International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 1

ISSN 2250-3153

A Synchronous Cuk Converter Based Photovoltaic

Energy System Design and Simulation
K.Kavitha*, Dr. Ebenezer Jeyakumar**
*
Department of ECE, Vivekanandha Institute of Engineering and Technology for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India
**
Director ( Academics), Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Ciombatore, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract- In this paper, a synchronous cuk converter proposed generation and the main utility by tracking the reference voltage
for analyzing the performance of photovoltaic system is required by the grid [9]. The DC-DC converter converts a DC
presented. In the proposed cuk converter, the conduction losses input voltage, to a DC output voltage, with a magnitude lower or
and switching losses are reduced. The conduction losses are higher than the input voltage [8] [15] [17].
reduced by replacing the diode with MOSFET and the switching There are several different types of dc-dc converters, buck,
losses are reduced by providing an auxiliary circuit. The boost, buck-boost and cuk topologies, have been developed and
proposed converter system is operated based on the soft reported in the literature to meet variety of application specific
switching techniques. These switching techniques are to provide demands. One advantage of these converters has high power
smooth transition of voltage and current. So, the conversion efficiency [13] [16] [18]. Higher order dc-dc converters, such as
efficiency of the PV system is improved and the load meeting the the cuk converter, have a significant advantage over other
dynamic energy requirement is in an efficient way. It has a inverting topologies since they enable low voltage ripple on both
significant advantage over other inverting topologies since they the input and the output sides of the converter [19]. As with other
enable low voltage ripple on both the input and the output sides DC-DC converters the cuk converter can either operate in
of the converter. Then, the different operation mode of proposed continuous or discontinuous current mode. However, unlike
synchronous cuk converter is analyzed at different operating these converters, it can also operate in discontinuous voltage
condition of auxiliary and main circuit. From the operating mode [20].
mode, the output current of each modes are determined. The In this paper, a synchronous DC-DC cuk converter design
proposed synchronous cuk converter implemented in MATLAB and implement for photovoltaic application. The proposed
simulation platform and the output performance is analyzed. synchronous cuk converter has a significant advantage over other
inverting topologies since they enable low voltage ripple on both
Index Terms- cuk converter, synchronous cuk converter, the input and the output sides of the converter. So, the
photovoltaic system, MOSFET, auxiliary and main circuit. performance of photovoltaic system and the output efficiency of
converter is improved. The circuit diagram of synchronous cuk
I. INTRODUCTION converter and the different mode of operation are described in
section 3. Prior to that, the recent research works are given in
R enewable sources of energy acquire growing importance due
to massive consumption and exhaustion of fossil fuel [4]
[11] [12]. Generally, solar energy conversion systems can be
section 2. In section 4, the results and discussion of synchronous
converter based PV system are described. The section 5
classified into two categories: thermal systems which convert concludes the paper.
solar energy into heat and photovoltaic systems which convert
solar energy to electricity [3]. Among several renewable energy
sources, Photovoltaic arrays are used in many applications such II. RECENT RESEARCH WORKS: A BRIEF REVIEW
as water pumping, battery charging, hybrid vehicles, and grid Numerous related research works are already existed in
connected PV systems [5]. Photovoltaic system is the direct literature which based on DC-DC converter PV system. Some of
conversion of sunlight to electricity [1]. They are highly reliable them reviewed here.
and constitute a nonpolluting source of electricity, which can be Yu Kang Lo et al. [21] has presented a photovoltaic (PV)
appropriate for many applications [2]. system parallel connected to an electric power grid with a power
For storage or other DC components to be used in factor corrector (PFC) for supplying the dc loads. The operation
conjunction with AC loads, some type of power conversion principles and design considerations for the presented PV system
capability is required [6]. Considering that the output were analyzed and discussed. The balanced distribution of the
characteristic of a photovoltaic cell has a wide voltage range, power flows between the utility and the PV panels was achieved
depending on the operating conditions of a photovoltaic cell, the automatically by regulating the output dc voltage of the PFC.
DC/DC converter needs to have a wide input voltage range to Experimental results were shown to verify the feasibility of the
regulate the constant output voltage [7]. To achieve high step-up proposed topology, which could effectively transfer the tracked
and high efficiency DC/DC converters is the major consideration maximum power from the PV system to the dc load, while the
in the renewable power applications due to the low voltage of PV unity power factor was obtained at the utility side.
arrays and fuel cells [10] [14]. The purpose of dc-dc converter is Ho-sung Kim et al. [22] has discussed that the photovoltaic
insure the impedance adaptation between the PV source (PV) power conditioning system (PCS) must have high

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 2
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conversion efficiency and low cost. Generally, a PV PCS uses drives. In this technique, a back propagation learning algorithm
either a single string converter or a multilevel module integrated was derived. The controller was designed to track the output
converter (MIC). Each of these approaches has both advantages voltage of the DC-DC converter and to improve performance of
and disadvantages. For a high conversion efficiency and low cost the Buck-Boost converter during transient operations.
PV module, a series connection of a module integrated DC–DC Furthermore, to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed
converter output with a photovoltaic panel was proposed. The controller, some operations such as starting-up and reference
output voltage of the PV panel was connected to the output voltage variations were verified.
capacitor of the fly-back converter. Thus, the converter output The review of the recent research works reveals that, the
voltage was added to the output voltage of the PV panel. The DC-DC converter based photo voltaic (PV) energy system is
isolated DC–DC converter generates only the difference voltage applied various convenient applications. It converts one DC
between the PV panel voltage and the required total output voltage level to another, by storing the input energy temporarily
voltage. This method reduces the power level of the DC–DC and then releasing that energy to the output at a different voltage.
converter and enhances energy conversion efficiency compared In the time of conversion process, the MOSFET switching
with a conventional DC–DC converter. frequency is increased so switching power loss is occurred.
Athimulam Kalirasu et al. [23] has presented simulation of Therefore, the switching driver circuit is needed for driving the
open loop and closed loop controlled boost converter system for device without switching losses. In recently, the synchronous
solar installation system. MATLAB models for open loop and buck converter is used to reduce the switching loss in the main
closed loop systems were developed using the blocks of simulink MOSFET over conventional dc-dc buck converter. The
and the same are used for simulation studies. The closed loop drawbacks of synchronous buck converter is that it converts only
system was able to maintain constant voltage. These converters the limited range voltage, so it can be used only for low
have advantages like reduced hardware and good output voltage switching frequency applications. Also, in higher order
regulation. Thus the boost converter was capable of improving application, the converter topologies have the disadvantage that
the voltage level from 15 V to the required level. the high voltage ripples are present on both the input and the
Arun K. Verma et al. [24] has investigated the solar power output sides of the converter. Thus, a soft switching based
generation isolated portable system using a boost converter and a converter is required for reducing the power loss.
single stage sine wave boost inverter. The proposed To overcome this problem, in this paper a synchronous cuk
configuration boosts the low voltage of photovoltaic (PV) array converter based PV system is proposed. The proposed cuk
using a dc-dc boost converter to charge the battery at 96V and to converter improves the performance of PV system so that the
convert this battery voltage into high quality 230V rms ac converter performance is also improved. In the proposed
voltage at 50Hz for feeding autonomous loads without any converter, the conduction loss is to be reduced by replacing the
intermediate conversion stage and a filter. A maximum power diode with MOSFET, but also switching losses is reduced by
point tracking (MPPT) scheme was proposed with series providing an auxiliary circuit. The proposed converter system is
connection of a dc–dc converter input with a PV panel for high operated based on the soft switching techniques. These switching
efficiency. techniques are used to provide for smooth transition of voltage
M. Vaigundamoorthi et al. [25] has analyzed and designed and current. So, the conversion efficiency of the PV system is
the high efficient modified soft controlled (ZVS-PWM) Active- improved and the load meeting the dynamic energy requirement
Clamping Cuk (buck- boost type) converter to extract maximum is in an efficient way. The proposed synchronous cuk converter
power from solar Photo Voltaic (PV) module. The solar PV is have a significant advantage over other inverting topologies
module, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), ZVS based since they enable low voltage ripple on both the input and the
Cuk converter have been modeled and simulated in output sides of the converter.
MATLAB/Simulink. Using Perturb and Observer (PAO)
algorithm, the maximum power was tracked from solar PV
module. In order to reduce the switching losses across the III. PROPOSED SYNCHRONOUS CUK CONVERTER
switches, the soft switching has been implemented for all the The proposed synchronous cuk converter is the extension
three active switches of modified Cuk converter, resulting in high of classical converter but, for making the synchronous operation,
conversion efficiency at high-frequency operation, improved the auxiliary circuit is added. The structure of proposed
transient, and steady state response without significant increase synchronous cuk converter is illustrated in figure 1. In the
in voltage and current stresses on switches. proposed cuk converter, the input side and output side inductors
A.Kalirasu et al. [26] has presented simulation of open loop
and closed loop controlled buck converter system for solar are denoted as respectively. The output capacitor
installation system. MATLAB models for open loop and closed and inductor acts as filter circuit providing only the DC
loop systems are developed using the blocks of simulink and the component and filtering the AC component. Here, three
same are used for simulation studies. The closed loop system is MOSFETs are used as main switch as well as auxiliary switches
able to maintain constant voltage. This converter has advantages
like reduced hardware and good output voltage regulation. The which are denoted as . The auxiliary switches
simulation results are in line with the theoretical predictions. are parallel with the main switch. The resonant
W.M.Utomo et al. [27] has proposed a neural network
control scheme of a DC-DC Buck-Boost converter to produce capacitor and resonant inductor are denoted as . The
variable DC voltage source that would be applied on DC motor resonant capacitor is charged at normal operation and it

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 International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 3
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discharges the voltage during abnormal operation and the diode

is conducted. The resonant capacitor is providing the time delay
and to minimize the switching losses of converter. So this
synchronous converter can be used for high as well as low
switching frequencies. The output voltage, current, resistance and (4)
capacitor are denoted as respectively. Then, The output resistance of MOSFET is varied in two
different operating points. The two operating points are linear
the current capacitor across the main circuit is denoted as . and saturation. In these two different operating points, the output
resistance values are tabulated as follows.
The resistance across the MOSFETs are denoted

as respectively. The proposed cuk converter Table I: MOSFET Output Resistance.

circuit diagram is given as following Operating
L1 CS them. L2 Points

Linear

S
S
+ S R C
V 2
o Saturation
S - 1 o
L
r
D C
r
3.1. Different Operating Modes of Proposed Synchronous
Figure 1: Structure of Proposed Synchronous Cuk Cuk Converter
Converter. The different operating modes are derived from the
equivalent circuit model of synchronous cuk converter. The
From the above diagram, the main switch and auxiliary operating modes are based on zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and
switch are not subjected to additional voltage stresses but the zero-current switching (ZCS). These operating modes are
main switch has more current stress in comparison to the selected by the main and auxiliary MOSFET switching. As per
auxiliary one. The output inductor is chosen such that the output the operation of main and auxiliary circuit, the operating modes
current is kept constant and the output capacitor is chosen in such of synchronous cuk converter are categorized into eight modes.
a way that the output voltage remains constant and ripple free as The circuit diagrams of eight modes are illustrated as follows.
well. The resonant capacitor and resonant inductor are calculated
as following formula. Mode I:
In the mode I operation, the main circuit MOSFET is ZVS
and the auxiliary circuit MOSFET is also ZVS. But, in the
second auxiliary circuit, the MOSFET diode is only ZCS. Then,
(1)
in mode I, the resonant capacitor and resonant inductor
are conducted. The mode I operation equivalent circuit is given
(2) below. As per the conduction of equivalent circuit, the output
current expression of mode I is given as follows.

Where, is the delay time and is the stress factor. Then,

the above circuit is converted into equivalent circuit model and
from the model, the output current is calculated by following (5)
formula.

S S2
(3) S
Then, the values of resonant capacitor and resonant 1
C
inductor are substituted in equation (3), and the modified
equation is given as following formula. VS S

Lr

Cr
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 International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 4
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Figure 2: Equivalent Circuit of Mode I. Figure 4: Equivalent Circuit of Mode III.

Mode II: Mode IV:

In mode II, the auxiliary circuit diodes are not conducted In mode IV, the auxiliary circuit diodes are not conducted
but, the MOSFET are ZCS. Also, the resonant but, the MOSFET is ZCS and the MOSFET is ZVS. Also,
capacitor and resonant inductor are activated. The main circuit the resonant capacitor and resonant inductor are activated. The
components go to ZVS. The current capacitor across the main main circuit MOSFET goes to ZCS and the MOSFET diode is
circuit is not charged. The equivalent circuit model of mode II not conducted. The current source capacitor across the main
operation is given below. From the equivalent circuit model, the circuit is not charged. The equivalent circuit model of mode IV
operation is given below. From the equivalent circuit model, the
output current expression is developed and it is given as
follows. output current expression is developed and it is given as
(6) follows.

(8)

S S2
S
1
C
S S S2
VS S
1 C
Lr VS S
Lr
D Cr
D Cr

Figure 3: Equivalent Circuit of Mode II. Figure 5: Equivalent Circuit of Mode IV.
Mode III:
Mode V:
In mode III, the auxiliary circuit diodes are not conducted In mode V, the auxiliary circuit MOSFET diodes one is
but, the MOSFET is ZCS and the MOSFET is ZVS. Also, conducted and other is not conducted but, the MOSFET and
the resonant capacitor and resonant inductor are activated. The
main circuit MOSFET goes to ZVS and the MOSFET diode is are ZVS. Also, the resonant capacitor and resonant inductor
conducted. The current source capacitor across the main circuit is are activated. The main circuit MOSFET goes to ZCS and the
not charged. The equivalent circuit model of mode III operation MOSFET diode is not conducted. The current source capacitor
is given below. From the equivalent circuit model, the output across the main circuit is not charged. The equivalent circuit
model of mode V operation is as follows. From, the equivalents
current expression is developed and it is given as follows.
circuit the model, the output current expression is developed
and it is given as follows.

(7)
(9)

S S S
S S
1 C 2 S
1 2
VS S
C
Lr VS S

C Lr
D
r
D C
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 International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 5
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Figure 6: Equivalent Circuit of Mode V. Figure 8: Equivalent Circuit of Mode VII.

Mode VI: Mode VIII:

In mode VI, the auxiliary circuit MOSFET diodes are not In mode VIII, the auxiliary circuit MOSFET diodes are not
conducted, the MOSFET and are ZVS. Also, the resonant conducted; the MOSFET is ZVS and MOSFET is ZCS.
capacitor and resonant inductor are inactivated. The main circuit Also, the resonant capacitor and resonant inductor are
MOSFET goes to ZCS and the MOSFET diode is not conducted. inactivated. The main circuit MOSFET goes to ZVS and the
The current source capacitor across the main circuit is not MOSFET diode is not conducted. The current source capacitor
charged. The equivalent circuit model of mode VI operation is as across the main circuit is not charged. The equivalent circuit
model of mode VIII operation is as follows. From the equivalent
follows. From the equivalent circuit model, the output current
expression is developed and it is given as follows. circuit model, the output current expression is developed and
it is given as follows.
(10)
(12)

S S S2
1
C S S S2
VS S 1
C
Lr VS
S
Lr
D Cr
D Cr
Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit of Mode VI.

Mode VII: Figure 9: Equivalent Circuit of Mode VIII.

In mode VII, the auxiliary circuit MOSFET diodes are not
conducted, the MOSFET and are ZVS. Also, the resonant
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
capacitor is activated and resonant inductor is inactivated. Due to
the reason, the auxiliary circuit diode is conducted. The main The proposed synchronous DC-DC cuk converter was
circuit MOSFET goes to ZVS and the MOSFET diode is not designed and simulated in MATLAB working platform. Then,
conducted. The current source capacitor across the main circuit is the performance of synchronous cuk converter was tested with
not charged. The equivalent circuit model of mode VII operation photovoltaic renewable energy system. The simulink model of
is as follows. From the equivalent circuit model, the output synchronous cuk converter and the simulink model of cuk
converter with photovoltaic system are illustrated in Fig.10 and
current expression is developed and it is given as follows. Fig 11 respectively. From the model, the main MOSFET output
voltage, and the output current performance are given in Figure
14 and 15 respectively. The V-P characteristics and V-I
characteristics of PV system are illustrated in Figure 12 and 13.
(11) The implementation parameters of the proposed model are
tabulated as follows.

Table I: Implementation Parameters.

S S2
S Component Parameters Values
1
C Short circuit 5.45A
VS PV System
S current
Lr Open circuit 22.2V
voltage
Cr 4.95A
D Current at

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 6
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17.2V
Voltage at
FET resistance 0.1 Ohms
MOSFET
Internal diode 0.01 Ohms
resistance
Snubber 1e5 Ohms
resistance
Resonant
0.2 F
capacitor
Resonant 200nH
Inductor
Series Capacitor 0.05nF
Figure 12: Performance of V-P of PV system.

Figure 13: Performance of V-I of PV system.

Figure 10: Simulink model of synchronous cuk converter

with PV system.

Figure 14: Performance of output current of proposed cuk

converter.

Figure 11: Simulink model of cuk converter with PV system.

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 7
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respectively. Then, the efficiency deviation of proposed

converter is calculated by the following expression.

Figure 15: Performance of output voltage of proposed cuk

converter.

From the above performances, the output voltage and

output current of cuk converter are evaluated at different
simulation period. According to the simulation period variations,
the output power of the photovoltaic system is varied. Also, the
output power of the proposed cuk converter is evaluated. The
evaluated values are tabulated as following them (Table II). Figure 16: Performance of synchronous cuk converter output
Similarly, the output current, voltage and power of cuk converter power.
is evaluated using the model which represented in Figure 11.

Table II: Output voltage, current and power of synchronous

cuk converter.

Time Output Output Output

in sec voltage in current in power in
volts amp watts

T=1 15 0.5 7.5

T=2 34 1.5 51
T=3 52 2.8 145 Figure 17: Performance of converter efficiency.
T=4 68 4.8 326.4
T=5 85 7.4 629

In Table II, the voltage and current are

calculated from figure 5 and 6. Using these calculated values, the
output power is calculated . Then the converter
efficiency of both proposed synchronous cuk converter and cuk
converter are calculated. The converter efficiency expression is
given as following them.

The converter losses are varied in both synchronous cuk Figure 18: Performance of efficiency deviation.
converter and cuk converter. In proposed synchronous cuk
converter, the converter loss is 190 mW (0.19W). The converter From the comparative analysis, it is revealed that the
loss of cuk converter is 445 mW (0.445W). These converter proposed synchronous cuk converter is better when compared to
losses are based on the main MOSFET switching time. From the the cuk converter. The proposed converter efficiency is deviated
analyzed values, the following performances are obtained. The more than the cuk converter. Hence, the proposed synchronous
performance of synchronous cuk converter output power, cuk converter is better than the cuk converter for the photovoltaic
performance of converter efficiency and performance of application.
efficiency deviation are illustrated in Figure 16, 17 and 18

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2012 8
ISSN 2250-3153

V. CONCLUSION Vehicles", International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology,

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