-I-ti

Pt.T,~~-
e -&,~fd > .f~nt~ De
n ~ -f.f~k:I ~~~~ms. -f're.
'b .. f~~ ~"tie ~iN)
c -::. ~ -7 ~~NH 7 et~c.fA;c -+1•efd
dt _ c"'~A~ ..,r
,Xij-::.. J;--H.£ ~71\-ne ~~rn
qt' .,..,...._r.'"l"f:e ~efd C-'!«'le.s
~·B ~o -ef~cP)~c ~td

v1r-e -efoecf9,rc ct11d M~r~:c ~c.lcJ

~ i~ ,r-~/Ma.. ' .
 ~ - 0 too-:,
{9 - O-fo7f
~ - O{Q .., 7"

UNIT-1
..:::=:-

Y]Yct_o.ve -f"'e'.1/u.eric~
--J lhve -+-reo.renc~e ~ C4e ~,s-+, f'lo -horn 19~ -to
0

30 ~rtlt -l\D!:y+n· a_f)ci wa.vek-r,1h ~\ \c.rn-b) 3oc..-

~t-\bv.:io.\lf -r--,L{er¥-':j b<l11.q --+,,,,,. --eric.~ " [·~
_ 'y ·1 .---+\fp ,C..L10')
~~ ---
b bo.nd \ ~--\1~- o_~--\-1~ ~.$M
~ C't !Prich-rca.l CooqJ,"'1a.~ ~~skm S-~,,d 'lJueh:5ot hI w·lti,
-<9-\l l - lj 9+1.3.
't
~......_ c..- bO\V\d ~ ~~{- sttl~ *ellHt.
'"\PS
f v~~e~ -P)olY) 01:0"1'.l
I I f lll~~) Con"\1"11l.l'119
I < ~~~~ +---<~barid ~'HJ_ -l~fJ+r ~ I9h.,r~~q
'if; 'l°"lfd -P)om oi-6 o(n I I "

~ v°1 ~d -f'io rn -o0 to to0 ½-It )~

kLl - bond
k -b"'V)~
t~~-rt,r c...\ 8Cf~ VS-f"JT

di -=- dfJ -f~ ¢c¢ -t d~~ I !~fr,~ -~tlJ ..q2l\d~o

I 7'stl:> ry·1t1"1 D
/\ ~
f d fd1°~+-f~d~<1--td~ clf 4,
VA- 'o ""~ c\ ~~~-\I~ -.2.>D4if~ S.~ll~tc_
dS =::

rd
dv-::: J~f ?d~:_f3G¢
/\/\11
0 ~
S,'h¢ -::
(:/~ L7 "4:: Jd¢
 ..l I"'N l°';:~l
~0.r)
-A'\4'P'~fil Of_!::l~(~bt,00.~e..~
➔ I o "Q cli'sio.n Ct (offirn U,, f {;;i :'n,.,

-, !xl."ldw~ct-lh ~"C1eo.SeS
~ :D~J\ectr"~ f n(~e_t&! ~ srcl..9iurt) ~()(~eq~e J

-1-focl~"''\ t_-ffal clec.~eq~e.S

""7 -tl1,,J "' -po uJ ~ --t Yet ~~Ii S ~ 0
V) V) -t"q le. ~ f lq_c_~

-¥ lf~ ywr--0a:-t~ of) :::Ins~cl:_~e wio. 1/e..

1tJck I§
1~ · 1
➔ I.Qa.ve l'..ora_rtii'ori fel~ed---tD rot- Or,/Cj -the r.

~fer:,1:\~ori l:Pt: aJso -the impoitP.1-)-t ;.) 1

Po.Jia_ n)ete ;s lf ke ,:phct.Se veloc~~ 1 .-- _.,,
I t"
q~ct.tp ve OCJ~
I d -.., 9
d'cf, e l()a.Ve r~~\Ji\ri/ ,._ _ "-:,\i
1
)~
J "'u .I d -\.. ...J• j .fc0 'li
~t- U'TT ~ e v i C:J cv, Cl IA'A ve ,;'t'f)re e r-,C(
0

7
-lo on~l~~e "theS-e f"'"rmit"ei-s \,IJe.. ~v~ fr~i
-to -tl'IOt-0 wh~ TtM doe.~ l")ot e·i,iJ~t L q.ld,

t rf> i de -the IA'Ave ~o/ t-- /l._

--:) w ½ '%'M clo~s riot e~st; -J 1

·:1

~ :L-f -{'r\e w0-ve. f$ 'l'tJ'f().~00 ~ { ct~r-~iib~

-€-,l :;_-l-Jl~v
o._rA --ti)e IA90.Ve ~Llcw'ol'") fs
V 2-tt -::. k,-1:; ,. J ~ ~ (D
~tL . /

-sq 2-H~::... t-t·c·al.H- ~6J

at2-
T-E-Mod{,
~~ :;,-41 ~ ~ tJ
vt-i~ ~ No E- • 'o'l.1+
~t1-
 °'" ~~ o.~
d o - Y
~ "5~

...tl :x. .!14 -l-13

[-~ -+l~ t-Yii~1~[Go~ E?.] ~ Qj

(_g__ t-Y~?t] ~ -[ft>¼ fctj

-Hi ~ 0l)
~').__

r -2- -It~ -i
( )?s. ~
r{;o2- &iJ
1-1 \ ) :,
}t
-0 ®

-t..-o i-n ~~t,.<f Ict L\.)

V xf = -oB :: _ f{~
dt 0~

-('- -flj -t,l

_L E:~ t- Y fit -=- - ko _L1+;3. -x[)

)~ rt"
_a-_ f!t -t Y~ --=- J Ho wfu ----r©
0

d'll. I
....L 6~-__l_-sr_ ::.-}{olt13 -7(V
y.,.. ~~ at
--t l ~ = -d- [_l__ £ ~ -t- ~~l
JW\{. a~ J
~Ub CD ~'f'l

_L +I~ -t- $- ~-£'3 +-!- ft :::- j w E t:-A ---7 6)

r1 JWK )~ Jw~
~ ~e. 7>,ol:'~clt~o" ~ TM t'-1orle
u. r,°r-fCJ'a'Y'f") T'lt::1 nr
we
~"O r0 -l h ~ \Ju(1 \J e

-H--c,t.
-v::.C~ -= -w'-l-40€">..f--'l..

~ --t a.,_-€ 2>. -j- ~ ::.. -l-u'l..}l-E' E-.a_

":l'n'l. ) ~ L O ~,_

~ ..._ - y :_'--f...\ T ~ 9=f.l, -+[y'--rvJ~Ele: =

)¼._ a'>'\'-- °'IJ'-j'- j ~ 0
) ,_ 'I....
- ::: ')
a- 3.

--. L')L'y )~
_ - - t _!Z_+~)l~::...o
)"'1\_l-- , . ~ ....

)I..._ C\ Y") d "'/ ~e.. rnd('P'~ nd enl V0cn°I bk s

\;-;, ~ -t X. '?}-- 'f --t 1-tx. v, c.....o r=

1')\. '- ~<-q'- I

1 ·,/-.,._ \.'>\.,__
+ x ry
-;i<-a-'--
+1--,1.,.__
y
!:;.C)

.r-"-i"':-71'"-------l I

-ittl\ <.\ (;.3_ ,{) I

d~v~J,·,,d b-n--i C:"o/ e.1 b~ 'Y-'j

y:- d~.)(.
' ~ I d~
-j- _ __ '/ +~ ':::_o
c\- "- "- ) d 'f'-
Vo5]i o,J..,k 1 ef "'"r1e. rncih od ,
c~ [ t 1
(r•\~'f\ \ ( ~ \r"µ,~, [rq ~ill f\•l! • >{(,) C -/ \\lb ·I
j, y )(;1,

. ''Tri,\ ,1 \, I) ,, •v11{r:')
~, I
) .. .~I I ,, I
y •, I lj
. I'' I I "d-4
) l' r 1 ,, 1\t.,/\11 h' !) 'J ~ ' )It

](\ oj , ,, ()Ill'

\L\h c..1 o •,,., "'\ (r,) <i lo c~·

r.
i:~'~"R:\ J[<'1 1,Tl'l/1•~ 1 - J (:, ) l11·n l~J. -/ ~I,
b I ,)'J
fl ( ()

t:, 1~~~~.l~: J rlA Ii

II\_

C~ · -h~ r (o'(~JY
(cj · - J..
h'
(' )~() {tf"'1"')"
1\ \.., ro((
-h
1")1 ' ) , / r-Jtr) Jv;f, -'ft;
Jl--;:-"
i 1, . t: "t':}' Co1p: )'1 ~~·y..,1.-~,;
C

~It/, -J°wf C r~.,,- (or;(m~ \~ ~71') (±\ ..j;wl-~

h'- °'- "j l>.,)
JO c/p.(rM -Lhe. tno.~":IYltJN') toi.,..J,t'r ~"') a 'NC1'.-:?c_f;
we req,u~recl f)>Or()~"1n~I !'Y'lurlf.

:I) oN_fmri I ~ ~.
,• •.c\• C~Cll~~~c~.. ~)Y)t•Sf11~:)~e Y\:'.iwl ~ .Tri -(h~ s N1cJe -Lhe lou.."'l"'f I Cu.tc -oif --fi,').s',.11<~
~ \,;4'j ~es1 C tt H. -o{{ tJ1'1Jc- ft" nph ~ s - ,._lS ~,.,J
L) (D -')11,1:'. ~e 1,vhE'1e ~")la·~r(") io~...,~ och-:-",..r/
~Ii .kY10LDYl oS '1)ol'Y'li""1<"l~ I roo:il" . ~ :ref,~
-&, f' ctJn"~l '("(lO~f' ~ ti->cv.tt,~ ~+~rn"'j IY'IDde,
1
' rv, qncl ~ v"\ u.e s
7m -> l'\l~m\,,er .o.r hc.J-{ <'t{le1 ,.}fc~ ~rm~n -to
b~oo.~~, se7r,-ol'") (l\) I
-) tv -9 'Nl-{rnhn or hl\H .c,(/("1 t.u~1h ',-O{P"''TT -to
 NC\,"'-1"' ..X<t ....... \_U

~ t)-) .,_,_ O P'$ ::.. 0

.-=:;:-> -('fl- E<-j. 11.'l c\hr ◊
-) Tr-'foe IA.?fll r,51. e >i.~i;-t , , ,
-)~ ~ r-n-o .-') 91 = I 4 ontrul Is O - t "'f'') fl\A
DI •·10,1,.•
hot f\fst
~ T M,o ~ ~....
--, ·· 10 o.l~ does l")ol e~~st
1 (c- ;;
1
JG) \ (f')'
4 M~ I ~ f't:.I =-)
- -') TM, 1 is -\f),( ~--n'"c ~e. ~· f;,b P>'-t ;;; j
Cul-off
- ) b.)~

h~
--fi<'\,~T-
-l:row --thol
,...,"L !I...
~ +vJ J-l6 <-
--fy)n)
-A'2..
, +8
-{he
'L
IJXIVf ~ OfqJ~'or, -
cu-t1-off

~ C -Tc
~w~ncµI-,·.
(! =- o(C\ \,
✓rflib'"-1:-ril.o.. L

'i 1tw'f-G :. ( ':~)\ (¥) 'L 'J)o r()'f r-.<1./\I rncc/e

~~ ~ ~ C?J~c'1:)t-wl./{,b to:-TP1,: m~ I o..t1d ri"' I·

le = ~ctb
[~-=- 0 --{ ~ ( w~~ ("'I JI
✓ w+b:,.....
WQV~Jtl.d~ v./ lj o.."ctc a~ hft,rss -Ht~ TM12... rn = r Ol.nrl f).:>. L
~~ -tfx ~~ueni:-,•e s kt, /olA..) cu.it--0ff
~~c:i,uc0Clj oq t' Q"Ti(,,u.tiTrd C\r)o\ qbve oJie ' c,)..
,.,-,t ~ 1..q 6

~II OWE.a cit Cu:ft -off -fiecv"'en c.~ -p'>opa.ja:tfol') V b!l..+ 'fq 'l-

r~ ~o lo) , -~ l- h-),,_L C\l")Ci f").::O. L

~E:~y-~ (ribn) ~ c.,_ L

Nl~s
"* [(~)'-•(¥Jj L ,,,___ 'l.C\ h

V'bl+40.. 'l-
w,L
~o / TM,, fs l\ c-/or'YlMC\V)T l\"lDde_

i,., r ~__l-. / ~) ~ ( ri1)'Z.. YL =') ,..-kt, '> ) r I '2. ,,,le,,'>,,,{ c,. l > )..Ct./
J}{~ l"" h '
::::-.l'C'r ,tJ ~
I ,o
l'J•';\hl"ft
,

L,nvt/~r-,"11h
, ;'~,,

(o"Y'.}_pl".)f"<)
 -
-
:)_ 1'\ f -
- t.o-
tr 'p ]1rha-s, 1
v~lo,:"J
-the "rcttfo Of- C~l"\ 0e Ot- Cl.Y1d~ b.,,
t.v~h ~spe~ to ~ha.Se rh*-
\;') ,:. d
-H,o,"T f, =a j ..J..µ_ €- _ IA) C/+€ LO

df
p :=-]ke w J I - ( w/W) 1- ~-=- JU)t.µE,-Wc_l._H.E:

Now ~Ll~ttJ-tt..tte ~ ~ ri r~~~e 've. !ocfctr

cl~ riifcn:fvi d' •
E' r I t.,a, t°•-t- ._ Lv'
d._ri.
d.~ ~ ,Jw
I
'2~f.- wcm ~Wf-{-f

= ~m ~~
/p?'v,,,)[I - hi]
 -=~ ~ - )°vJ( ~[~
1,1 Hl bl,-;;_-
·,
2-n--i --;;c
r,-cJ-tj~
-2: .,./--rJB
1 IY1 l

cL_ 0

_2, 1"\
1 -=--_1!_ ~Tr-,= J_
/"'~ ,.,.JE

-'TM ~ fl~ [Jl·(t)'l

~f

6
rrvi :: ~ [,J \-~ y-
t

~~ ~ {¥[ ~<JJ
-t.. I - lj
Tf"\ ::- L r, -r/2)'-
qr.d fo1
!2Tr - ~
- __} \ l -/¼\
 - Leib
r\ CI\ -

~C\4b'l-
1)0l"T"';r--...t j fl"'IIX\e-:: ~c,o
 J ~;,t
=
Gf~'
~~v< ~
/1
,
5
b3
~ b2..
{>p~"'(. co ~-fEht-
©
{1 - P''""( ~
M"-'l'c t f 'f Cl\
b{ 1 a~
-<----=--
'h_

~.~? T ~ (9
:..!:I_ ~ s13
+i T' .'.,
5 ~ ::.. h . sI '.L .. ""- h i s,y· -=- bI
--#~1,rfJ --,f'l j ct, / °-1. °' J q I.f-
~-.diono/ C ouf,b~ l;, I ~ ~u q I t- S1 "2.. q 'l. +5,,/13 +S1 ~ o 4
1>"-'l~J
~ 61. " ~ 62. • S, _ 'oi.
T1o$ ~,:: D-1 I 2.:2..=- --;;:l- I ·2 .3- ~
rai~
b'.2--=- S~1C\1 -tS,_2..oL "t.)i.3q~.,. Si_½q~
~ 1o utJP--tH<1r-.d -tt,..,, ~~vfour- 0( o..l:iove C&r<lf~m
b . !,
~ ~"'~u~I'" 'S ' 14c.~et~(rcctlen-~"j) ~~ ~ h9./ i ~32:: -2- ; ~,:, ~ -2..-
~ 1h.•t°d o-r __·_f r~~et. K
.J)

b,, -.:.S31G\1-rS3L0.1--tS3?,"\~t~;yctq
0.'L 0.3

f. open rf.,,-co~kd ord ~h~+ c?rcu"t~ Core/ft,'(/~

oJi"' riot
0

0i7>p), ca blr -for wofecy.zf'ci'ff the-re.

~" I ~ h ,, s~ 2..::__ ~ '1 ~ ) ==- ~ ~ ~~ ~ -:;
0.\ I C\; ql.. O,~

r~ \')O eic.,rr~,.;,f -to rt")PaSu1r Vof(a.-y { U/11~~ ~½ ~ S~1C\1 + )l{lq)..-tS 4~/l~ i-~tr<Hy
 cibove tmt~-x
,e
I.+ r~-\<. t. j
. /tk"--D
~·~o ~FJ:
~fii co/u.rr,,, ~t' ~: Of ~d ~cts Of. q roUJ
.. } <,t ou.J tfJ cdu.rr/1
 - j S1.! \1..1 (1,~/t.:: /
l..
~LS13) =- I
1, .!, -:_._!__
fL
~, c~ -::..S, ,s1/·-.s 11.s ,/ ==-o --)Cf) b?, =- o

[ { ) "~ -=- )sf"L) ] - )

-App1't-r"')® ~I") [)
® ......- -
--ft- H - fl o.n ~

t,c:, - [ s,i]\ fs,,r·+(saj1·~ I

~ f s,,~\ Y2-
~11 -:::. $.
~1~ "; 1 f.s ~-feet½ rn~che
-? ,S<..irnmn..;ral fmye:rttt.
cs, 2.. '.!. Sl.-1

~rt - I the c/p

~n\iil '?S e(-pp\:'ec: ~ci09S C\.hO. v f c~ - VeJj I
po.9iir-2. f <; v-n• .,...,, rnu.vn
ts Ca..11-ed 1v,°'-5~c ,ee•
 S1~ .s, \\ ,. ,.
.:> 11
~

~I\ rii #SIL

!. t l .5)..)
j1; -s,y S/ Su~
) ,,, Sn 0 Cl
-;, ,,~ s1,3·t
-::
0
S ll{ -s,~ C
s"i" -s,(/ o C)

--
I I

..r;_ .Jl,..

Cl
- I
-
✓1---
.S 1,
0
o
)"',2
Sn o
O r,,_,j
,'1 ..ri.. 0

.1 I (' 0
~, ti O SlJ', 0
ii- ,fi.

J)~~--~ttl Coupl~ ..
~ To c1 f v6l -Cf-e rn~c ~Cl.Jave pow( r t1-i -t-"p--n rY1"' ''l f
1' .,,-th -co C"o\7 lt-rl f"
I h IAJ€ t.$< c\-:'"' ecH'o,vd
(o-lp\c-. · -n;.ese N\e ("rq~~
'!-ttt"d j,no -fL,..,-o --{t_)fP t
-;) {ro')')le hold O..hd Murti°holq
- - -"-_ -
Q) - -:..G)
(1,,c/'~~ c,J,;,.."1
ga.S ed 4 Po,., -tt--,t' j?Ot.oe r '
~ I CD rh( h<\C k U ..'0,.7\c/l ~I r
w~ Ca ICul<rte Coc-1.r ;-,...,J
-hctc.,..

WI~ "re~/,ecf -t-o

C ~ lo

po~