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    Moral Issue Report

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    Adrian C. Astuto
    The social constructivism model views ethical decisions as made through social interaction and context rather than by individuals. When consensus cannot be reached, negotiation and arbitration are used. The collaborative model uses group perspectives in a four step process. The integrative model combines principle, virtue, and experience analyses in four stages.

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    Moral Issue Report

    Uploaded by

    Adrian C. Astuto
    43 views5 pages
    The social constructivism model views ethical decisions as made through social interaction and context rather than by individuals. When consensus cannot be reached, negotiation and arbitration are used. The collaborative model uses group perspectives in a four step process. The integrative model combines principle, virtue, and experience analyses in four stages.

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    MORAL-ISSUE-REPORT

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    The social constructivism model views ethical decisions as made through social interaction and context rather than by individuals. When consensus cannot be reached, negotiation and arbitration are used. The collaborative model uses group perspectives in a four step process. The integrative model combines principle, virtue, and experience analyses in four stages.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    43 views5 pages

    Moral Issue Report

    Uploaded by

    Adrian C. Astuto
    The social constructivism model views ethical decisions as made through social interaction and context rather than by individuals. When consensus cannot be reached, negotiation and arbitration are used. The collaborative model uses group perspectives in a four step process. The integrative model combines principle, virtue, and experience analyses in four stages.

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    Social Constructivism Model

    The tenets of the social constructivism ethical decision-making model (the constructivism
    model) are as follows.

    First, all decisions are taken out of the head (so to speak), and placed rather in the social context.

    There is no individual decision maker, because all decisions are made in the context of social
    interaction.

    Second, ethical and unethical actions are always biologically and socially compelled.

    Third, decisions involve consensualizing, a process of acting according to what is “known”


    through social interaction.

    Consensualizing is the constructivism model’s equivalent to a decision, but it is not a decision in


    the classic psychological sense.

    Fourth and finally, when consensualizing fails to resolve conflicts between individuals, the
    additional processes of “negotiation” and “arbitration” are engaged.

    Negotiation involves debate around conflicts, as options for settlement are presented and
    discussed.

    Arbitration involves enlisting the assistance of a consensually agreed-upon third party who will
    act on the arguments presented by those in disagreement.

    A social constructivist, on the other hand, views all that is known as socially based. There is no
    mind or intelligence in an individual sense. Mind is in the social matrix (Bateson, 1972).
    Collaborative Model

    Davis (1997) criticized the existent rational model by asserting that in the current professional
    world, a model based on a group perspective would be superior to one founded on an individual
    perspective.
    Davis deemed his decision-making strategy a collaborative ethics model based on values of
    cooperation and inclusion. This relational approach uses a sequence of four steps:
    (a) identifying the parties who would be involved in the dilemma;
    (b) defining the various viewpoints of the parties involved;
    (c) developing a solution that is mutually satisfactory to all the parties, based on group
    work focusing on expectations and goals; and
    (d) identifying and implementing the individual contributions that are part of the solution.

    However, cultural components are not elaborated systematically in this model, other than
    reflecting a theoretical compatibility with the collectivist values underlying multicultural
    counseling.
    Integrative Model

    A fourth type of model used in resolving ethical dilemmas is an integrative model that
    incorporates elements of both principle ethics and virtue ethics (Tarvydas, 1998).

    Tarvydas described a four-stage integrative decision-making model that combines an analysis of


    the morals, beliefs, and experiences of the individuals involved, along with a rational analysis of
    the ethical principles underlying the competing courses of action.

    Stage I (Interpreting the Situation Through Awareness and Fact Finding)

    Stage II (Formulating an Ethical Decision)

    Stage III (Selecting an Action by Weighing Competing Nonmoral Values)

    Stage IV (Planning and Executing the Selected Course of Action)

    Figure 2. Comparison of the three models


    References

    R. Rocco Cottone. (2003). Displacing the psychology of the individual in Ethical Decision-

    Making: the Social Constructivism model. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 38:1.

    https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ719896.pdf

    G. Garcia, J., Cartwright, B., M. Winston, S., & Borzuchowska, B. (2003). A transcultural

    integrative model for ethical decision making in counseling. JOURNAL OF

    COUNSELING & DEVELOPMENT, 81.

    https://www.nc-aba.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Weingarten-Garcia_et_al-2003-

    Journal_of_Counseling__Development.pdf

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