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    IGCSE Coordination and Response

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    efe.rpehlivan

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    IGCSE Coordination and Response

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    efe.rpehlivan
    41 views28 pages

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as key, pdf, or txt
    41 views28 pages

    IGCSE Coordination and Response

    Uploaded by

    efe.rpehlivan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as key, pdf, or txt
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    Biology

    Coordination and response

    Biology12/20
    - Unit 10/20
    Coordination

    Stimulus

    Nerves

    Response
    Specialised cell: motor neurone

    Nerve
    impulses

    (protein and fat)


    Nerve
    Cell

    Electrical
    wire Insulato
    r

    Myeli
    n
    CNS
    Response to a stimulus
    3 types of neurones
    Reflex arc

    3 2
    Reflex arc
    (BBC - 0 to 3:35)
    Synapse
    Numbers about neurones and
    synapses

    86 billion neurones in the adult


    human brain.
    Synaptic cleft: gap between the pre- and
    postsynaptic cells
    20 nm
    wide
    Adult human brain: 5 × 1014 (500 000 billions)
    synapses.
    1 mm3 of cerebral cortex: a billion (109) of
    synapses.
    Structure of the eye

    Fluid to
    keep the
    shape

    Brai
    n
    When an object is far away

    Refraction of light

    tighten
    When an object is close up (accommodation)

    Refraction of light
    Rods and cones are
    photo detectors because
    changes in intensity and
    can detect low intensity detect high intensity colour are converted by
    light on a grey scale light and different
    them into electrical
    wavelengths or colours.
    signals which are then
    interpreted by the brain.
    Ciliary Suspens
    muscl ory
    relaxed e ligament
    pulled tight

    lens lens
    stretched relaxed

    slack
    contracted
    HormonesAnother communication system

    (in an endocrine
    gland)

    Blood
    vessel

    (in a target
    organ)
    Endocrine glands
    ADH
    (vasopr
    essin)
    kidne
    ys

    Adrenali
    ne
    Insulin /
    Glucagon
    Oestrog
    en
    Testoster
    one

    Adrenaline helps to cope with danger: (1) Increases heart beat rate and breathing rate → more
    oxygen supplied to brain and muscles. (2) Liver releases more glucose into the blood → more aerobic
    respiration → more energy released. (3) Pupils widen → more light in the eyes.
    → fight or run away
    Nervous vs endocrine systems
    Phototropism
    Gravitropism
    Stimulus

    Plant response:
    1- Growth direction
    2- Growth rate

    Growth away from Growth towards


    the stimulus the stimulus

    Negative tropism Positive tropism


    and positive…
    (roots)
    Auxi
    n

    Auxin
    Auxin
    Etiolation

    Growth in the dark

    No photosynthesis

    No proper development
    of chloroplasts

    Small and yellow leaves

    Elongated stems

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