Ferrari

Ferrari S.p.A.

Headquarters in Maranello

Company type Public (S.p.A.)

Traded as  BIT: RACE

 NYSE: RACE
 FTSE MIB component
 Euro Stoxx 50 component

ISIN NL0011585146

Industry Automotive

Founded 13 September 1939; 84 years ago in Modena,

Italy (as Auto Avio Costruzioni)[1]

Founder Enzo Ferrari

Headquarters  Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (seat)
[2]
 44.532447°N 10.864137°E

Area served Worldwide

Key people  John Elkann

(Executive Chairman)
 Piero Ferrari
(Vice Chairman)
 Benedetto Vigna
(CEO)

Products Sports cars, luxury cars

Production output 13,663 units shipped (2023)[3]

€5.970 billion (2023)[3]

Revenue

Operating income €1.617 billion (2023)[3]

Net income € 1.257 billion (2023)[3]

€ 8.05 billion (2023)[3]

Total assets
€ 3.07 billion (2023)[3]
Total equity

Owners  Exor N.V. (24.65%)[3]

 Piero Ferrari (10.48%)[3]
 Public (64.87%)[3]

Number of 4,988 (2023)[3]

employees

Subsidiaries  Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A.

Website www.ferrari.com

Footnotes / references
[3] [4][5]

Ferrari S.p.A. (/fəˈrɑːri/; Italian: [ferˈraːri]) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer
based in Maranello, Italy. Founded in 1939 by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), the company
built its first car in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and began to produce its
current line of road cars in 1947. Ferrari became a public company in 1960, and from
1963 to 2014 it was a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. It was spun off from Fiat's successor
entity, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, in 2016.
The company currently offers a large model range which includes
several supercars, grand tourers, and one SUV. Many early Ferraris, dating to the
1950s and 1960s, count among the most expensive cars ever sold at auction. Owing to
a combination of its cars, enthusiast culture, and successful licensing deals, in 2019
Ferrari was labelled the world's strongest brand by the financial consultancy Brand
Finance.[6] As of May 2023, Ferrari is also one of the largest car manufacturers
by market capitalisation, with a value of approximately US$52 billion.[7]
Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation
in racing, especially in Formula One, where its team, Scuderia Ferrari, is the series'
single oldest and most successful. Scuderia Ferrari has raced since 1929, first in Grand
Prix events and later in Formula One, where since 1952 it has fielded fifteen champion
drivers, won sixteen Constructors' Championships, and accumulated more race
victories, 1–2 finishes, podiums, pole positions, fastest laps and points than any other
team in F1 history.[8][9] Historically, Ferrari was also highly active in sports car racing,
where its cars took many wins in races like the Mille Miglia, Targa Florio and 24 Hours
of Le Mans, as well as several overall victories in the World Sportscar Championship.
Scuderia Ferrari fans, commonly called tifosi, are known for their passion and loyalty to
the team.
History[edit]
Main article: History of Ferrari
Early history[edit]

Three Scuderia Ferrari cars in 1934, all Alfa Romeo P3s.

Drivers, left to right: Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, and Carlo Felice Trossi.
Enzo Ferrari, formerly a salesman and racing driver for Alfa Romeo, founded Scuderia
Ferrari, a racing team, in 1929. Originally intended to service gentleman drivers and
other amateur racers, Alfa Romeo's withdrawal from racing in 1933, combined with
Enzo's connections within the company, turned Scuderia Ferrari into its unofficial
representative on the track.[10] Alfa Romeo supplied racing cars to Ferrari, who eventually
amassed some of the best drivers of the 1930s and won many races before the team's
liquidation in 1937.[10][11]: 43
Late in 1937, Scuderia Ferrari was liquidated and absorbed into Alfa Romeo,[10] but
Enzo's disagreements with upper management caused him to leave in 1939. He used
his settlement to found his own company, where he intended to produce his own cars.
He called the company "Auto Avio Costruzioni", and headquartered it in the facilities of
the old Scuderia Ferrari;[1] due to a noncompete agreement with Alfa Romeo, the
company could not use the Ferrari name for another four years. The company produced
a single car, the Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, which participated in only one race before
the outbreak of World War II. During the war, Enzo's company produced aircraft engines
and machine tools for the Italian military; the contracts for these goods were lucrative,
and provided the new company with a great deal of capital. In 1943, under threat of
Allied bombing raids, the company's factory was moved to Maranello. Though the new
facility was nonetheless bombed twice, Ferrari remains in Maranello to this day.[1][11]: 45–47 [12]
Under Enzo Ferrari[edit]

Ferrari's factory in the early 1960s: everything in its

production line was handmade by machinists, who followed technical drawings with
extreme precision. Much of this work is now done by industrial robots.
[13] [14]

In 1945, Ferrari adopted its current name. Work started promptly on a new V12
engine that would power the 125 S, which was the marque's first car, and many
subsequent Ferraris. The company saw success in motorsport almost as soon as it
began racing: the 125 S won many races in 1947,[15][16] and several early victories,
including the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans and 1951 Carrera Panamericana, helped build
Ferrari's reputation as a high-quality automaker.[17][18] Ferrari won several more races in
the coming years,[8][19] and early in the 1950s its road cars were already a favourite of the
international elite.[20] Ferrari produced many families of interrelated cars, including
the America, Monza, and 250 series, and the company's first series-produced car was
the 250 GT Coupé, beginning in 1958.[21]
In 1960, Ferrari was reorganized as a public company. It soon began searching for a
business partner to handle its manufacturing operations: it first approached Ford in
1963, though negotiations fell through; later talks with Fiat, who bought 50% of Ferrari's
shares in 1969, were more successful.[22][23] In the second half of the decade, Ferrari also
produced two cars that upended its more traditional models: the 1967 Dino 206 GT,
which was its first mass-produced mid-engined road car,[a] and the 1968 365 GTB/4,
which possessed streamlined styling that modernised Ferrari's design language.[26][27] The
Dino in particular was a decisive movement away from the company's conservative
engineering approach, where every road-going Ferrari featured a V12 engine placed in
the front of the car, and it presaged Ferrari's full embrace of mid-engine architecture, as
well as V6 and V8 engines, in the 1970s and 1980s.[26]
Contemporary[edit]
Enzo Ferrari died in 1988, an event that saw Fiat expand its stake to 90%.[28] The last car
that he personally approved — the F40 — expanded on the flagship supercar approach
first tried by the 288 GTO four years earlier.[29] Enzo was replaced in 1991 by Luca
Cordero di Montezemolo, under whose 23-year-long chairmanship the company greatly
expanded. Between 1991 and 2014, he increased the profitability of Ferrari's road cars
nearly tenfold, both by increasing the range of cars offered and through limiting the total
number produced. Montezemolo's chairmanship also saw an expansion in licensing
deals, a drastic improvement in Ferrari's Formula One performance (not least through
the hiring of Michael Schumacher and Jean Todt), and the production of three more
flagship cars: the F50, the Enzo, and the LaFerrari. In addition to his leadership of
Ferrari, Montezemolo was also the chairman of Fiat proper between 2004 and 2010.[30]
After Montezemolo resigned, he was replaced in quick succession by many new
chairmen and CEOs. He was succeeded first by Sergio Marchionne,[30] who would
oversee Ferrari's initial public offering and subsequent spin-off from Fiat Chrysler
Automobiles,[31][32] and then by Louis Camilleri as CEO and John Elkann as chairman.
[33]
Beginning in 2021, Camilleri was replaced as CEO by Benedetto Vigna, who has
announced plans to develop Ferrari's first fully electric model.[34] During this period,
Ferrari has expanded its production, owing to a global increase in wealth, while
becoming more selective with its licensing deals.[35][36]
Motorsport[edit]
Main article: Scuderia Ferrari
For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars.
Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport. Through
its works team, Scuderia Ferrari, it has competed in a range of categories
including Formula One and sports car racing, though the company has also worked in
partnership with other teams.
Grand Prix and Formula One racing[edit]
Further information: Grand Prix racing history of Scuderia Ferrari and Ferrari Grand
Prix results

A Ferrari F2004 Formula One car, driven by Michael

Schumacher. Schumacher is one of the most decorated drivers in F1 history.
The earliest Ferrari entity, Scuderia Ferrari, was created in 1929 — ten years before the
founding of Ferrari proper — as a Grand Prix racing team. It was affiliated with
automaker Alfa Romeo, for whom Enzo had worked in the 1920s. Alfa Romeo supplied
racing cars to Ferrari, which the team then tuned and adjusted to their desired
specifications. Scuderia Ferrari was highly successful in the 1930s: between 1929 and
1937 the team fielded such top drivers as Antonio Ascari, Giuseppe Campari, and Tazio
Nuvolari, and won 144 out of its 225 races.[11][10]
Ferrari returned to Grand Prix racing in 1947, which was at that point metamorphosing
into modern-day Formula One. The team's first homebuilt Grand Prix car, the 125 F1,
was first raced at the 1948 Italian Grand Prix, where its encouraging performance
convinced Enzo to continue the company's costly Grand Prix racing programme.[37]:
9
Ferrari's first victory in an F1 series was at the 1951 British Grand Prix, heralding its
strong performance during the 1950s and early 1960s: between 1952 and 1964, the
team took home six World Drivers' Championships and one Constructors'
Championship. Notable Ferrari drivers from this era include Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel
Fangio, Phil Hill, and John Surtees.[8]
Ferrari's initial fortunes ran dry after 1964, and its began to receive its titles in isolated
sprees.[9] Ferrari first started to slip in the late 1960s, when it was outclassed by teams
using the inexpensive, well-engineered Cosworth DFV engine.[38][39] The team's
performance improved markedly in the mid-1970s thanks to Niki Lauda, whose skill
behind the wheel granted Ferrari a drivers' title in 1975 and 1977; similar success was
accomplished in following years by the likes of Jody Scheckter and Gilles Villeneuve.[9]
[40]
The team also won the Constructors' Championship in 1982 and 1983.[8][41]
Following another drought in the 1980s and 1990s, Ferrari saw a long winning streak in
the 2000s, largely through the work of Michael Schumacher. After signing onto the team
in 1996, Schumacher gave Ferrari five consecutive drivers' titles between 2000 and
2004; this was accompanied by six consecutive constructors' titles, beginning in 1999.
Ferrari was especially dominant in the 2004 season, where it lost only three races.
[8]
After Schumacher's departure, Ferrari won one more drivers' title — given in 2007
to Kimi Räikkönen — and two constructors' titles in 2007 and 2008. These are the
team's most recent titles to date; as of late, Ferrari has struggled to outdo recently
ascendant teams like Red Bull and Mercedes-Benz.[8][9]
Ferrari Driver Academy[edit]
Main article: Ferrari Driver Academy
Ferrari's junior driver programme is the Ferrari Driver Academy. Begun in 2009, the
initiative follows the team's successful grooming of Felipe Massa between 2003 and
2006. Drivers who are accepted into the Academy learn the rules and history of formula
racing as they compete, with Ferrari's support, in feeder classes such as Formula
Three and Formula 4.[42][43][44] As of 2019, 5 out of 18 programme inductees had graduated
and become F1 drivers: one of these drivers, Charles Leclerc, came to race for
Scuderia Ferrari, while the other four signed to other teams. Non-graduate drivers have
participated in racing development, filled consultant roles, or left the Academy to
continue racing in lower-tier formulae.[44]
Sports car racing[edit]

A 312 P, driven by Jacky Ickx, during Ferrari's final year

in the World Sportscar Championship.
Aside from an abortive effort in 1940, Ferrari began racing sports cars in 1947, when
the 125 S won six out of the ten races it participated in. [15] Ferrari continued to see
similar luck in the years to follow: by 1957, just ten years after beginning to compete,
Ferrari had won three World Sportscar Championships, seven victories in the Mille
Miglia, and two victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, among many other races[19] These
races were ideal environments for the development and promotion of Ferrari's earlier
road cars, which were broadly similar to their racing counterparts.[45]
This luck continued into the first half of the 1960s, when Ferrari won the WSC's 2000GT
class three consecutive times and finished first at Le Mans for six consecutive years.[46]
[47]
Its winning streak at Le Mans was broken by Ford in 1966,[47] and though Ferrari would
win two more WSC titles — one in 1967 and another in 1972[48][49] — poor revenue
allocation, combined with languishing performance in Formula One, led the company to
cease competing in sports car events in 1973.[23]: 621 From that point onward, Ferrari would
help prepare sports racing cars for privateer teams, but would not race them itself.[50]
In 2023, Ferrari reentered sports car racing. For the 2023 FIA World Endurance
Championship, Ferrari, in partnership with AF Corse, fielded two 499P sports
prototypes. To commemorate the company's return to the discipline, one of the cars
was numbered "50", referencing the fifty years that had elapsed since a works Ferrari
competed in an endurance race.[51][52] The 499P finished first at the 2023 24 Hours of Le
Mans, ending Toyota Gazoo Racing's six-year winning streak there and becoming the
first Ferrari in 58 years to win the race.[53]
Other disciplines[edit]
From 1932 to 1935 Scuderia Ferrari operated a motorcycle racing division, which was
conceived as a way to scout and train future Grand Prix drivers. Instead of Italian
motorcycles, the team used British ones manufactured by Norton and Rudge. Though
Ferrari was successful on two wheels, winning three national titles and 44 overall
victories, it was eventually pushed out of the discipline both by the obsolescence of
pushrod motorcycle engines and broader economic troubles stemming from the Great
Depression.[54][55]
Ferrari formerly participated in a variety of non-F1 open-wheel series. As early as 1948,
Ferrari had developed cars for Formula Two and Formula Libre events,[56] and the
company's F2 programme led directly to the creation of the Dino engine, which came to
power various racing and road Ferraris.[26] The final non-F1 formula in which Ferrari
competed was the Tasman Series, wherein Chris Amon won the 1969 championship in
a Dino 246 Tasmania.[57]
At least two water speed record boats have utilized Ferrari powertrains, both of them
800kg-class hydroplanes from the early 1950s. Neither boat was built by or affiliated
with Ferrari, though one of them, Arno XI, had its engine order approved directly by
Enzo Ferrari. Arno XI still holds the top speed record for an 800kg hydroplane.[58][59]
Race cars for other teams[edit]
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Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its
own works Scuderia Ferrari team. In the 1950s and 1960s, Ferrari supplied Formula
One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example
was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before
building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final
three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than
Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.[60]
Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the
2008–09 season.[61] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the
2004 Ferrari Formula one car. Ferrari currently runs a customer GT program for a
racing version of its 458 and has done so for the 458's predecessors, dating back to the
355 in the late 1990s. Such private teams as the American Risi Competizione and
Italian AF Corse teams have been very successful with Ferrari GT racers over the
years. This car, made for endurance sportscar racing to compete against such racing
versions of the Audi R8, McLaren MP4-12C, and BMW Z4 (E89) has proven to be
successful, but not as successful as its predecessor, the F430. The Ferrari Challenge is
a one-make racing series for the Ferrari 458. The FXX is not road legal and is therefore
only used for track events.
Road cars[edit]
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For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see List of Ferrari road
cars.

166 Inter Touring Berlinetta

The first vehicle made with the Ferrari name was the 125 S. Only two of this small two-
seat sports/racing V12 car were made. In 1949, the 166 Inter was introduced marking
the company's significant move into the grand touring road car market. The first 166
Inter was a four-seat (2+2) berlinetta coupe with body work designed by Carrozzeria
Touring Superleggera. Road cars quickly became the bulk of Ferrari sales. The early
Ferrari road cars typically featured bodywork designed and customised by
independent coachbuilders such
as Vignale, Touring, Ghia, Pininfarina, Scaglietti and Bertone.
The original Ferrari road cars were typically two-seat front-engined V12s. This platform
served Ferrari well through the 1950s and 1960s. In 1967, the V6 powered Dino 206
GT was introduced as the first production rear mid-engined car built by Ferrari. The 206
GT was sold under the lower cost Dino marque, named after Enzo Ferrari's late son,
and sold in greater numbers than any previous Ferrari model. The first rear mid-engine
model to be sold under the Ferrari name came in 1973 with the flat
12 powered Berlinetta Boxer.[62] This rear mid-engine layout would go on to be used in
many Ferraris continuing into the present day. Current Ferrari road cars typically use V8
or V12 engines, with V8 models making up over half of the marque's total production.
For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked
quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely
related to the 308 GTB.[citation needed]
The company has also produced several front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the
recent V12 model Lusso and V8 models Roma, Portofino and Lusso T. The California is
credited with initiating the popular current model line of V8 front-engined 2+2 grand
touring performance sports cars.[citation needed]
Starting in the early 2010s with the LaFerrari, Ferrari shifted its focus away from using
independent coachbuilders, most notably Pininfarina, to instead relying on in-house
design from the Centro Stile Ferrari for the design of all its road cars. The Ferrari
F12 was the last Ferrari production model to feature Pininfarina design, although Ferrari
has stated that they will continue to collaborate with Pininfarina on special projects.[63]
The Ferrari SF90 Stradale is the first-ever Ferrari to feature PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid
Electric Vehicle) architecture which sees the internal combustion engine integrated with
three electric motors, two of which are independent and located on the front axle, with
the third at the rear between the engine and the gearbox.[64]
Current models[edit]

Calendar
Model year Vehicle description
introduced

812
2017 Front mid-engine, V12 grand tourer.
Superfast
 SF90 Mid-engine, plug-in hybrid V8 sports
2019
Stradale car.

Roma 2020 Front mid-engine, V8 grand tourer.

Mid-engine, plug-in hybrid V6 sports

296 GTB 2022
car.

Daytona Limited production mid-engine sports

2022
SP3 car, part of the new Icona range.
 Ferrari's first SUV; uses the same
Purosangue 2022
platform as the Roma.

Customisation[edit]
In the 1950s and 1960s, clients often personalized their vehicles as they came straight
from the factory.[65] This philosophy added to the mystique of the brand at the time. Every
Ferrari that came out of Maranello could be built to an individual customer's
specification.
Ferrari formalized this concept with its earlier Carrozzeria Scaglietti programme. The
options offered here were more typical such as racing seats, rearview cameras, and
other special trim. In late 2011, Ferrari announced a significant update of this
philosophy. The Tailor Made programme allows clients to work with designers in
Maranello to make decisions at every step of the process. Through this program almost
any trim, any exterior colour or any interior material is possible. The program carries on
the original tradition and emphasizes the idea of each car being unique.[65]
"Big 5" supercars[edit]

Enzo Ferrari
The 1984 288 GTO is considered by some to be the first in the line of Ferrari flagship
"supercars". This pedigree is considered to extend through the F40, F50, Enzo
Ferrari and the LaFerrari. These are sometimes referred to by collectors as the "Big 5".
[66][67]

Concept cars and specials[edit]

Ferrari Pinin
Ferrari has produced a handful of concept cars such as the Modulo, Mythos, and Pinin.
Some of these were quite radical and never intended for production, while others
showed styling elements that were later incorporated into production models. Most of
Ferrari's concept cars have been collaborations with design studio Pininfarina. The most
recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 Millechili.
A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced,
commissioned to coachbuilders by wealthy owners. Examples include the P4/5[68] and
the 612 Kappa.
Ferrari Special Projects[edit]
The Special Projects programme, also called the Portfolio Coachbuilding Programme,
was launched in 2008 as a way to revive the tradition of past one-off and limited
production coachbuilt Ferrari models, allowing clients to work with Ferrari and top Italian
coachbuilders to create bespoke bodied models based on modern Ferrari road cars.[69]
[70]
Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external
design houses like Pininfarina or Fioravanti, and the vehicles receive
full homologation to be road legal.[70] Since the creation of Ferrari's in-house styling
centre in 2010 though, the focus has shifted away somewhat from outside
coachbuilders and more towards creating new in-house designs for clients.[71][72]
The first car to be completed under this programme was the 2008 SP1, commissioned
by a Japanese business executive. The second was the P540 Superfast Aperta,
commissioned by an American collector.[70] The following is a list of Special Projects cars
that have been made public:

Commissioned
Name Picture Year Based on Notes
by

Designed by Leonardo Fioravanti,

Junichiro
SP1 2008 F430[73] inspired by the 1998 F100 concept
Hiramatsu[73]
by Fioravanti.[73]

Inspired by a similarly gold-painted

P540 and open-topped one-off built
Edward
Superfast 2009 599 GTB[74] by Carrozzeria Fantuzzi on a Ferrari
Walson[74]
Aperta 330 LMB chassis.[70][74] Designed
by Pininfarina.

Features a rotating targa top;

Superamerica Peter
2011 599 GTB[75] [75]
designed by Ferrari Styling
45 Kalikow[75]
Centre.
 Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre
SP12 EC 2012 458 Italia[76] Eric Clapton[76] and Pininfarina, in homage to
the 512 BB.[76]

SP30 2013[77] 599 GTO[77] Cheerag Arya[77] Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre.

Shin
SP FFX 2014 FF[78] Designed by Pininfarina.[78]
Okamoto[78]

Barchetta body, inspired by

F12 TRS 2014 F12berlinetta[79] — the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa.
Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre.
[79]

Danny
SP America 2014 F12berlinetta Designed by Pininfarina.
Wegman[80]

458 MM Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre.

2016 458 Speciale[81] —
Speciale [81]

Inspired by the 1964 275

SP275 RW Rick GTB/C Speciale. Designed
2016 F12tdf
Competizione Workman[82] by Pininfarina in collaboration with
Ferrari Styling Centre.[83]
 Designed by Ferrari Design Center
J50 2017 488 Spider N/A team in Maranello directed by
Flavio Manzoni.[84]

SP38 2018 488 GTB — Inspired by the F40 and 308.[85]

Designed by the Ferrari Styling

Centre. Two matching cars ordered,
SP3JC 2018 F12tdf John Collins[86] one in LHD, the other in RHD with
different liveries.[87] Took 3.5 years
to complete. Presented in 2018.

One-off track-only car inspired by

P80/C 2019 488 GT3 TK Mak[88] the 330 P3, 330 P4 and the Dino
206 S.

Designed by Ferrari Design Center

Omologata 2020 812 Superfast — team in Maranello directed
by Flavio Manzoni.[89]

Fastback coupé instead of a shooting

BR20 2021 GTC4Lusso — brake. Inspired by the 410
Superamerica and 500 Superfast.[90]

SP48 Unica 2022 F8 Tributo — [91]

 SP51 2022 812 GTS — [92]

KC23 2023 488 GT3 Evo — [93]

SP-8 2023 F8 — [94]

Bio-fuel and hybrid cars[edit]

An F430 Spider that runs on ethanol was displayed at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. At
the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship 599.
Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100
horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 hp.[95] Also in mid-2014, the
flagship LaFerrari was put into production featuring a hybrid system. Ferrari introduced
their first plug-in hybrid (PHEV) model in 2019 with the SF90 Stradale, followed by
the 296 in 2021.[96]
Naming conventions[edit]
From the beginning, the Ferrari naming convention consisted of a three-digit unitary
displacement of an engine cylinder with an additional suffix representing the purpose of
a vehicle. Therefore, Ferrari 125 S had 1.5 L (1,496.77 cc) V12 engine with a unitary
displacement of 124.73 cc; whilst S-suffix represented Sport. Other race cars also
received names invoking particular races like Ferrari 166 MM for Mille Miglia. With the
introduction of road-going models, the suffix Inter was added, inspired by the Scuderia
Inter racing team of Igor Troubetzkoy. Popular at that time 166-series had 2.0 L
(1,995.02 cc) engines with 166.25 cc of unitary displacement and a very diverse 250-
series had 3.0 L (2,953.21 cc) of total displacement and 246.10 cc of unitary. Later
series of road cars were renamed Europa and top-of-the-line series America and
Superamerica.
Until the early 1990s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine
displacement and a number of cylinders:
  V6 and V8 models used the total displacement (in decilitres) for the first two
digits and the number of cylinders as the third. Thus, the 206 was a 2.0 L V6
powered vehicle, while the 348 used a 3.4 L V8, although, for the F355, the
last digit refers to 5 valves per cylinder. Upon introduction of the 360 Modena,
the digits for V8 models (which now carried a name as well as a number)
refer only to total engine displacement. The numerical indication aspect of
this name carried on to the F430; the F430's replacement, the 458 Italia, uses
the same naming as the 206 and 348. The 488 uses the system formerly
used by the V12 cars.
 V12 models used the displacement (in cubic centimetres) of one cylinder.
Therefore, the famed 365 Daytona had a 4,390 cc (268 cu in) V12. However,
some newer V12-engined Ferraris, such as the 599, have three-number
designations that refer only to total engine displacement or boxer-style
designations such as the [nominally] six-litre, V12 612.
 Flat 12 models used the displacement in litres for the first digit and the
number of cylinders for the next two digits. Therefore, the 512 BB was five-
litre flat 12 (a Berlinetta Boxer, in this case). However, the original Berlinetta
Boxer was the 365 GT4 BB, which was named in a similar manner to the V12
models.
 Flagship models (aka "halo cars") use the letter F followed by the anniversary
in years, such as the F40 and F50. The Enzo skipped this rule, although the
F60 name was applied to a Ferrari Formula One car and is sometimes
attached to the Enzo.
 Some models, such as the 1980 Mondial and 1984 Testarossa did not follow
a three-number naming scheme.

1963 Ferrari 250 GTO

Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the
following conventions were used:

 M ("Modificata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified

version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see F512 M and 575
M Maranello).
 GTB ("Gran Turismo Berlinetta") models are closed Berlinettas, or coupés.
 GTS ("Gran Turismo Scoperta") this suffix can be seen in older spiders,
or convertibles (see 365 GTS/4). Now the convertible models use the
suffix "Spider" (spelt "i") (see F355 Spider, and 360 Spider). In more recent
models, this suffix is used for targa top models (see Dino 246 GTS, and F355
GTS), which is an absolutely correct use of the suffix since "scoperta" means
"uncovered". An increasing number of people tend to refer to GTS as "Gran
Turismo Spyder", which creates the false assumption that Ferrari does not
 know the difference between "spyder" and "targa". The 348 TS, which is the
only targa named differently, is an exception.
 GTO ("Gran Turismo Omologata"), placed at the end of a model's number,
denotes a modified version of its predecessor. It designates a model that has
been designed and improved for racetrack use while still being street legal.
Only three models bear those three letters: the 250 GTO of 1962, the 288
GTO of 1984, and the 599 GTO of 2010.
This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the
same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like
Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory
names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February
1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P4.[97] Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a 365
GTB/4 run by NART (who raced Ferraris in America) ran second, behind a Porsche
911.[98]
The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son, Dino Ferrari, and were marketed
as Dinos by Ferrari and sold at Ferrari dealers – for all intents and purposes they are
Ferraris.
In the mid-1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice
abandoned after the F512 M and F355, but adopted again with the F430, but not with its
successor, the Ferrari 458).
Identity[edit]
The "Prancing Horse"[edit]
Main article: Prancing Horse

Tifosi flying Prancing Horse flags at the 2003 Italian

Grand Prix.
Ferrari's symbol is the "Prancing Horse" (Italian: Cavallino Rampante, lit. 'little prancing
horse'), a prancing black horse on a yellow background. Minor details of its appearance
have changed many times, but its shape has remained consistent: it is always
presented either as a shield, with the Italian tricolour above the horse and the
initials SF ("Scuderia Ferrari") below; or as a rectangle, replacing "SF" with the word
"Ferrari" rendered in the company's trademark typeface.[99]
Enzo Ferrari offered an account of the horse's origins. In his story, after a 1923 victory
in Ravenna, the family of Francesco Baracca, a deceased flying ace who painted the
emblem on his airplane, paid him a visit. Paolina de Biancoli, Francesco's mother,
suggested that Ferrari adopt the horse as a good luck charm: he accepted the request,
and the Prancing Horse was first used by his racing team in 1932, applied to their Alfa
Romeo 8C with the addition of a canary yellow background — the "colour of Modena",
Enzo's hometown.[99][11]: 43 The rectangular Prancing Horse has been used since 1947,
when the Ferrari 125 S — also the first Ferrari-branded sports car — became the first to
wear it.[99]
Colour[edit]
Main article: Rosso corsa

A Ferrari 550 painted in rosso corsa. Both varieties of

the Prancing Horse logo are present: the shield is located in front of the door, the
rectangle is on the bonnet. The horse alone can also be found on the wheels, grille, and
seats.
For many years, rosso corsa ('racing red')[100] was the required colour of all Italian racing
cars. It is also closely associated with Ferrari: even after livery regulations changed,
allowing race teams to deviate from their national colours, Scuderia Ferrari continued to
paint its cars bright red, as it does to this day.[101] On Ferrari's road-going cars, the colour
has always been among the company's most popular choices: in 2012, 40 per cent of
Ferraris left the factory painted red, while in the early 1990s the figure was even higher,
at 85 per cent.[100][102] Some Ferrari vehicles, like the 288 GTO, have only been made
available in red.[100]
Although rosso corsa is the colour most associated with Ferrari,[100][103] it has not always
been the colour of choice. Ferraris raced by privateers have run in a rainbow of colours,
and one 250 GT SWB, used as a test mule for the 250 GTO, was a rare non-
red factory-backed car: it raced in blue.[104][105] In a particularly noteworthy case from 1964,
while protesting the FIA's homologation requirements, the company moved its racing
assets to the North American Racing Team, an affiliated team based in the United
States. As a result, Ferrari and the driver John Surtees won the 1964 Formula One
season in American colours — blue, with a white racing stripe.[106][107] By the early 2010s,
red had also become less common on Ferrari's road cars, fighting with newly popular
colours like yellow, silver, and white.[102][103]
Speaking to both the popularity of rosso corsa and the power of the Ferrari brand, Enzo
Ferrari is reported to have once said the following: "Ask a child to draw a car, and he will
certainly paint it red."[100]
Brand image[edit]
Ferrari meticulously manages its brand image and public perception: it goes to great
lengths to protect its trademarks, and its customers are expected to honour its rules and
guidelines when caring for their cars. The company is noted for its frequent and diverse
lawsuits, which have centred around such subjects as the shape of the Ferrari 250
GTO's bodywork,[108] exclusive rights to model names (including "Testarossa" and
"Purosangue"),[109][110] replica vehicles, and several unsanctioned owner modifications.
[111]
Via a bounty system, individuals may receive rewards for reporting counterfeit Ferrari
products to the company.[112]

A pink Ferrari 360. Ferrari offers no pink paint from the

factory, and has discouraged its customers from customising their cars in a manner
contrary to the company's brand image.
Ferrari aims to cultivate an image of exclusivity and refined luxury. To facilitate this,
vehicle production is deliberately limited to below customer demand, and purchasers
are internally ranked based on their desirability and loyalty.[113] Some cars may only be
purchased by customers who have already owned multiple Ferraris,[114] and the
company's most exclusive supercars, such as the LaFerrari, have wait lists many times
in excess of total production, with only the most loyal customers selected to purchase
one.[115] In 2015, the company's head of sales stated that the purpose of this strategy
was to maintain the brand's value, and to "keep alive this [sic] dream that is called
Ferrari."[113]
Sometimes, Ferrari's desire to maintain its brand perception goes against the wishes of
its clientele. In one case, the company sued the fashion designer Philipp Plein over
"distasteful" Instagram posts featuring his personal 812 Superfast. The posts, which
showcased two models in suggestive positions atop the car, were seen by Ferrari as
"unlawfully appropriating" the Ferrari brand to promote Plein's clothing, and as being
outside Ferrari's intended brand perception.[116] Furthermore, the company places
restrictions on what owners may do with their cars: they are not allowed to undertake
certain modifications,[111] and the company's right of first refusal contract, designed to
discourage speculation and flipping, prohibits unauthorised sales within the first two
years of ownership.[117][unreliable source?] Purchasers who break these rules are placed on a
"blacklist", and may not be permitted to buy a Ferrari vehicle through official means.
[118]
These owner restrictions came to high profile in 2014, when the
musician Deadmau5 was sent a cease and desist letter regarding his highly
customised 458 Italia: the car, which he dubbed the "Purrari", possessed custom
badges and a Nyan Cat-themed wrap, and was put up for sale on Craigslist.[111][119]
Ferrari does encourage its buyers to personalise their cars, but only through official
channels, which include its Tailor Made programme for bespoke trim packages and
special coachbuilding initiatives for more demanding commissions.[120] The customisation
options offered through these channels are extensive, though they are always in line
with Ferrari's desired branding — for example, the company offers no pink paint for its
cars. In 2017, the CEO of the company's Australasia branch commented that this and
similar customisations are "against the company's ethos," and that such a stance is "a
brand rule. No pink. No Pokémon Ferraris!"[121]
Corporate affairs[edit]
In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was approached by the Ford Motor Company about a possible
buy out.[122] Ford audited Ferrari's assets but legal negotiations and talks were unilaterally
cut off by Ferrari when he realized that the deal offered by Ford would not enable him to
stay at the helm of the company racing program. Henry Ford II consequently directed
his racing division to negotiate with Lotus, Lola, and Cooper to build a car capable of
beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit, eventually resulting in the production of
the Ford GT40 in 1964.
As the Ford deal fell through, FIAT approached Ferrari with a more flexible proposal and
purchased controlling interests in the company in 1969. Enzo Ferrari retained a 10%
share, which is currently owned by his son Piero Lardi Ferrari.
Ferrari has an internally managed merchandising line that licences many products
bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume,
cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and laptop computers.
Ferrari also runs a museum, the Museo Ferrari in Maranello, which displays road and
race cars and other items from the company's history.[123][124]
Formula Uomo programme[edit]
In 1997, Ferrari launched a long term master planned effort to improve overall corporate
efficiency, production and employee happiness. The program was called Formula Uomo
and became a case study in social sustainability.[125] It took over ten years to fully
implement and included over €200 million (2008) in investment.[126]
Technical partnerships[edit]
Ferrari has had a long-standing relationship with petroleum company Shell Oil from the
late 1950s to the early 1970s, and currently since 1996. Shell develops and supplies
fuel and oils to the Scuderia Ferrari's Formula One and World Endurance Championship
teams, as well as Ducati Corse's MotoGP and World Superbike teams. The Shell V-
Power premium gasoline fuel is claimed to have been developed with the many years of
technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari.[127]
Ferrari has had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams
over the years, and currently supply the Alfa Romeo and Haas F1 F1 teams.
Sales history[edit]
As of the end of 2019, the total of Ferrari built and sold cars in their whole company
history is 219,062.[128]
In October 2023, Ferrari started accepting payment in cryptocurrency for its vehicles in
the US with intentions to expand the scheme to Europe in 2024. The cryptocurrency
payments will be immediately traded into traditional currency to avoid price swings.[129] [130]
Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)
 Year Sales

1947[131] ‡3

1948[131] ‡5

1949[131] ‡21

1950[131] ‡25

1951[131] ‡33

1952[131] ‡44

1953[131] ‡57

1954[131] ‡58

1955[131] ‡61

1956[131] ‡81

1957[131] ‡113

1958[131] ‡183

1959[131] ‡248

1960[131] ‡306
1961[131] ‡441

1962[131] ‡493

1963[131] ‡598

1964[131] ‡654

1965[131] ‡619

1966[131] ‡928

Year Sales

1967[131] ‡706

1968[131] ‡729

1969[131] ‡619

1970[131] ‡928

1971[131] ‡1,246

1972[131] ‡1,844

1973[131] ‡1,772

1974[131] ‡1,436
1975[131] ‡1,337

1976[131] ‡1,426

1977[132] ‡1,798

1978[131] ‡1,939

1979[131] ‡2,221

1980[131] ‡2,470

1981[131] ‡2,565

1982[131] ‡2,209

1983[133] ‡2,366

1984[134] ‡2,856

1985[132] 3,051

1986[132] 3,663

Year Sales

1987[135] 3,942

1988[136] 4,001
1989[136] 3,821

1990[137] 4,293

1991[137] 4,487

1992[137] 3,384

1993[137] 2,345

1994[137] 2,671

1995[137] 3,144

1996[138] 3,350

1997[138] 3,581

1998[139] 3,652

1999[139] 3,775

2000[140] 4,070

2001[141] 4,289

2002[142] 4,236

2003[143] 4,238
2004[144] 4,975

2005[145] 5,409

2006[146] 5,671

Year Sales

2007[147] 6,465

2008[148] 6,587

2009[149] 6,250

2010[150] 6,461

2011[151] 7,001

2012[152] 7,318

2013[153] 6,922

2014[154] †7,255

2015[155] †7,664

2016[156] †8,014

2017[157] †8,398
2018[158] †9,251

2019[159] †10,131

2020[160] †9,119

2021[161] 11,115

2022[162] 13,221

‡ Figure refers to units produced rather than to units sold.

† Figure refers to units shipped rather than to units sold.

Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles) hide

Recalls[edit]
In January 2020, the Italian carmaker said it will recall 982 vehicles for
passenger airbags due to the Takata airbag recalls.[163] If the inflator explodes, the
airbag will spew metal shrapnel at passengers, which can cause severe injury.[163]
[164]
Every car involved will get a new passenger-side airbag assembly, complete
with a new inflator without the dangerous propellant.[163]
On 8 August 2022, the company recalled almost every car it's sold in the US
since 2005 over a potential for brake failure.[165][166] According to an NHTSA recall
filing, 23,555 Ferrari models sold in America are fitted with a potentially faulty
brake fluid reservoir cap that may not vent pressure adequately.[165] The affected
cars will be fitted with a replacement cap and receive a software update.[165]
Stores and attractions[edit]
Roughly thirty Ferrari boutiques exist worldwide, with two owned by Ferrari and
the rest operating as franchises. The stores sell branded clothes,[167] accessories
and racing memorabilia; some stores also feature racing simulators where
visitors can drive virtual Ferrari vehicles. Clothing includes upscale and lower-
priced collections for men, women, and children.[168][169] Ferrari debuted their high
fashion brand with their first runway in June 2021.[170]
There are also two Ferrari-themed amusement parks. Opened in 2010, Ferrari
World Abu Dhabi is the first Ferrari-branded theme park in the world and boasts
37 rides and attractions. Located on Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, it is home to the
world's fastest roller coaster - Formula Rossa, and a dynamic coaster with one of
the world's tallest loop - Flying Aces.[171] Opened in 2017, Ferrari Land, located
in PortAventura World resort, is the second such Ferrari-themed amusement
park in the world, after Ferrari World Abu Dhabi. With 16 rides and attractions, it
is home to Europe's fastest and highest vertical accelerator coaster - Red Force.
[172]

See also[edit]

 Companies portal

 Italy portal

 List of Ferrari road cars

 List of Ferrari engines
 List of Ferrari competition cars
 Scuderia Ferrari
 List of car brands
 List of companies of Italy
Notes[edit]
1. ^ The Dino 206 GT was preceded by the 250 LM Stradale and 365 P Berlinetta
Speciale. Both were based on preexisting mid-engined racing cars, and were
produced in extremely limited numbers.[24][25]

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General references[edit]
 Gustafson, Eric, "Cavallino Rampante", Sports Car
International (Oct/Nov 2000): 94.
 Adler, Dennis, Ferrari: The Road from Maranello. Random House,
2006. ISBN 978-1-4000-6463-2.
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