METROPOLITAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MBARARA CAMPUS
Name:Abdallah Abas

Course:BIT Year III Sem Two

REG no: 21B/BIT/001/UMR

Course unit: IT ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM

Course work

1. Existing bodies that govern ethical issues in computer, Explain

2. What are some of the examples of ethical issues concerning the use of computers.

3. Explain the following as used in IT ethical issues

a) Diamond Vs Dichrae

b) Competitive intelligence

c) Reverse engineering

d) Consumer profiting

e)Cyber bullying

Approach

Number one

Several bodies exist to govern ethical issues in computer science and technology. Here are some of the
key organizations:

1. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM):

ACM is one of the largest and most influential organizations in the field of computer science. It has a
Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct that outlines principles and guidelines for ethical behavior
among computing professionals. ACM also provides resources, conferences, and publications related to
ethics in computing.

2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):

IEEE is a global professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of
humanity. It has a Code of Ethics that emphasizes integrity, honesty, and accountability in the practice of
engineering and computing. IEEE also offers resources and guidance on ethical issues in technology
development and deployment.

3. International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP):

IFIP is an international organization that promotes collaboration and information sharing among
professionals in the field of information and communication technology (ICT). It addresses ethical
concerns in computing through various working groups, conferences, and publications.

4. International Society for Ethics and Information Technology (INSEIT):

INSEIT is a professional society dedicated to exploring ethical issues related to information technology
and digital media. It fosters interdisciplinary dialogue and research on topics such as privacy,
cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and digital ethics.

5. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF):

The IETF is responsible for developing and maintaining technical standards for the internet. While its
primary focus is on technical protocols and specifications, the IETF also considers ethical implications of
internet technologies, such as privacy, security, and accessibility.

6. Computing Research Association (CRA):

CRA is an association of academic departments and industrial research laboratories focused on

computer science and computing-related research. It addresses ethical issues in computing education,
research, and practice through initiatives such as the Committee on Professional Ethics (COPE).
These organizations play crucial roles in promoting ethical awareness, education, and accountability
within the computing profession. They provide guidance, resources, and platforms for professionals,
researchers, educators, and policymakers to discuss and address ethical challenges arising from
advances in technology.

Number Two

Defining Ethical Use of Computers

The ethical use of computers can be defined as utilising computing resources and digital technologies in
a manner that respects the rights of others and refrains from causing harm.

What is the ethical use of computers?

The Ethical Use Of Computers Is Solely About Avoiding Illegal Activities Such As Hacking, Fraud And
Scams While Using Computing Resources. It Doesn't Necessarily Include Respect For Privacy Or
Intellectual Property Rights.

The Ethical Use Of Computers Is The Practice Of Using Computing Resources Without Considering The
Potential Harm Or Misuse, Emphasising Personal Benefit And Convenience.

The Ethical Use Of Computers Is About Maximising The Power Of Computing Technologies To Gain An
Upper Hand In Competitive Scenarios, Sometimes At The Expense Of Others' Privacy Or Intellectual
Property Rights.

The Ethical Use Of Computers Is Defined As Utilising Computing Resources And Digital Technologies In A
Manner That Respects The Rights Of Others And Refrains From Causing Harm. It Typically Involves
Respecting Intellectual Property Laws, Maintaining Privacy, And Preventing Harm Caused By Unreliable
Information.

Computer Ethics Primarily Focus On The Technological Aspects Of Computing, Such As Troubleshooting,
Programming, And System Analysis. They Don't Usually Concern Themselves With Moral Considerations.

Computer Ethics Represent A Widely Debated Philosophical Area, With No Real Influence On
Professional Or Social Conduct, Focusing Mainly On Theoretical Scenarios.

Computer Ethics Offer Professionals In The Computing Field A Set Of Enforceable Laws That If Violated
Could Result In Imprisonment Or Heavy Fines.

Computer Ethics, As A Branch Of Practical Philosophy, Guide How Computing Professionals Should Make
Decisions About Professional And Social Conduct. They Play A Crucial Role In Maintaining A Respectful,
Safe And Productive Digital Environment.

Several factors need to be considered when defining ethical use, some of which include respecting
intellectual property laws, maintaining privacy, and preventing harm caused by unreliable information.
Understanding these factors can assist in appreciating the different complexities that surface when
exploring this facet of computer science:

Adhering to privacy regulations and respecting others' personal data

Respecting intellectual property laws and avoiding plagiarism

Not spreading malicious software or using computing resources to harm others

Consumers' rights to access reliable and correct information

For instance, illegally downloading copyrighted materials such as software applications, music, or films is
a clear violation of ethical use. Such actions infringe on intellectual property rights and constitute an
illegal practice.

Computer Ethics: Best Practices

The best practices in computer ethics serve as a guide to ethical decision-making processes. They form
the rules and standards that govern the behaviour of individuals when interacting with computers, the
internet, and digital devices.

Best Practices In Computer Ethics Involve Primarily Focusing On The Improvement Of Security Measures
To Prevent Data Breaches, With Less Emphasis On Privacy Or Content Accuracy.

Computer Ethics Best Practices Are Mainly About Devising Effective Ways To Monetise User Data, While
Minimising Legal Risks And Potential Public Backlash.As computing technology becomes increasingly
ubiquitous, the potential for misuse grows correspondingly. This, therefore, makes understanding the
ethical issues in computer science of paramount importance

Some Best Practices In Computer Ethics Include

 Prioritizing User Privacy And Data Protection,

 Taking Appropriate Steps Against Cyberbullying And Harassment,
 Preventing The Distribution Of Harmful Or Deceitful Content,
 Ensuring Access To Accurate And Reliable Information.
 Limiting Users' Access To Information
 Increasing Surveillance To Tackle Cyber Crimes.

A good example of applying ethical best practices involves a web developer ensuring a website's
accessibility features. This caters to the diversity of internet users, including those living with disabilities.
Moreover, avoiding the use of intrusive tracking cookies or data collection practices is an ethical action
that respects user privacy.

Notably , there are numerous ethical issues concerning the use of computers, some of which are
discussed below:
1. Privacy Concerns:

With the increasing collection and storage of personal data by companies and governments, there are
concerns about the privacy of individuals. Issues such as data breaches, unauthorized surveillance, and
tracking technologies raise questions about the protection of personal information.

2. Cybersecurity Threats:

The proliferation of cyberattacks, malware, ransomware, and other malicious activities pose significant
threats to individuals, organizations, and critical infrastructure. Cybersecurity breaches can lead to data
loss, financial losses, and disruption of services.

3. Digital Divide:

Not everyone has equal access to technology and the internet, leading to disparities in education,
employment opportunities, healthcare, and civic engagement. The digital divide exacerbates existing
inequalities and limits the participation of marginalized communities in the digital economy.

4. Algorithmic Bias:

Algorithms and artificial intelligence systems can perpetuate biases and discrimination, leading to unfair
outcomes in areas such as hiring, lending, criminal justice, and healthcare. Biased algorithms can
reinforce existing inequalities and amplify social injustices.

5. Intellectual Property Rights:

Issues related to intellectual property rights, including copyright infringement, patent disputes, and
software piracy, affect creators, innovators, and consumers. Balancing the protection of intellectual
property with the promotion of innovation and access to knowledge is a complex challenge.

6. Ethical Use of Technology:

The ethical implications of emerging technologies, such as autonomous vehicles, facial recognition,
genetic editing, and social media algorithms, raise questions about their impact on society, human
rights, and democratic values. Ethical considerations must guide the development, deployment, and
regulation of technology.
7. Workplace Automation:

Automation and artificial intelligence technologies are transforming the nature of work, leading to
concerns about job displacement, retraining, and economic inequality. The automation of tasks
previously performed by humans raises ethical questions about the future of work and the distribution
of benefits and risks.

8. Online Misinformation:

The spread of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation on social media platforms can manipulate
public opinion, undermine trust in institutions, and polarize society. Addressing the challenges of online
misinformation requires collaboration between technology companies, governments, and civil society.

These are just a few examples of the complex and multifaceted issues concerning the use of computers
and technology in contemporary society. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary
approaches, ethical considerations, and stakeholder engagement to ensure that technology serves the
common good and advances human well-being.

Number Three

b) Competitive intelligence refers to the legal and ethical gathering of information about competitors,
industry trends, market dynamics, and other relevant factors to gain a strategic advantage in business.
In the context of IT ethical issues, competitive intelligence involves the use of technology and digital
resources to collect, analyze, and interpret data about competitors' activities and strategies.

Ethical considerations in competitive intelligence include:

1. Legal Compliance: Ensuring that all information gathering activities comply with applicable laws,
regulations, and industry standards, such as data protection and privacy laws.

2. Respect for Intellectual Property:

Respecting the intellectual property rights of competitors by avoiding plagiarism, infringement, or

misappropriation of proprietary information, such as trade secrets, patents, and copyrighted materials.

3. Transparency:

Being transparent and honest about the sources and methods used to gather competitive intelligence,
avoiding deception or manipulation in obtaining information.

4. Fair Competition:
Engaging in fair and ethical competition by focusing on legitimate business practices and value creation,
rather than engaging in unethical or anti-competitive behavior, such as price-fixing or collusion.

5. Data Security:

Protecting the security and confidentiality of sensitive information obtained during competitive
intelligence activities to prevent unauthorized access, disclosure, or misuse.

Overall, while competitive intelligence can provide valuable insights and strategic advantages in the
marketplace, it's essential to conduct such activities ethically and responsibly, respecting the rights and
interests of competitors and stakeholders.

c)Reverse engineering in the context of IT ethical issues refers to the process of analyzing a technology
product or system to understand its design, functionality, and operation. It involves deconstructing and
examining the components, code, algorithms, and architecture of software, hardware, or digital systems
to gain insights into their inner workings.

In ethical terms, reverse engineering can be both legitimate and problematic:

1. Legitimate Uses: Reverse engineering is often employed for legitimate purposes, such as
interoperability, compatibility testing, security analysis, and troubleshooting. For example, software
developers may reverse engineer file formats or protocols to ensure compatibility with their products,
or cybersecurity experts may analyze malware to develop countermeasures and protect against cyber
threats.

2. Ethical Considerations: Ethical concerns arise when reverse engineering is used to infringe upon
intellectual property rights, such as copyright, patents, or trade secrets. Unauthorized reverse
engineering of proprietary software or hardware may violate legal agreements, licensing terms, or
intellectual property laws, leading to legal disputes or enforcement actions.

3. Ethical Guidelines: Ethical guidelines for reverse engineering emphasize transparency, accountability,
and respect for intellectual property rights. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to adhere to
ethical standards and best practices, such as obtaining appropriate permissions, documenting
methodologies, and avoiding unauthorized disclosure or misuse of proprietary information.

4. Balancing Interests: There is often a delicate balance between the interests of technology creators,
who seek to protect their intellectual property and business interests, and the interests of researchers,
developers, and consumers, who may benefit from the insights gained through reverse engineering.
Ethical decision-making requires careful consideration of the potential benefits, risks, and ethical
implications of reverse engineering activities.
All in all, while reverse engineering can contribute to innovation, knowledge sharing, and technological
advancement, it's essential to conduct such activities ethically and responsibly, respecting the rights and
interests of technology creators and stakeholders.

d)"Consumer profiting" in the context of IT ethical issues typically refers to unethical practices where
individuals or organizations exploit consumers for financial gain or other advantages. Here are some
examples:

1. Data Monetization: Companies may collect large amounts of consumer data through their IT systems
and then profit from it by selling it to third parties without consumers' explicit consent. This can include
personal information, browsing habits, and purchasing behavior, which may be used for targeted
advertising or other purposes without consumers' knowledge.

2. Price Discrimination: Online retailers and service providers may use algorithms to analyze consumer
data and adjust prices based on factors such as location, browsing history, or purchase patterns. While
dynamic pricing can be legitimate, it becomes unethical if it unfairly targets vulnerable consumers or
leads to discriminatory pricing practices.

3. Hidden Fees: Some companies in the IT industry may engage in deceptive practices by hiding fees or
charges in the fine print of contracts or agreements. This can include automatic renewals, cancellation
fees, or add-on services that consumers may not be aware of until they receive their bill.

4. Invasion of Privacy: IT companies may develop or use technologies that invade consumers' privacy,
such as surveillance devices, tracking cookies, or spyware. By intruding on individuals' private lives
without their consent, these practices exploit consumers' trust and autonomy for the company's benefit.

5. Manipulative Design: Some IT products or services may employ dark patterns or manipulative design
techniques to trick or coerce consumers into taking actions that benefit the company. This can include
misleading interfaces, deceptive language, or persuasive prompts that exploit cognitive biases to
encourage purchases or sign-ups.

In all of these cases, consumer profiting involves unethical behavior that prioritizes the interests of
companies over the well-being and rights of consumers. Ethical considerations in IT should include
transparency, consent, fairness, and respect for consumer rights and privacy.

e) Cyberbullying refers to the use of digital technologies, such as social media, messaging apps, email, or
online forums, to harass, intimidate, or harm individuals or groups. It involves repeated and intentional
behavior that is meant to cause distress, humiliation, or embarrassment to the target.

Examples of cyberbullying include:

1. Harassment:Sending threatening or abusive messages, comments, or emails to an individual, either
anonymously or under a fake identity.

2. Impersonation:Creating fake profiles or accounts impersonating the victim and using them to spread
false information or engage in harmful behavior.

3. Exclusion: Deliberately excluding someone from online groups, chats, or activities, or spreading
rumors or gossip to isolate them socially.

4. Doxing: Publishing someone's personal information, such as their address, phone number, or financial
details, without their consent, with the intent to cause harm or harassment.

5. Cyberstalking: Continuously monitoring someone's online activity, following their movements, or

sending unwanted messages or threats, causing fear or anxiety.

Cyberbullying can have serious consequences for the victims, including psychological distress,
depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts or actions. It can also impact their social relationships,
academic or professional performance, and overall well-being.

In the context of IT ethical issues, cyberbullying raises questions about digital ethics, online behavior,
and the responsibilities of individuals, internet platforms, and policymakers. Ethical considerations
include promoting online civility and respect, protecting users' privacy and security, and providing
support and resources for victims of cyberbullying. Internet companies and social media platforms have
a responsibility to enforce community guidelines, moderate content, and take action against
cyberbullying to create safer online environments for everyone.

Number Four

In Uganda, as in many other countries, there is a need to balance the needs of businesses to use
information collected for various purposes with the rights and desires of individuals whose information
is being used. Let's compare and contrast the concepts of privacy, anonymity, and civil liberties in the
context of information transfer in Uganda:

1. Privacy:

- Similarities: Both Uganda and other countries recognize the importance of privacy rights for
individuals. Privacy laws and regulations aim to protect personal information from unauthorized access,
use, or disclosure, regardless of the country.

- Differences: The specific legal framework and enforcement mechanisms for privacy protection may
differ between Uganda and other countries. For example, Uganda's Constitution provides for the right to
privacy, but the country may have different privacy laws and regulations compared to other
jurisdictions.

2. Anonymity:

- Similarities:Anonymity allows individuals to engage in certain activities without revealing their

identity, which can be a fundamental aspect of privacy rights. Both Uganda and other countries may
recognize the importance of anonymity in certain contexts, such as anonymous reporting or online
interactions.

- Differences:The extent to which anonymity is protected and respected may vary between Uganda
and other countries due to differences in legal frameworks, cultural norms, and technological
capabilities. For example, internet anonymity may be more challenging to maintain in Uganda due to
limited access to anonymizing tools or censorship measures.

3. Civil Liberties:

- Similarities: Civil liberties, including freedoms of speech, expression, and association, are
fundamental rights that are recognized in Uganda and other countries. These rights form the basis of
democratic societies and are essential for protecting individual freedoms.

-Differences:

The realization and protection of civil liberties may vary depending on the legal and political context of
Uganda compared to other countries. Factors such as government censorship, surveillance, and
restrictions on freedom of expression may impact civil liberties differently in Uganda than in other
jurisdictions.

In summary, while Uganda shares common principles of privacy, anonymity, and civil liberties with other
countries, there may be differences in the specific legal frameworks, cultural norms, and enforcement
mechanisms that shape the protection and realization of these rights in practice. Balancing the needs of
businesses with the rights and desires of individuals requires careful consideration of these factors
within the unique context of Uganda's legal, social, and political landscape.