CHAPTER 2

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

Compendium
A. Introduction
B. Classification of matter on the basis of chemical composition of
matter
a. Elements
b. Compounds
c. Mixture
i. Homogenous mixture
ii. Heterogeneous mixture
C. Solution as type of mixture
a. Types of solution
i. True solution
ii. Suspension solution
iii. Colloidal solution
1. Types of colloidal solution
2. Concentration of solution
o Mass /mass percentage
o Volume / volume percentage
o Mass/ volume percentage
D. Separation of mixtures
a. Separation of solid-solid mixture
i. Separation using appropriate solvent
ii. By sublimation
iii. By magnetic separation
b. Separation of solid-liquid mixture
i. Filtration
ii. Centrifugation

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iii. Evaporation
iv. Crystallisation
v. Chromatography
vi. Distillation
vii. Purification of drinking water
c. Separation of liquid-liquid mixture
i. Fractional distillation
ii. By using separating funnel
d. Separation of mixtures by using more than single method
e. Separation of different gases from air
E. Changes around us
a. Physical change
b. Chemical change
c. Difference between physical and chemical change
F. Bird’s-eye view
G. Solved example
H. Practice yourself
I. Solutions

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A. Introduction
If we observe some sugar and some soil placed on two different
sheets of paper with a magnifying glass, we will find that the colour,
shape and size of all the particles of sugar are the same, but the soil
contains particles of different colours, shapes and sizes. For example,
the soil contains clay particles, some grass particles and even some
dead insects, etc. Now, sugar which contains particles of only one
kind is called a pure substance whereas soil which contains particles
of different kinds is called an impure substance (or mixture). From
this we conclude that all the matter around us is not pure. The
matter around us is of two types: pure substances and mixtures.
The mixtures are impure substances. We will now discuss pure
substances and mixtures in a little more detail.

B. Classification of matter on the basis of chemical

composition
• If we observe substances around us, they are either in pure form
or in the form of mixture.
• From this we conclude that all the matter around us is not pure.
• The matter around us is of two types: Pure substances and
Mixture.
On the basis of chemical composition, the matter is classified into
two:
1. Pure Substances
2. Impure Substances

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Fig : 1 Classification of matter

Pure substances
• A pure substance is one which is made up of only one kind of
particles.
• These particles may be atoms or molecules. So, we can say that a
pure substance is one which is made up only one kind of atoms or
molecules.
Example:
(1) Sulphur is pure substance
(2) Water is pure substance

Fig.3 Water
• All the elements and compounds are pure
substances.

Fig.2 Sulphur

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Fig.4 Flow chart of classification of pure substance into elements and compound

(i) Elements
• An element is substance which cannot be split up into two or
more simpler substances by the usual chemical method of
applying heat, light or electricity energy.
• Example: Copper, iron, Sodium, chromium, Magnesium

Cupper Iron Chromium Magnesium

Fig.5 Examples of element

An element is made up of only one kind of atoms.

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There are 118 elements known at present, out of which 94 elements
occur in nature, while the remaining elements have been prepared
artificially.
(ii) Compounds

A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements

chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass.

Examples:
1. H2O: Hydrogen and Oxygen combined in a fixed proportion of 1:8
2. NaCl: Sodium and Chlorine combined in a fixed proportion of 23:35
3. NH3: Nitrogen and hydrogen combine in a fixed proportion of 14:3

H2 O NaCl NH3

In the above section we have learned about pure substances. Let us

understand mixtures and their types on the basis of their composition.

c. Mixtures
Mixtures are composed of two or more than two elements or
compounds mixed together. In some mixtures, constituents retain
their chemical properties while some in other mixtures the
constituents do not retain their chemical properties throughout the
mixture.

Based on this fact, there are two types of mixture listed below:

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Types of mixture
i. Homogeneous mixtures
ii. Heterogeneous mixtures

i. Homogeneous mixtures

Those mixtures in which the substances are completely mixed

together and are indistinguishable from one another, are
called homogeneous mixtures.

• These kind of mixtures have a uniform composition throughout

its volume
• It has no visible boundaries of separation between the various
constituents.
• All true solutions are examples of homogeneous mixtures
• Example: Mixture of CuSO4 and water, mixture of water and
alcohol etc.

Mixture of CuSO4 and Water Mixture of water and alcohol

Fig.6 Examples of homogeneous mixture

ii. Heterogeneous mixture

Those mixtures in which the substances remain separate and

one substance is spread throughout the other substances as
small particles, droplets or bubbles, are called heterogeneous
mixtures.

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• A heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition
throughout its volume.
• It has visible boundaries of separation for various constituents.
Example:
• The suspension of solids in liquids: Chalk in water
• Mixture of two or more immiscible liquids: Oil in water, water in
petrol etc.
• All suspension solutions and colloidal solutions are example of
heterogeneous mixture.

Chalk in water Oil in water Petrol in water

Fig.7 Examples of heterogeneous mixture

Checkpoint -1

1. Which of the followings is not an element? [1 Mark]

(a)Graphite (b)Germanium
(c)Silica (d)Silicon
2. Which of the following are compounds? [1 Mark]
(i)CO (ii) Ni
(iii)NO (iv)Co
(a)i and ii (b)ii and iii
(c)i and iii (d)ii and iv

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3. Which of the following is not mixture? [1 Mark]
(a)Kerosene (b)Air
(c)Alcohol (d)Petrol
4. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixture.
[6 Marks]
(a)Sodium (b)Silica
(c)Sugar solution (d)Silver
(e)Calcium carbonate (f)Tin
(g)Coal (h)Soap
(i)Carbon-dioxide (j)Blood
(k)Milk (l)Polluted air
5. Name three mixtures found in nature [1 Mark]
6. Which of the following is mixture?
(a)Sugar (b)Unpolluted air
(c)Sea water (d)Common salt
7. “The properties of the product are different from those of the
constituents”. State whether this statement best describes an
element, a compound or a mixture. [1 Mark]
8. State the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous
mixture.

C. Solution as an example of mixture

What is solution?

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances.

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Solution is composed of two basic components:
Solute: Substance which is dissolved.
Solvent: Substance which is used for dissolution.
Example: KMnO4 in water
Solute (Minor component): KMnO4
Solvent Solute
Solvent (Major portion): Water

Solution
Solute and Solvent together makes solution.
Solute is minor component of different size. Size of solute particle
affects the different properties of solution.
Let’s learn about the types of solutions and their properties in below
section.

a. Types of solution

Based on the size of solute particle, True

solution
there are three main kinds of solutions.
Suspension
i. True Solution solution
Colloidal
ii. Suspension solution Solution
iii. Colloidal solution

i. True Solution

True Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances in which the substance dissolved (solute) in solvent
has a particle size of less than 10-9 m or 1 nm.

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Properties of True solution
1. It is a homogeneous mixture.

2. The size of solute particles in this solution is less than 1nm.

3. The particles of a solution cannot be seen even with a microscope.

4. The particle of a solution pass through the filter paper i.e. a

solution cannot be separated by filtration.

5. The solution is very stable. The particles of solute present in a

solution do not separate out on keeping.

6. A true solution does not scatter light.

Reason: Particles are of very small size.

7. Example: Aqueous solution of copper sulphate, Aqueous solution

of sodium chloride.

CuSO4 Solution NaCl Solution

Fig.8 True solution
doesn’t scatter light Fig. 9 Examples of true solution

ii. Suspension Solution

A suspension solution is a heterogeneous mixture in which the

small particles of a solid are spread throughout a liquid
without dissolving in it.

Properties of Suspension Solution

1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. The size of solute particles in suspension solution is larger than
1000 nm.

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3. The particles of suspension are easily visible.
4. The particles of suspension solution do not
pass-through filter paper i.e., a suspension
solution can be separated by filtration.
5. The suspensions are unstable.
Example: Mixture of water and oil.
Reason: The particles of a suspension settle
down after some time.
6. A suspension scatters a beam of light passing
through it. Oil

Fig.10 Mixture of oil

and water

Fig.11 Light scattering

through sand water

Examples:
1. Mixture of chalk and water.
2. Muddy water
3. Mixture of flour and water
4. Mixture of dust particle and air

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iii. Colloidal Solution

A colloidal solution is a kind of solution in which the size of

solute particles is intermediate between those in true solutions
and those in suspension.

Properties of Colloidal Solution

1. A colloid appears to be homogeneous but actually it is
heterogeneous.
2. The size of particles in a colloid is bigger than those in true solution
and smaller than those in suspension solution. It is between 1 nm
and 1000 nm.
3. The particles of most of the colloids cannot be seen even with a
microscope.
4. The particles of a colloid can pass through a filter paper. So, colloid
cannot be separated by filtration.
5. The colloids are quite stable. The particles
of a colloid do not separate out on
keeping.
Fig. 12 Light passing
6. A colloidal solution scatters beam of light through colloidal
solution
passing through it.

Tyndall effect: The scattering of light

through colloidal solution is called Tyndall
effect.
In the figure we can see the light scattering
from colloidal solution while in other
Fig. 13 Experiment to see
solution this phenomenon is not observed. light scattering through
colloidal solution and true
solution

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7. Centrifugation is separation technique to separate particles of
colloids.

8. Examples of colloidal solution.

Fig. 14 Centrifuge

Blood Mayonnaise Milk

Butter Gelatine coloured glass

Fig. 15 Examples of different colloidal solutions

1. Types of Colloidal solution

Classification of Colloidal solution is based on dispersed phase and
dispersed medium.
Dispersed phase(solute): The solute like component or dispersed
particles in the colloid form dispersed phase.
Dispersion medium (Solvent): The medium in which dispersed
phase is suspended is called the dispersion medium.

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Based on the state of dispersed phase and dispersed medium, there
are eight types of colloidal solution listed below with the respective
examples.
Name of Dispersed Dispersion Example
colloids phase Medium
Sol Solid Liquid Ink. Soap solution,
Starch solution, Most
paints.
Solid Sol Solid Solid Coloured gemstone
(like ruby)
Aerosol 1. Solid Gas Smoke, Automobiles
exhausts Hairspray,
2. Liquid Gas Fog, Mist, Clouds
Emulsion Liquid Liquid Milk, Butter, Face
cream
Foam Gas Liquid Fire-extinguisher
foam, Soap bubbles,
Shaving cream, Beer
foam
Solid Foam Gas Solid Insulating foam,
Foam rubber,
Sponge, Bread.
Gel Liquid Solid Jellies, Gelatine, Hair
gel

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Checkpoint - 2

1. Out of colloid solution and a suspension: [1 Mark]

(a) Which one has the smaller particles?
(b) Which one has the larger particles?
2. Which is the name of the clear liquid formed when a solid dissolve
in a liquid? [1 Mark]
(a) Suspension solution (b) True solution
(c) Colloidal Solution (d) Both a and b
3. Among the following solution which will scatter light? [1 Mark]
(a) Soap solution (b) Starch solution
(c) Sugar solution (d) Both a and b
4. One of the following is a solid foam. This one is________. [1 Mark]
(a) Butter (b) Bread
(c) Face cream (d) Shaving cream
5. Milk of magnesia is ________ [1 Mark]
(a) A colloid (b) A true solution
(c) A homogeneous (d) A suspension
6. Name the three types of solution. [1 Mark]
7. Classify the following into true solution, suspension solution Soda-
water, Sugar solution, brine, chalk water mixture, Muddy water.
[2 Marks]
8. Out of the following which one is solid foam? [1 Mark]
(a) Sponge (b) Bread
(c) Jellies (d) Fog

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9. Assertion: Colloidal solution is heterogeneous mixture but
appears to be homogeneous.
Reason: Particles of colloidal solution is quite smaller than
suspension solution.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c. A is true but R is false.

d. A is false but R is true.

10. Choose one term from the following which includes the other
three:
Aerosol, emulsion, colloid, sol. [1 Mark]
11. What is the difference between colloids and suspension solution?
[3 Marks]
12. The scattering of light through colloidal solution is called _______.
[1 Mark]
13. Which of the following shows the tyndall effect? Why? [2 Marks]
(a) Salt solution (b) Starch solution
(c) Milk (d) CuSO4 solution

2.Concentration of solution

A solution may have a small amount of solute dissolved in it while

another solution may have a large amount of solute dissolved in it.
Dilute solution: The solution having small amount of solute is said to
have low concentration. It is known as a dilute solution.

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Concentrated solution: The solution having a large amount of solute
is said to be of high concentration. It is known as a concentrated
solution.
We can now define the concentration of a solution as follows:
Definition: "The amount of solute present in a given quantity of the
solution".
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in a number of
different ways based on the state of solute in given solvent.
• Mass / mass percentage
• Volume / volume percentage
• Mass / volume percentage
Let’s learn how to calculate concentration by using these three terms.
Mass / mass percentage
Case: Solid solute dissolved in a solid solvent.
“The concentration of a solution is defined as the mass of solute in
grams present in 100 grams of the solution”.
Mass of solute
∴Concentration of solution = × 100
Mass of solution

Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent

Example 1: A solution contains 30 g of sugar dissolved in 370g of water.

Calculate the concentration of this solution.
Solution:
Mass of Sugar (solute): 30g
Mass of water (solvent): 370g
Mass of solution = Mass of Sugar (solute) + Mass of water (solvent)
= 30g + 370g = 400g
Mass of solute
Concentration of solution = × 100
Mass of solution

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30
= × 100
400
= 7.5 per cent (or 7.5%)

Volume/volume percentage
Case: Liquid solute dissolved in a liquid solvent
‘The concentration of a solution is defined as the volume of solute in
millilitres present in 100 millilitres of the solution’.
Volume of solute
∴Concentration of solution = × 100 %
Volume of solution

Volume of solution= Volume of solute + Volume of solvent

Example: If 2 mL of acetone is present in 45 mL of its aqueous
solution, calculate the concentration of this solution.
Solution
Volume of solute (acetone) = 2 mL
Volume of solution = 45 mL
∴ Volume of solvent = Volume of solution - Volume of solute (acetone)
= 45mL – 2mL
= 43mL
Volume of solute
Concentration of solution = × 100 %
Volume of solution
2mL
= × 100 %
45mL
=4.4 per cent (by volume)

Mass /volume percentage

Case: Solid solute dissolved in a liquid solvent.

the mass or weight of solute in grams (e.g., in grams) vs. the volume
of solution (e.g., in mL).
‘The concentration of a solution is defined as the mass of solute in

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grams present in 100mL of the solution’.
Mass solute
Concentration of solution = × 100
Volume of solution

(i) Solubility

The maximum amount of a solute which can be dissolved in 100

grams of solvent at a specified temperature is known as the solubility
of that solute in that solvent at that temperature.
If the given solvent is water, then solubility is defined as “The
maximum amount of a solute which can be dissolved in 100grams of
water at a given temperature”.
a. Solubility of Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is 32 grams at 200C
So, the maximum amount of potassium nitrate (KNO3) which can be
dissolved in 100grams of water is 32 grams.
Note: While expressing the solubility of substance, specify the
temperature also.
The solubility of different substance in water is different.

(ii) Saturated and unsaturated solution

When we dissolve a solute in a solvent, then a solution is formed. We

can dissolve different amounts of solute in the same quantity of the
solvent. In this way, we can get many solutions having different
concentrations of the same solute.
A particular solution may contain less amount of the dissolved solute
whereas another solution may contain more amount of the solute in
it.
So, depending upon the amount of solute present, the solutions can
be classified into two groups:

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o Unsaturated solutions and
o Saturated solutions.
Let us discuss it in detail.
(ii) Unsaturated solution
A solution in which more quantity of solute can
be dissolved without raising its temperature, is
called an unsaturated solution.
o Unsaturated solution contains lesser
Fig. 16 Unsaturated
amount of solute than the maximum amount solution of Sodium
acetate
of solute which can be dissolved in it at that
temperature.

(iii) Saturated solution

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at that

temperature, is called a saturated.

Fig. 16 Saturated solution of sodium acetate

• Effect of temperature on saturated solution

i. On increasing temperature solubility increases hence saturated
solution can form super saturated solution.
ii. On decreasing temperature solubility decrease, hence
unsaturated solution can convert to saturated solution.

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Example: Solution of sodium chloride
Here express solubility of NaCl in H2O.

Fig.17 Example of saturated and unsaturated solution of NaCl

Checkpoint - 3

1. What is the common way of expressing the concentration of a

solution? [1 Mark]
2. What is meant by the concentration of a solution? [1 Mark]
3. Dilute solution mean________. [1 Mark]
(a) Small amount of solvent and large amount of solute
(b) Small amount of solute and large amount of solvent
(c) Equal amount of solute and solvent.
(d) Both a and c
4. What will happen to the solubility, if amount of solute is added
below its solubility? [1 Mark]
5. Define saturated solution. [1 Mark]

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6. Amit has prepared unsaturated solution. He saw solution is clear
and kept adding the solute till the time comes when solute has
stopped dissolving. That solution is called ____________ solution.
[1 Mark]
7. On heating saturated solution, it converts to ________ solution.
[1 Mark]

We have studied about mixtures and their types. In below section we

will study about the different separation techniques to separate the
desirable components from the mixture.

D. Separation of mixtures
Many of the things which we use in our daily life are mixtures. These
mixtures have two or more than two substances mixed together.

• Purpose of separation:
1. To separate the desirable components of a mixture for our use in
our daily life.
2. To remove impurity to get pure substance.
3. To separate the components of a mixture, different separation
techniques can be used.

• Principles of separation technique:

• Physical property
• Types of mixture

(i) Physical properties of constituent particles

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Difference in the physical properties of constituents is used to
separate them from a mixture. Here is the list of some physical
property.

Physical property Physical property

Boiling point Solubility
Melting point Particle size
Density Magnetic nature
Volatility Sublimability

(ii) Types of mixture

Based on the state of constituent present in mixture, there are three
types of mixture:
1. Solid-Solid mixtures
2. Solid-Liquid mixtures
3. Liquid-Liquid mixture
4. Gas-Gas mixture (Separation of constituent of air)
Based on the different physical properties and types of mixture,
different separation techniques are used to separate the constituent
of a mixture.
a. Separation of solid-solid mixture
All the mixtures containing two solid substances can be separated by
one of the following methods:
ii. By using a suitable solvent
iii. By the process of sublimation
iv. By using a magnet

i.Separation using appropriate solvent:

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Principle: This method of separation of solids is based on the
difference in solubility. Solvent used for separation should be such
that one component of the mixture should be soluble in it while the
other substance must be insoluble.
Example: Mixture of sand and sugar
Sugar is soluble in water while sand is not.
• Filtration: Mixture is added to water in a beaker
and then filtered it. Sand being insoluble will
remain on filter paper as residue and sugar being
soluble will be collected as filtrate in beaker.
• Evaporation: Filtrate containing sugar solution Fig.18 Filtration of
mixture
is evaporated to get sugar back. containing sand
and sugar

Fig.19 Process of separation of mixture by filtration

ii.By the process of sublimation

Sublimation: It is the process in which solid changes into gas

directly without first converting into liquid.
Principle: This process is used when one of the solid components of
mixture is volatile while other is non-volatile.
Example: Separation of Common Salt (NaCl) & Ammonium Chloride
(NH4Cl).
Process:

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• The mixture of common salt and
ammonium chloride is taken in a china
dish.
• The china dish is covered with an inverted
glass funnel. A loose cotton plug is put in
the upper, open end of the funnel to
prevent the ammonium chloride vapours
Fig. 20 Separation of a
from escaping into the atmosphere. mixture by sublimation

• The mixture is heated by using a burner. On heating ammonium

chloride changes into white vapours. These vapours rise up and get
converted into solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact
with the cold, inner walls of the funnel. By this method ammonium
chloride is separated from sodium chloride.

iii. By magnetic separation

Principle: This method is used when one of the components of a
mixture has a tendency to get attracted by a magnet while the other
substance is non-magnetic.
Example: Separation of Iron Filings & Sulphur Powder
Process:

• In order to separate mixture of iron filings

from sulphur powder, a horse-shoe type
magnet is moved on the mixture.
• The iron filings are attracted by the magnet,
they cling to the poles of the magnet and
Fig.21 Separation of iron
get separated. This process can be repeated filings from sulphur

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a number of times to achieve complete
separation of iron filings. Sulphur powder is
not attracted by a magnet and it is left behind.
• Similarly, in factories, scrap iron is separated
from the heap of waste materials by using big Fig.21 Separation of
scrap iron material
electromagnets fitted to a crane. from the heap of
waste material

Checkpoint - 4

1. Name the following separation technique to separate the

following solid- solid mixture. [1 Mark]
(a) Naphthalene and common salt
(b) Salt and iodine
2. What type of magnet is used to separate scraps iron objects from
heap of waste material in factories? [1 Mark]
3. What principle is used when solid- solid mixture is separated
through sublimation? [1 Mark]
4. If a mixture contains iron fillings as one of the constituents, it can
be separated by using a __________. [1 Mark]
5. How will you separate the mixture of sodium chloride and sand?
Explain in detail. [3 Marks]
6. Describe the sublimation process. [2 Marks]
7. Name the method used to separate the mixture of sand and salt.
[1 Mark]
b. Separation of solid - liquid mixture
All the mixtures containing a solid and a liquid can be separated by
one of the following methods.

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i.Filtration
ii.Centrifugation
iii.Evaporation
iv.Crystallisation
v.Chromatography
vi.Distillation

Fig.22 Filtration
i. Filtration
Principle: In this process, solid component of the mixture should be
insoluble in the liquid component. It is used for separating insoluble
substances from a liquid.

Example: Mixture of sand and water

• The mixture is poured into a filter paper cone fixed in a funnel.
• The liquid passes through the filter paper and collects in the beaker
kept below the funnel.
• The larger sized solid particles do not pass through the filter paper
and are collected on the filter paper.
• The solid substance left behind on the filter paper is called residue.
The clear liquid obtained is called filtrate.

Fig. 23 Separation of sand from water by filtration

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• In this way, a mixture of insoluble solid in

a liquid is separated into the ‘solid’ and
‘clear liquid’.
• Example: Filtration of tea leaves from
Fig. 24 Separation of tea
tea. leaved using sieve

ii. Centrifugation
Principle: This technique is used when
there is a difference in the density of
components of the mixture.
• Centrifugation is a method for
separating the suspended particles of a
Fig.24 Mechanism of
substance from a liquid by rotating the centrifuge when switched on.

mixture at a high speed in a device

called centrifuge.
• The basic principle on which centrifuge
works is gravity and generation of
centrifugal force to sediment the
different fractions.
• The particles whose density is higher
than that of the solvent sink at the
Fig.25 Centrifuged Blood
bottom (Sediment). The lighter particles solution
will float at the top.

Example: Centrifugation is used to separate cream from milk. It is

used to separate components of blood for testing purpose.

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iii. Evaporation
It is a process in which liquid turns to vapour.
Principle: This technique is used when one of the components of
mixture is volatile in nature.
This method drives off the liquid components from the solid
component.
Example: Mixture of salt and water
Process:
Mixture is taken in beaker and heated
with the help of burner. Under the
influence of heat, the water being more
Fig.26 Evaporation
volatile compared to salt in nature, will
be converted to vapour leaving behind
the non-volatile substance back.
In many parts of the world, table salt is
obtained from the evaporation of sea
water. The heat for the process comes
Fig.27 Harvesting of salt by
from the sun. evaporation

Experiment to obtain coloured component (dye) from ink

Aim: To obtain dye from ink
Apparatus: Beaker, china dish, wire gauze, Bunsen burner and ink.
Procedure:

a. Put 5mL of ink in china dish.

b. The china dish containing ink is then placed over the mouth of
beaker containing water, which is kept on a tripod stand.
c. Now heat the beaker with the burner.

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d. When all the water has evaporated from ink, we stop heating.

Observation:

• The water will start boiling to form steam

• This steam heats the ink in the china dish, the water present in ink
starts evaporating gradually.
• When all the water has evaporated from ink, a small amount of
solid coloured material is left in the china
• This coloured material is the dye which was present in the ink.

Fig.28 Separation of dye from ink by evaporation

iv. Crystallisation

Principle of crystallisation
Crystallization: The process of cooling a hot,
concentrated solution of a substance to
obtain crystals is called crystallisation.
This technique is accompanied with the
purification of substances by evaporation to
Fig. 28 Crystal of
get pure crystals of substance. different substance

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1. The solution is heated in an open container.
2. The solvent molecules start evaporating, leaving behind the solute.
3. When the solution gets cooled, crystals of solute start accumulating
on the surface of the solution.
4. Crystals are collected and dried as per the product requirement.
5. The undissolved solids in the liquid are separated by the process of
filtration.
6. Large crystals are formed at slow cooling rates.

Fig.30 Purification of impure copper sulphate by crystalisation

Example: Purification of impure copper sulphate by crystallization.

v. Chromatography
Principle: This separation is based on the fact that though two (or
more) substances are soluble in the same solvent (say, water) but their
solubilities may be different.

Chromatography is a technique of separating two (or more)

dissolved solids which are present in a solution in very small
quantities.

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There are many types of chromatography but the simplest form is
the paper chromatography.
Paper chromatography: By using this chromatography, two
different substances present in the same solution can be separated.
Some may be more soluble than the others.
Example: Black ink contains a number of dyes dissolved in water,
have different solubilities in water.
Procedure:
1. Take a thin and long strip of filter paper.
2. Draw a pencil line on it, about 3 centimetres from one end.
3. Put a small drop of black ink on the filter paper strip at the centre
of the pencil line (refer figure).
4. Let the ink dry.
5. When the drop of ink has dried, the filter paper strip is lowered
into a medium glass jar containing some water in its lower part
(keeping the pencil line at the bottom).
6. The filter paper strip is held vertically by attaching its upper end to
a glass rod with cello tape.
7. Note: Though the lower end of the paper strip should dip in water
but the pencil line (having dried ink spot on it) should remain
above the water level in the jar.
8. The water gradually rises up the filter paper strip by capillary
action.
9. When the water reaches near the top end of the filter paper strip,
the paper strip is removed from the jar and dried. The paper
exhibits different coloured spots of dyes separated from the black
ink.

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Mechanism:
As water moves up the paper strip, it takes along the dyes present in
ink. The dye which is more soluble in water dissolves first, rises faster
and produces a coloured spot on the paper at a higher position. The
less soluble dyes dissolve a little later, rise slower and form-coloured
spots at lower heights.
In this way, all the dyes present in black ink get separated (by forming
separate different coloured spots)

Fig.31 Separation of dyes in black ink by paper chromatography

Fig.32 Chromatographic separation of dyes present in black ink

vi. Distillation
Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form vapour, and then
cooling the vapour to get back liquid.
• It can be represented as: Liquid ⇋ Vapour
• Principle: This technique is used when we need to separate solid
(non-volatile) components from liquid (volatile) component.

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• Note: Distillation can also be used two separate two liquids having
different boiling points
• Example: Separation salt water from the sea water.

Fig.33 Separation salt water from the sea water.

Procedure

1. The salt and water mixture is taken in the distillation flask A and
heated.
2. On heating, water forms vapours (steam) which rise up and come
out through the side tube B of the distillation flask, and go into
water condenser C.
3. Cold water from the tap is circulated through the outer tube of
condenser or cooling the vapours.
4. The hot water vapours get cooled in the condenser to form pure
water which trickles down from the condenser and collects in the
beaker D. This pure water is called distilled water.
Mechanism: The salt is non-volatile (it does not form vapours on
heating), so it remains behind in the distillation flask.

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Checkpoint - 5

1. Name all the separation techniques used to separate the solid -

liquid mixture. [2 Marks]
2. Which separation technique is used to separate the tea leaves
from tea? [1 Mark]
3. Which separation technique is used to recover the crystals of
copper sulphate from its solution? [1 Mark]
4. Name the process from which salt harvesting is done. [1 Mark]
5. Name the process by which the various ‘dyes’ present in black ink
can separated. [1 Mark]
6. How is the cream separated from milk? [2 Marks]
7. Which is the better for recovering sugar solution: evaporation or
crystallisation? [1 Mark]
8. What is chromatography? [2 Marks]
9. _________ is considered as simple chromatography. [1 Mark]
10. Explain in detail, how salt is obtained from sea water by distillation.
[3 Marks]
11. What principle is involved in using paper chromatography as
separation technique? [1 Mark]
12. Which separation technique is used in laboratory in order to
separate the different components of blood? [1 Mark]

vii. Purification of Drinking water.

Water which is supplied to our home for various household purpose is

purified through several purification process.
Purification of portable water (drinking water undergo following
process:

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a. Screening: Removal of any large floating and suspended solids
that are present in the inflow of water.

b. Aeration: After screening, the water is aerated (supplied with air)

by passing it over a series of steps so that it takes in oxygen from
the air. This helps expel soluble gases such as carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide

c. Sedimentation
• Water pumped from the source (river, lake or dam) is allowed to
stand in large tanks, called settling tanks, for a few hours.
• Mud, sand and other suspended particles settle down. The
addition of a small quantity of potash alum (K2SO4.A12(SO4)3.24H2O)
helps the suspended particles to settle down quickly.
• The solid that settles at the bottom of the tank is called sediment.
That is why these tanks are also called sedimentation tanks.
• The water over the sediment layer is more or less clean.

vi. Filtration:

• The water from the sedimentation tank is filtered through layers

of sand and gravel.
• Filtration is also done through activated charcoal, which ensures
better-quality water.
• Activated charcoal: It is a special type of charcoal made by
heating ordinary charcoal in vacuum. This charcoal adsorbs the
impurities strongly.

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
vii. Chlorination:
The filtered water is then treated with chlorine gas, which kills germs.

Fig. 34 Purification of drinking water on large scale

c. Separation of liquid- liquid mixture

Liquid- Liquid mixture is separated from each other by different
methods.
Liquid+Liquid

Immiscible
Miscible liquid-
liquid-liquid
Liquid mixture
mixture

Small Large
difference in difference in
B.p B.p

Fig. 35 Types of liquid-liquid mixture

There are two cases which are possible, based on the miscibility of
liquids present in the mixture.

i. Miscible liquid-liquid: Those liquids which mix together in all

proportions and form a single layer are called miscible liquids.

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These types of mixture contain two or more than two liquids
possessing either a large or a small boiling point difference.
Based on the difference in boiling point of liquids present in mixture
different separation techniques are used to separate them.
ii. Immiscible liquid-liquid mixture: Those liquids which do not mix
with each other and form separate layers are called immiscible
liquids.

i. Fractional Distillation

Principle: This technique is used when liquids present in the mixture

possesses small boiling point difference (less than 250C).
This technique include evaporation followed by condensation.
Example: Separation of alcohol and water.

Procedure:

Fig.36 Separation of alcohol and water by fractional distillation

• The mixture of alcohol and water is heated in a distillation flask

fitted with a fractionating column.
• When the mixture is heated, both alcohol and water form vapours
as their boiling points approach.

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• The alcohol vapour and water vapour rise up in the
fractionating column. The upper part of the fractionating column is
cooler, so as the hot vapours rise up in the column, they get cooled,
condense and trickle back into the distillation flask.
• As the experiment goes on, the fractionating column
warms up by the heat released by the condensed vapours. After
some time, a temperature gradient is created in the fractionating
column, the temperature at the top of the column being much less
than at its bottom.
• When the temperature at the top of the fractionating column
reaches 78°C (which is the boiling point of alcohol), then alcohol
vapour passes into the condenser, gets cooled and collects in a
beaker kept at the other end of the condenser.
• The alcohol-water mixture is kept boiling at such a rate that the
thermometer shows the boiling point of alcohol (78°C). In this way,
all the alcohol distils over and gets separated. It is collected as the
first fraction.

ii. Separating funnel

Principle: The separation of two immiscible liquids by a separating

funnel depends on the difference in their densities.
This separation technique is used to separate two or more than two
immiscible liquids.
Separating funnel is used for this process.
Example: Separation of oil and water.

Procedure:

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1. The mixture of two immiscible liquids is put in a separating funnel
and allowed to stand for some time.
2. The mixture separates into two layers according to the densities
of the liquids in it.
3. The heavier liquid or denser liquid (having higher density) forms
the lower layer whereas the lighter liquid
(having lower density) forms the upper
layer.
4. On opening the stop-cock of separating
funnel, the lower layer of heavier liquid
comes out first and collected in a beaker.
5. When the lower layer of heavier liquid has
completely run off, the stop-cock is closed.
The lighter liquid in the upper layer is Fig.37 Separation by
separating funnel
collected in a separate beaker by opening
the stop-cock again.

c. Separation of mixtures by using more than single method

A mixture which has only two components (or constituents) can be

usually separated by a single method. On the other hand, a mixture
which has more than two components can be separated into
individual components by a combination of methods of separation.
These methods are applied turn by turn.
Example: You are given a mixture of sand, water and mustard oil.
How will you separate the components of this mixture?
Answer. This mixture contains three components: sand, water and
mustard oil. Now, sand is a solid which is insoluble in water as well as
mustard oil. Water and mustard oil are immiscible liquids.

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(i). The mixture of sand, water and mustard oil is filtered. Sand is left
on the filter paper as residue. Water and mustard oil collect as filtrate.
(ii). The filtrate containing water and mustard oil is put in a separating
funnel. Water forms the lower layer and mustard oil forms the upper
layer in separating funnel.
The lower layer of water is run out first by opening the stop-cock of the
separating funnel. Mustard oil remains behind in the separating
funnel and can be removed separately.

Checkpoint - 6

1. Mention all the name of separation technique used to separate

liquid-liquid mixture. [2 Mark]
2. Name the process would use to separate a mixture of two miscible
liquids. [1 Mark]
3. Name the pair of substance whose mixture can be separated by
fractional distillation. [1 Mark]
4. Alcohol can be separated from mixture of alcohol and water by a
separating funnel. (True/False). [1 Mark]
5. Name the apparatus used to separate the mixture of oil and water.
[1 Mark]
6. Immiscible liquids are separated by using a ________. [1 Mark]
7. The separation of liquids by fractional distillation is based on the
difference in their_________. [1 Mark]
8. Which of the following can be separated by using a separation
funnel?
a. Water and kerosene
b. Water and acetone [1 Marks]

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9. A mixture of milk and groundnut oil can be separated by:
[1 Mark]
(a) Sublimation (b) Evaporation
(c) Separating funnel (d) Filtration
10. The dyes in fountain pen, is ink can be separated by technique of
[1 Mark]
(a) Fractional distillation (b) Crystallisation
(c) Chromatography (d) All of the above

d. Separation of different gases from air.

• Air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon
dioxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon, etc.
• The various gases of air are separated from one another by the
fractional distillation of liquid air.
• Principle: This separation is based on the fact that the different
gases of air have different boiling points (when in liquid form).
The boiling points of the three major gases of air, nitrogen, oxygen
and argon, are given below:

Gas B.p (Liquefied gas)

Nitrogen -1960C (Lowest b.p)
Argon -1860C
Oxygen -1830C(Highest b.p)

1. The air is first filtered to remove dust, then water vapour and
carbon dioxide are removed (If water vapour and carbon dioxide
are not removed, they would become solid in the cooling process
and block the pipes).

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2. Air is compressed to a high pressure and then cooled. This cooled
air is then allowed to expand quickly into a chamber through a jet.
This expansion cools the air even more.
3. The process of compression, cooling and rapid expansion of air is
repeated again and again cooling the air more and more.
Ultimately the air gets so cold that it turns into a liquid. In this way,
liquid air is obtained.
4. The liquid air is fed in to tall fractional distillation column from near
its bottom and warmed up slowly.

(a) Liquid nitrogen (present in liquid air) has the lowest boiling point
of, –196°C. So, on warming, liquid nitrogen boils off first to form
nitrogen gas. This nitrogen gas is collected from the top part of
the fractional distillation column.
(b) Liquid argon (present in liquid air) has a slightly
higher boiling point of, –186°C. So, liquid argon boils off next and
collected as argon gas in the middle part of the fractional
distillation column.
(c) Liquid oxygen (present in liquid air) has a still higher boiling point
of, –183°C. So, liquid oxygen boils off last and collected as oxygen
gas from the bottom of the fractional distillation column.
(d) A flow diagram showing the main processes involved in obtaining
different gases from air is given below:

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Fig.38 Flow chart of the separation of major gases of air

Fig.39 Separation of major gases of air

We have already studied changes and types of changes in lower

grades.

E. Changes around us
There are two types of changes taking place around us.
1. Physical change
2. Chemical change
1. Physical Change: Those changes in which no new substances are
formed, are called physical changes.

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Characteristics of physical change
1. No new substance formed.
Substance involved in physical change does not change original
composition
2. Physical changes can be reversed by physical means:
Substance can be easily returned to their original form by some
physical process.
3. Physical changes are temporary:
Substance can return to their original form by physical process.
Therefore, physical changes are reversible.
4. Change in physical properties
Example: State, shape, size, density etc.

Examples of physical change

(a) Melting of ice (to form water)

(b) Freezing of water (to form ice)
(c) Boiling of water (to form steam)
(d) Condensation of steam (to form water)
(e) Making a solution
(f) Glowing of an electric bulb
(g) Breaking of a glass tumbler.

2. Chemical change: Those changes in which new substances are

formed due to chemical reaction, are called chemical changes.
Chemical change is also called chemical reaction.
Characteristics of chemical change
1. Change in chemical properties.
2. New substance formed.

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Substance involved in chemical change undergo chemical
reaction to produce new substance with entirely new composition
and property compared to original substance.
3. Most of the chemical changes are irreversible:
In chemical change, the substances involved change their identity
and composition. Hence most of chemical changes are
irreversible in nature.
4. Chemical changes are permanent.
5. New substance formed cannot return to their original form by
physical process. Therefore, it is irreversible.

Examples of chemical changes

(a) Burning of a magnesium wire

(b) Burning of paper
(c) Rusting of iron
(d) Ripening of fruits
(e) Formation of curd from milk
(f) Cooking of food.

Checkpoint - 7

1. The constituents of the air are separated by _____________

technique. [1 Mark]
a. Distillation
b. Fractional distillation
c. Separating funnel
d. None of the above

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
2. Before separating the gas constituent, it is liquefied. (True/False).
[1 Mark]
3. Gas is liquified by __________ pressure followed by
___________temperature. [2 Marks]
4. Separation of gas constituents is based on the which physical
property? [1 Mark]
5. What do you understand by physical change [2 Marks]
6. Write three examples of physical change. [3 Marks]
7. Give examples of irreversible physical change. [2 Marks]
8. Define chemical change. [1 Mark]
9. Why most of the chemical changes are irreversible change?
[2 Marks]
10. Burning of candle is _________________ change. [1 Mark]
a. Physical change
b. Chemical change
c. Both chemical and physical change
d. Irreversible physical change
11. Which of the following are chemical change [1 Mark]
(i) Decaying of wood (ii) Burning of wood
(iii) Sawing of wood (iv) Hammering of nail
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
12. Which of the following are physical change? [1 Mark]
(i) Melting of iron (ii) Rusting of iron metal
(iii) Blending of an iron rod (iv) Drawing a wire of iron metal
(a)(i) (ii) and (iii) (b)(i) (ii) and (iv)
(c)(i) (iii) and (iv) (d)(ii) (iii) and (iv)

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Bird’s-eye view

1. Matter: Anything around us has mass and occupies space is

called matter.
2. Matters are of two types:
(a) Pure matter (b)Impure matter
3. Pure substance is of two kinds:
(a) Element: Pure substance which are made up of only one kind
of atoms are known as elements.
(b) Compounds: Pure substance which are made up of same
kinds of molecules are known as compounds.
4. Impure substance
Impure matter is also called as mixture.
Mixtures are formed by mixing two or more pure substances
such that each substance retains its own chemical identity.
5. Types of mixture
There are two types of mixture:
(a) Homogeneous mixture: Homogeneous mixture which has a
uniform composition throughout is called a homogeneous
mixture.
(b) Heterogeneous mixture: Heterogeneous mixture contains
physically distinct parts and has a non-uniform composition.
6. Solution: It is consisting of solute and solvent.
Solute: The component which is dissolved or which is present in
small amount is called solute.
Solvent: The component which is present in larger amount is
called solvent.

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7. True Solution: It defined as homogeneous mixture of two or more
substance in which substance dissolved in solvent has the particle
size of less than 10-9 m or 1nm.
8. Suspension: It is heterogenous mixture in which the solute particles
do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the
medium.
9. Colloidal solution: It is heterogenous mixture in which particle size
lies in between those of true solution and suspended solution.
10. Colloidal solution consists of dispersed phase and dispersed
medium.
11. Dispersed phase (solute): The solute like component or dispersed
particles in the colloid form dispersed phase.
12. Dispersion medium (Solvent): The medium in which dispersed
phase is suspended is called the dispersion medium.
13. Types of colloidal solution
(a) Solid sol: It is consisting of solid dispersed phase and solid
dispersion phase.
Example: Coloured glass.
(b) Sol: It is consisting of solid dispersed phase and liquid dispersion
phase.
Example: Blood
(c)Solid aerosol: It is consisting of solid dispersed phase and gas
dispersion medium.
Example: Fog and mist.
(d)Gel: It is consisting of liquid dispersed phase and solid dispersion
medium. Example Jelly
(e)Emulsion: It is consisting of liquid dispersed phase and liquid
dispersion medium. Example Milk

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(f) Aerosol: It is consisting of liquid dispersed phase and gas
dispersion phase. Example Milky glass
(g) Solid foam: It is consisting of gas dispersed phase and solid
dispersion. Example Bread
(h) Foam: It is consisting of gas dispersed phase and liquid dispersion
medium. Example shaving cream.
(i) Concentration of solution: The concentration of solution is defined
as mass of solute in grams present in 100g of solution.
(j) Mass / mass percentage of solution = (Mass of solute/ mass of
solution) × 100
(k) Volume / Volume percentage of solution = (Volume of solute /
Volume of solution) × 100.
14. Solubility: The maximum amount of a solute which can be
dissolved in 100 grams of solvent at a specified temperature is
known as the solubility of that solute in that solvent at that
temperature.
15. Saturated solution: A solution in which no more solute can be
dissolved at that temperature, is called a saturated.
16. Separation of solid-solid mixture
1. By using a suitable solvent
2. By the process of sublimation
3. By using a magnet
17. Separation of solid-liquid mixture
1. Filtration
2. Centrifugation
3. Evaporation
4. Crystallisation
5. Chromatography

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6. Distillation
18. Separation of liquid-liquid mixture
1. Distillation
2. Fractional distillation
3. Separating funnel
19. Physical change: It is a change in which there is change in physical
properties takes place.
20. Chemical change: It is a change in which chemical properties
takes place with the formation of new substance.

Solved examples

1. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures:

[ 3 Mark]
Sodium, soil, sugar solution, silver, calcium carbonate, tin, silicon,
coal, air, salt, methane, carbon dioxide, blood.

Answer:
Element Compound Mixture
Sodium Calcium Soil
carbonate
Silver Salt Sugar solution
Tin Methane Coal
Silicon Carbon dioxide Air
Blood

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 CHAPTER 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
2. Name a metal which is soft and non-metal which is hard.
[ 2 marks]
Answer:
metal which is soft: sodium
non-metal which is hard: diamond
3. What is the meant by a substance? [ 1 Mark]
Answer: A pure substance consists of a single type of particles.
4. List the points of difference between homogenous and
heterogeneous mixture. [2 Mark]
Answer:
Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
It has uniform composition It does not have a uniform
composition
No visible boundaries of Shows visible boundary of
separation separation

They consist of only one They consist of more than

phase. one phase.
Example: Sugar + water Example: Sugar + Sand
→Sugar solution

5. Fog and clouds are example of ________. [1 Mark]

(a)Aerosol (b)Colloid
(c)Suspension (d)Emulsion
Answer: a
6. Sponge can be compressed, it is a______. [1 Mark]
(a)Solid (b)Liquid
(c)Gas (d)Foam

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Answer: a
7. An impure sample of potash alum is purified by: [ 1 Mark]
(a)Evaporation (b)Crystallisation
(c)Centrifugation (d)Filtration
Answer: b Crystallisation
8. Chalk dissolved in a water is example of: [ 1 Mark]
(a)True solution (b)Colloid solution
(c)Suspension solution (d)Saturated solution
Answer: c Suspension
6. Which of the following shows Tyndall effect? [ 1 Mark]
(a)Salt solution (b)Sugar solution
(c)Starch solution (d)Copper solution
Answer: Starch
7. State the difference between aqueous and non- aqueous solution.
[ 2 Mark]
Answer: Aqueous solution have water as solvent and non- aqueous
solution do not have water as solvent.
8. What is chromatography? [ 1 Mark]
Answer: Chromatography is a technique used for separation of those
solutes that dissolves in the same solvent.
9. What is crystallisation? [ 1 Mark]
Answer: When a saturated solution is heated and allowed to cool
slowly, crystal of the solute dissolved in the saturated solution are
separated from it.
10. If 20g of salt present in 220g of solvent, calculate the concentration
of solution. [ 3 Mark]
Answer:
Mass of solute = 20g

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 CHAPTER 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
Mass of solvent = 220g
Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 20g + 220g = 240g
mass of solute
Concentration of solution = × 100
mass of solution
20
= × 100 = 9.09 %
240

11. If 110 g of copper sulphate is present in 550 g of solution, calculate

the concentration of solution. [ 3 Mark]
Answer: Here, Mass of solute (copper sulphate) = 110 g And, Mass of
solution = 550 g
Now, we know that:
mass of solute
Concentration of solution = × 100
mass of solution
110
Concentration of solution = × 100 = 20 %
550

12. If 2mL of acetone is present in 45 mL of its aqueous solution,

calculate the concentration of this solution. [ 3 Mark]
Answer:
Here, Volume of solute (acetone) = 2 mL
And, Volume of solution = 45 mL
Now, we know that
Volume of solute 2
Concentration of solution = × 100 = × 100 = 4.4 %
Volume of solution 45

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Multiple Choice Type (Each carries one mark)

1. Which of the following are elements?
(a)Water (b)Salt
(b)Marble (d)Diamond
2. On the basis of composition, milk is considered as:
(a)Pure substance (b)Impure substance
(c)Element (d)Compound
3. Which of the following are homogenous in nature?
(a)Ice (b)Wood
(c)Soil (d)Air
4. A mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is:
(a)Heterogeneous and shows Tyndall effect
(b)Homogeneous and shows Tyndall effect
(c)Heterogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect
(d)Homogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect
Very Short Answer Type (Each carries one mark)
5. What is the other name of homogeneous mixture?
6. What is the name of the clear liquid formed when a solid dissolve
in liquid?
7. Brass is a compound. Is this statement true?
8. Which technique can be used to detect and identify traces of
poison present in the stomach wash of a person?
9. Which technique is used in a washing machine to Squeeze out
water from wet clothes while drying?

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Short Answer Type (Each carries two mark)
10. Out of colloid, solution and a suspension:
(a)Which one has the smallest particles?
(b)Which one has largest particles?
11. What is the concentration of a solution which contains 16g of urea
in 120g of solution?
12. A solution contains 5.6 mL of alcohol mixed with 75 mL of water.
Calculate concentration of this solution.
13. Bread is an example of solid foam. Is this statement true?
14. Differentiate between a saturated and unsaturated solution.
15. You are given a mixture of water, groundnut oil and common salt.
How will you have separated groundnut oil and common salt from
it?
Short Answer Type (Each carries three mark)
16. What do you understand by the following terms given below?
(a)Element (b)Compound
17. Define solubility. How does it vary with temperature?
18. Classify the following into elements and compound.
(a)H2O (b)He (c)Cl2 (d)CO (e)Co
19. Classify the following as elements or compounds:
Iron, iron sulphide, sulphur, chalk, washing soda, sodium, carbon.
Long Answer Type (Each carries five mark)
20. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram how kerosene is
separated from water?
21. Explain how
(i) nitrogen, oxygen and argon gases are separated from air.
(ii)Draw a flow diagram of the processes involved in obtaining gases
like nitrogen, oxygen and argon from air.

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1. “The properties of the products are different from those of the

constituents”. State whether this statements best describes an
element, a compound or a mixture. [ 1 Mark]
2. Brass is mixture not compound. Justify the statement by giving
suitable reason. [ 3 Mark]
3. What is the major difference between solution and ordinary
mixture? [ 2 Mark]
4. State one property in which a solution of sugar in water resembles
a mixture of sugar and sand, and one property in which it differs
from it. [ 2 Mark]
5. Which of the following statements are true for pure substance?
[ 1 Mark]
(i)Pure substance contain only one kind of particles.
(ii)Pure substances may be compounds or mixtures
(iii)Pure substances have the same composition throughout.
(iv)Pure substance can be exemplified by all elements other than
nickel.
(a)(i) and ii (b)(i) and (iii)
(c)(iii) and (iv) (d)(ii) and (iii)
6. If 110g copper sulphate is present in 550g of solution, calculate the
concentration of solution. [ 3 Mark]
7. A 5 % sugar solution mean that: [ 3 Mark]
(a)5 g of sugar is dissolved in 95 g of water.
(b)5 g of sugar dissolved in 100 g water.

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Choose the correct answer.
8. An 15 % alcohol solution means:
(a)15 mL alcohol and 85 mL water.
(b)15 mL alcohol in 100 ml solution.
9. How would you prepare a saturated of solution of sodium
chloride in water at 250C? What will happen if this solution is
cooled to 100C?
10. How will you separate a mixture of mercury, oil and water?
11. How is water purified on a large scale at water works? Explain
with the help of a labelled diagram. Name the substances which
substance is added to kill germs in the drinking water supply?
12. You are given a mixture of iodine in alcohol called tincture iodine.
Which method will you use to recover both, iodine as well as
alcohol, from this mixture?
(a)Evaporation (b)Simple distillation
(c)Fractional distillation (d)Crystallisation
13. Anil’s sister accidentally added some water into the bottle
containing olive oil.
(a) Suggest a separation technique to separated oil and water.
(b) Mention the principle of that separation technique.
(c)Suggest two separation technique used to separate liquid
mixtures.
(d) What value of Anil is seen in the above case?
14. Prasanna wanted to buy a deodorant from the shop. While
buying a bottle he felt that he was slightly heavier than usual
deodorant bottle that he purchased every time. He read the
weight mentioned on the bottle and told the shopkeeper to
weight the same.

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He found the bottle was heavy and on opening the deodorant bottle
he found half-filed with water. He complained the matter to the
consumer authority.
(a)Define density
(b)Apart from water what is the other substance that some
shopkeepers add into the deodorant
15. Udit’s father always got his vehicle checked for pollution control. He
got it tested for the aerosol if released by his car. He also uses
unleaded petrol and makes use of public transport wherever
possible. He sparingly uses his car.
(a) What is aerosol?
(b) What happens when smoke released from the vehicle mixes
with fog?
(c) What are the values of Udit’s father reflected here?

High Order Thinking Type

16. In the following set of substances, one item does not belong to the
set. Select this item and explain why it does not belong to the set:
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Steam, Chlorine
17. There are three substances X, Y and Z. The substance X does not
have a fixed melting point or boiling point and it still shows the
individual properties of its constituents. The substance Y is a pure
substance which occurs in nature as such. The substance Y has a
fixed melting point and boiling point but it cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by any chemical means. The substance Z is
also a pure substance whose properties are entirely different from
those of its constituents. The substance Z can, however, be divided

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by electrolysis into two substances which belong to the same class
of substances as Y.
(a) What type of substance could X be? Name one substance like X.
(b) What type of substance could Y be? Name one substance like Y.
(c) What type of substance could Z be? Name one substance like Z.
(d) Which process involves absorption or release of an appreciable
amount of energy: formation of substance X or formation of
substance Z?
(e) Name the three groups into which all the substances like Y are
divided on the basis of their properties.
18. Three mixtures A, B and C are obtained by stirring three different
solids in water taken in separate beakers. When mixture A is
allowed to stand for some time, then its particles settle at the
bottom of the beaker. When a beam of light is passed through
mixture A in a dark room, the path of light becomes visible when
observed from the side of the beaker. When mixture B is allowed
to stand for a considerable time, even then its particles do not
settle down. Mixture B, however, scatters the beam of light just
like mixture A. The particles of mixture C do not settle down on
keeping and it also does not scatter a beam of light passing
through it. [ 3 Mark]
(a)What are the mixtures like A known as?
(b)What are the mixtures like B known as?
(c)What are the mixtures like C known as?
(d) Name the phenomenon exhibited by A and B which occurs on
passing a beam of light through them. (e) Name one mixture each
which is like (i) A (ii) B, and (iii) C.

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19. The solubility of ammonium chloride in water at various
temperatures is given below:
Temperature: 10°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C
Solubility: 24 g 37 g 41 g 55 g 66 g
What mass of ammonium chloride would be needed to make a
saturated solution of ammonium chloride in fifty grams of water at
40°C?
20. The liquid air has three components X, Y and Z whose boiling
points are: –186°C, –183°C and –196°C, respectively. When liquid air is
fed into a tall fractional distillation column from near its bottom and
warmed up slowly: [ 3 Mark]
(a) Which component will be collected from near the bottom of the
fraction distillation column? Why?
(b) Which component will be collected from the top part of the
fractional distillation column? Why?
(c) Which component will be collected from the middle part of the
fractional distillation column? Why? (d) What could the component
X, Y and Z be?
21. There are three liquids A, B and C, all having different densities and
different boiling points. Liquids A and C are organic in nature
whereas liquid B is considered to be inorganic. When liquids A and
B are put together in a container, they form a single layer. On the
other hand, when, liquids B and C are mixed, they form two
separate layers: [ 5 Mark]
(a) Which process will you use to separate a mixture of A and B?
(b) Which method will you use to separate a mixture of B and C?
(c) Name the liquids which would behave like (i) A (ii) B and (iii) C.

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22. Tincture of iodine is a mixture of two materials X and Y. The
material Y has a property that its solid form can be converted
directly into vapours on heating by a process called Z.
(a) What could X be?
(b) What could Y be?
(c) Name the process Z.
(d) Which process would you use to recover both the
components X and Y from tincture of iodine? (e) Which process
can be used to recover only component Y from tincture of
iodine?
23. The given mixture contains three constituents A, B and C. The
constituent A is a yellow coloured, solid element which dissolves
in a liquid D. The constituent B is a blue coloured salt which is
insoluble in liquid D but dissolves easily in another liquid E. The
constituent C is a liquid which is used in cooking food and forms
a solid fat on hydrogenation. [ 3 Mark]
(a) What do you think could (i) constituent A, and (ii) liquid D be?
(b) What could (i) constituent B, and (ii) liquid E be?
(c) What could liquid C be?
(d) How will you separate the mixture containing A, B and C?
24. 100 mL of water at room temperature of 25°C is taken in a beaker
and a little of solid S is dissolved in it by stirring to obtain a
solution X. More and more of solid S is added to the solution with
constant stirring, while keeping the temperature of solution
constant at 30°C. After some time, it is observed that no more
solid dissolves in water and at the same time some solid is also
left undissolved at the bottom of the beaker. The contents of

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beaker are filtered through a filter paper to obtain solution Y in
the form of a filtrate.
(a) What name is given to solutions like X?
(b) What name is given to solutions like Y?
(c) What will you observe if the solution Y at 30°C is cooled down to
10°C by keeping the beaker in crushed ice? Why?
(d) What term is used to denote the amount of solid dissolved in 100
grams of water in a solution like Y?

Solutions

Checkpoint: 1
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. Element, Compound and Mixture
Element Compound Mixture
a, d, f b, e, h, i, j, l c, g, k

5. Air, Soil, Blood

6. b and c
7. Compound

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8. Difference between Homogenous and Heterogeneous mixture.
Homogenous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
A homogeneous mixture has the A heterogeneous mixture consists
same uniform appearance and of visibly different substances or
composition throughout. phases. The three phases or states
of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.

It has only one phase There are two or more phases

It can’t be separated out physically It can be separated out physically

Example: a mixture of alcohol and Example: a mixture of sodium

water chloride and sand

Checkpoint: 2
1. (a) Colloidal solution
(b) Suspension solution
2. b
3. d
4. b
5. d
6. True solution, Suspension solution and Colloidal solution.
7.
True solution Suspension solution
Soda water Chalk water
Sugar solution Muddy water
brine

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8. b
9. b
10 Colloid
11.Difference between Suspension solution and Colloidal solution.

Suspension solution Colloidal solution

It is form of heterogeneous It is a form of homogeneous
solution solution
Particle size greater than Particle size range from 1 to
1000nm 1000nm
Particles settle down well Particles do not separate
Can be separated by filtration Cannot be separated by
filtration
May scatter light Shows Tyndall effect (scatters
light)
Opaque Translucent
Easily visible through the naked Not visible through naked eye
eye

12. Tyndall effect

13. Milk is colliodal solution and shows tyndall effect because the size
of particle of suspension solution is larger than that of colloid i.e. 1000
nm

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Checkpoint: 3
1. Mass /weight %
2. The concentration of a solution is defined as mass of solute
present in 100g of the solution.
3. b
4. `An unsaturated solution will be formed.
5. A solution in which no more amount of solute can be added at
given temperature.
6. Saturated
7. Super saturated solution

Checkpoint: 4
1. (a) Sublimation
(b) Sublimation
2. Electromagnets
3. In the separation solid-solid mixture, sublimation is used when
the one solid is volatile in nature will sublime when heat is provided
while other solid being not volatile wont.
4. Magnets
5. Using appropriate solution and Crystallisation.
Here are the steps to separate the sand and salt mixture
(a) using appropriate solution:
• Salt being soluble in water will get dissolved while sand doesn’t
dissolve in water can be separated by filtration. Sand will be collected
on filter paper as residue and salt water will be collect in flask below
as filtrate.

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• Crystallisation:
Filtrate which contains salt water is boiled and then it’s hot solution
filtered to remove impurity and then that solution kept open for few
hours. After few hour crystals of salt will developed.
6. Definition: Sublimation is process in which solid is directly changes
to vapour on providing heat.
Principle: This technique is used to separate solid- solid mixture in
which one solid is volatile in nature will sublime (substance undergo
sublimation) to form sublimate (solid obtained by cooling the vapour)
while other solid should be non-volatile will not sublime. Example:
Ammonium chloride, Iodine, Naphthalene etc.

Checkpoint: 5
1. a. Filtration
b. Evaporation
c. Crystallisation
d. Distillation
2. Filtration
3. Crystallisation
4. Evaporation
5. Chromatography
6. Centrifugation
7. Crystallisation
8. Chromatography: Chromatography is the technique used to
separation of those solutes that dissolve in the same solvent.
9. Paper chromatography

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10. Common salt is obtained from sea-water by the process of
evaporation. Sea water is trapped in large, shallow pools and
allowed to stand there. The sun’s heat evaporated the water
slowly and common salt is left behind. this impure common salt
is obtained has impurities and hence purified to obtain pure
common salt by recrystallisation.
11. Chromatography is used to separate the solute which are soluble
in same solvent but have difference in solubility.
12. Centrifugation
Checkpoint: 6
1. a. Separating funnel
b. Distillation
c. Fractional distillation
2. (a) Distillation
(b)Fractional distillation
3. Acetone and water & Ethanol and water
4. False
5. Separating funnel
6. Separating funnel
7. Boiling point
8. a
9. c
10. c
Checkpoint: 7
1. (b) Fractional distillation
2. True
3. Increasing, lowering
4. Compressibility

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5. Physical change is change in which physical properties are termed
as physical change.
6. (a) Melting of ice
(b) Glowing of bulb
(c) Shredding of paper
7. Shredding of paper, crushing of bottle, cutting of wooden block
8. Chemical is change in which entire chemical composition is
change because of change in chemical properties. In chemical
change, new substance is formed by breaking of old bonds and
forming of new bonds which are impossible to repair.
10. c 11. a 12. c

Novice level
1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. Solution
6. Solution
7. False
8. Chromatography is used to detect and re identify traces of poison
present in the stomach wash of a person.
9. Centrifugation is a method to use in washing machine to squeeze
out water from a wet cloth.
10. (a) Solution (b)Suspension
11. 13.33% (m/m %)
12. 6.94% (v/v %)

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13. Yes, Bread is an example of solid foam since it is formed by baking
mixture of flour and salt, yeast and water.
14. Degree of saturation refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent at a certain temperature. If the solvent could dissolve more
solute than is present, the solution is unsaturated. If the solvent has
dissolved the maximum amount of solute possible (at that
temperature), the solution is saturated.
15. By using a separating funnel we can separate brine solution and
oil and by crystallization we can separate salt and water.
16. An element is made up of only one type of atoms.
e.g. O2, O3, N2, Fe etc.
A compound is made up of more than one type of atoms.
e.g. HCl, NH4Cl etc.
17. Solubility of the substance is the maximum amount of solute
that can be dissolved in specific amount of solvent.
Solubility of substance increases with increase in temperature.
18.
Compounds Elements
H2O He
CO Cl2
Co
19.
Elements Compounds
Iron Iron sulphide
Sulphur Chalk
Sodium Washing soda
Carbon Urea

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20. Kerosene oil and water do not mix with each other and form
two separate layers. The mixture separates into two layers according
to their densities. The heavier liquid (water) forms the lower layer
whereas the lighter liquid forms the upper layer (kerosene). Thus,
the water is first collected in the beaker.
21. (i) 'Fractional distillation' of liquid air can be used to
separate oxygen, nitrogen and argon from air.
(ii) Air
↓
Compress and cool by increasing pressure &
decreasing temperature.
Liquid Air
↓
Allow to warm up slowly in fractional distillation column.
↓
Gases get separated at different heights.

Advance level
1. This statement best describes a compound.
2. Brass is a mixture and not a compound because in compound the
elements should be in definite proportions and the elements are
chemically bonded to each other. Whereas in brass the two elements
Zn & Cu are not present in definite proportions.
3. The major difference between a solution and an ordinary mixture is
that is a solution is homogeneous while an ordinary mixture may be
homogeneous or heterogeneous.

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4. The difference in these mixtures is in their homogeneity.
The mixture of sand with sugar has a non-uniform appearance and
is heterogeneous. The mixture of sugar in water is homogeneous
and appears the same throughout.
5. (b)
6. 20% (m/m %)
7. (b)
8. (b)
9. Bring the water to 25 degree Celsius and add keep on
adding sodium chloride to it and stir it until no more sodium
chloride can dissolve in it. On cooling the water to 10 degree Celsius,
some of the sodium chloride will be separated from water by
crystallization.
10. Mercury, oil and water are three liquids immiscible with each
other and have different densities. Oil has the least density
while mercury has the maximum density. A mixture of the three
liquids will have oil as topmost layer followed by water and
then mercury. These can be separated by using a separating funnel.

END

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