PART 1:

AC CIRCUIT BASICS
 AC FUNDAMENTALS
ALTERNATING QUANTITY
It is a quantity that varies in magnitude and direction
with respect to time.

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃

 AC FUNDAMENTALS
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE
It is the value of a sine wave at any instant of time or at
any angle of rotation.
 AC FUNDAMENTALS
PROPERTIES OF AC SIGNAL
❑ FREQUENCY – is the number of cycles in one second.

❑ PERIOD – the length of time it takes to complete one

cycle. The reciprocal of frequency.

❑ WAVELENGTH – is the distance between two points of

similar cycles of a periodic wave.

❑ AMPLITUDE – the value of the wave at its peak.

 AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS
AVERAGE / DC / MEAN VALUE
The arithmetical average or mean of all the values of an
alternating quantity taken over one-half of the cycle.

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝜋

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = (𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒)
𝜋
 AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS
ROOT-MEAN SQUARE / EFFECTIVE VALUE
It is defined as the square root of the average of the
squares of the given quantity taken over a complete period.
For sine waves:

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
 AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS
PEAK FACTOR
It is the ratio of the maximum value to the RMS value of
an alternating quantity.

𝑉𝑚
𝐾𝑃 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
 AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS
FORM FACTOR
It is the ratio of the RMS value to the average value of
an alternating quantity.

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐾𝑓 =
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒
 AC CIRCUITS
ELEMENTS OF AN AC CIRCUIT
❑ RESISTOR – an element that takes a current which is IN-
PHASE with the voltage across it.
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅

Real/True Power:
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑉𝑅 2
𝑃=
𝑅
 AC CIRCUITS
ELEMENTS OF AN AC CIRCUIT
❑ INDUCTOR – an element that takes a current which lags
the voltage by 90˚.
Inductive Reactance:
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑋𝐿
Reactive Power:
𝑉𝐿 2
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑋 2 𝑋𝐿 =
𝑋𝐿
 AC CIRCUITS
ELEMENTS OF AN AC CIRCUIT
Capacitor – an element that takes a current which leads the
voltage by 90˚.
Capacitive Reactance:
𝑋𝑐 = 1/(2𝜋𝑓𝐶)
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑋𝐶
Reactive Power:
𝑉𝐶 2
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑋 2 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑄 =
𝑋𝐶
 AC CIRCUITS
SERIES AC CIRCUITS
SERIES R-L SERIES R-C SERIES R-L-C

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝑇 𝑋𝑇 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
|𝑉𝑇 |
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑍 𝐼= 𝑆 = 𝐼𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼 2 𝑍
|𝑍|
 AC CIRCUITS
SERIES AC CIRCUITS
❑ IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE:
where:
𝑍 R = Resistance
𝑋𝑇 XT = Total reactance
𝜃 Z = Impedance
𝑅  = Phase angle

𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑇 2
 AC CIRCUITS
SERIES AC CIRCUITS
❑ VOLTAGE TRIANGLE:
where:
𝑉𝑇 VR = Resistance’ voltage
𝑉𝑋 VX = Total reactance’ voltage
𝜃 VT = Impedance’ voltage
𝑉𝑅  = Phase angle

𝑉𝑇 = (𝑉𝑅 )2 + 𝑉𝑋 2
 AC CIRCUITS
SERIES AC CIRCUITS
❑ POWER TRIANGLE:
where:
𝑆 P = True Power
𝑄 Q = Reactive Power
𝜃 S = Apparent Power
𝑃  = Phase angle

𝑆 = (𝑃)2 + 𝑄 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 1
A capacitance is connected to a 120-Vp, 25-Hz mains and
takes 5 A. What current will it take when the capacitance and
the frequency are both doubled?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 2
In series RLC circuit, R = 100Ω, XL = 300Ω, and XC = 200Ω.
The phase angle Ø of the circuit is:
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 3
A resistive load takes 10A at 100V. Calculate the
capacitance of the capacitor to be connected in series in
order that the same current is supplied from a 220 VP, 50Hz
mains.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 4
An impedance draws a current I = 10 cos (wt – 30º) from a
voltage, V = 220 sin (wt + 30º). What is the impedance?
 AC CIRCUITS
PARALLEL AC CIRCUITS

𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇 𝑍𝑇

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

1 1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝑍 𝑇 𝑍1 𝑍 2 𝑍𝑁
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 5
Determine the input impedance of the circuit at ω = 50 rad/s.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 6
Determine the value of 𝑣𝑜 .
 OTHR AC CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
ADMITTANCE

1 1
𝑌= = = 𝐺 ± 𝑗𝐵
𝑍 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝑇

where: Y = admittance
G = conductance
B = susceptance
 OTHR AC CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
AC CIRCUIT FACTORS
❑ POWER FACTOR:
𝑝𝑓 = cos(𝜃)

❑ REACTIVE FACTOR:
𝑟𝑓 = sin(𝜃)

where:  = Phase angle from any triangle

 RESONANCE
DEFINITION
It is the condition of a series or parallel RLC circuit where
the inductive and capacitive reactance is equal.
RESONANT FREQUENCY – the frequency of the voltage
which gives the maximum value of the current in series
resonant and minimum value in parallel resonant.
 RESONANCE
SERIES RESONANCE
Considering that 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 :

1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

where: fr = resonant frequency

L = inductance
C = capacitance
 RESONANCE
SERIES RESONANCE
REMEMBER:
✓ At series resonance, the IMPEDANCE is MINIMUM and
equal to the resistance.
✓ The current drawn in the circuit is MAXIMUM.
✓ The power factor is unity.
✓ If the frequency in a series RLC is greater than the
resonant frequency, the circuit is INDUCTIVE and
CAPACITIVE if less than the resonant frequency.
 RESONANCE
SERIES RESONANCE
❑ Q-FACTOR:
– also called “voltage magnification factor”

𝑋𝐿
𝑄=
𝑅
 RESONANCE
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Considering that 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 (Practical):

1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟 = − 2
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 𝐿

where: fr = resonant frequency R=resistance

L = inductance
C = capacitance
 RESONANCE
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Considering that 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 (Theoretical):

1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

where: fr = resonant frequency

L = inductance
C = capacitance
 RESONANCE
PARALLEL RESONANCE
❑ Q-FACTOR:
- also called “current magnification factor”

𝑋𝐿
𝑄=
𝑅
 RESONANCE
PARALLEL RESONANCE
REMEMBER:
✓ At parallel resonance, the IMPEDANCE is MAXIMUM and
equal to the resistance.
✓ The current drawn in the circuit is MINIMUM.
✓ The power factor is unity.
✓ If the frequency in a parallel RLC is greater than the
resonant frequency, the circuit is CAPACITIVE and
INDUCTIVE if less than the resonant frequency.
 RESONANCE
BANDWIDTH AND SELECTIVITY
The difference of highest and lowest operating
frequency is called the BANDWIDTH of the resonant network.
The ratio of the bandwidth to the resonant frequency is
called the SELECTIVITY of the circuit.
 RESONANCE
BANDWIDTH AND SELECTIVITY
When the frequency is varied in an RLC circuit, the
selectivity of the circuit becomes:

𝐵𝑊 1
𝑆= =
𝑓𝑟 𝑄
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 7
Calculate the susceptance in mho of a circuit consisting of a
resistor of 10 ohms in series with an inductor of 0.1 H when
the frequency is 50Hz.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 8
What is the power factor of a circuit if the inductive
susceptance and conductance have the same value ?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 9
An ac circuit having pf. of 0.8 lagging has a reactive power
of 12 kVAr. The power drawn by the circuit is ______ kW.
 PART 2:
ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS
 ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT
DEFINITION
A temporary phenomenon occurring in electrical circuits
prior to reaching a steady-state condition.
Transient time is the time taken by the circuit to change
over from one steady-state condition to another steady state-
condition due to a sudden application of voltage or current.
 ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
The response of a circuit to the sudden application of a
voltage or current is called transient response.
 ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
 ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
 DC TRANSIENT
DEFINITION
It is the response of a circuit to a sudden application of
DC voltage. DC transient response follow an exponential rise
and decay behavior.
 DC TRANSIENT
DC TRANSIENT RESPONSE
𝑦𝑜

−𝑥
GENERAL RISE EQUATION: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 (1 − 𝑒 )
 DC TRANSIENT
DC TRANSIENT RESPONSE
𝑦𝑜

−𝑥
GENERAL DECAY EQUATION: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒
 RC TRANSIENT
RC TIME CONSTANT
It is the time required to charge the capacitor, through
the resistor, to 63.2 (≈ 63%) percent of full charge; or to
discharge it to 36.8 (≈ 37%) percent of its initial voltage.

𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
 RC TRANSIENT
RC TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
When the switch is closed in an RC Transient Circuit:
✓ The VOLTAGE across the CAPACITOR exponentially
INCREASES thus the circuit CURRENT DECREASES
✓ The VOLTAGE across the RESISTOR is initially equal to the
supply then exponentially DECREASES as the voltage is
being transferred to the capacitor.
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
General Rise Eq.:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )

General Decay Eq.:

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑡 𝑡
𝑥= =
𝜏 𝑅𝐶
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
❑ CHARGING RC CIRCUIT:

RC Transient Capacitor
Voltage:

𝑡
−
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
❑ CHARGING RC CIRCUIT:
RC Transient Resistor Voltage:
𝑡
−
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
RC Transient Circuit Current:
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑡
𝐼 = ∙ 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
❑ CHARGING RC CIRCUIT:
Energy stored in a capacitor:
1 2
𝐸𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑉𝐶
2
%Voltage Change:
𝑡
−
%∆𝑉 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 × 100%
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
❑ DISCHARGING RC CIRCUIT:
Capacitor Voltage:
𝑡
−
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
❑ DISCHARGING RC CIRCUIT:
RC Transient Resistor Voltage:
𝑡
−
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑂𝑅 𝑒 𝑅𝐶

RC Transient Circuit Current:

𝑉𝑂𝑅 − 𝑡
𝐼= ∙ 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅
 RC TRANSIENT
RC CIRCUIT RESPONSE
❑ DISCHARGING RC CIRCUIT:
Charge stored in a capacitor:

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝐶
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TIME CONSTANT
It is the time required for the current in the inductor to
grow to 63.2% percent of its maximum value; or to decay to
36.8 (≈ 37) percent of the maximum current.

𝐿
𝜏=
𝑅
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
When the switch is closed in an RL Transient Circuit:
✓ The circuit CURRENT exponentially INCREASES thus the
INDUCTOR VOLTAGE DECREASES.
✓ The VOLTAGE across the RESISTOR is initially equal to zero
then exponentially INCREASES as the voltage from the
inductor is being transferred to the it.
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
General Rise Eq.:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )

General Decay Eq.:

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑅𝑡
𝑥=
𝐿
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
❑ ENERGIZING RL CIRCUIT:
RL Transient Current:

𝑉𝑠 −
𝑅𝑡
𝐼= 1−𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
❑ ENERGIZING RL CIRCUIT:
RL Transient Resistor Voltage:
𝑅𝑡
−
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑠 1 − 𝑒 𝐿

RL Transient Inductor Voltage:

𝑅𝑡
−
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 ∙ 𝑒 𝐿
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
❑ ENERGIZING RL CIRCUIT:
Energy stored in an inductor:
1 2
𝐸𝐿 = 𝐿 𝐼
2
%Current Change:
𝑅𝑡
−
%∆𝐼 = 1 − 𝑒 𝐿 × 100%
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
❑ DE-ENERGIZING RL CIRCUIT:
Circuit Current:

𝑉𝑂𝑅 −𝑅𝑡
𝐼= ∙𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
 RL TRANSIENT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
❑ DE-ENERGIZING RL CIRCUIT:
RL Transient Resistor Voltage:
𝑅𝑡
−
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑂𝑅 ∙ 𝑒 𝐿

RL Transient Inductor Voltage:

𝑅𝑡
−
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑂𝐿 ∙ 𝑒 𝐿
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 10
An 8 µF capacitor is charged from a 400V supply through
0.1MΩ resistor. How long will it take the capacitor to develop
a P.D. of 300V?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 11
A capacitor is used to store energy in a camera flashlight. The
camera operates on a 6-V battery. Determine the time
required for the voltage stored to reach 90 percent of the
maximum as multiple of the time constant.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 12
What is the percent change in capacitor voltage in an RC
circuit after 2𝜏?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 13
What is the voltage and percent increase in capacitor
voltage after 7.25 s if it is connected in a 15 V dc supply? R
= 100kΩ, C = 100µF.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 14
What is the voltage across an inductor with R = 1Ω and L =
10 H when energized for 5s and connected to a 15 V source?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 15
Determine the rise time of an RC or RL circuit dc transient
response.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN AC CIRCUITS
QUESTION NO. 16
For an RC or RL circuit, how long it takes for the capacitor to
be fully charged or inductor to be fully energized?
THANK YOU!