DESIGN OF A T-BEAM OR DECK GIRDER BRIDGE

GIVEN:

Effective Span = 28 m

Clear Width = 4.5 m

Live Loading = HS15-44

Protective Top Cover = 0.72 kPa

Concrete Strength, f’c = 28 MPa

A36 Steel Beam Reinforcement = 250 MPa

Grade 40 Reinforcement = 276 MPa

SOLUTION:

The design is to meet AASHTO specifications. The bridge will consist of six parallel girders supporting a floor
slab.

Figure 1. Girder bridge profile

 Figure 2. Girder bridge transverse section

By AASHTO specifications, allowable concrete stress of

𝑓𝑐 = 0.40𝑓𝑐′ = 0.40(28) = 11.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

and the allowable steel stress is

𝑓𝑠 = 0.50𝑓𝑦 = 0.50(250) = 125 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Slab Design

Consider a 1-meter strip of slab perpendicular to traffic:

Assume girder width = 0.40 m.

Clear Span of slab, S = 0.82 – 0.40 = 0.42 m

Trial slab thickness, t = 0.20 m (including 20 mm wearing surface)

Weight of slab = 23.5(0.20)(1.00) = 4.7 kN/m

Weight of top cover = 0.72(1.00) = 0.72 kN/m

Total dead load per meter of span = 4.7 + 0.72 = 5.42 kN/m
Dead load moment is:

1
𝑀𝐷 = (5.42)(0.42)2 = 0.096 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
10
For live-load moment computations, case 1 applies:

0.42 + 0.610
𝑀𝐿 = 0.80 (53.376) = 4.508 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
9.756
The impact coefficient is

50
𝐼= = 0.396 > 0.30, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐼 = 0.30
0.42(3.28) + 125

The impact moment is therefore,

𝑀𝐼 = 0.30(4.508) = 1.352 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

The total moment due to dead, live, and impact effects is

𝑀𝑇 = 0.096 + 4.508 + 1.352 = 5.956 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Consistent with the AASHTO specification, the elastic design equations will be used:

5.956 × 106
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = √ = 54.15 𝑚𝑚
2.013(1000)

20
𝑑𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 200 − 25 − = 165 𝑚𝑚 > 54.15 𝑚𝑚
2
The required main reinforcement is

5.956 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = 335.4 𝑚𝑚2
125 × 0.861 × 165
𝜋
Using 20mm diameter bars, 𝐴𝑏 = 4 (20)2 = 314.16 𝑚𝑚2
 1000(314.16)
Required spacing, 𝑠 = 335.4
= 936.67 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 900 𝑚𝑚

Therefore, use 20 mm diameter main bars spaced at 900 mm.

The amount of transverse reinforcement for proper distribution of concentrated loads (also to provide for
shrinkage) is

230 230
%𝐴𝑡𝑟 = = = 195.96% > 67% 𝑢𝑠𝑒 67%
√𝑆 √0.42(3.28)

𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 0.67(335.4) = 224.72 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.002𝑏𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(200) = 400 𝑚𝑚2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

𝜋
Using 16 mm diameter bars, 𝐴𝑏 = 4 (162 ) = 201.06 𝑚𝑚2

400
Required number of bars per panel, 𝑛 = 201.6 = 1.99

Therefore, use 2 – 16 mm diameter transverse bar in each slab panel.

INTERIOR GIRDERS

The bridge seats will be assumed 0.60 m in width.

The stem section below slab will have a dimension of 0.40m x 1.2m

Dead Load Moments

Effective span length is given, S = 28.0 m

Weight of slab per meter of girder = 23.5(0.200)(0.82) = 3.854 kN/m

Weight of stem section below slab = 23.5(0.40)(1.2) = 11.28 kN/m

Weight of top cover = 0.72(0.82) = 0.59 kN/m

Total uniform dead load on girder = 3.854 + 11.28 + 0.59 = 15.724 kN/m

The dead load moment is

1
𝑀𝐷 = (15.7)(28)2 = 1538.6 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8
To determine the points at which some of the horizontal steel may be bent up, it is necessary to compute the
moment at some other sections. The support reactions due to dead load is,

1
𝑅𝐷 = (15.724)(28) = 220.142 𝑘𝑁
2
The moment equation due to dead load is,

𝑀𝐷 = 220.142𝑥 − 7.862𝑥 2

At x = 3.0 m

𝑀𝐷 = 220.142(3) − 7.862(3)2 = 589.668 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

At x = 6.0 m

𝑀𝐷 = 220.142(6) − 7.862(6)2 = 1037.820 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Live Load Moments

The part of the load carried by each interior girder is

𝑆
5.0
where S is the average spacing of girders (ft) and Smax = 10 ft (3.05 m). This gives:

0.82(3.28)
= 0.54 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
5.0
Multiplying this factor to the wheel loads for HS15 loading

Rear wheel = 0.54(53.376) = 28.823 kN

Front wheel = 0.54(13.344) = 7.21 kN

The magnitude of the resultant load when all wheels is on the span is

𝑅 = ∑ 𝑃 = 28.823(2) + 7.21 = 64.856 𝑘𝑁

The location of this resultant from the middle wheel is

𝑅𝑥 = 64.856𝑥 = 28.823(4.286) − 7.21(4.286), 𝑥 = 1.42 𝑚

The absolute maximum live-load moment will over with an HS20 truck on the bridge in the position shown:

64.856(14 − 0.71)
𝑅𝑅 = = 30.783 𝑘𝑁
28

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 30.783(14 − 0.71) − 7.21(4.628) = 378.334 𝑘𝑁

The dead load moment at this section of absolute maximum live load is:

𝑥 = 14.71 𝑚 ∶ 𝑀𝐷 = 220.142(14.71) − 7.862(14.71)2 = 1537.48 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Figure 3. HS15 Truck position on the bridge

Figure 4. Influence line for moment at 3.00 m from the left support

The maximum live load moment at 3.00 m from the left support is

𝑀3 = 28.82(2.679) + 28.82(2.222) + 7.21(1.764) = 153.965 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Figure 5. Influence line for moment at 6.00 meters from the left support

The maximum live load moment at 6.00 m from the left support is
 𝑀6 = 28.82(1.361) + 28.82(4.714) + 7.21(3.799) = 202.472 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Figure 6. Influence line for moment at midspan

The maximum live load moment at midspan is

𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 28.82(4.866) + 28.82(7) + 7.21(4.866) = 377.062 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Impact Moments

Considering the whole span as the loaded length, the impact factor is

50
𝐼= = 0.231
28(3.28) + 125

The impact moments are as follows:

Maximum total moments

The sum of dead load, live load, and impact moments are

Dead Load Shears

The dead load shear equation is

 𝑉 = 220.142 − 15.7244𝑥

Live Load Shears

Figure 7. Influence line for shear at left support

Figure 8. Influence line for shear at 3.00 m from left support

 Figure 9. Influence line for shear at 6.00 m from left support

Figure 10. Influence line for shear at midspan

𝑉𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 28.82(1) + 28.82(0.8476) + 7.21(0.6951) = 58.265 𝑘𝑁

𝑉3 = 28.82(0.8929) + 28.82(0.7405) + 7.21(0.588) = 51.319 𝑘𝑁
𝑉6 = 28.82(0.7857) + 28.82(0.6333) + 7.21(0.4808) = 44.366 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 28.82(0.5) + 28.82(0.3476) + 7.21(0.19514) = 25.837 𝑘𝑁

Impact Shears

Using I=0.231

Total Shears
Design cross-section for moment

Using trial dimensions for the total depth of girder is

ℎ = 200 + 1200 = 1400 𝑚𝑚

Assume 3-layers of 32 mm diameter bars, the effective depth at midspan is

𝑑 = 1400 − 130 = 1270 𝑚𝑚

Trial steel area is

𝑓𝑠 = 0.50(276) = 138 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀 2003.21 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑡 = = 12406.85 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) 138 (1270 − 200
2 )
2
𝜋
Using 32 mm diameter bars, 𝐴𝑏 = 4 (322 ) = 804.25 𝑚𝑚2

Number of bars

12406.85
𝑛= = 15.43, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 16 𝑝𝑐𝑠
804.25
Therefore, try 16-32 mm diameter bars placed in three layers as shown.

Check moment capacity of trial section: The effective flange width is

28
𝑏1 = = 7.0 𝑚
4

𝑏2 = 𝑏𝑤 + 12𝑡 = 0.40 + 12(0.20) = 2.80 𝑚

𝑏3 = 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.82 𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)

 Figure 11. Girder trial section

Locate the neutral axis:

Using 16-32mm diameter bars

𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 8(804.25)(16) = 102912 𝑚𝑚2

200 𝑥
102912(1270 − 𝑥) = (820 − 400) (𝑥 − ) + 400(𝑥) ( )
2 2

𝑥 = 489 𝑚𝑚 > 200 𝑚𝑚 (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)

Compute the moment of inertia

If moment is greater than Mmax = 2003.21 kN-m, then is it OK!

Determine the location of cut-off points:

Equation of curve: y=kx2

𝐿𝑑 = 15𝑑𝑏 = 15(0.032) = 0.48 𝑚

1 28
𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑑 = (𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛) = = 1.4 𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)
20 20
Distance of cut-off points from support center line:

𝑎 = 14 − 4.95 = 9.05 𝑚
𝑏 = 14 − 8.57 = 5.43 𝑚

Compute moment capacity at 3.00 m from support: As = 8-32mm diameter bars

The moment capacity at 6.00 m from left support with As = 16-32 mm diameter bars

𝑀𝑠 = 2017.74 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 1351.94 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑂𝐾!

Check development length at the simple supports: compute moment capacity at ends with As = 4-32 mm
diameter bars

Compute location of neutral axis.

Compute the moment of inertia

Compute the moment capacity based on concrete and steel stress.

Check the required development length.

Design cross-section for shear

According to AASHTO the nominal shear stress at service load is computed from

𝑉
𝑣= ≤ (0.411√𝑓𝑐 = 2.175 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑

The shear strength of concrete is given by

𝑣𝑐 = 0.079√28 = 0.418 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The excess shear is taken by stirrups. The required spacing is computed by:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 )𝑏𝑤
𝑑 1334
max 𝑠 = = = 667 𝑚𝑚, 𝑆𝑎𝑦 650 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Using 10mm diameter bars
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (102 )(2) = 157 𝑚𝑚2
4

At 3.00 m from support

2150 > S max, therefore use S = 650 mm

At 6.00 m from support

The first stirrup will be placed at 75 mm from girder end, thus

Extra stirrups must be provided along each terminated longitudinal bar over a distance from their termination
point equal to 0.75d = 1001 mm. The excess stirrup area required is:

And the spacing is not to exceed d/8Bb

This gives the maximum spacing of

Provide extra 1-U stirrups at locations a and b satisfying both area and spacing requirements.

Therefore, provide 10 mm diameter U-stirrups, 1 @ 75, 5 @ 500, 6 @ 600, rest @ 650 mm o.c. to
center line with 1 extra U-stirrup @ 5.43 m and 9.05 m from the center line of supports.
Details of interior girder dimensions

Cross section @ midspan