List MF19

List of formulae and statistical tables

Cambridge International AS & A Level

Mathematics (9709) and Further Mathematics (9231)

For use from 2020 in all papers for the above syllabuses.

CST319

*2508709701*
 PURE MATHEMATICS

Mensuration
Volume of sphere = 4
3
πr 3

Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

Volume of cone or pyramid = 13 × base area × height

Area of curved surface of cone = πr × slant height

Arc length of circle = rθ ( θ in radians)

Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2θ ( θ in radians)

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un = a + (n − 1)d , S n = 12 n( a + l ) = 12 n{2a + (n − 1) d }

For a geometric series:

a(1 − r n ) a
un = ar n −1 , Sn =
1− r
(r ≠ 1) , S∞ =
1− r
( r <1 )

Binomial series:
n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b 2 +   a n −3b3 + K + b n , where n is a positive integer
1  2  3
n n!
and   =
 r  r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + x + K , where n is rational and x < 1
2! 3!

2
Trigonometry
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ≡ 1 , 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ sec 2 θ , cot 2 θ + 1 ≡ cosec 2 θ
sin( A ± B) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B) ≡ cos A cos B m sin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B ) ≡
1 m tan A tan B
sin 2 A ≡ 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A ≡ cos 2 A − sin 2 A ≡ 2cos 2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A ≡
1 − tan 2 A
Principal values:
− 12 π ⩽ sin −1 x ⩽ 12 π , 0 ⩽ cos −1 x ⩽ π , − 12 π < tan −1 x < 12 π

Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )

xn nx n −1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec 2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x − cosec x cot x
cot x − cosec 2 x
1
tan −1 x
1 + x2
du dv
uv v +u
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dx dx
v v2
dy dy dx
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then = ÷
dx dt dt

3
Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
x n +1
xn (n ≠ −1)
n +1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x − cos x
cos x sin x
sec 2 x tan x
1 1 x
tan −1  
x + a2
2
a a
1 1 x−a
ln ( x > a)
x − a2
2
2a x + a

1 1 a+x
a − x2
2
ln
2a a − x
( x < a)

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv −∫ v dx dx
f ′( x)
∫ f ( x) dx = ln f ( x)

Vectors
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then

a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cos θ

4
 FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
Summations:
n n n

∑
r =1
r = 12 n(n + 1) , ∑
r =1
r 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) , ∑r
r =1
3
= 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2

Maclaurin’s series:
x2 xr
f( x) = f(0) + x f ′(0) + f ′′(0) + K + f ( r ) (0) + K
2! r!
x2 xr
e x = exp( x) = 1 + x + +K + +K (all x)
2! r!
x 2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) = x − + − K + (−1) r +1 + K (–1 < x ⩽ 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cos x = 1 − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tan −1 x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (–1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)
3 5 2r + 1
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sinh x = x + + +K + +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cosh x = 1 + + +K+ +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tanh −1 x = x + + +K + +K (–1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r + 1

Trigonometry
If t = tan 12 x then:

2t 1− t2
sin x = and cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡ 1 , sinh 2 x ≡ 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x ≡ cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

sinh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)

cosh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 − 1) (x ⩾ 1)

1+ x 
tanh −1 x = 12 ln   (| x | < 1)
1− x 

5
Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )
1
sin −1 x
1 − x2
1
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1
sinh −1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh −1 x
x2 − 1
1
tanh −1 x
1 − x2

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
sec x ln| sec x + tan x | = ln| tan( 12 x + 14 π) | ( x < 12 π )

cosec x − ln| cosec x + cot x | = ln| tan( 12 x) | (0 < x < π)

sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
sech 2 x tanh x
1 x
sin −1   ( x < a)
2
a −x 2 a

1  x
cosh −1   ( x > a)
2
x −a 2 a

1  x
sinh −1  
2
a +x 2 a

6
 MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v = u + at , s = 12 (u + v)t , s = ut + 12 at 2 , v 2 = u 2 + 2as

FURTHER MECHANICS
Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

Elastic strings and springs

λx λ x2
T= , E=
l 2l

Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
v2
ω 2r or
r

Centres of mass of uniform bodies

Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex

Solid hemisphere of radius r: 83 r from centre

1
Hemispherical shell of radius r: 2
r from centre

r sin α
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
α
2r sin α
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
3α
3
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 4
h from vertex

7
 PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 Σx 2
x= , standard deviation = = − x2
n n n
For grouped data:

Σxf Σ( x − x ) 2 f Σx 2 f
x= , standard deviation = = − x2
Σf Σf Σf

Discrete random variables

E( X ) = Σxp , Var( X ) = Σx 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :

n
pr =   p r (1 − p) n − r , µ = np , σ 2 = np(1 − p )
r
For the geometric distribution Geo(p):
1
pr = p(1 − p) r −1 , µ=
p
For the Poisson distribution Po(λ )

λr
pr = e − λ , µ =λ , σ2 =λ
r!

Continuous random variables

∫
E( X ) = x f( x) dx , ∫
Var( X ) = x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 1  2 ( Σx ) 2 
x= , s2 = =  Σx − 
n n −1 n −1 n 

Central Limit Theorem:

 σ2 
X ~ N  µ, 
 n 

Approximate distribution of sample proportion:

 p (1 − p) 
N  p, 
 n 

8
 FURTHER PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Sampling and testing

Two-sample estimate of a common variance:
Σ( x1 − x1 ) 2 + Σ( x2 − x2 ) 2
s2 =
n1 + n 2 − 2

Probability generating functions

G X (t ) = E(t X ) , E( X ) = G ′X (1) , Var( X ) = G ′′X (1) + G ′X (1) − {G ′X (1)}2

9
 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of z, the table gives
the value of Φ(z), where

Φ(z) = P(Z ⩽ z).

For negative values of z, use Φ(–z) = 1 – Φ(z).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ADD
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32

0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Critical values for the normal distribution

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of p, the table
gives the value of z such that

P(Z ⩽ z) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

z 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

10
 CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE t-DISTRIBUTION

If T has a t-distribution with ν degrees of freedom, then,

for each pair of values of p and ν, the table gives the value
of t such that:

P(T ⩽ t) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

ν=1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610

5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.894 6.869

6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781

10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587

11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140

15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073

16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883

20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850

21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745

25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725

26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.689
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.660

30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646

40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

11
 CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE χ 2 -DISTRIBUTION

If X has a χ 2 -distribution with ν degrees of

freedom then, for each pair of values of p and ν,
the table gives the value of x such that
P(X ⩽ x) = p.

p 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999

ν=1 0.031571 0.039821 0.023932 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.83
2 0.02010 0.05064 0.1026 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.60 13.82
3 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 7.779 9.488 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 0.5543 0.8312 1.145 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.51
6 0.8721 1.237 1.635 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.647 2.180 2.733 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 2.558 3.247 3.940 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59
11 3.053 3.816 4.575 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76 31.26
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 5.229 6.262 7.261 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70
16 5.812 6.908 7.962 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 7.633 8.907 10.12 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 8.260 9.591 10.85 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31
21 8.897 10.28 11.59 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 9.542 10.98 12.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 10.20 11.69 13.09 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 10.86 12.40 13.85 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18
25 11.52 13.12 14.61 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62
30 14.95 16.79 18.49 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 22.16 24.43 26.51 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 29.71 32.36 34.76 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 37.48 40.48 43.19 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61
70 45.44 48.76 51.74 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.4 104.2 112.3
80 53.54 57.15 60.39 96.58 101.9 106.6 112.3 116.3 124.8
90 61.75 65.65 69.13 107.6 113.1 118.1 124.1 128.3 137.2
100 70.06 74.22 77.93 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 149.4

12
 WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST

The sample has size n.

P is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the positive differences.

Q is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the negative differences.

T is the smaller of P and Q.

For each value of n the table gives the largest value of T which will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis at
the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of T

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
n=6 2 0
7 3 2 0
8 5 3 1 0
9 8 5 3 1
10 10 8 5 3
11 13 10 7 5
12 17 13 9 7
13 21 17 12 9
14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
17 41 34 27 23
18 47 40 32 27
19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37

For larger values of n, each of P and Q can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean 1
4
n(n + 1)
and variance 1
24
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) .

13
 WILCOXON RANK-SUM TEST

The two samples have sizes m and n, where m ⩽ n.

Rm is the sum of the ranks of the items in the sample of size m.

W is the smaller of Rm and m(n + m + 1) – Rm.

For each pair of values of m and n, the table gives the largest value of W which will lead to rejection of the
null hypothesis at the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of W

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6
3 6 – –
4 6 – – 11 10 –
5 7 6 – 12 11 10 19 17 16
6 8 7 – 13 12 11 20 18 17 28 26 24
7 8 7 6 14 13 11 21 20 18 29 27 25
8 9 8 6 15 14 12 23 21 19 31 29 27
9 10 8 7 16 14 13 24 22 20 33 31 28
10 10 9 7 17 15 13 26 23 21 35 32 29

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=7 m=8 m=9 m = 10
7 39 36 34
8 41 38 35 51 49 45
9 43 40 37 54 51 47 66 62 59
10 45 42 39 56 53 49 69 65 61 82 78 74

For larger values of m and n, the normal distribution with mean 1

2
m(m + n + 1) and variance 1
12
mn(m + n + 1)
should be used as an approximation to the distribution of Rm.

14
BLANK PAGE

15
BLANK PAGE

16
ZNOTES.ORG

UPDATED TO 2020-22 SYLLABUS

CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHS (9709)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Advantage: easily interpreted and comparisons can easily

be made.
1. Representation of Data
1.4. Histograms
1.1. Types of Data
A bar chart which represents continuous data
Bars have no space between them
Area of each bar is proportional to frequency

F requency = F requency Density × Class Width

For open ended class width, double the size of previous
class width and use this
If range ‘0 − 9’ then class width is ‘−0.5 ≤ x ≤ 9.5’
1.2. Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
1.5. Cumulative Frequency Graphs
Used to represent data in its original form.
Each piece of data split into 2 parts; stem & leaf. Upper quartile = 75
Leaf can only by 1 digit and should be written in Lower quartile = 25
ascending order
Always include a key on your diagram. Interquartile Range = U pper Quartile − Lower Quart
When finding median & quartiles, draw in vertical and
horizontal dashed lines.
Join points together with straight lines unless asked to
draw a cumulative frequency curve

1.6. Skewness
Symmetrical: Median line lies in the middle of the box (i.e.
UQ – median = median – LQ)
Positively skewed: median line lies closer to LQ than UQ
(i.e. UQ – median > median – LQ)
Negatively skewed: median line lies closer to UQ than to
the LQ (i.e. UQ – median < median – LQ)

Advantage: contains accuracy of original data

1.3. Box-and-Whisker Plots

Five figure summary:
Lowest and highest values
Lower and upper quartiles
Median
Mean & standard deviation most useful when data
roughly symmetrical & contains no outliers 2. Measure of Location
Median and interquartile range typically used if data
skewed or if there are outliers.
2.1. Mode
Most common or most popular data value
Only average that can be used for qualitative data
Not suitable if the data values are very varied
Modal class: class with highest frequency density

2.2. Median

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Middle value when data ordered

th 3.1. Standard Deviation
If n odd, median = 12 (n + 1) value
​

If n even, median = 12 nth value

​

Deviation from the mean is the difference from a value

Not affected be extreme values from the mean value
The standard deviation is the average of all of these
deviations
Estimating Median from Grouped Frequency Table:
If coded mean and sums given, use as it is, standard
x Frequency f Cumulative Frequency deviation not altered
10 − 20 4 4
20 − 25 8 12 3.2. Variance of Discrete Data
25 − 35 5 17
1
35 − 50 3 20 ∑ (xi − x)2
​ ​

n
Solution: or
Use cumulative frequency to find the middle value i.e.
1
∑ x2i − x2
20 ÷ 2 = 10
​ ​

n
Standard deviation is the square root of that
∴ you are finding the 10th value
The 10th value lies between 20 and 25
3.3. Variance in Frequency Table
∑ (xi −x)2 fi ∑ x 2f
​

∑ fi ​
or ∑ if i
​

i
​

​
​

​ − x2

{W04-P06} Question 4:
The ages, x years, of 18 people attending an evening class
are summarised by the following totals:
(12 − 4) : (25 − 20) ∑ x = 745, ∑ x2 = 33 951
i. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the ages of
(12 − 10) : (25 − M edian)
this group of people.
12 − 10 ii. One person leaves group and mean age of the remaining
25 − M edian = × (25 − 20) 17 people is exactly 41 years. Find age of the person who left
12 − 4
​

and standard deviation of the ages of the remaining 17

M edian = 23.75 people.
Solution:
2.3. Mean Part (i):

∑ x2 ∑x
Sum of data divided by number of values σ= − x2 ​ ​ x= ​

n n
∑ xi
x= σ = 13.2 x = 41.4
​

n
or Part (ii):
The total age of the 18 people
∑ xi fi
x= ∑ x = 745
​ ​

∑ fi
​

Important as it uses all the data values Find the total age of the 17 people
Disadvantage: affected by extreme values
If data is grouped – use mid-point of group as x ∑ x = 41 × 17 = 697
Coded mean: if being used to calculate standard
deviation, can be used as is else: Subtract the two to get the age
745 − 697 = 48 years
∑ (x − a) Calculating the new standard deviation
x= +a
Find the ∑ x2 of the 17 people
​

3. Measure of Spread ∑ x2 = 33 951 − 482 = 31 647

Find the standard deviation

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31 647 0.05 × 3 = 0.15

σ= − (41)2 = 13.4
17
​ ​

Total probability

{S13-P62} Question 2: 0.05 × 0.75 × 0.15 = 0.00563

A summary of the speeds, x kilometres per hour, of 22 cars
passing a certain point gave the following information: 4.2. Mutually Exclusive Events
=∑ (x − 50) = 81.4 and ∑ (x − 50)2 = 671.0
Find variance of speeds and hence find the value of ∑ x2
Solution:
Finding the variance using coded mean
Variance $= \frac{671.0}{22} - \left( \frac{81.4}{22} \right)^{2}
= 16.81$
Find the actual mean

∑ x = 81.4 + (22 × 50) = 1181.4

Put this back into variance formula

2
∑ x2 1181.4
16.81 = −( ) 2 events which have no common outcomes or can’t
22
​ ​

n
happen at the same time.
∴ ∑ x2 = 2900.5 × 22 Examples of MEEs:
Looking Left & Looking Right.
Coin toss: Heads & Tails.
∑ x2 = 63811
Cards: Kings & Aces.
Examples of not MEEs:
4. Probability Cards: Kings and Hearts. (we have Kings of Hearts)
Students: People who study French and Spanish
(some can study both)
4.1. Basic Rules Rules of MEEs:

P (A and B) = 0
All probabilities lie between 0 and 1
P (A) = The probability of event A In other words, the probability of both events happening is 0,
P (A ) = 1 − P (A) = The probability of not A
′
because they can’t occur at the same time.
To simplify a question, represent info in tree diagram: P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B)
In other words, the probability of A or B happening, is just
their individual probabilities being added together. Example:
P(Get King AND Queen) = 0
P(Get King OR Queen) = 1/13 + 1/13

Rules of Not MEEs:

P (A and B) 
=0
Because of events can happen at the same time, so
{S08-P06} Question 7: probability of both events happening is not 0.
A die is biased so that the probability of throwing a 5 is 0.75
and probabilities of throwing a 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 are all equal. P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B ) − P (A and B)
The die is thrown thrice. Find the probability that the result is
1 followed by 5 followed by any even number. When adding P(A) & P(B), we counted the “middle part” twice,
Solution: so we must subtract it.
Probability of getting a 1 Example:
P(Get Kings or Hearts) = 4/52 + 13/52 – 1/52
1 − 0.75 = 0.25 1/52 comes from the king of hearts

5 numbers ∴ 0.25 ÷ 5 = 0.05

Probability of getting a 5 = 0.75
4.3. Conditional Probability
Probability of getting an even number; can be 2, 4 or 6 ∴

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Calculation of probability of one event given that another, Events A and B are such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B ) = 0.8
connected event, had occurred. and P (A and B) = 0.4. State, giving a reason in each case,
Conditional Probability formula: whether A and B are
P (A and B) 1. Independent
P (B ∣A) =
P (A)
​

2. mutually exclusive

Or, in another form: Solution:

Part (i)
P (A and B ) = P (A) P (B ∣A) A and B are not mutually exclusive because:
"Probability of event A and event B equals the probability of P (A and B) does not equal 0
event A times the probability of event B given event A has Part (ii)
occurred" A and B are not independent because:
Example: P (A) × P (B ) does not equal 0.4
Instead of using P (A and B) = 0 or P (A and B) =
4 3
P (Get 2 kings) = × P (A) × P (B ) as a formula, we can also use it as a test to
52 51
​ ​

see if such events satisfy the conditions to be a Mutually

Both events are “Get a king” but since one king has been Exclusive Event or Independent Event.
picked up, the next probability has changed. In other words,
3 {S11-P63} Question 4:
51 is P (Get a king ∣ Get a king), the probability that you
​

get a king given that you’ve already gotten one. Tim throws a fair die twice and notes the number on each
throw. Events A, B, C are defined as follows.
{S07-P06} Question 2: A: the number on the second throw is 5
Jamie is equally likely to attend or not to attend a training B: the sum of the numbers is 6
session before a football match. If he attends, he is certain to C: the product of the numbers is even
be chosen for the team which plays in the match. If he does By calculation find which pairs, if any, of the events A, B and
not attend, there is a probability of 0.6 that he is chosen for C are independent.
the team. Solution:
Probability of Event A = P(Any Number) × P(5)
1. Find probability that Jamie is chosen for team.
2. Find the probability that Jamie attended the training
1 1
∴ P (A) = 1 × =
6 6
​ ​

session, given that he was chosen for the team

Finding the probability of Event B
Solution:
Number of ways of getting a sum of 6:
Part (i)
5 and 1 1 and 5 4 and 2 2 and 4 3 and 3
Probability attends training and chosen
1 1 5
0.5 × 1 = 0.5 ∴ P (B ) = ( × )×5=
6 6 36
​ ​ ​

Probability does not attend and chose

0.5 × 0.6 = 0.3 Finding the probability of Event C
Total probability One minus method; you get an odd only when odd multiplies
by another odd number:
P (Chosen) = 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.8 3 3
1 − P (C ) = ×
6 6
​ ​

Since we are looking for P (Chosen), we have to find every

possible way (every possible probability) that Jamie is chosen, 1 − P (C ) represents the probability of getting an odd when
then sum them up. doing the product of the two numbers, which can only occur
Part (ii) when an odd number is multiplied by another odd number
This is a conditional probability question, and we have to look which is 36 × 36 . This method is much easier because if one
for P (Attends ∣ Chosen).
​ ​

does a direct method, they will have to count Even × Even

P (Attends and Chosen) and Even × Odd.
P (Attends∣Chosen) = Making P (C ) the subject gives us:
P (Chosen)
​

0.5 3
P (Attends∣Chosen) = = 0.625 ∴ P (C ) =
4
​

0.8
​

For an independent event, P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B)

Old Question Question 7: 1
P (A and B) = P (1 and 5) =
36
​

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=
 P (A) × P (B) (9!) × (2!)
3 2! is necessary because A and B can swap places
P (A and C) = P [(2, 5) + (4, 5) + (6, 5)] =
36
​

If question asks for two people not to be next to each

=
 P (A) × P (C) other, simply find total arrangements (10!) and subtract
the impossible i.e. (9!) × (2!)
2
P (B and C) = P [(2, 4) + (4, 2)] =
36
​

Total arrangements when items cannot be together:

Example:
=
 P (B) × P (C) In how many ways can the letters in the word SUCCESS be
∴ none are independent. arranged if no two S’s are next to one another?
As said from the previous worked question, we use the Solution:
equation P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B) not as a formula
but as a test to see whether two events are independent or
not.

4.4. Independent Events S has 5 different places in can be placed into.

From previous note, we must divide by repeated letters
Events that are not connected to each other in any way, No. of Arrangements = 4! 5×4×3
2! × 3! = 120
​ ​

or the next event does not rely from the previous event.
Examples of Independent events:
Coin tosses 5.2. Combination
Dice rolling
Examples of not Independent events: The number of ways of selecting r objects from n unlike
Picking a ball from a bag (The next probability will objects is:
increase due to a decrease in the number of balls in
n!
the bag) n
Cr =
r! (n − r)!
​ ​ ​

Multiplication Law for IEs:

P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B) Order does not matter

In other words, the probability that events A and B occur is 5.3. Permutations
just by multiplying them.
The number of ordered arrangements of r objects taken
from n unlike objects is:
5. Permutations and
n!
Combinations nP
​

r ​ =
(n − r)!
​

Order matters
5.1. Factorial
The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a 6. Probability Distribution
line is n!
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable
Total arrangements for a word with repeated letters: is a listing of the possible values of the variable and the
(Number of Letters)! corresponding probabilities
Total of all probability always equals 1
(Repeated Letter)!
​

Can calculate unknowns in a probability distribution by

If more than one letter repeated, multiply the factorial of the summing them to equal 1
repeated in the denominator
Total arrangements when two people be together:
{S05-P06} Question 3:
Consider the two people as one unit A fair dice has four faces. One face is coloured pink, one is
orange, one is green and one is black. Five such dice are
Example: thrown and the number that fall on a green face is counted.
In a group of 10, if A and B have to sit next to each other, The random variable X is the number of dice that fall on a
how many arrangements are there? green face. Draw up a table for probability distribution of X,
Solution: giving your answers correct to 4 d.p.
Solution:

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This is a binomial distribution where the probability of We can calculate the probability there is at least 1 boy
success is 14 and the number of trials is 5
​ present from 5 drama students using a binomial distribution
3
with 5 trials and P of success = 14 ​

x n−x
1 3 Find probability of 0 and subtract answer from 1:
P (X = x) = nCx ( ) ( )
4 4
​ ​

P (X ≥ 1) = 1 − P (X = 0)
The dice are rolled five times thus the number of green faces
one can get ranges from 0 to 5 3 0 11 5
P (X ≥ 1) = 1 − 5C5 × ( ) ×( )
Use formula to obtain probabilities e.g. P (X = 1) , 14 14
​ ​ ​

1 4
1 3 P (X ≥ 1) = 0.701
P (X = 1) = 5C1 ( ) ( ) = 0.3955
4 4
​ ​ ​

Thus, draw up a probability distribution table 8. Discrete Random Variables

8.1. Probability Distribution Tables
To calculate the expected value of a random variable or
7. Binomial Distribution its mean:

E (x) = μ = ∑ xi pi
Conditions:
​ ​

To calculate the variance of a random variable, first

Only 2 possible outcomes & are mutually exclusive
calculate the expected value of a random variable
Fixed number of n trials
squared
Outcomes of each trial independent of each other
Probability of success at each trial is constant
E (x2 ) = ∑ (xi ) × pi
2
​ ​

n x (n−x)
P (X = x) = Cx × p × q
Finally, to calculate the variance
​ ​

Where p = probability of success

σ 2 = ∑ (xi − μ) pi = ∑ x2i pi − μ2
2
q = failure = (1 − p) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

n = number of trials
A binomial distribution can be written as:
{W11-P63} Question 3:
X ∼ B(n, p) A factory makes a large number of ropes with lengths either
3m or 5m. There are four times as many ropes of length 3m
as there are ropes of length 5m. One rope is chosen at
{W11-P62} Question 6: random. Find the expectation and variance of its length.
In Luttley College; 60 of students are boys. Students can Solution:
choose exactly one of Games, Drama or Music on Friday From information given, calculate probabilities
afternoons. 75 of the boys choose Games, 10 choose Drama
4
and remainder choose Music. Of the girls, 30choose Games, P (3m Rope) =
5
​

55 choose Drama and remainder choose Music. 5 drama

students are chosen. Find the probability that at least 1 of 1
P (5m Rope) =
them is a boy. 5
​

Solution:
Calculate expectation/mean
First, we calculate the probability of selecting a boy who is a
drama student; a conditional probability: 4 1
E (x) = ∑ xi pi = (3 × ) + (5 × ) = 3.4
5 5
​ ​ ​ ​

P (Boy∣Drama)
P (S ) =
P (Drama)
​

Calculate expectation squared

P (S ) = 4 1
P (Boy) × P (Drama) E (x2 ) = ∑ (xi )2 × pi = (32 × ) + (52 × ) = 12.2
5 5
​ ​ ​ ​

(P (Boy) × P (Drama)) + (P (Girl) × P (Drama))

​

Calculate the variance

0.6 × 0.1 3
P (S ) = =
(0.6 × 0.1) + (0.4 × 0.55) 14 σ 2 = ∑ x2i pi − μ2 = 12.2 − (3.42 ) = 0.64
​ ​

​ ​

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8.2. Binomial Distribution d) Find P (X < 8)

Solution:
Part (a) ‎To get a score of 4, there are 3 ways to do it:‎
X ∼ B(n, p)
To calculate the expected value of a random variable or
0+4
its mean with a binomial distribution: ‎

E (x) = μ = np 1+3
To calculate the variance: ‎
2
σ = np(1 − p) 2+2
‎
{S11-P63} Question 6: So now we calculate each probability then add them up:‎
The probability that Sue completes a Sudoku puzzle correctly
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( )( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) =
is 0.75. Sue attempts 14 Sudoku puzzles every month. The
number that she completes successfully is denoted by X . 6 6 6 6 6 6 12
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Find the value of X that has the highest probability. You may
assume that this value is one of the two values closest to the Part (b)
1
mean of X . This is a geometric distribution; its mean must be μ = p ​

1
Solution: Because p = 12 ​

Calculate the mean of X

∴ μ = 12
E (X ) = 14 × 0.75 = 10.5
Part (c)
Successful puzzles completed has to be a whole number so First obtained in the 6th throw means P (X = x), using the
can either be 10 or 11. formula for geometric mean:
P (10) = 14C10 × 0.7510 × 0.254 = 0.220 1 1
6−1
P (X = 6) = ( ) (1 − )
​

P (11) = 14C11 × 0.7511 × 0.253 = 0.240 12 12

​ ​

Probability with 11 is higher ∴ P (X = x) ≈ 0.0539

X = 11 Part (d)
Finding P (X < 8) means that we must sum all the
probabilities from x = 0 to x = 7. Let us use the summation
8.3. Geometric Distribution notation to make calculations much simpler

X ∼ Geo(p) 7
1 1
n−1
∑ (1 − )
12 12
​ ​ ​

A Geometric distribution can be written as: n=1

x−1 7
P (X = x) = p(1 − p) 1 11
n−1
= ∑( )
12 n=1 12
​ ​ ​

p = Probability of success
Only for x ≥ 1 and x a positive integer
This is just a geometric series since our r is between -1 and 1,
Mean of a Geometric Distribution:‎
−1 < r < 1. Let us use the formula of the sum of geometric
1 series:
μ= ​

p N
1 − rN
∑ a (r)
n−1
{‎ S20-P51}‎Question 1:‎ =a
1−r
​ ​

The score when two fair six-sided dice are thrown is the s‎ um n=1
of the two numbers on the upper faces
1 Applying it:
a) Show that the probability that the score is 4 is 12​ ‎
The two dice are thrown repeatedly until a score of 4 is 1 11 n−1
7
1 1 − ( 11
7
‎obtained. The number of throws taken is denoted by the ∑( ) = 12 ) ​

12 n=1 12 12 1 − 11
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

‎random variable X .‎ 12 ​

b) Find the mean of X . 1

Both the 12 cancels, leaving us with:
c) Find the probability that a score of 4 is first ‎obtained on
​

the 6th throw.‎

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11 7 2. Find the probability of P (X ≥ 25)

1−( ) ≈ 0.456
12
​

Change from greater than to less than using:

9. The Normal Distribution P (Z ≥ a) = 1 − P (Z ≤ a)

P (X ≥ 25) = 1 − P (X ≤ 25)
Using the probability from above

P (X ≥ 25) = 1 − 0.8944 = 0.1057

3. Find the probability of P (X ≤ 12)

Standardize the probability
{W13-P61} Question 1: 12 − 20
It is given that X ∼ N (30, 49), Y ∼ N (30, 16) and Z ∼ Z= = −2
4
N (50, 16). On a single diagram, with the horizontal axis
going from 0 to 70, sketch 3 curves to represent the Change from negative value to positive by:
distributions of X, Y and Z .
P (Z ≤ −a) = 1 − P (Z ≤ a)
Solution:
For X , plot center of curve at 30 and calculate σ = 49 ​

P (Z ≤ −2) = 1 − P (Z ≤ 2)
Plot 3 × σ to the left and right i.e. 30 − 21 = 9 and 30 +
21 = 51. Follow example for the other curves. Search for 2 in the normal tables

P (Z ≤ −2) = 1 − 0.9773 = 0.0228

4. Find the probability of P (10 ≤ X ≤ 30)

Split inequality into two using:

P (a ≤ Z ≤ b) = P (Z ≤ b) − P (Z ≤ a)

P (10 ≤ X ≤ 30) = P (X ≤ 30) − P (X ≤ 10)

Standardize values
9.2. Standardizing a Normal Distribution
= P (Z ≤ 2.5) − P (Z ≤ −2.5)
To convert a statement about X ∼ N (μ, σ 2 ) to a
Convert negative value to positive
statement about N (0, 1), use the standardization equation:
= P (Z ≤ 2.5) − (1 − P (Z ≤ 2.5))
X −μ
Z=
Search for 2.5 in the normal tables
​

9.3. Finding Probabilities = 0.9938 − (1 − 0.9938) = 0.9876

Example: 9.4. Using Normal Tables Given

For a random variable X with normal distribution
Probabilities
X ∼ N (20, 42 )
{S12-P61} Question 6:
Solution: The lengths of body feathers of a particular species of bird
are modelled by a normal distribution. A researcher
1. Find the probability of P (X ≤ 25) measures the lengths of a random sample of 600 feathers
and finds that 63 are less than 6 cm long and 155 are more
Standardize the probability than 12 cm long.
25 − 20 i. Find estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the
Z= = 1.25 lengths of body feathers of birds of this species.
4
​

ii. In a random sample of 1000 body feathers from birds of

Search for this value in normal tables this species, how many would the researcher expect to find
with lengths more than 1 standard deviation from the mean?
Φ (1.25) = 0.8944 Solution:
Part (i):

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Interpreting the question and finding probabilities: For X∼ B(n, p) where q = 1 − p:

P (X < 6) = 0.105 P (X > 12) = 0.258 np > 5 and nq > 5
For X < 6, the probability cannot be found on the tables
which means it is behind the mean and therefore we must If conditions are met then:
find 1− and assume probability is negative
X ∼ B (n, p) ⇔ V ∼ N (np, npq )
−P (X < 6) = 0.895
9.6. Continuity Correction Factor (e.g. 6)
Using the standardization formula and working back from
the table as we are given probability
Binomial Normal
6−μ x = 6 5.5 ≤ x ≤ 6.5
= −1.253
​

σ x > 6 x ≥ 6.5
Convert the greater than sign to less than x ≥ 6 x ≥ 5.5
P (X > 12) = 1 − P (X < 12) x < 6 x ≤ 5.5
x ≤ 6 x ≤ 6.5
P (X < 12) = 1 − 0.258 = 0.742
{S09-P06} Question 3:
Work back from table and use standardization formula On a certain road 20% of the vehicles are trucks, 16% are
(12 − μ) buses and remainder are cars. A random sample of 125
= 0.650
​
vehicles is taken. Using a suitable approximation, find the
σ probability that more than 73 are cars.
Solve simultaneous equations Solution:
σ = 3.15 and μ = 9.9 Find the probability of cars
Part (ii):
Greater than 1sd from μ means both sides of the graph 1 − (0.16 + 0.2) = 0.64
however area symmetrical ∴ find greater & double it Form a binomial distribution equation
Using values calculated from (i)
X ∼ B(125, 0.64)
P (X > (9.9 + 3.15) = P (X > 13.05)
Check if normal approximation can be used
Standardize it 125 × 0.64 = 80 and 125 × (1 − 0.64) = 45
13.05 − 9.9 Both values are greater than 5 so normal can be used
=1
3.15
​

X ∼ B (125, 0.64) ⇔ V ∼ N (80, 28.8)

Convert the greater than sign to less than
Apply the continuity correction
P (Z > 1) = 1 − P (Z < 1)
P (X > 73) = P (X ≥ 73.5)
Find probability of 1 and find P (Z > 1)
Finding the probability
P (Z > 1) = 1 − 0.841 = 0.1587
P (X ≥ 73.5) = 1 − P (X ≤ 73.5)
Double probability as both sides taken into account
Standardize it
0.1587 × 2 = 0.3174 73.5 − 80
Z= = −1.211
28.8
​

Multiply probability with sample ​

0.3174 × 1000 = 317 birds As it is a negative value, we must one minus again

9.5. Approximation of Binomial 1 − (1 − P (Z < −1.211) = P (Z < 1.211)

Distribution Using the normal tables

The normal distribution can be used as an approximation P = 0.8871

to the binomial distribution
For a binomial to be converted to normal, then:

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