STRENGTH OF MATERIAL (18CV32)

Module-2
Compound Stresses: Introduction, state of stress at a point, General two dimensional stress system,
Principal stresses and principal planes. Mohr’s circle of stresses. Theory of failures: Max. Shear stress
theory and Max. principal stress theory. Thin and Thick Cylinders: Introduction, Thin cylinders
subjected to internal pressure; Hoop stresses, Longitudinal stress and change in volume. Thick
cylinders subjected to both internal and external pressure; Lame’s equation, radial and hoop stress
distribution.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Stresses on oblique plane:
Till now we have dealt with either pure normal direct stress or pure shear stress. In many instances,
however both direct and shear stresses acts and the resultant stress across any section will be neither
normal nor tangential to the plane. A plane stse of stress is a 2 dimensional stae of stress in a sense
that the stress components in one direction are all zero i.e z = yz = zx = 0 Examples of plane state of
stress include plates and shells. Consider the general case of a bar under direct load F giving rise to a
stress y vertically

The stress acting at a point is represented by the stresses acting on the faces of the element enclosing
the point. The stresses change with the inclination of the planes passing through that point i.e. the
stress on the faces of the element vary as the angular position of the element changes. Let the block be
of unit depth now considering the equilibrium of forces on the triangle portion ABC. Resolving forces
perpendicular to BC.
Material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses:
Now consider a rectangular element of unit depth, subjected to a system of two direct stresses both
tensile, < x and < yacting right angles to each other.

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Now resolving parallal to AC sq.AC.1= << xy..cos< .AB.1+<< xy.BC.sin< .1 The – ve sign appears
because this component is in the same direction as that of AC. Again converting the various quantities
in terms of AC so that the AC cancels out from the two sides. Conclusions : The following
conclusions may be drawn from equation (3) and (4) (i) The maximum direct stress would be equal to
< x or < y which ever is the greater, when < = 0 0 or 900 (ii) The maximum shear stress in the plane
of the applied stresses occurs when << = 45’

Material subjected to combined direct and shear stresses: Now consider a complex stress system
shown below, acting on an element of material. The stresses < x and < y may be compressive or
tensile and may be the result of direct forces or as a result of bending.The shear stresses may be as
shown or completely reversed and occur as a result of either shear force or torsion as shown in the
figure below: As per the double subscript notation the shear stress on the face BC should be notified
as < yx , however, we have already seen that for a pair of shear stresses there is a set of
complementary shear

By looking at this state of stress, it may be observed that this state of stress is combination of two
different cases: (i) Material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses. In this case the
various formula's derived are as follows. To get the required equations for the case under
consideration, let us add the respective equations for the above two cases such that These are the
equilibrium equations for stresses at a point. They do not depend on material proportions and are
equally valid for elastic and inelastic behavior This eqn gives two values of 2< that differ by 1800
.Hence the planes on which maximum and minimum normal stresses accurate 90’ apart

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GRAPHICAL SOLUTION – MOHR'S STRESS CIRCLE The transformation equations for plane
stress can be represented in a graphical form known as Mohr's circle. This grapical representation is
very useful in depending the relationships between normal and shear stresses acting on any inclined
plane at a point in a stresses body. To draw a Mohr's stress circle consider a complex stress system as
shown in the figure
The above system represents a complete stress system for any condition of applied load in two
dimensions The Mohr's stress circle is used to find out graphically the direct stress < and sheer
stress<< on any plane inclined at < to the plane on which < x acts.The direction of < here is taken in
anticlockwise direction from the BC. STEPS: In order to do achieve the desired objective we proceed
in the following manner (i) Label the Block ABCD. (ii) Set up axes for the direct stress (as abscissa)
and shear stress (as ordinate) (iii) Plot the stresses on two adjacent faces e.g. AB and BC, using the
following sign convention. Direct stresses<< tensile positive; compressive, negative Shear stresses –
tending to turn block clockwise, positive – tending to turn block counter clockwise, negative
Now every point on the circle then represents a state of stress on some plane through C. Proof:

Consider any point Q on the circumference of the circle, such that PQ makes an angle 2<< with BC,
and drop a perpendicular from Q to meet the s axis at N.Then OQ represents the resultant stress on the
plane an angle < to BC. Here we have assumed that < x < < < y Now let us find out the coordinates of
point Q. These are ON and QN. From the figure drawn earlier ON = OP + PN OP = OK + KP If we
examine the equation (1) and (2), we see that this is the same equation which we have already derived
analytically Thus the co-ordinates of Q are the normal and shear stresses on the plane inclined at < to
BC in the original stress system. N.B: Since angle PQ is 2< on Mohr's circle and not < it becomes
obvious that angles are doubled on Mohr's circle. This is the only difference, however, as They are
measured in the same direction and from the same plane in both figures. Further points to be noted are
(1) The direct stress is maximum when Q is at M and at this point obviously the sheer stress is zero,
hence by definition OM is the length representing the maximum principal stresses < 1 and 2< 1 gives
the angle of the plane < 1 from BC. Similar OL is the other principal stress and is represented by < x
and < y . [ since +< xy & << xy are shear stress & complimentary shear stress so they are same in
magnitude but different in sign. ] (3) From the above point the maximum sheer stress i.e. the Radius
of the Mohr's stress circle would be

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Introduction:
Cylinders are pressure vessels such as pipes, steam boilers, storage tanks, etc., which carry gas or
fluid under pressure. A cylinder is said to be thin if the thickness <1/10 internal diameter and thick if
the thickness > 1/10 internal diameter.
2.2 TYPES OF STRESSES IN CYLINDERS
Consider a thin cylinder subjected to an internal pressure p. The walls of the cylinders are
generally subjected to three types of normal stresses which are discussed below. The enlarged view of
a portion of the wall on which the three stresses are acting is shown in Fig.1.

2.2.1 Circumferential Stress c

It is the normal stress which acts along the circumference of the cylinder (Fig.1). It is also called as
hoop stress or girth stress. It is denoted as σc
2.2.2 Longitudinal Stress
It is the normal stress which acts along the length of the cylinder (Fig.1). It is denoted as σt
2.2.3 Radial Stress σr
It is the normal stress which acts along the radial direction (Fig.1). It is denoted as

2.3 THIN CYLINDER THEORY

2.3.1 Assumptions
The assumptions made in the thin cylinder theory are;
1. The magnitude of radial stress being very small is neglected.
2. The distribution of circumferential stress across the cross-section is assumed to be uniform since
the thickness of the cylinder wall is very small.
2.3.2 Circumferential and Longitudinal Stresses in Thin Cylinders

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Consider a thin cylinder internal diameter‘d’, thickness ‘t’ and length ‘l’ subjected to an internal
pressure ‘p’ as shown in Fig. 2.

Circumferential Stress (σ c)
Consider the longitudinal section A A through the cylinder as shown in Fig.2. The free body diagram
of the lower-half portion of the cylinder is shown in Fig. 3.

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2.3.5 Efficiency of Joints

Cylinders are normally made of number of sheets which are riveted or welded together. The joints
between the sheets can be along the longitudinal direction and/or along the circumferential direction.
The longitudinal and circumferential joints in a thin cylinder are shown in Fig. 6.

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Example 1
What pressure may be allowed in a cylindrical boiler 2.5 m internal diameter with plates 20 mm thick,
if the safe intensity of tensile stress is 65 MPa.

Example 2
Determine the minimum thickness of the plate required for boilers of internal diameter 1.5 m and
internal pressure of 1 MPa if the efficiency of riveted joints is 60 %. The permissible stress in steel
plate is 150 MPa.

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Example 4
A thin cylindrical shell 1m in diameter and 3m long has a metal thickness of 10 mm. It is
subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 3 MPa. Determine the changes in length, diameter and
volume. Also find the maximum shear stress in the shell. Assume ES = 210 GPa and = 0.3. Given: d =
1000mm, l = 3000 mm, t = 10 mm, p = 3MPa, E = 210 GPa and = 0.3

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3.4 THICK CYLINDER THEORY

In thin cylinders, the average circumferential stress (or hoop stress) is nearly equal to the maximum
circumferential stress and hence the distribution of this stress over the cylinder wall is considered to
be uniform. But in thick cylinders, the distribution of circumferential stress is considered to be non-
uniform, as the average circumferential stress is much smaller than the maximum circumferential
stress. Moreover, the variation of circumferential stress in thick cylinder is observed to be non-linear.
Further, the radial stress which is neglected in thin cylinders is accounted in thick cylinders since its
magnitude is considerable.
3.4.1 Assumptions
The problem of determining the circumferential stress c and radial stress r at any point on a thick
walled cylinder in terms of the applied pressures and dimensions was first solved by the French
elastician, Gabriel Lame in 1833. The following assumptions were made during the analysis.
1. The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic.
2. The stresses are within the proportionality limit.
3. The longitudinal strain remains constant for all fibres.
4. The circumferential stress (or hoop stress) is considered to vary across the wall thickness. It is
maximum at the inner surface and minimum at the outer surface.

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Example 5
A thick cylindrical pipe of external diameter 300 mm and thickness 50 mm is subjected to an internal
fluid pressure of 40 MPa and an external pressure of 2.5 MPa. Calculate the maximum and minimum
intensities of circumferential and radial stresses in the pipe section. Sketch the variation of stresses
across the pipe section.
Given: Thickness t = 50 mm
External diameter = 300 mm.
Hence, external radius b = 150 mm
Internal radius a = b t = 100 mm

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