Introduction to Criminal Justice 9th

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 v

D E D I C AT I O N

To my wife, Linda Taconis, with love.

Robert M. Bohm

To my wife, Shelby, and daughter, Jill, with love.

Keith N. Haley
vi

About the Authors

Robert M. Bohm is Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice at the University

of Central Florida. He also has been a faculty member in the Departments of
Criminal Justice at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1989–1995)
and at Jacksonville State University in Alabama (1979–1989). In 1973 and
1974, he worked for the Jackson County Department of Corrections in
Kansas City, Missouri, first as a corrections officer and later as an
instructor/counselor in the Model Inmate Employment Program, a Law
Enforcement Assistance Administration sponsored–work-release project. He
received his PhD in criminology from Florida State University in 1980. He
has published numerous journal articles, book chapters, and books in the
areas of criminal justice and criminology. In addition to being the co-author
of Introduction to Criminal Justice, 9th ed. (McGraw-Hill), he is the author
of A Concise Introduction to Criminal Justice (McGraw-Hill, 2008);
Deathquest: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital
Punishment in the United States, 5th ed.; Ultimate Sanction: Understanding
the Death Penalty Through Its Many Voices and Many Sides; The Past as
Prologue: The Supreme Court’s Pre-Modern Death Penalty Jurisprudence
and Its Influence on the Supreme Court’s Modern Death Penalty Decisions;
Capital Punishment’s Collateral Damage; and A Primer on Crime and
Delinquency Theory, 4th ed. (with Brenda L. Vogel). He is also editor of The
Death Penalty in America: Current Research and The Death Penalty Today
and co-editor (with James R. Acker and Charles S. Lanier) of America’s
Experiment with Capital Punishment: Reflections on the Past, Present, and
Future of the Ultimate Sanction, 3rd ed., Demystifying Crime and Criminal
Justice, 2nd ed. (with Jeffery T. Walker), and the Routledge Handbook of
Capital Punishment (with Gavin M. Lee). Bohm served as president of the
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences in 1992–1993. In 1989, the Southern
Criminal Justice Association selected him Outstanding Educator of the Year.
In 1999, he was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Criminal Justice
Sciences; in 2001, he was presented with the Academy’s Founder’s Award;
and, in 2008, he received the Academy’s Bruce Smith Sr. Award.

Keith N. Haley is Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice in the School of

Criminal Justice and Social Sciences at Tiffin University. He also has been
Chair of Criminal Justice and Social Science Graduate Programs, Dean of the
School of Criminal Justice, Chair of the Criminal Justice Department, Dean
and Associate Vice President of the School of Off-Campus Learning,
Associate Vice President for Special Projects, and has acted as the primary
contact for the Tiffin University MBA program in Bucharest, Romania. He
also has served as Coordinator of the Criminal Justice Programs at Collin
County Community College in Texas; Director of the Criminal Justice
Program at Redlands Community College in Oklahoma; Chair of the
Criminal Justice Department at the University of Cincinnati; Executive
Director of the Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission; and police officer
in Dayton, Ohio. Haley received a bachelor of science degree in education
from Wright State University and a master of science degree in criminal
justice from Michigan State University. Haley is the author, co-author, and/or
editor of 30 books (including revised editions), several book chapters, and
many articles in criminal justice publications. He has served as a consultant
to many public service, university, business, and industrial organizations on
management, online learning, criminal justice research, and memory skills.
The American Association of University Administrators presented the 2001
Nikolai N. Khaladjan International Award for Innovation in Higher
Education to Haley for his leadership in the Tiffin University/University of
Bucharest “Partnership for Justice” project, which established a graduate
school of criminal justice administration at the University of Bucharest.
Bohm and Haley’s Introduction to Criminal Justice was translated into the
Romanian language under the title of Justitia Penala and has been used in the
University of Bucharest graduate program for criminal justice leaders.
 vii

Brief Contents

Part One The Foundations of Criminal Justice

Chapter 1 Crime and Justice in the United States
Chapter 2 Crime and Its Consequences
Chapter 3 Explaining Crime
Chapter 4 The Rule of Law

Part Two Law Enforcement

Chapter 5 History and Structure of American Law Enforcement
Chapter 6 Policing: Roles, Styles, and Functions
Chapter 7 Policing America: Issues and Ethics

Part Three The Courts

Chapter 8 The Administration of Justice
Chapter 9 Sentencing, Appeals, and the Death Penalty

Part Four Corrections

Chapter 10 Institutional Corrections
Chapter 11 Prison Life, Inmate Rights, Release, and Recidivism
Chapter 12 Community Corrections
Part Five Additional Issues in Criminal Justice
Chapter 13 Juvenile Justice
Chapter 14 The Future of Criminal Justice in the United States

Glossary
Case Index
Subject Index
viii

Contents

Part One The Foundations of Criminal Justice

1 Crime and Justice in the United States

Crime in the United States
Criminal Justice: An Institution of Social Control
Criminal Justice: The System
Police
Courts
Corrections
Criminal Justice: The Nonsystem
Two Models of Criminal Justice
The Crime Control Model
The Due Process Model
 Crime Control versus Due Process
Costs of Criminal Justice
Myths About Crime and Criminal Justice
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes

2 Crime and Its Consequences

Definitions of Crime
Social Definitions
A Legal Definition
Elements of Crime
Degrees or Categories of Crime
Measurement of Crime
Crime Statistics
Crime Rates
Uniform Crime Reports
National Incident-Based Reporting System
National Crime Victimization Surveys
Self-Report Crime Surveys
 Costs of Crime
Fear of Crime
What People Fear
Who Fears Crime
How People Respond to a Fear of Crime
Victims of Crime
Victimization Trends
Who the Victims Are
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes

3 Explaining Crime
Introduction to Criminological Theory
Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime
Classical Theory
Neoclassical Theory
Positivist Approaches to Explaining Crime
Biological Theories
Psychological Theories
Sociological Theories
 Critical Approaches to Explaining Crime
Labeling Theory
Conflict Theory
Radical Theory
Other Critical Theories
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes
ix

4 The Rule of Law

Two Types of Law: Criminal Law and Civil Law
Substantive versus Procedural Law
Ideal Characteristics of the Criminal Law
Criminal Law as a Political Phenomenon
Creating Criminal Laws in the United States
Procedural Law: Rights of the Accused
The Bill of Rights
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Selective Incorporation of the Bill of
Rights
The Fourth Amendment
 The Fifth Amendment
The Sixth Amendment
The Eighth Amendment
Protecting the Accused from Miscarriages of Justice
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes

Part Two Law Enforcement

5 History and Structure of American Law Enforcement

The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement
English Roots
The Tithing System
The Constable-Watch System
The Bow Street Runners
The London Metropolitan Police
The Development of American Law Enforcement
Early American Law Enforcement
 Law Enforcement in the Cities
Law Enforcement in the States and on the Frontier
Professionalism and Reform
Conflicting Roles
Community Policing
CompStat
History of Four Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
The U.S. Marshals Service
The Secret Service
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Drug Enforcement Administration
The Structure of American Law Enforcement
Local Policing and Its Duties
County Law Enforcement
State Law Enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement
The Department of Homeland Security
Department Components
Homeland Security and the FBI
The War on Terrorism: An Evaluation
American Private Security
Private Security Officers
Reasons for Growth
Issues Involving Private Security
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes
x
6 Policing: Roles, Styles, and Functions
Policing in America
The Roles of the Police
Characteristics of Police Work
Operational Styles
Police Functions
Patrol
Investigation
Traffic
Drug Enforcement
Community Policing
The Philosophy and Components of Community Policing
Implementing Community Policing
Terrorism and Homeland Security
Definitions and Types of Terrorism
The Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism
How Prepared Is the United States to Defend Against Terrorism?
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
 Notes

7 Policing America: Issues and Ethics

The Police and the Public
Public Attitudes Toward the Police
Police Recruitment and Selection
Qualities of a Successful Police Officer
The Police Recruitment Process
Successful Recruiting Practices
The Police Selection Process
The Selection of a Law Enforcement Executive
Issues in Policing
Discretion
Job Stress
Use of Force
Police Corruption
Professionalizing Law Enforcement
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes
Part Three The Courts

8 The Administration of Justice

The American Court Structure
The Federal Courts
The State Courts
Purposes of Courts
Key Actors in the Court Process
The Prosecutor
The Defense Attorney
The Judge
Pretrial Stages
Caseflow Management
From Arrest Through Initial Appearance
Bail and Other Methods of Pretrial Release
Information
Preliminary Hearing
Grand Jury
Arraignment
Plea Bargaining
The Criminal Trial
xi
 The Jury
The Trial Process
Adversarial versus Inquisitorial Trial Systems
Roles of the Judge, Prosecutor, and Defense Attorney
Role of Juries
Rules of Evidence
Role of Victims
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes

9 Sentencing, Appeals, and the Death Penalty

Sentencing
Statutory Provisions
Philosophical Rationales
Organizational Considerations
Presentence Investigation Reports
Personal Characteristics of Judges
Appeals
The Death Penalty
 A Brief History of the Death Penalty in the United States
Enter the Supreme Court
The Procedural Reforms Approved in Gregg
Prospects for the Future
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes

Part Four Corrections

10 Institutional Corrections
Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections
European Background
Developments in the United States
The Incarceration Boom
Recent Trends
Prison Inmate Characteristics
Incarceration Facilities
Organization and Administration by Government
 Classification and Other Special Facilities
Men’s Prisons
Women’s Prisons and Cocorrectional Facilities
Jails and Lockups
Institutional Security, Services, and Programs
Security and Inmate Discipline
Services and Programs
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
In the Field
On the Web
Critical Thinking Exercises
Notes
xii

11 Prison Life, Inmate Rights, Release, and Recidivism

Living in Prison
Inmate Society
Life in Women’s Prisons
Correctional Officers
Inmate Rights and Prison Reform
Access to the Courts and Legal Services
Procedural Due Process in Prison
Another random document with
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Plate 16.

Plate 17.
 MECHANICK EXERCISES:
Or, the Doctrine of

Handy-works.
Applied to the ART of
Mold-Making, Sinking the Matrices,
Casting and Dressing of
Printing-Letters.

§. 15. ¶. 1. Of making the Mold.

The Steel-Punches being thus finish’d, as afore was shewed, they
are to be sunk or struck into pieces of Copper, about an Inch and an
half long, and one quarter of an Inch deep; but the thickness not
assignable, because of the different thicknesses in Letters, as was
shewed in §. 2. and shall further be shewed, when I come to the
sinking and justifying of Matrices. But before these Punches are
sunk into Copper, the Letter-Founder must provide a Mold to justifie
the Matrices by: And therefore it is proper that I describe this Mold to
you before I proceed any farther.
I have given you in Plate 18. at A, the Draft of one side or half of the
Mold; and in Plate 19. at B, its Match, or other half, which I shall in
general thus describe.
Every Mold is made of two parts, an under, and an upper Part; the
under part is delineated at A, in Plate 18, the upper part is marked B,
in Plate 19, and is in all respects made like the under part, excepting
the Stool behind, and the Bow, or Spring also behind; and excepting
a small roundish Wyer between the Body and Carriage, near the
Break, where the under part hath a small rounding Groove made in
the Body. This Wyer, or rather Half-Wyer in the upper part makes the
Nick in the Shank of the Letter, when part of it is received into the
Grove in the under part.
These two parts are so exactly fitted and gaged into one another,
(viz. the Male Gage, marked C in Plate 19, into the Female-Gage
marked g, in Plate 18.) that when the upper part of the Mold is
properly placed on, and in the under part of the Mold both together,
makes the entire Mold, and may be slid backwards for Use so far, till
the Edge of either of the Bodies on the middle of either Carriage
comes just to the Edge of the Female-Gages, cut in each Carriage:
And they may be slid forwards so far, till the Bodies on either
Carriage touch each other. And the sliding of these two parts of the
Mold backwards, makes the Shank of the Letter thicker, because the
Bodies in each part stand wider asunder; and the sliding them
forwards makes the Shank of the Letter thinner, because the Bodies
on each part of the Mold stand closer together.
 Plate 18.
The Under half of the Mold
This is a general Description of the Mold; I come now to a more
particular Description of its parts.

a The Carriage.
b The Body.
c The Male-Gage.
d e The Mouth-Piece.
f i The Register.
g The Female-Gage.
h The Hag.
a a a a The Bottom-Plate.
b b b The Wood the Bottom-Plate lies on.
c c e The Mouth.
d d The Throat.
e d d The Pallat.
f The Nick.
g g The Stool.
h h g The Spring or Bow.

I have here given you only the Names of the parts of the Mold,
because at present I purpose no other Use of it, than what relates to
the sinking the Punches into the Matrices: And when I come to the
casting of Letters, You will find the Use and Necessity of all these
Parts.

¶. 2. Of the Bottom-Plate.

The Bottom-Plate is made of Iron, about two Inches and three

quarters long, and about the same breadth; its thickness about a
Brevier: It is planisht exactly flat and straight: It hath two of its Fore-
Angles, as a a cut off either straight or rounding, according to the
pleasure of the Workman.
About the place where the middle of the Carriage lies, is made a
Hole about a Great-Primmer square, into which is rivetted on the
upper-side a Pin with a Sholder to it, which reaches about half an
Inch through the under-side of the Bottom-Plate. This Pin on the
under-side the Bottom-Plate is round, and hath a Male-Screw on its
end. This Pin is let through a Hole made in the Wood of the Mold to
fit it; so that when a square Nut, with a Female-Screw in it, is turned
on the Male-Screw, it may draw and fasten the Half Mold firm to the
Wood.
The Hind-side of the Carriage lies on this Bottom-Plate, parallel to
the Hind-side of it, and about a Two-Lin’d-English within the Hind
Edge of it; and so much of this Bottom-Plate as is between the
Register and the left-hand end of the Carriage (as it is posited in the
Figure) is called the Stool, as g g in the under half of the Mold,
because on it the lower end of the Matrice rests; but on the upper
half of the Mold is made a square Notch behind in the Bottom-Plate,
rather within than without the Edge of the Carriage, to reach from the
Register, and half an Inch towards the left-hand (as it is posited in
the Figure) that the upper part of the fore-side of the Matrice may
stand close to the Carriage and Body.

¶. 3. Of the Carriage.

On the Bottom-Plate is fitted a Carriage, (as a) This Carriage is

almost the length of the Bottom-Plate, and about a Double-Pica
thick, and its Breadth the length of the Shank of the Letter to be cast.
This Carriage is made of Iron, and hath its upper side, and its two
narrow sides filed and rubed upon the using File, exactly straight,
square and smooth, and the two opposite narrow sides exactly
parallel to each other.
On one end of the Carriage, as at g, is made a long Notch or Slit,
which I call the Female-Gage: It is about a Double-Pica wide, and is
made for the Male-Gage of the other part of the Mold to fit into, and
to slide forwards or backwards as the thickness of the Letter to be
cast may require.

¶. 4. Of the Body.

Upon the Carriage is fitted the Body, as at b. This Body is also made
of Iron, and is half the length of the Carriage, and the exact breadth
of the Carriage; but its thickness is alterable, and particularly made
for every intended Body.
About the middle of this Body is made a square Hole, about a Great-
Primmer, or Double-Pica square; and directly under it is made
through the Carriage such another Hole exactly of the same size.

¶. 5. Of the Male-Gage.

Through these two Holes, viz. That in the Body, and that in the
Carriage, is fitted a square Iron Shank with a Male-Screw on one
End, and on the other End an Head turning square from the square
Shanck to the farther end of the Body, as is described at c; but is
more particularly described apart at B in the same Plate, where B
may be called the Male-Gage: For I know no distinct Name that
Founders have for it, and do therefore coyn this:

a The square Shanck.

b The Male-Screw.

This square Shanck is just so long within half a Scaboard thick as to

reach through the Body, Carriage, and another square Hole made
through the Bottom-Plate, that so when a square Nut with a Female-
Screw in it is turned on that Pin, the Nut shall draw and fasten the
Body and Carriage down to the Bottom-Plate.
The Office of the Male-Gage is to fit into, and slide along the
Female-Gage.
¶. 6. Of the Mouth-Piece.
 Plate 19.
The Upper half of the Mold
Close to the Carriage and Body is fitted a Mouth-Piece marked d e.
Letter-Founders call this altogether a Mouth-Piece: But that I may be
the better understood in this present purpose, I must more nicely
distinguish its parts, and take the Freedom to elect Terms for them,
as first,

c c e The Mouth.
d The Palate.
c c e d The Jaws.
d d The Throat.

Altogether (as aforesaid) the Mouth-Piece.

The Mouth-Piece hath its Side returning from the Throat filed and
rubb’d on the Using-File exactly straight and square to its Bottom-
side, because it is to joyn close to the Side of the Carriage and Body;
but its upper-side, viz. the Palate is not parallel to the Bottom, but
from the Side d d, viz. the Throat falls away to the Mouth e, making
an Angle greater or smaller, as the Body that the Mold is made for is
bigger or less: For small Bodies require but a small Mouth, because
small Ladles will hold Metal enough for small Letters; and the smaller
the Ladle, the finer the Geat of the Ladle is; and fine Geats will
easier hit the Mouth (in a Train of Work) than the course Geats of
Great Ladles: Therefore it is that the Mouth must be made to such a
convenient Width, that the Ladle to be used and its Geat, may
readily, and without slabbering, receive the Metal thrown into the
Mold.
But again, if the Mouth-Piece be made too wide, viz. the Jaws too
deep at the Mouth, though the Geat of the Ladle does the readier
find it, yet the Body of the Break of the Letter will be so great, that
first it heats the Mold a great deal faster and hotter; and secondly, it
empties the Pan a great deal sooner of its Metal, and subjects the
Workman sometime to stand still while other Metal is melted and hot:
Therefore Judgment is to be used in the width of the Mouth; and
though there be no Rule for the width of it; yet this in general for
such Molds as I make, I observe that the Orifice of the Throat may
be about one quarter of the Body for small Bodies; but for great
Bodies less, according to Discretion, and the Palate about an Inch
and a quarter long from the Body and Carriage. The reason that the
Orifice of the Throat is so small, is, because the Substance at the
end of the Shanck of the Letter ought also to be small, that the Break
may easier break from the Shanck of the Letter, and the less subject
the Shanck to bowing; for the bowing of a Letter spoils it; and the
reason why the Palate is so long, is, that the Break being long, may
be the easier finger’d and manag’d in the breaking.
If it be objected, that since the smalness of the Break at the end of
the Shanck of the Letter is so approvable and necessary for the
reason aforesaid, then why may not the Break be made much more
smaller yet? The Answer will be, No; because if it be much smaller
than one quarter of the Body, Metal enough will not pass through the
Throat, to fill both the Face and Shanck of the Letter, especially if the
Letter to be cast prove thin.
Near the Throat and Jaw is made straight down through the Palate a
square Hole (as at k.) This square Hole hath all its Sides on the
Upper-Plain of the Palate opened to a Bevel of about 45 Degrees,
and about the depth of a thick Scaboard. Into this square Hole is
fitted a square Pin to reach through it; and within half a Scaboard
through a square Hole, made just under it in the Bottom-Plate which
the Mouth-Piece lies upon. On the upper end of this square Pin is
made a square Sholder, whose under-sides are filed Bevil away, so
as to comply and fall just into the Bevil made on the Palate
aforesaid, and on the under end of the Pin is made a Male-screw
long enough to contain a square Nut, with a Female-screw in it about
a Pica or English thick, which Nut being twisted about the Pin of the
Male-screw, draws and fastens the Mouth-piece close down to the
Bottom-Plate, and also close to the Carriage and Body of the Mold.
Note, that the square Hole made in the Bottom-Plate to receive the
square Shanck of the Pin, must be made a little wider than just to fit
the square Shanck of the Pin, because the Mouth-piece must be so
placed, that the end of the Jaw next the Throat must lie just even
with the Body it is to be joyned to; and also that the Throat of the
Mouth-piece may be thrust perfectly close to the Sides of the
Carriage and Body: And when Occasion requires the Shanck of the
Letter to be lengthned, it may be set farther off the Carriage, that an
Asidue, or sometimes a thin Plate of Brass may be fitted in between
the Carriage and the Throat of the Mouth-piece, as shall farther be
shewed when I come to justifie the Mold.

¶. 7. Of the Register.

Behind the Mold is placed the Register, as at f i h, which I have also

placed apart in the aforesaid Plate, as at C, that it may the more
perspicuously be discerned, and a more particular account of its
parts be given, which are as follows:

C a a b c d e The Register.
a a The Sholders.
b c The Neck.
d The Cheek returning square from the Plate of the
Register, and is about an English thick.
e The Screw Hole.

It is made of an Iron Plate about a Brevier thick; its upper-side is

straight, but its under-side is not: For at a a projects downwards a
small piece of the same Plate, which we may call the Sholders, of
the Form you see in the Figure. These Sholders have two small
Notches (as at b c) filed in them below the Range on the under-side
of the Register, which we will call the Neck, and is just so wide as
the Bottom-Plate is thick. This Neck is set into a square Notch, filed
so far into the Bottom-Plate, that the flat inside of the Register may
stand close against the hind-side of the Carriage and Body; and this
Notch is filed so wide on the left Hand, that when the side b of the
Neck stands close against the left-hand-side of this Notch (as it is
posited in the Figure) the Cheek of the Register stands just even
with the Edge of the Body. And this Notch is also filed so wide on the
right-Hand-side, that when the Neck at c stands close against the
right-hand Side of the Notch, the Cheek of the Register may remove
an m, or an m and an n from the edge of the Body towards the right
hand: And the Sholders a a are made so long, that when either Side
of the Neck is thrust close against its corresponding side in the
Notch of the Bottom-Plate, the upper Edge of the opposite Sholder
shall hook or bear against the under-side of the Bottom-Plate, and
keep the whole Register steady, and directly upright to the Surface of
the Bottom-Plate.
In the Plate of the Register, is made a long square Hole, as at e, just
wide enough to receive the Pin of a Male-screw, with a Sholder to it,
which is to fit into a Female-screw, made in the Edge of the
Carriage, that when the Male-screw is turned about in the Female-
screw in the Carriage, it shall draw the Sholder of the said Male-
screw hard against the upper and under Sides of the square Hole in
the Plate of the Register, close to the side of the Carriage and Body.
The reason why the Hole in the Plate of the Register is made so
long, is that the Cheek of the Register may be slid forwards or
backwards as occasion requires; as shall be shewn when I come to
justifying the Mold.

¶. 8. Of the Nick.

In the upper half of the Mold, at about a Pica distance from the
Throat, is fitted into the under-side of the Body the Nick: It is made of
a piece of Wyer filed flat a little more than half away. This Nick is
bigger or less, as the Body the Mold is made for is bigger or less; but
its length is about two m’s. It is with round Sculptors let exactly into
the under-side of the Body.
In the under half of the Mold, is made at the same distance from the
Throat, on the upper-side of the Body, a round Groove, just fit to
receive the Nick in the upper half.

¶. 9. Of the Bow or Spring.

This is a long piece of hard Iron Wyer, whose Diameter is about a
Brevier thick, and hath one end fastned into the Wood of the under
half of the Mold, as at h; but it is so fastned, that it may turn about in
the Hole of the Wood it is put into: For the end of it being batter’d
flat, a small Hole is drilled through it, into which small Hole the end of
fine Lute-string Wyer, or somewhat bigger is put, and fastned by
twisting about half an Inch of the end of the Lute-string to the rest of
the Lute-string: For then a considerable Bundle of that Wyer, of
about the Size of a Doublet Button, being wound behind the Hole,
about the end of the Spring, will become a Sholder to it, and keep
the end of the Spring from slipping through the Hole in the Wood:
But this Button or Sholder must also be kept on by thrusting another
piece of Wyer stiff into the Hole made on the end of the Spring, and
crooking that Wyer into the Form of an S, that it slip not out of the
Hole.
The manner how the Spring is bowed, you may see in the Figure:
But just without the Wood is twisted upon another Wyer about an
English thick five or six turns of the Wyer of the Spring, to make the
whole Spring bear the stronger at its point: For the Office of the
Spring is with its Point at g, to thrust the Matrice close against the
Carriage and Body.

¶. 10. Of the Hooks, or Haggs.

These are Iron Wyers about a Long-Primmer thick: Their Shape you
may see in the Figure: They are so fastned into the Wood of the
Mold, that they may not hinder the Ladle hitting the Mouth. Their
Office is to pick and draw with their Points the Break and Letter out
of the Mold when they may chance to stick.

¶. 11. Of the Woods of the Mold.

All the Iron Work aforesaid of the Mold is fitted and fastned on two
Woods, viz. each half one, and each Wood about an Inch thick, and
of the shape of each respective Bottom-Plate. The Wood hath all its
Sides except the hind-side, about a Pica longer than the Bottom-
Plate; but the hind-side lies even with the Bottom-Plate. The Bottom-
Plate, as afore was said in ¶. 2. of this §. hath an Iron Pin on its
under-side, about half an Inch long, with a Male-screw on its end,
which Pin being let fit into an Hole in the Wood does by a Nut with a
Female-screw in it draw, all the Iron Work close and fast to the
Wood.
But because the Wood is an Inch thick, and the Pin in the Bottom-
Plate but half an Inch long, therefore the outer or under-side of the
Wood (as posited in the Figure) hath a wide round Hole made in it
flat at the Bottom, to reach within an English, or a Great Primmer of
the upper-side of the Wood. This round Hole is wide enough to
receive the Nut with the Female-screw in it; and the Pin being now
long enough to receive the Female-screw at the wide Hole, the
Female-screw may with round nosed Plyers be turned about the
Male-screw on the Pin aforesaid, till it draw all the Iron Work close to
the Wood.
The Wood behind on the upper half is cut away as the Bottom-Plate
of that half is; and into the thickness of the Wood, close by the right
and left-hand side of this Notch is a small square Wyer-staple driven,
which we may call the Matrice-Check; for its Office is only to keep
the Shanck of the Matrice from flying out of this Notch of the Mold
when the Caster is at Work. And the Nuts and Screws of the
Carriage and Mouth-piece, &c. that lie under the Bottom-Plate, are
with small Chissels let into the upper-side of the Wood, that the
Bottom-plates may lie flat on it.

Sect. XVI. Of justifying the Mold.

Although the Mold be now made; nay, very well and Workman-like
made, yet is it not imagin’d to be fit to go to work withal; as well
because it will doubtless Rag (as Founders call it; for which
Explanation see the Table) as because the Body, Thickness,
Straightness, and length of the Shanck must be finisht with such
great Nicety, that without several Proofs and Tryings, it cannot be
expected to be perfectly true.
Therefore before the sinking and justifying the Matrices, the Mold
must first be Justified: And first, he justifies the Body, which to do, he
casts about twenty Proofs or Letters, as they are called, though it
matters not whether the Shancks have yet Letters on them or no.
These Proofs he sets up in a Composing-stick, as is described in §.
17. ¶. 2. Plate 19. at G, with all their Nicks towards the right Hand,
and then sets up so many Letters of the same Body, (which for
Distinction sake we will call Patterns) that he will justifie his Body too,
upon the Proofs, with all their Nicks also to the right Hand, to try if
they agree in length with the same Number of Letters that he uses
for his Pattern; which if they do not, for very seldom they do, but by
the Workman’s fore-cast are generally somewhat too big in the Body,
that there may be Substance left to Justifie the Mold, and clear it
from Ragging. Therefore the Proofs may drive-out somewhat, either
half a Line (which in Founders and Printers Language is half a Body)
or a whole Line. (more or less.)
He also tries if the two sides of the Body are parallel, viz. That the
Body be no bigger at the Head than at the Foot; and that he tries by
taking half the number of his Proofs, and turning the Heads of them
lays them upon the other half of his Proofs, so that if then the Heads
and Feet be exactly even upon each other, and that the Heads and
Feet neither drive out, nor get in, (Founders and Printers Language,
for which see the Table) the two sides of the Body are parallel; but if
either the Head or Foot drives out, the two sides of the Body are not
parallel, and must therefore be mended.
And as he has examin’d the Sides of the Body so also he examines
the thickness of the Letter, and tries if the two Sides of the thickness
be also parallel, which to do, he sets up his Prooves in the
Composing-stick with their Nicks upwards. Then taking half of the
Prooves, he turns the Heads and lay the Heads upon the Feet of the
other half of his Prooves, and if the Heads and Feet lies exactly upon
each other and neither drive out or get in the two Sides of the
thicknesses are parallel. But if either the Head or Foot drive-out the
two Sides of the thicknesses are not parallel; and must therefore be
mended.
Next, he considers whether the sides of the Body be straight, first by
laying two Letters with their Nicks upwards upon one another, and
holding them up in his Fingers, between his Eye and the Light, tries if
he can see Light between them: For if the least Light appear
between them, the Carriage is not straight. Then he lays the Nicks
against one another, and holds them also against the Light, as
before: Then he lays both the Nicks outward, and examines them
that way, that he may find whether either or both of the Carriages are
out of straight.
But we will suppose now the Body somewhat too big, and that it
drives out at the Head or Foot; and that the thickness drives out at
the Head or Foot and that the Sides of the Body are not straight.
These are Faults enough to take the Mold asunder: but yet if there
were but one of these Faults it must be taken asunder for that; by
unscrewing the Male-Gage, to take the Body off the Carriage, and
the Carriage off the Bottom-Plate.
Having found where the Fault of one or both sides of the Body is, he
lays the Body down upon the Using File; and if the Fault be
extuberant, he rubs the Extuberancy down, by pressing his Finger or
Fingers hard upon the opposite side of the Body, just over the
extuberant part; and so rubbing the Body hard forwards on the
Using-File, and drawing it lightly backwards, he rubs till he has
wrought down the extuberancy, which he examins by applying the
Lyner to that side of the Body, and holding it so up between his Eye
and the Light, tries whether or not the Lyner ride upon the part that
was extuberant; which if it do, the extuberancy is not sufficiently
rub’d off, and the former Process must again begin and be continued
till the extuberancy be rub’d off. And if the Body were too big, he by
this Operation works it down: Because the extuberancy of the Body
rid upon the Carriage, and bore it up.
And if the fault be a Dawk, or Hollow in the Body, then he Works the
rest of that side of the Body down to the bottom of the Dawk, which
by applying the Lyner (as afore) he tryes, and this also lessens the
Body.
If the Body drive-out at Head or Foot, he lays the weight of his
Fingers heavy at that side or end of the Body which is too thick, and
so rubs that down harder.
If the thickness of the Letter, drive-out at Head, or Foot, he Screws
the Body into the Vice, and with a flat sharp File, files the Side down
at the Head, or Foot. At the same time, if the Shanck of the Letter be
not Square, he mends that also, and smooth-files it very well.
Then he puts the Mold together again: And melting, (or laying aside)
his first Proofs, lest they should make him mistake, he again Casts
about twenty New Proofs, and examins by them as before, how well
he has mended the Body, and how near he has brought the Body to
the size of the Pattern: For he does not expect to do it the First,
Second, or Seventh time; but mends on, on, on, by a little at a time,
till at last it is so finisht.
If the Body prove too small, it is underlaid with a thick or a thin
Asidue; or sometimes a thin Plate of Brass.
Then he examins the Mouth-piece, and sees that the Jaws slide
exactly true, upon every part of the Pallat without riding.
If the Throat of the Mouth-piece lie too low, as most commonly it is
designed so to do; Then a Plate of Brass of a proper thickness is laid
under it to raise it higher.
He also Justifies the Registers, making their Cheeks truly Square.
And Screwing them about an n from the Corner of the Body.
He tryes that the Male and Female-Gages fit each other exactly, and
lie directly straight along, and parallel to both the Sides of the
Carriage.
All this thus performed he needs not (perhaps) take the Mold
assunder again. But not having yet consider’d, or examin’d the
length of the Shanck of the Letter, he now does; and if it be
somewhat too long (as we will suppose by forecast it is) then the
Body and Carriage being Screwed together, and both the Halves
fitted in their Gages, the Edges of the Carriage and Body are thus
together rub’d upon the Using-File, till the Carriage be brought to an
exact length.
Having thus (as he hopes) finisht the justifying of the Mold; and put it
together, and Screwed it fast up, he puts the two Halves together,
and then Rubs or Slides them hard against one another, to try if he
can perceive any little part of the Body Ride upon the Carriage, or
Carriage ride upon the Body: To know which of them it is that Rides,
or is extuberant, he uses the Liner; applying it to both the Places, as
well of the Body as the Carriage: where he sees they have Rub’d or
bore upon one another: And which of them that is extuberant, the
Edge of the Liner will shew, by Riding upon it: And that part he Files
upon with a small flat and very fine File, by little and little, taking off
the extuberancy, till the Bodies and Carriages lie exactly flat upon,
and close to one another: Which if they do not, the Mold will be sure
to Rag.

§. XVII. ¶. 1. Of Sinking the Punches into the

Matrices.
That the Matrice, and all its parts may be the better understood, as I
shall have Occasion to Name them, I have given you a Draft of the
Matrice in Plate, 18 at E. and shall here explain its parts.

E The Matrice, wherein is Punched E, the Face of the

Letter.
a The Bottom of the Matrice.
b The Top of the Matrice.
c The Right-side of the Matrice.
d The Left Side of the Matrice.
f g The Face of the Matrice.
h i The Leather Grove of the Matrice.

In the Back or Side behind the Matrice, just behind E is filed in

athwart the Back, from the right to the left Side a Notch, to settle and