Circumference,

Area, and Volume

MODULE

9
?
LESSON 9.1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Circumference
How can you apply
LESSON 9.2
geometry concepts to
solve real-world Area of Circles
problems?
LESSON 9.3
Area of Composite
Figures
LESSON 9.4
Solving Surface Area
Problems
LESSON 9.5
Solving Volume
Problems
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Real-World Video
A 16-inch pizza has a diameter of 16 inches. You can
use the diameter to find circumference and area of
the pizza. You can also determine how much pizza
my.hrw.com in one slice of different sizes of pizzas.

my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

261
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
✔ area (área)
Visualize Vocabulary
parallelogram
Use the ✔ words to complete the graphic. You will put one (paralelogramo)
word in each oval. Then write examples of formulas ✔ perimeter (perímetro)
in each rectangle. prism (prisma)
rectangle (rectángulo)
Measuring Geometric square (cuadrado)
Figures
trapezoid (trapecio)
Distance triangle (triángulo)
Capacity of a
around a two- three-dimensional ✔ volume (volumen)
dimensional figure Square units
figure
covered by a two-
Preview Words
dimensional figure
circumference
(circunferencia)
Space taken up
Distance around composite figure
Square units by a rectangular
(figura compuesta)
a is covered by a prism is
V = lwh. diameter (diámetro)
P = 2l + 2w.
is radius (radio)
A = __12 bh.

Understand Vocabulary
Match the term on the left to the correct expression on the right.

1. circumference A. A line segment that passes through the

center of a circle and has endpoints on
the circle, or the length of that segment.
2. diameter B. A line segment with one endpoint at the

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center of the circle and the other on the
circle, or the length of that segment.
3. radius C. The distance around a circle.

Active Reading
Four-Corner Fold Before beginning the
module, create a four-corner fold to help
you organize what you learn. As you study
this module, note important ideas, such as
vocabulary, properties, and formulas, on the
flaps. Use one flap each for circumference,
area, surface area, and volume. You can use
your FoldNote later to study for tests and
complete assignments.

262 Unit 4
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this module. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Multiply with Fractions and Decimals my.hrw.com Intervention

EXAMPLE 7.3 Multiply as you would with whole numbers.

× 2.4 Count the total number of decimal places in the two factors.
292
+146 Place the decimal point in the product so that there are the
1 7.5 2 same number of digits after the decimal point.

Multiply.

1. 4.16 2. 6.47 3. 7.05 4. 25.6

×
_ 13 ×
_ 0.4 ×
_ 9.4 ×
__0.49

Area of Squares, Rectangles, and Triangles

EXAMPLE A = _12 bh Use the formula for
area of a triangle.
2.8 cm
= _12 (7.8) (2.8) Substitute for each
variable.
7.8 cm
= 10.92 cm2 Multiply.

Find the area of each figure.

5. triangle with base 14 in. and height 10 in.

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6. square with sides of 3.5 ft

7. rectangle with length 8 _12 in. and width 6 in.

8. triangle with base 12.5 m and height 2.4 m

Module 9 263
 Are YOU Ready? (cont'd)
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need for this module.

Multiply with Fractions and Decimals

9. Jon's car gets 35.5 miles per gallon in town. He used 0.3 gallon to drive to a meeting
in town. How many miles did Jon drive?

10. Abby earns $9.95 per hour doing landscape work. She worked 8.5 hours last week.
How much did she earn? Explain.

Area of Squares, Rectangles, and Triangles

11. In a corner of his yard, Morgan has a garden shaped like a right triangle. The garden
has the dimensions shown. What is the area of Morgan’s garden? Show your work.

4.2 m

3.6 m

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12. A rectangular sandbox is 10_12 feet long and 4 feet wide. What is the area of the
sandbox? Show your work.

264 Unit 4
 LESSON

9.1 Circumference
7.4.9.1
Students will find and use the
circumference of a circle.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you find and use the circumference of a circle?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Exploring Circumference
A circle is a set of points in a plane that are a fixed distance from Radius
the center.

A radius is a line segment with one endpoint at the center of the Diameter
circle and the other endpoint on the circle. The length of a radius Center
is called the radius of the circle.

A diameter of a circle is a line segment that passes

through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the Circumference
circle. The length of the diameter is twice the length of the radius.
The length of a diameter is called the diameter of the circle.

The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle.

A Use a measuring tape to find the circumference of five circular

objects. Then measure the distance across each item to find its
diameter. Record the measurements of each object in the table
below.
C
__
Object Circumference C Diameter d d
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B Divide the circumference of each object by its diameter. Record

your answer, rounded to the nearest hundredth, in the table above.

Reflect
C
1. Make a Conjecture Describe what you notice about the ratio __
d
in
your table.

Lesson 9.1 265

 Finding Circumference
The ratio of the circumference to the diameter _Cd is the same for all circles.
22
This ratio is called π or pi, and you can approximate it as 3.14 or as __
7 . You can
use π to find a formula for circumference.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com For any circle, _Cd = π. Solve the equation for C to give an equation for the
circumference of a circle in terms of the diameter.
C
__
d
=π The ratio of the circumference to the diameter is π.

C
__
d
×d=π×d Multiply both sides by d.

C = πd Simplify.

The diameter of a circle is twice the radius. You can use the equation C = πd to
find a formula for the circumference C in terms of the radius r.

C = πd = π(2r) = 2πr
The two equivalent formulas for circumference are C = πd and C = 2πr.

EXAMPLE 1

An irrigation sprinkler waters a circular region with a radius of

14 feet. Find the circumference of the region watered by the
22
sprinkler. Use __
7
for π.

Use the formula. 14 ft

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©David Frazier/

C = 2πr The radius is 14 feet.

C = 2π(14)
4 Substitute 14 for r.

C ≈ 2(__
7 )(14)
22 22 for π.
Substitute ___
7

C ≈ 88 Multiply.

The circumference of the region watered by the sprinkler is about 88 feet.

Reflect
22 instead of 3.14 for π?
2. Analyze Relationships When is it logical to use __
Corbis Yellow/Corbis

YOUR TURN
3. Find the circumference of the circle to the 11 cm
Personal
Math Trainer nearest hundredth.
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

266 Unit 4
 Using Circumference
Given the circumference of a circle, you can use the appropriate circumference
formula to find the radius or the diameter of the circle. You can use that
information to solve problems.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE

A circular pond has a circumference of 628 feet. A model boat is moving

directly across the pond, along a radius, at a rate of 5 feet per second. How
long does it take the boat to get from the edge of the pond to the center? My Notes
STEP 1 Find the radius of the pond.

C = 2πr Use the circumference formula. C = 628 ft

628 ≈ 2(3.14)r Substitute for the

circumference and for π. r = ? ft
628
____ 6.28r
____
6.28
≈ 6.28
Divide both sides by 6.28.
100 ≈ r Simplify.

The radius is about 100 feet.

STEP 2 Find the time it takes the boat to get from the edge of the pond to
the center along the radius. Divide the radius of the pond by the
speed of the model boat.

100 ÷ 5 = 20

It takes the boat about 20 seconds to get to the center of the pond.

Reflect
4. Analyze Relationships Dante checks the answer to Step 1 by Math Talk
Mathematical Processes
multiplying it by 6 and comparing it with the given circumference. Would it be reasonable to
Explain why Dante’s estimation method works. Use it to check Step 1. 22
solve Your Turn 6 using __
7
for π? Explain.
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5. What If? Suppose the model boat were traveling at a rate of 4 feet per
second. How long would it take the model boat to get from the edge of

the pond to the center?

YOUR TURN
6. A circular garden has a circumference of 44 yards. Lars is digging
a straight line along a diameter of the garden at a rate of 7 yards per
Personal
hour. How many hours will it take him to dig across the garden? Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
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Lesson 9.1 267

Guided Practice
Find the circumference of each circle. (Example 1)
1. C = πd 2. C = 2πr 7 cm
C ≈ 2( )(
9 in.
C≈ 22
__
7
)

C≈ inches C≈ cm
22
Find the circumference of each circle. Use 3.14 or __
7
for π. Round to the
nearest hundredth, if necessary. (Example 1)
3. 4. 4.8 yd 5. 7.5 in.
25 m

6. A round swimming pool has a circumference of 66 feet. Carlos wants

to buy a rope to put across the diameter of the pool. The rope costs
$0.45 per foot, and Carlos needs 4 feet more than the diameter of the
pool. How much will Carlos pay for the rope? (Example 2)

Find the diameter. Find the cost.

C = πd Carlos needs feet of rope.
≈ 3.14d
× $0.45 =

Carlos will pay for the rope.

3.14d
_____ ≈ _____
3.14 3.14
≈d

Find each missing measurement to the nearest hundredth. Use 3.14

for π. (Examples 1 and 2)

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7. r = 8. r ≈ 9. r ≈
d ≈ 3.4 in.
d= d≈
C = π yd C = 78.8 ft C=

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

10. Norah knows that the diameter of a circle is 13 meters. How would
you tell her to find the circumference?

268 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.1 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

For 11–13, find the circumference of each 18. Multistep Randy’s circular garden has a
22
circle. Use 3.14 or __
7
for π. Round to the radius of 1.5 feet. He wants to enclose the
nearest hundredth, if necessary. garden with edging that costs $0.75 per
foot. About how much will the edging
11. cost? Explain.
5.9 ft

19. Represent Real-World Problems The

12. 56 cm Ferris wheel shown makes 12 revolutions
per ride. How far would someone travel
during one ride?

13. diameter 63 feet

35 in.

14. In Exercises 11–13, for which problems did

22
you use __7
for π? Explain your choice.
20. The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 2 feet.
About how many revolutions does the
wheel make to travel 2 kilometers? Explain.
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Hint: 1 km ≈ 3,280 ft

15. A circular fountain has a radius of 9.4 feet.

Find its diameter and circumference to the
nearest tenth.

21. Multistep A map of a public park shows

16. Find the radius and circumference of a CD a circular pond. There is a bridge along a
with a diameter of 4.75 inches. diameter of the pond that is 0.25 mi long.
You walk across the bridge, while your
friend walks halfway around the pond to
meet you at the other side of the bridge.
17. A dartboard has a diameter of 18 inches. How much farther does your friend walk?
What are its radius and circumference?

Lesson 9.1 269

22. Architecture The Capitol Rotunda connects the Capitol Rotunda Dimensions
House and the Senate sides of the U.S. Capitol.
Height 180 ft
Complete the table. Round your answers to the
nearest foot. Circumference 301.5 ft
Radius

Diameter
FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

Work Area
23. Multistep A museum groundskeeper is creating a semicircular statuary
garden with a diameter of 30 feet. There will be a fence around the
garden. The fencing costs $9.25 per linear foot. About how much will the
fencing cost altogether?

24. Critical Thinking Sam is placing rope lights around the edge of a circular
patio with a diameter of 18 feet. The lights come in lengths of 54 inches.
How many strands of lights does he need to surround the patio edge?

25. Represent Real-World Problems A circular path 2 feet wide has an inner
diameter of 150 feet. How much farther is it around the outer edge of the
path than around the inner edge?

26. Critique Reasoning A gear on a bicycle has the shape of a circle.

One gear has a diameter of 4 inches, and a smaller one has a diameter of
2 inches. Justin says that the circumference of the larger gear is 2 inches
more than the circumference of the smaller gear. Do you agree? Explain
your answer.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

27. Persevere in Problem Solving Consider two circular swimming pools.

Pool A has a radius of 12 feet, and Pool B has a diameter of 7.5 meters.
Which pool has a greater circumference? How much greater? Justify your
answers.

270 Unit 4
 LESSON

9.2 Area of Circles

7.4.9.2
Students will find the area of
a circle.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you find the area of a circle?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1

Exploring Area of Circles

You can use what you know about circles and π to help
find the formula for the area of a circle.

STEP 1 Use a compass to draw a circle and cut it out.

STEP 2 Fold the circle three times as shown to get
equal wedges.
STEP 3 Unfold and shade one-half of the circle.
STEP 4 Cut out the wedges, and fit the pieces
together to form a figure that looks like
a parallelogram.

The base and height of the parallelogram relate to the parts of the circle.

Radius
base b = _____ the circumference of the circle, or
Half the circumference

height h = the of the circle, or

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To find the area of a parallelogram, the equation is A = .

To find the area of the circle, substitute for b and h A = bh

in the area formula.
A= h Substitute for b.

Reflect A = πr Substitute for h.

1. How can you make the wedges look more like
a parallelogram? A=π Write using an exponent.

Lesson 9.2 271

 Finding the Area of a Circle
Area of a Circle
Math On the Spot
The area of a circle is equal to π times
my.hrw.com
the radius squared. r

A = πr 2

Remember that area is given in square units.

EXAMPLE 1

A biscuit recipe calls for the dough to be rolled out and circles to be cut
from the dough. The biscuit cutter has a radius of 4 cm. Find the area of
the top of the biscuit once it is cut. Use 3.14 for π.

A = πr2 Use the formula.

Math Talk A = π(4)2 Substitute. Use 4 for r.

Mathematical Processes
If the radius increases by A ≈ 3.14 × 42 Substitute. Use 3.14 for π.
1 centimeter, how does the
area of the top of the A ≈ 3.14 × 16 Evaluate the power.
biscuit change?
A ≈ 50.24 Multiply.

The area of the biscuit is about 50.24 cm2.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Zigzag

Reflect
2. Compare finding the area of a circle when given the radius with finding
the area when given the diameter.

Mountain Art/Shutterstock

3. Why do you evaluate the power in the equation before multiplying by π?

YOUR TURN
Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention 4. A circular pool has a radius of 10 feet. What is the area
my.hrw.com of the surface of the water in the pool? Use 3.14 for π.

272 Unit 4
 EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2

Finding the Relationship between r

Circumference and Area
You can use what you know about circumference and area of circles to
find a relationship between them.

Find the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle.

Start with a circle that has radius r. r = _____

Solve the equation C = 2πr for r.

Remember: Because

( )
2 the exponent is outside
the parentheses,
you must apply it to
Substitute your expression for r in the A = π _____
the numerator and
formula for area of a circle. to each factor of the
denominator.

( )
2

Square the term in the parentheses. A = π _____________

2 2
·

2
·
Evaluate the power. A = ____________2
·
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Simplify. A = ___________
·

Solve for C2. C2 = 4

The circumference of the circle squared is equal to

Lesson 9.2 273

 EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2 (cont’d)

Reflect
5. Does this formula work for a circle with a radius of 3 inches? Show your work.

Guided Practice
Find the area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. Use 3.14 for π.
(Explore Activity 1)

1. 2. 3.
14 m 12 mm 20 yd

Solve. Use 3.14 for π. (Example 1)

4. A clock face has a radius of 8 inches. What is the area of the clock
face? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
5. A DVD has a diameter of 12 centimeters. What is the area of the
DVD? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
6. A company makes steel lids that have a diameter of 13 inches. What

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

is the area of each lid? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
Find the area of each circle. Give your answers in terms of π.
(Explore Activity 2)
7. C = 4π 8. C = 12π π
9. C = __
2
A= A= A=
10. A circular pen has an area of 64π square yards. What is the
circumference of the pen? Give your answer in terms of π.
(Explore Activity 2)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

11. What is the formula for the area A of a circle in terms of the radius r?

274 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.2 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

12. The most popular pizza at Pavone’s Pizza 17. Multistep The sides of a square field are
is the 10-inch personal pizza with one 12 meters. A sprinkler in the center of the
topping. What is the area of a pizza with a field sprays a circular area with a diameter
diameter of 10 inches? Round your answer that corresponds to a side of the field.
to the nearest hundredth. How much of the field is not reached by
the sprinkler? Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth.
13. A hubcap has a radius of 16 centimeters.
What is the area of the hubcap? Round
your answer to the nearest hundredth. 18. Justify Reasoning A small silver dollar
pancake served at a restaurant has a
circumference of 2π inches. A regular
16 cm pancake has a circumference of 4π inches.
Is the area of the regular pancake twice the
area of the silver dollar pancake? Explain.

14. A stained glass window is shaped like a

semicircle. The bottom edge of the window
is 36 inches long. What is the area of the
stained glass window? Round your answer
to the nearest hundredth.

15. Analyze Relationships The point (3, 0) 19. Analyze Relationships A bakery offers
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

lies on a circle with the center at the origin. a small circular cake with a diameter of
What is the area of the circle to the nearest 8 inches. It also offers a large circular cake
hundredth? with a diameter of 24 inches. Does the top
of the large cake have three times the area
of that of the small cake? If not, how much
greater is its area? Explain.
16. Multistep A radio station broadcasts a
signal over an area with a radius of 50
miles. The station can relay the signal and
broadcast over an area with a radius of
75 miles. How much greater is the area of
the broadcast region when the signal is
relayed? Round your answer to the nearest
square mile.

Lesson 9.2 275

 2
C
20. Communicate Mathematical Ideas You can use the formula A = __ 4π to
find the area of a circle given the circumference. Describe another way to
find the area of a circle when given the circumference.

21. Draw Conclusions Mark wants to order a pizza. Which Donnie’s Pizza Palace
is the better deal? Explain.
Diameter (in.) 12 18
Cost ($) 10 20

22. Multistep A bear was seen near a campground. Searchers were

dispatched to the region to find the bear.
a. Assume the bear can walk in any direction at a rate of 2 miles per
hour. Suppose the bear was last seen 4 hours ago. How large an area
must the searchers cover? Use 3.14 for π. Round your answer to the

nearest square mile.

b. What If? How much additional area would the searchers have to

cover if the bear were last seen 5 hours ago?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

23. Analyze Relationships Two circles have the same radius. Is the
combined area of the two circles the same as the area of a circle with
twice the radius? Explain.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

24. Look for a Pattern How does the area of a circle change if the radius is
multiplied by a factor of n, where n is a whole number?

25. Represent Real World Problems The bull’s-eye on a target has a

diameter of 3 inches. The whole target has a diameter of 15 inches. What
part of the whole target is the bull’s-eye? Explain.

276 Unit 4
 LESSON
Area of Composite
9.3
7.4.9.3
Students will find the area of

Figures composite figures.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you find the area of composite figures?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Exploring Areas of Composite Figures

Aaron was plotting the shape of his garden on grid paper. While it was an
irregular shape, it was perfect for his yard. Each square on the grid
represents 1 square meter.

A Describe one way you can find the area of this garden.

B The area of the garden is square meters.

C Compare your results with other students. What other methods

were used to find the area?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

D How does the area you found compare with the area found using
different methods?

Reflect
1. Use dotted lines to show two different
ways Aaron’s garden could be divided
up into simple geometric figures.

Lesson 9.3 277

 Finding the Area of a Composite Figure
A composite figure is made up of simple geometric shapes. To find the area of
a composite figure or other irregular-shaped figure, divide it into simple,
nonoverlapping figures. Find the area of each simpler figure, and then add
Math On the Spot the areas together to find the total area of the composite figure.
my.hrw.com
Use the chart below to review some common area formulas.

Shape Area Formula

triangle A = _12 bh
square A = s2
rectangle A = ℓw

parallelogram A = bh

trapezoid A = _12 h(b1 + b2)

EXAMPLE 1

Find the area of the figure.

Animated
Math STEP 1 Separate the figure into smaller, 10 cm
my.hrw.com familiar figures: a parallelogram 3 cm 1.5 cm
and a trapezoid.
4 cm 1.5 cm 2 cm
STEP 2 Find the area of each shape. 7 cm

Area of the Parallelogram Area of the Trapezoid

10 cm
3 cm 1.5 cm 4 cm 1.5 cm 2 cm
7 cm

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

base = 10 cm base1 = 7 cm base2 = 10 cm
height = 1.5 cm height 1.5 cm
Use the formula. Use the formula. The top base of the
trapezoid is 10 cm
A = bh 1
A = 2 h(b1 + b2)
_ since it is the same
length as the base of
A = 10 · 1.5 A = _12 (1.5)(7 + 10) the parallelogram.
A = 15 A = _12 (1.5)(17) = 12.75
The area of the The area of the trapezoid is 12.75 cm2.
parallelogram is 15 cm2.
STEP 3 Add the areas to find the total area.

A = 15 + 12.75 = 27.75 cm2

The area of the figure is 27.75 cm2.

278 Unit 4
 YOUR TURN
Find the area of each figure. Use 3.14 for π.
Personal
Math Trainer
2. 3. Online Assessment
2 ft 8 ft and Intervention

3 ft my.hrw.com
4 ft
3 ft 10 m
8 ft
3 ft

10 m

Using Area to Solve Problems

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE
Math On the Spot
A banquet room is being carpeted. A floor plan of the my.hrw.com
room is shown at right. Each unit represents
1 yard. The carpet costs $23.50 per square yard.
How much will it cost to carpet the room?
STEP 1 Separate the composite figure into simpler
shapes as shown by the dashed lines: a
parallelogram, a rectangle, and a triangle.
STEP 2 Find the area of the simpler figures. Count units to find the
dimensions. Math Talk
Mathematical Processes
Parallelogram Rectangle Triangle Describe how you can
estimate the cost to
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

A = bh A = ℓw A = _12 bh carpet the room.

A = 4·2 A = 6·4 A = _12 (1)(2)

A = 8 yd2 A = 24 yd2 A = 1 yd2

STEP 3 Find the area of the composite figure.

A = 8 + 24 + 1 = 33 square yards
STEP 4 Calculate the cost to carpet the room.

Area · Cost per yard = Total cost

33 · $23.50 = $775.50

The cost to carpet the banquet room is $775.50.

Lesson 9.3 279

 YOUR TURN
4. A window is being replaced with tinted glass.
Personal
Math Trainer The plan at the right shows the design of the
Online Assessment window. Each unit length represents 1 foot.
and Intervention The glass costs $28 per square foot. How much
my.hrw.com will it cost to replace the glass? Use 3.14 for π.

Guided Practice
1. A tile installer plots an irregular shape on grid paper. Each square
on the grid represents 1 square centimeter. What is the area of the
irregular shape? (Explore Activity, Example 2)
STEP 1 Separate the figure into a triangle, a ,
and a parallelogram.
STEP 2 Find the area of each figure.

triangle: cm2; rectangle: cm2; parallelogram: cm2

STEP 3 Find the area of the composite figure: + + = cm2

The area of the irregular shape is cm2.

2. Show two different ways to divide the composite figure. 12 cm

Find the area both ways. Show your work below. (Example 1)
9 cm
8 cm
18 cm
9 cm

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

20 cm

3. Sal is tiling his entryway. The floor plan is drawn on a unit grid.
Each unit length represents 1 foot. Tile costs $2.25 per square foot.
How much will Sal pay to tile his entryway? (Example 2)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

4. What is the first step in finding the area of a composite figure?

280 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

5. A banner is made of a square and a 8. A field is shaped like the figure shown.
semicircle. The square has side lengths of What is the area of the field? Use 3.14 for π.
26 inches. One side of the square is also
the diameter of the semicircle. What is the
total area of the banner? Use 3.14 for π.
8m

8m
6. Multistep Erin wants to carpet the floor
of her closet. A floor plan of the closet is 8m
shown.

10 ft
9. A bookmark is shaped like a rectangle with
4 ft a semicircle attached at both ends. The
3 ft rectangle is 12 cm long and 4 cm wide. The
diameter of each semicircle is the width
6 ft
of the rectangle. What is the area of the
a. How much carpet does Erin need? bookmark? Use 3.14 for π.

b. The carpet Erin has chosen costs $2.50 10. Multistep Alex is making 12 pennants for
per square foot. How much will it cost the school fair. The pattern he is using to
her to carpet the floor? make the pennants is shown in the figure.
The fabric for the pennants costs $1.25 per
square foot. How much will it cost Alex to
make 12 pennants?
7. Multiple Representations Hexagon
ABCDEF has vertices A(-2, 4), B(0, 4), C(2, 1),
1 ft
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

D(5, 1), E(5, -2), and F(-2, -2). Sketch the

figure on a coordinate plane. What is the 3 ft 1 ft
area of the hexagon?
y
11. Reasoning A composite figure is formed
by combining a square and a triangle. Its
2 total area is 32.5 ft2. The area of the triangle
is 7.5 ft2. What is the length of each side of
-4 -2 O 2 4 the square? Explain.

-4

Lesson 9.3 281

 FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

12. Represent Real-World Problems Christina

plotted the shape of her garden on graph paper.
She estimates that she will get about 15 carrots
from each square unit. She plans to use the entire
garden for carrots. About how many carrots can she
expect to grow? Explain.

13. Analyze Relationships The figure shown 10 in. 8 in.

is made up of a triangle and a square. The
perimeter of the figure is 56 inches. What is
the area of the figure? Explain. 10 in.

14. Critical Thinking The pattern for a scarf is 28 in.

shown at right. What is the area of the scarf?
Use 3.14 for π. 15 in.

15. Persevere in Problem Solving The design for the

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

palladium window shown includes a semicircular
shape at the top. The bottom is formed by squares
of equal size. A shade for the window will extend
4 inches beyond the perimeter of the window,
shown by the dashed line around the window.
Each square in the window has an area of 100 in2.
a. What is the area of the window? Use 3.14 for π.

b. What is the area of the shade? Round your answer to the nearest
whole number.

282 Unit 4
 LESSON
Solving Surface Area
9.4
7.4.9.4
Students will find the surface

Problems area of a figure made up of

cubes and prisms.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you find the surface area of a figure made up of cubes
and prisms?

EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Modeling Surface Area of a Prism

The surface area of a three-dimensional figure is the sum of the areas of
all its surfaces. You know how to use the net of a figure to find its surface
area. Now you will discover a formula that you can use.
8 mm

base 15 mm

20 mm
20 mm side front side back

8 mm
15 mm 8 mm 15 mm
base 15 mm

A The lateral area L of a prism is the area of all faces except the bases.

L = 2( ) + 2( )= .

B The area B of each base is

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

C The surface area S of the prism is the sum of the lateral area L and the

total area of the bases, or .

Reflect
1. Analyze Relationships Use the net above to answer this question:
How does the product of the perimeter P of the base of the prism and
the height h of the prism compare to the lateral area L?

2. Critical Thinking How can you express the surface area S of the
prism in terms of P, h, and B? Use your answer to Question 1.

Lesson 9.4 283

 Finding the Surface Area of a Prism
Given a prism’s dimensions, you can use a formula to find the surface area.

Surface Area of a Prism

Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com The surface area S of a prism with base perimeter P, height h, and
base area B is S = Ph + 2B.

EXAMPLE 1
My Notes
Erin is making a jewelry box of wood in the
shape of a rectangular prism. The jewelry box 6 in.
will have the dimensions shown. She plans to
spray paint the exterior of the box. How many
square inches will she have to paint? 15 in.

STEP 1 Make a sketch of the box. Drawing a 12 in.

diagram helps you understand and
solve the problem.

STEP 2 Identify a base, and find its area and perimeter.

Any pair of opposite faces can be the bases. For example, you can
choose the bottom and top of the box as the bases.

B=ℓ×w P = 2(12) + 2(15)

= 12 × 15 = 24 + 30

= 180 square inches = 54 inches

STEP 3 Identify the height, and find the surface area.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The height h of the prism is 6 inches. Use the formula to find the
Math Talk surface area.
Mathematical Processes
How can you express the S = Ph + 2B
formula for the surface area
S of a rectangular prism in S = 54(6) + 2(180) = 684 square inches
terms of its dimensions
ℓ, w, and h?
Erin will have to spray paint 684 square inches of wood.

YOUR TURN
3. A brand of uncooked spaghetti comes in a box that is a rectangular prism
Personal with a length of 9 inches, a width of 2 inches, and a height of 1_12 inches.
Math Trainer
Online Assessment What is the surface area of the box?
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

284 Unit 4
 Finding the Surface Area of a
Composite Solid
A composite solid is made up of two or more solid figures. To find the surface
area of a composite solid, find the surface area of each figure. Subtract any area Math On the Spot
not on the surface. my.hrw.com

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE Problem
Solving

Daniel built the birdhouse shown. What was 17 cm

the surface area of the birdhouse before the
8 cm
hole was drilled?
18 cm
Analyze Information
Identify the important information. 24 cm
• The top is a triangular prism with h = 24 cm. 30 cm
The base is a triangle with height 8 cm and
base 30 cm.
• The bottom is a rectangular prism with h = 18 cm. The base is a
30 cm by 24 cm rectangle.
• One face of each prism is not on the surface of the figure.

Formulate a Plan
Find the surface area of each prism.
Add the surface areas. Subtract the areas of the parts not on the surface.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Steve Byland/

JJustify
Ju
Solve
ust
stif
tif
ify
y and
and Evaluate
Eval
alua
lua
uatte
Find the surface area of the triangular prism.
Perimeter = 17 + 17 + 30 = 64 cm; Base area = _12 (30)(8) = 120 cm2
Surface area = Ph + 2B
= 64(24) + 2(120) = 1,776 cm2
Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.
Perimeter = 2(30) + 2(24) = 108 cm; Base area = 30(24) = 720 cm2
Surface area = Ph + 2B
= 108(18) + 2(720) = 3,384 cm2 Math Talk
Mathematical Processes
Shutterstock

Add. Then subtract the areas of the parts not on the surface. How could you find
the surface area by letting
Surface area = 1,776 + 3,384 - 2(720) = 3,720 cm 2
the front and back of the
prism be the bases?
The surface area before the hole was drilled was 3,720 cm2.

Justify and Evaluate

You can check your work by using a net to find the surface areas.

Lesson 9.4 285

 YOUR TURN 8 in.
4. Dara is building a plant stand. She wants 8 in.
Personal to stain the plant stand, except for the
Math Trainer 8 in.
Online Assessment
bottom of the larger prism. Find the
and Intervention surface area of the part of the plant 12 in.
my.hrw.com
stand she will stain.
12 in.
12 in.

Guided Practice
Find the surface area of each solid figure. (Examples 1 and 2)
1. 2.
5 ft 5 ft 2.5 m
2.5 m

7 ft 2.5 m
3 ft
7m
8 ft 9m
Perimeter of base = 11 m
Surface area of cube:
Height =
S=
Base area =
Surface area of rectangular prism:
Surface area:
S=
S=( )( ) + 2( )
Overlapping area: A =
=
Surface area of composite figure:

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

= + -2( )=

m2

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

3. How can you find the surface area of a composite solid made up of prisms?

286 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.4 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

4. Carla is wrapping a present in the box Eddie built the ramp shown to train his puppy
shown. How much wrapping paper does to do tricks. Use the figure for 8–9.
she need, not including overlap? 12 in. 20 in.
20 in.
24 in.
4 in.
16 in. 16 in.16 in.
3 in.
10 in. 8. Analyze Relationships Describe two ways
to find the surface area of the ramp.

5. Dmitri wants to cover the top and sides

of the box shown with glass tiles that are
5 mm square. How many tiles does he need?

9 cm

20 cm
9. What is the surface area of the ramp?
15 cm

Marco and Elaine are building a stand like the

6. Shera is building a cabinet. She is making one shown to display trophies. Use the figure
wooden braces for the corners of the for 10–11.
cabinet. Find the surface area of each
1 ft
brace.
1 in. 3 ft
3 ft 3 ft
1 in.
3 in. 2 ft
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

3 in.
3 in.
1 ft
7 ft
10. What is the surface area of the stand?
7. The doghouse shown has a floor, but no
windows. Find the total surface area of the
doghouse, including the door. 11. Critique Reasoning Marco and Elaine
want to paint the entire stand silver. A can of
2 ft 2.5 ft paint covers 25 square feet and costs $6.79.
2.5 ft They set aside $15 for paint. Is that enough?
Explain.
2 ft

4 ft
3 ft

Lesson 9.4 287

12. Henry wants to cover the box shown with paper without any overlap.
How many square centimeters will be covered with paper?
10 cm 27 cm
24 cm

13. What If? Suppose the length and width of the box in Exercise 12 double.
Does the surface area S double? Explain.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

14. Persevere in Problem Solving Enya is building a storage cupboard in

the shape of a rectangular prism. The rectangular prism has a square base
with side lengths of 2.5 feet and a height of 3.5 feet. Compare the amount
of paint she would use to paint all but the bottom surface of the prism to
the amount she would use to paint the entire prism.

15. Interpret the Answer The oatmeal box shown is shaped 2 in.
like a cylinder. Use a net to find the surface area S of the
oatmeal box to the nearest tenth. Then find the number
of square feet of cardboard needed for 1,500 oatmeal Oatmeal 9 in.
boxes. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

16. Analyze Relationships A prism is made of centimeter cubes. How can

you find the surface area of the prism in Figure 1 without using a net or a

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

formula? How does the surface area change in Figures 2, 3, and 4? Explain.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

288 Unit 4
 LESSON
Solving Volume
9.5
7.4.9.5
Students will find the volume

Problems of a figure made of cubes and

prisms.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you find the volume of a figure made of cubes
and prisms?

Volume of a Triangular Prism

The formula for the volume of a rectangular prism can be used for any prism.

Volume of a Prism
Math On the Spot
The volume V of a prism is the area of its base B times its height h. my.hrw.com
V = Bh

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE

Bradley’s tent is in the shape of a triangular prism.

How many cubic feet of space are in his tent? 4 ft
5 ft 9 ft
STEP 1 Find the base area B of the triangular prism. 6 ft
1
__
B = bh Area of a triangle with base length b and height h
2
1 (6)(4)
= __ Substitute 6 for b and 4 for h.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©PinkBlue/

2
= 12 ft2
STEP 2 Find the volume of the prism.
V = Bh Volume of a prism with base area B and height h

= (12)(9) Substitute 12 for B and 9 for h.

= 108 ft3

The volume of Bradley’s tent is 108 ft3.

Reflect
1. Analyze Relationships For a prism that is not a rectangular prism,
Shutterstock

how do you determine which sides are the bases?

YOUR TURN Personal

Math Trainer
2. Find the volume of the prism. Online Assessment
and Intervention
7m 22 m
my.hrw.com
24 m

Lesson 9.5 289

 Volume of a Trapezoidal Prism
Prisms are named for the polygons that form their bases. In this lesson, you will
focus on prisms whose bases are either triangles or quadrilaterals other than
squares and rectangles.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPLE 2

Cherise is setting up her tent. Her tent is in the shape of a 4 ft

trapezoidal prism. How many cubic feet of space are in
her tent? 4 ft
9 ft
STEP 1 Find the base area B of the trapezoidal prism. 6 ft
Math Talk 1 (b + b ) h
B = __ Area of a trapezoid with bases of lengths b1 and b2
Mathematical Processes 2 1 2
and height h
Without calculating the 1 (6 + 4)4
= __ Substitute 6 for b1, 4 for b2, and 4 for h.
volumes, how can you 2
know whether Bradley’s
or Cherise’s tent has a 1 (10)4 = 20 ft2
= __
greater volume? 2
STEP 2 Find the volume of the prism.

V = Bh Volume of a prism with base area B and height h

= (20)(9) Substitute 20 for B and 9 for h.

= 180 ft3

The volume of Cherise’s tent is 180 ft3.

Reflect
3. Look for a Pattern How could you double the volume of the tent by
doubling just one of its dimensions?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4. What If? How would doubling all the dimensions of the prism affect
the volume of the tent?

YOUR TURN
5. Find the volume of the prism. 12 cm
Personal
Math Trainer 10 cm
Online Assessment
22 cm
and Intervention 8 cm
my.hrw.com

290 Unit 4
 Volume of a Composite Solid
You can use the formula for the volume of a prism to find the volume of a
composite figure that is made up of prisms.

Math On the Spot

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE my.hrw.com

Allie has two aquariums connected by 3 ft 1 ft 3 ft

a small square prism. Find the volume
of the double aquarium. My Notes
3 ft
2 ft 3 ft
STEP 1 Find the volume of each
4 ft 1 ft 4 ft
of the larger aquariums.

V = Bh Volume of a prism

= (12)(3) Substitute 3 × 4 = 12 for B and 3 for h.

= 36 ft3
STEP 2 Find the volume of the connecting prism.

V = Bh Volume of a prism

= (1)(2) Substitute 1 × 1= 1 for B and 2 for h.

= 2 ft3
STEP 3 Add the volumes of the three parts of the aquarium.

V = 36 + 36 + 2 = 74 ft3

The volume of the aquarium is 74 ft3.

Reflect
6. What If? Find the volume of one of the large aquariums on either end
using another pair of opposite sides as the bases. Do you still get the
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

same volume? Explain.

YOUR TURN
7. The figure is composed of a rectangular 13 in.
30 in.
prism and a triangular prism. Find the Personal
volume of the figure. 13 in. Math Trainer
Online Assessment
9 in. and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 9.5 291

Guided Practice
1. Find the volume of the triangular prism. (Example 1) 5 ft
5 ft

7 ft
B = _12bh = _12 (8)(3) = 12 ft 3 ft
8 ft
V = Bh = ( × ) ft = ft3

2. Find the volume of the trapezoidal prism. (Example 2) 3m

15 m

B = _12 ( b1 + b2 )h = _12 (15 + 5)(3) = 30m 11 m

V = Bh = ( × )m = m3 5m

3. Find the volume of the composite figure. (Example 3) 6 ft

Volume of rectangular prism = 4 ft

Volume of triangular prism =

4 ft 12 ft
Volume of composite figure =
6 ft
Find the volume of each figure. (Examples 2 and 3)

4. The figure shows a barn that Mr. Fowler is 5. The figure shows a container, in the shape of
building for his farm. a trapezoidal prism, that Pete filled with sand.
12 cm
10 ft
15 ft 5 cm

50 ft
40 ft 7 cm
10 cm

?
? © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. How do you find the volume of a composite solid formed by two or

more prisms?

292 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.5 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

7. A trap for insects is in the shape of a triangular prism. The area of the
base is 3.5 in2 and the height of the prism is 5 in. What is the volume
of this trap?

8. Arletta built a cardboard ramp for her little brothers’ toy cars.
Identify the shape of the ramp. Then find its volume.
6 in.
7 in.
25 in.
9. Alex made a sketch for a homemade soccer goal he plans to build. The
goal will be in the shape of a triangular prism. The legs of the right
triangles at the sides of his goal measure 4 ft and 8 ft, and the opening
along the front is 24 ft. How much space is contained within this goal?

10. A gift box is in the shape of a trapezoidal prism with base lengths of
7 inches and 5 inches and a height of 4 inches. The height of the gift box
is 8 inches. What is the volume of the gift box?

11. Explain the Error A student wrote this statement: “A triangular prism has
a height of 15 inches and a base area of 20 square inches. The volume of
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©The

the prism is 300 square inches.” Identify and correct the error.

Find the volume of each figure. Round to the nearest hundredth if

necessary.

12. B ≈ 23.4 in2 13. 7.5 m

Photolibrary Wales/Alamy Images

3 in. 7.5 m
3 in. 3.75 m
3 in. 3 in. 3.75 m
15 m

14. Multi-Step Josie has 260 cubic centimeters of candle wax. She wants to
make a hexagonal prism candle with a base area of 21 square centimeters
and a height of 8 centimeters. She also wants to make a triangular
prism candle with a height of 14 centimeters. Can the base area of the
triangular prism candle be 7 square centimeters? Explain.

Lesson 9.5 293

15. A movie theater offers popcorn in two different containers for the same
price. One container is a trapezoidal prism with a base area of 36 square
inches and a height of 5 inches. The other container is a triangular prism
with a base area of 32 square inches and a height of 6 inches. Which
container is the better deal? Explain.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

16. Critical Thinking The wading 13 ft

pool shown is a trapezoidal
prism with a total volume of
286 cubic feet. What is the 2 ft ?
missing dimension? 8 ft

17. Persevere in Problem Solving Lynette

has a metal doorstop with the dimensions
shown. Each cubic centimeter of the
metal in the doorstop has a mass of about 10 cm
8.6 grams. Find the volume of the metal
in the doorstop. Then find the mass of
the doorstop.
2.5 cm

6 cm

18. Analyze Relationships What effect would tripling all the dimensions of a
triangular prism have on the volume of the prism? Explain your reasoning.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

19. Persevere in Problem Solving Each of two trapezoidal prisms has a

volume of 120 cubic centimeters. The prisms have no dimensions in
common. Give possible dimensions for each prism.

294 Unit 4
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
9.1, 9.2 Circumference and Area of Circles Online Assessment
and Intervention
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Use 3.14 for π. Round to the my.hrw.com
nearest hundredth if necessary.

1. 2.
7m 12 ft

9.3 Area of Composite Figures

Find the area of each figure. Use 3.14 for π.
3. 10 m 4. 4.5 cm

5.5 cm
16 m
20 cm

9.4, 9.5 Solving Surface Area and Volume Problems

Find the surface area and volume of each figure.

5. 5 cm 6. 2.5 yd
1.5 yd
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

10 cm 2 yd
3 cm
4 cm 2.5 yd
4 yd

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

7. How can you use geometry figures to solve real-world problems?

Module 9 295
MODULE 9 MIXED REVIEW Personal
Math Trainer
Assessment Readiness Online
Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

Selected Response 5. What is the volume of the prism?

1. What is the circumference of the circle?

2 ft

11 m 12 ft

8 ft

A 192 ft3 C 69 ft3

A 34.54 m
B 48 ft3 D 96 ft3
B 69.08 m
6. A school snack bar sells a mix of granola
C 379.94 m
and raisins. The mix includes 2 pounds of
D 1,519.76 m granola for every 3 pounds of raisins. How
many pounds of granola are needed for a
2. What is the area of the circle?
mix that includes 24 pounds of raisins?
A 16 pounds C 48 pounds
15 m
B 36 pounds D 120 pounds

7. Find the percent change from $20 to $25.

A 25% decrease C 20% decrease
A 23.55 m2 C 176.625 m2
B 47.1 m2 D 706.5 m2 B 25% increase D 20% increase

3. What is the area of the figure?

Mini-Task
6m
8. Each dimension of the smaller prism is half

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

the corresponding dimension of the larger
6m prism.
A 28.26 m2 C 64.26 m2
8 in.
B 36 m2 D 92.52 m2
10 in.
4. A one-year membership to a health club
costs $480. This includes a $150 fee for new
16 in.
members that is paid when joining. Which
equation represents the monthly cost x in a. What is the surface area of the figure?
dollars for a new member?
A 12x + 150 = 480
x b. What is the volume of the figure?
B __
12
+ 150 = 480
C 12x + 480 = 150
x
D __
12
+ 480 = 150

296 Unit 4