If points A and B are
82.0 feet apart, find the distance from C to each point.
7.7
86.3 ft to point B; 73.9 ft to point A
5. If b  12, m⬔A  89, and m⬔B 80, find a.
4. A ranger tower at point A is 42 kilometers north of a ranger tower at point B. A fire at
12.2 point C is observed from both towers. If ⬔BAC measures 43° and ⬔ABC measures 68°,
which ranger tower is closer to the fire? How much closer?
6. If a  30, c  20, and m⬔A  60, find m⬔C.
Tower B is 11 km closer than Tower A.
35

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 381 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 382 Glencoe Geometry

Glencoe Geometry
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-6 Skills Practice 7-6 Practice (Average)

The Law of Sines The Law of Sines

Find each measure using the given measures from
ABC. Round angle measures Find each measure using the given measures from
EFG. Round angle measures
to the nearest tenth degree and side measures to the nearest tenth. to the nearest tenth degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.

1. If m⬔A  35, m⬔B  48, and b  28, find a. 21.6 1. If m⬔G  14, m⬔E  67, and e  14, find g. 3.7

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Lesson 7-6
2. If m⬔B  17, m⬔C  46, and c  18, find b. 7.3 2. If e  12.7, m⬔E  42, and m⬔F  61, find f. 16.6

3. If m⬔C  86, m⬔A  51, and a  38, find c. 48.8

3. If g  14, f  5.8, and m⬔G  83, find m⬔F. 24.3

4. If a  17, b  8, and m⬔A  73, find m⬔B. 26.7

4. If e  19.1, m⬔G  34, and m⬔E  56, find g. 12.9
5. If c  38, b  34, and m⬔B  36, find m⬔C. 41.1 or 138.9
5. If f  9.6, g  27.4, and m⬔G  43, find m⬔F. 13.8
6. If a  12, c  20, and m⬔C  83, find m⬔A. 36.6

7. If m⬔A  22, a  18, and m⬔B 104, find b. 46.6 Solve each
STU described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.

6. m⬔T  85, s  4.3, t  8.2 mS ⬇ 31.5, mU ⬇ 63.5, u ⬇ 7.4

Solve each
PQR described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.
Answers

8. p  27, q  40, m⬔P  33 mQ ⬇ 53.8, mR ⬇ 93.2, r ⬇ 49.5; or 7. s  40, u  12, m⬔S  37 mT ⬇ 132.6, mU ⬇ 10.4, t ⬇ 48.9
mQ ⬇ 126.2, mR ⬇ 20.8, r ⬇ 17.6

A18
9. q  12, r  11, m⬔R  16 mP ⬇ 146.5, mQ ⬇ 17.5, p ⬇ 22.0; or 8. m⬔U  37, t  2.3, m⬔T  17 mS ⬇ 126, s ⬇ 6.4, u ⬇ 4.7
mP ⬇ 1.5, mQ ⬇ 162.5, p ⬇ 1.0
10. p  29, q  34, m⬔Q  111 mP ⬇ 52.8, mR ⬇ 16.2, r ⬇ 10.2 9. m⬔S  62, m⬔U  59, s  17.8 mT ⬇ 59, t ⬇ 17.3, u ⬇ 17.3

11. If m⬔P  89, p  16, r  12 10. t  28.4, u  21.7, m⬔T  66 mS ⬇ 69.7, mU ⬇ 44.3, s ⬇ 29.2
(Lesson 7-6)

mQ ⬇ 42.4, mR ⬇ 48.6, q ⬇ 10.8

12. If m⬔Q  103, m⬔P  63, p  13 mR ⬇ 14, q ⬇ 14.2, r ⬇ 3.5 11. m⬔S  89, s  15.3, t  14 mT ⬇ 66.2, mU ⬇ 24.8, u ⬇ 6.4

12. m⬔T  98, m⬔U  74, u  9.6 mS ⬇ 8, s ⬇ 1.4, t ⬇ 9.9

13. If m⬔P  96, m⬔R  82, r  35 mQ ⬇ 2, p ⬇ 35.2, q ⬇ 1.2

13. t  11.8, m⬔S  84, m⬔T  47 mU  49, s ⬇ 16.0, u ⬇ 12.2

14. If m⬔R  49, m⬔Q  76, r  26 mP ⬇ 55, p ⬇ 28.2, q ⬇ 33.4

14. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT To find the distance from the edge

15. If m⬔Q  31, m⬔P  52, p  20 mR ⬇ 97, q ⬇ 13.1, r ⬇ 25.2
of the lake to the tree on the island in the lake, Hannah set up a
C
triangular configuration as shown in the diagram. The distance
16. If q  8, m⬔Q  28, m⬔R  72 mP ⬇ 80, p ⬇ 16.8, r ⬇ 16.2 from location A to location B is 85 meters. The measures of the
angles at A and B are 51° and 83°, respectively. What is the distance A
from the edge of the lake at B to the tree on the island at C ?
B
17. If r  15, p  21, m⬔P  128 mQ ⬇ 17.7, mR ⬇ 34.3, q ⬇ 8.1 about 91.8 m

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7-6 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-6 Enrichment

The Law of Sines
Pre-Activity How are triangles used in radio astronomy? Identities
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-6 at the top of page 377 in your textbook. An identity is an equation that is true for all values of the B
Why might several antennas be better than one single antenna when variable for which both sides are defined. One way to verify

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
studying distant objects? Sample answer: Observing an object an identity is to use a right triangle and the definitions for c
a
trigonometric functions.

Lesson 7-6
from only one position often does not provide enough
information to calculate things such as the distance from the
A C
observer to the object. Example 1 Verify that (sin A)2  (cos A)2  1 b
is an identity.
Reading the Lesson a 2 b 2
c c
(sin A)2  (cos A)2  冢

冣  冢

冣
1. Refer to the figure. According to the Law of Sines, which of the 2
a b 2 c2
P 



2  1
following are correct statements? A, F c c
n m
m n p sin m sin n sin p To check whether an equation may be an identity, you can test
A.





B.





M N
sin M sin N sin P M N P p several values. However, since you cannot test all values, you
cos M cos N cos P sin M sin N sin P cannot be certain that the equation is an identity.
C.





D.






m n p m n p
sin P sin M sin N Example 2 Test sin 2x  2 sin x cos x to see if it could be an identity.
E. (sin M)2  (sin N)2  (sin P)2 F.






p m n
Try x  20. Use a calculator to evaluate each expression.
2. State whether each of the following statements is true or false. If the statement is false,
Answers

sin 2x  sin 40 2 sin x cos x  2 (sin 20)(cos 20)

explain why. ⬇ 0.643 ⬇ 2(0.342)(0.940)

A19
a. The Law of Sines applies to all triangles. true ⬇ 0.643
b. The Pythagorean Theorem applies to all triangles. False; sample answer: It Since the left and right sides seem equal, the equation may be an identity.
only applies to right triangles.
c. If you are given the length of one side of a triangle and the measures of any two Use triangle ABC shown above. Verify that each equation is an identity.
angles, you can use the Law of Sines to find the lengths of the other two sides. true
cos A 1 tan B 1
d. If you know the measures of two angles of a triangle, you should use the Law of Sines 1.



2.




sin A tan A sin B cos B
(Lesson 7-6)

to find the measure of the third angle. False; sample answer: You should use cos A b a b 1 tan B b b c 1
the Angle Sum Theorem.




















sin A c c a tan A sin B a c a cos B
e. A friend tells you that in triangle RST, m⬔R  132, r  24 centimeters, and s  31
centimeters. Can you use the Law of Sines to solve the triangle? Explain. No;
3. tan B cos B  sin B 4. 1  (cos B)2  (sin B)2
sample answer: In any triangle, the longest side is opposite the largest
b a b a 2
angle. Because a triangle can have only one obtuse angle, R must be tan B cos B 





 sin B 1(cos B)2  1  冢

冣
the largest angle, but s  r, so it is impossible to have a triangle with a c c c
the given measures. c2 a2


2 

2
c c
c2  a2 b2
Helping You Remember 



2 or (sin B )2
c2 c
3. Many students remember mathematical equations and formulas better if they can state
them in words. State the Law of Sines in your own words without using variables or Try several values for x to test whether each equation could be an identity.
mathematical symbols. 5. cos 2x  (cos x)2  (sin x)2 6. cos (90  x)  sin x
Sample answer: In any triangle, the ratio of the sine of an angle to the Yes; see students’ work. Yes; see students’ work.
length of the opposite side is the same for all three angles.

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Answers
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Study Guide and Intervention 7-7 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Law of Cosines The Law of Cosines

The Law of Cosines Another relationship between the sides and angles of any triangle Use the Law of Cosines to Solve Problems You can use the Law of Cosines to
is called the Law of Cosines. You can use the Law of Cosines if you know three sides of a solve some problems involving triangles.
triangle or if you know two sides and the included angle of a triangle.
Let 䉭ABC be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of the sides opposite the

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Let 䉭ABC be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of the sides opposite Law of Cosines angles with measures A, B, and C, respectively. Then the following equations are true.
Law of Cosines the angles with measures A, B, and C, respectively. Then the following equations are true. a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

Example Ms. Jones wants to purchase a piece of land with the 300 ft
Example 1 In
ABC, find c. C shape shown. Find the perimeter of the property. 80
c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C Law of Cosines Use the Law of Cosines to find the value of a. a c
12 48 10 300 ft
c2  122  102  2(12)(10)cos 48° a  12, b  10, m⬔C  48 Law of Cosines
a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A 88
A c B 200 ft
c  兹苶122 苶 2(12)(10)co
102 苶 苶苶 s 48° Take the square root of each side. a2  3002  2002  2(300)(200) cos 88° b  300, c  200, m⬔A  88

Lesson 7-7
c ⬇ 9.1 Use a calculator. a  兹130,0
苶苶 00  120,0
苶苶 88°
00 cos苶 Take the square root of each side.
⬇ 354.7 Use a calculator.
Example 2 In
ABC, find mA. 7 C Use the Law of Cosines again to find the value of c.
a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A Law of Cosines B
8 c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C Law of Cosines
5
72  52  82  2(5)(8) cos A a  7, b  5, c  8
A c2  354.72  3002  2(354.7)(300) cos 80° a  354.7, b  300, m⬔C  80
49  25  64  80 cos A Multiply.
c  兹215,8
苶12.09
苶苶 212,820
苶苶 cos 80°
苶 Take the square root of each side.
Answers

40  80 cos A Subtract 89 from each side.

1 ⬇ 422.9 Use a calculator.


 cos A Divide each side by 80.

A20
2 The perimeter of the land is 300  200  422.9  200 or about 1223 feet.
1
cos1

 A Use the inverse cosine.
2
60°  A Use a calculator.
Exercises
Draw a figure or diagram to go with each exercise and mark it with the given
information. Then solve the problem. Round angle measures to the nearest degree
Exercises and side measures to the nearest tenth.
(Lesson 7-7)

Find each measure using the given measures from
ABC. Round angle measures 1. A triangular garden has dimensions 54 feet, 48 feet, and 62 feet. Find the angles at each
to the nearest degree and side measures to the nearest tenth. corner of the garden.
75°; 48°; 57°
1. If b  14, c  12, and m⬔A  62, find a. 13.5
2. A parallelogram has a 68° angle and sides 8 and 12. Find the lengths of the diagonals.
2. If a  11, b  10, and c  12, find m⬔B. 51 11.7; 16.7
3. An airplane is sighted from two locations, and its position forms an acute triangle with
3. If a  24, b  18, and c  16, find m⬔C. 42 them. The distance to the airplane is 20 miles from one location with an angle of
elevation 48.0°, and 40 miles from the other location with an angle of elevation of 21.8°.
How far apart are the two locations?
4. If a  20, c  25, and m⬔B  82, find b. 29.8
50.5 mi
5. If b  18, c  28, and m⬔A  59, find a. 24.3 4. A ranger tower at point A is directly north of a ranger tower at point B. A fire at point C
is observed from both towers. The distance from the fire to tower A is 60 miles, and the
distance from the fire to tower B is 50 miles. If m⬔ACB  62, find the distance between
6. If a  15, b  19, and c  15, find m⬔C. 51
the towers.
57.3 mi
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 387 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 388 Glencoe Geometry

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©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Skills Practice 7-7 Practice (Average)

The Law of Cosines The Law of Cosines

In
RST, given the following measures, find the measure of the missing side. In
JKL, given the following measures, find the measure of the missing side.
1. r  5, s  8, m⬔T  39 t ⬇ 5.2 1. j  1.3, k  10, m⬔L  77 ᐉ ⬇ 9.8

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. r  6, t  11, m⬔S  87 s ⬇ 12.3 2. j  9.6, ᐉ  1.7, m⬔K  43 k ⬇ 8.4

3. r  9, t  15, m⬔S  103 s ⬇ 19.2 3. j  11, k  7, m⬔L  63 ᐉ ⬇ 10.0

4. k  4.7, ᐉ  5.2, m⬔J  112 j ⬇ 8.2
4. s  12, t  10, m⬔R  58 r ⬇ 10.8

In
MNQ, given the lengths of the sides, find the measure of the stated angle to
In
HIJ, given the lengths of the sides, find the measure of the stated angle to the
the nearest tenth.
nearest tenth.
5. m  17, n  23, q  25; m⬔Q 75.7
5. h  12, i  18, j  7; m⬔H 24.7

Lesson 7-7
6. m  24, n  28, q  34; m⬔M 44.2
6. h  15, i  16, j  22; m⬔I 46.7
7. m  12.9, n  18, q  20.5; m⬔N 60.2
7. h  23, i  27, j  29; m⬔J 70.4
8. m  23, n  30.1, q  42; m⬔Q 103.7
8. h  37, i  21, j  30; m⬔H 91.3
Determine whether the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines should be used first to
Answers

Determine whether the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines should be used first to solve
ABC. Then sole each triangle. Round angle measures to the nearest degree
solve each triangle. Then solve each triangle. Round angle measures to the nearest and side measure to the nearest tenth.

A21
degree and side measures to the nearest tenth.
9. a  13, b  18, c  19 10. a  6, b  19, m⬔C  38
9. B 10. M Cosines; mA ⬇ 41; Cosines; mA ⬇ 15;
c 19 24 86 ᐉ
mB ⬇ 65; mC ⬇ 74 mB ⬇ 127; c ⬇ 14.7
66 L N
A C 52
33 11. a  17, b  22, m⬔B  49 12. a  15.5, b  18, m⬔C  72
(Lesson 7-7)

Cosines; mA ⬇ 34; Sines; mL ⬇ 67; Sines; mA ⬇ 36; Cosines; mA ⬇ 48;
mB ⬇ 80; c ⬇ 30.7 mN ⬇ 27; ᐉ ⬇ 47.8 mC ⬇ 95; c ⬇ 29.0 mB ⬇ 60; c ⬇ 19.8

11. a  10, b  14, c 19 12. a  12, b  10, m⬔C  27

Solve each
FGH described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth.
Cosines; mA ⬇ 31; Cosines; mA ⬇ 97;
13. m⬔F  54, f  12.5, g  11 mG ⬇ 45.4, mH ⬇ 80.6, h ⬇ 15.2
mB ⬇ 46; mC ⬇ 103 mB ⬇ 56; c ⬇ 5.5
14. f 20, g  23, m⬔H  47 mF ⬇ 57.4, mG ⬇ 75.6, h ⬇ 17.4
Solve each
RST described below. Round measures to the nearest tenth. 15. f  15.8, g  11, h  14 mF ⬇ 77.4, mG ⬇ 42.8, mH ⬇ 59.8
13. r  12, s  32, t  34 mR ⬇ 20.7, mS ⬇ 70.2, mT ⬇ 89.1 16. f  36, h  30, m⬔G  54 mF ⬇ 73.1, mH ⬇ 52.9, g ⬇ 30.4
14. r  30, s  25, m⬔T  42 mR ⬇ 82.2, mS ⬇ 55.7, t ⬇ 20.3
17. REAL ESTATE The Esposito family purchased a triangular plot of land on which they
15. r  15, s  11, m⬔R  67 mS ⬇ 42.5, mT ⬇ 70.5, t ⬇ 15.4 plan to build a barn and corral. The lengths of the sides of the plot are 320 feet, 286 feet,
and 305 feet. What are the measures of the angles formed on each side of the property?
16. r  21, s  28, t  30 mR ⬇ 42.3, mS ⬇ 63.8, mT ⬇ 74.0 65.5, 54.4, 60.1

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Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

7-7 Reading to Learn Mathematics 7-7 Enrichment

The Law of Cosines
Pre-Activity How are triangles used in building design? Spherical Triangles
Read the introduction to Lesson 7-7 at the top of page 385 in your textbook. Spherical trigonometry is an extension of plane trigonometry. C
What could be a disadvantage of a triangular room? Sample answer: Figures are drawn on the surface of a sphere. Arcs of great a

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Furniture will not fit in the corners. circles correspond to line segments in the plane. The arcs of b
three great circles intersecting on a sphere form a spherical
triangle. Angles have the same measure as the tangent lines B
A
Reading the Lesson drawn to each great circle at the vertex. Since the sides are c
arcs, they too can be measured in degrees.
1. Refer to the figure. According to the Law of Cosines, which D
statements are correct for 䉭DEF ? B, E, H f
The sum of the sides of a spherical triangle is less than 360°.
e
A. d 2  e2  f 2  ef cos D B. e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E The sum of the angles is greater than 180° and less than 540°.
E
F d The Law of Sines for spherical triangles is as follows.
C. d2  e2  f 2  2ef cos D D. f 2  d2  e2  2ef cos F
sin a sin b sin c

Lesson 7-7
E. f 2  d2  e2  2de cos F F. d 2  e2  f 2






sin A sin B sin C
sin D sin E sin F
G.





2  f2
H. d  兹e苶 苶 f cos D
 2e苶 苶 There is also a Law of Cosines for spherical triangles.
d e f
cos a  cos b cos c  sin b sin c cos A
2. Each of the following describes three given parts of a triangle. In each case, indicate cos b  cos a cos c  sin a sin c cos B
whether you would use the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines first in solving a triangle cos c  cos a cos b  sin a sin b cos C
with those given parts. (In some cases, only one of the two laws would be used in solving
the triangle.)
Answers

a. SSS Law of Cosines b. ASA Law of Sines Example Solve the spherical triangle given a  72,

A22
c. AAS Law of Sines d. SAS Law of Cosines b  105, and c  61.
e. SSA Law of Sines Use the Law of Cosines.
0.3090  (–0.2588)(0.4848)  (0.9659)(0.8746) cos A
3. Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why. cos A  0.5143
a. The Law of Cosines applies to right triangles. true A  59°
b. The Pythagorean Theorem applies to acute triangles. False; sample answer: 0.2588  (0.3090)(0.4848)  (0.9511)(0.8746) cos B
(Lesson 7-7)

It only applies to right triangles. cos B  0.4912

c. The Law of Cosines is used to find the third side of a triangle when you are given the B  119°
measures of two sides and the nonincluded angle. False; sample answer: It is 0.4848  (0.3090)(–0.2588)  (0.9511)(0.9659) cos C
used when you are given the measures of two sides and the included cos C  0.6148
angle. C  52°
d. The Law of Cosines can be used to solve a triangle in which the measures of the three Check by using the Law of Sines.
sides are 5 centimeters, 8 centimeters, and 15 centimeters. False; sample sin 72° sin 105° sin 61°






 1.1
answer: 5  8 15, so, by the Triangle Inequality Theorem, no such sin 59° sin 119° sin 52°
triangle exists.
Solve each spherical triangle.
Helping You Remember 1. a  56°, b  53°, c  94° 2. a  110°, b  33°, c  97°
4. A good way to remember a new mathematical formula is to relate it to one you already A  41, B  39, C  128 A  116, B  31, C  71
know. The Law of Cosines looks somewhat like the Pythagorean Theorem. Both formulas
must be true for a right triangle. How can that be? cos 90  0, so in a right 3. a  76°, b  110°, C  49° 4. b  94°, c  55°, A  48°
triangle, where the included angle is the right angle, the Law of Cosines
becomes the Pythagorean Theorem. A  59, B  124, c  59 a  60, B  121, C  45
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 391 Glencoe Geometry © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 392 Glencoe Geometry

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