B. Tech.

Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III

Building Services and Maintenance –

Session-1 (02/01/2024)
BCI6603B

Dr. Prachi Ingle

 Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust (PCET)
Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering
(Autonomous Institute)
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute, NBA Accredited, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Academic Year: 2022 – 2023

B. Tech.
Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III
Building Services and Maintenance –
BCI6603B

Course Coordinator
Dr. P. V. Ingle
Outline of the content
• Institute : Vision, Mission • CO – PO/PSO Justification
• Program: Vision, Mission • CO Assessment tools
• PEO’s, PO’s, PSO’s • Content Delivery Method
• Teaching Scheme • Lesson Plan Unit wise
• Prior knowledge for the • Strategy for weak learners
course • Unit-wise Marks distribution for
• Course Objectives Exams
• Course Outcomes • Reference Books
• Course Outcomes with
Blooms level
• CO – PO/PSO Mapping

3
INSTITUTE
VISSION MISSION
To serve the Society, To serve the needs of Society at
Industry and all the large by establishing state-of-
Stakeholders through the the-art Engineering,
value-added Quality Management and Research
Education. Institute and impart Attitude,
Knowledge and Skills with
Quality Education to develop
individuals and teams with
ability to think and analyze right
values and self-reliance.
4
 Program
VISION MISSION
To develop a
To be recognized as one
multidisciplinary
of the leading
approach to relate civil
department in respect of
engineering challenges
professional education
to social and human
and innovation in the
context through team
western region.
spirit, right attitude,
morals, and higher
education.
5
Program Education Objectives (PEO’s)
• To impart sound academic fundamentals among the students to
formulate, analyze and solve civil engineering problems.
• To develop student’s ability to adopt and apply recent trends in Civil
Engineering.
• To prepare students for the challenging needs of the civil engineering
profession and higher academic pursuits.
• To develop professional ethics among students for functioning as an
individual or in a team for betterment of society and environment.
6
 Program Outcomes (PO’s)
• Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex civil engineering
problems.
• Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
physics, chemistry and engineering geology.
• Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex civil engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
• Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions. 7
 Program Outcomes (PO’s)
• Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex Civil engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
• The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal issues like water management, waste management, air & water pollution, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
• Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
• Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.

8
 Program Outcomes (PO’s)
• Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
• Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
• Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the Civil
engineering and Construction management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
• Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

9
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)
• The graduate will be able to apply necessary Civil Engineering
knowledge, skill sets for quality construction work in infrastructural and
industrial development.

• The graduate will be able to demonstrate skill sets required for

entrepreneur in civil engineering.

10
 Building Services and Maintenance
Lecture: 3 Hours. Credit-3 Hours

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Lecture Tutorial Credits Hours IE MTE ETE Total

03 - 03 03 20 30 50 100

Tuesday - 2:00pm to 3:00 pm

Thursday - 2:00pm to 3:00 pm
Friday - 2:00pm to 3:00 pm

11
Course Objectives:
To develop concepts of management of building services
provisions.

To learn the synchronization of construction activities with

installation of building services.

To study the suitable electrical and mechanical services, fire

protection, acoustic and sound insulations.

12
 Course Outcomes:
After learning the course, the students should be able to:
1. Understand different building services provisions.
2. Interpret the importance of building ventilation.
3. Distinguish the suitable electrical as well mechanical services for particular
requirements of buildings.
4. Discover the knowledge of Fire Protection, Acoustic, Sound Insulations.
5. Provide awareness of laws and regulations of water supply systems related to
building services.
6. Select different types of maintenance in building services.

13
 Course Outcomes With Mapping Level of Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Understand different building services provisions. L2
Create L6
Interpret the importance of building ventilation. L2/
L3 Evaluate L5
Distinguish the suitable electrical as well mechanical L4 Analyse L4
services for particular requirements of buildings.
Apply L3
Discover the knowledge of Fire Protection, Acoustic, L4
Sound Insulations. Understa L2
nd
Provide awareness of laws and regulations of water L4
supply systems related to building services. L1
Remember

Select different types of maintenance in building

services.
L5
14
CO-PO/PSO Mapping
POs PSOs
Course Bloom’s
Outcome Taxonomy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 I II *L2 - Understand

1 L2
*L3 - Apply
3 3 - - - - - - - - 2 2 3 -
*L4 - Analyze
2 3 2 3 - 2 - 3 - - - - 3 3 - L2/L3 *L5 - Evaluate

3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 3 - L4

4 3 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 3 - L4

5 3 - - - - - - 2 - - 2 2 - 3 L4

6 3 2 - - - 2 - - 3 - - - - 3 L5

15
CO Assessment Tools
CO 1 IE - 1 & MTE

CO 2 IE - 1 & MTE

CO 3 IE – 2 & MTE
End Term Exam
CO 4 IE - 2

CO 5 ETE

CO 6 ETE
16
Internal Evaluation Tools
❖ CA ( Continuous Assessment) : IE -1 (Unit I & II) – before MTE (10 Marks)
IE -2 (Unit III & IV) – before ESE (10 Marks)

❖ Exam Pattern for IE-1 - Assignment based field study

❖ Exam Pattern for IE-2 - Case Study based approach

17
Content Delivery Method Offline Platform

Online Platform
⮚ Classroom Delivery

⮚ Guest Lectures

Google
Google Meet
Classroom
18
 Lesson Plan Unit Wise
No. of lectures
No. of No of
required for
Unit No Chapter Name lectures lectures Shortfall Solution
effective
assigned available
completion

I Introduction to Building Services: 7 --- --- --- ---

II Building Ventilation 8 --- --- --- ---

Electrical Services & Mechanical

III 8 --- --- --- ---
Services in Building
Fire Protection, Acoustic and Sound
IV 8 --- --- --- ---
Insulations
Water and Sanitation Water quality
V 7 --- --- --- ---

VI Building Maintenance 7

19
Strategy for Identification of Advanced Learners
Planning To accelerate the
Identification of Advanced Learners
Improve Performance

1. Ability to Solve Assignment Questions. 1. Additional tasks related to field

2. Attentiveness and activeness. survey.
3. Midterm Examination Result. 2. Providing supplementary materials
for better understanding of the
content.
3. Suggestion for opted for NPTEL
courses.

20
Strategy for Identification of Weak Learners
Planning To Improve
Identification of Weak Learners
Performance

1. Class Test Performance. 1. Remedial sessions.

2. Attentiveness. 2. Discussion and personal Attention.
3. Midterm Examination Result. 3. Providing some additional
assignments.

21
Unit-wise Marks Distribution for Exam
Exam Unit Wise
------ IE-1 IE-2 MTE ETE Marks
Unit
Unit 1 5 - 15 5 25
Unit 2 5 - 15 5 25
Unit 3 - 5 20 5 25
Unit 4 - 5 20 25
Unit 5 20 20
Unit 6 25 25
Total Marks 20 20 50/30 70 100

22
 Detailed Syllabus
UNIT 1
Introduction to Building Services: Definitions, Objective and uses of
services, Applications of services for different types building considering,
Classification of building services, Types of services and selection of
appropriate services for given project.

UNIT 2
Building Ventilation: Natural and artificial lighting principles and factors,
Arrangement of luminaries, Distribution of illumination, Utilization factors,
Necessity of Ventilation Types – Natural and Mechanical Factors to be
considered in the design of Ventilation.

23
 Detailed Syllabus
UNIT 3
Electrical Services & Mechanical Services in Buildings: Electrical services in
the building Technical terms and symbols for electrical installations and
Accessories of wiring, Systems of wiring Plumbing & Air Conditioning Air
Conditioning Air Distribution system, Cleaners.

UNIT 4
Fire Protection, Acoustic and Sound Insulations : Introduction, Causes of
fire and Effects of fire, General Requirements of Fire Resisting building as
per IS and NBC 2005, Requirement of good Acoustic, Various sound
absorbent, Factors to be followed for noise control in residential building.

24
Detailed Syllabus
UNIT 5
Water and Sanitation Water quality, Purification and treatment- water
supply systems-distribution systems municipal bye laws and
regulations, Rain Water Harvesting Sanitation in buildings arrangement
of sewerage systems in housing.

UNIT 6
Building Maintenance: Role of maintenance in durability and
serviceability of buildings Economic aspects of maintenance. Different
types of maintenance.

25
References:
1. Building Construction Dr. B. C. Punmia Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Building Construction P. C. Varghese PHI Learning (P) Ltd., New
Delhi.
3. Building repair and Maintenance Management P. S. Gahlot CBS
Publishers & Distribution(P) Ltd.

1. A text book on Building Services R. Udaykumar Eswar Press,

Chennai
2. Building Services S. M. Patil Seema Publication, Mumbai Revised
edition
3. National Building Code of India - 2005 Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS, New Delhi
26
Thank You!

27
 Background of Construction Industry (CI)?

• CI contributes 8-10 % GDP.

• Different background people (skilled)
• Reliant sectors
• Fragmented industry
• Project based industry
• Prototype cannot be tested
• Tendency to award the contract at short
time
• Prefabrication components
• Increasing client demands
• Male dominated culture

28
Project
• According to the PMBOK (Project Management Body of
Knowledge) 3rd edition, A project is defined as a “temporary
endeavor with a beginning and an end and it must be used to
create a unique product, service or result.”

Projects

Construction
organizations
Construction
Industry

29
Type of Projects
• Residential Construction Projects

• Commercial Projects

• Infrastructure Projects

• Industrial Construction Projects

• Institutional Construction
Projects

30
Types of Projects

31
Commercial projects

32
Infrastructure Project

33
Building Services and Maintenance

34
Building Services and Maintenance
Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable,
functional, efficient and safe.
•Building control systems.
•Energy distribution.
•Energy supply (gas, electricity and renewable sources such as
solar, wind, geothermal and biomass).
•Escalators and lifts.
•Fire safety, detection and protection.
•Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
•Information and communications technology (ICT).
•Lighting.
•Lightning protection.
•Refrigeration.
•Security and alarm systems.
•Water, drainage and plumbing.
35
Building Services and Maintenance
• Building maintenance refers to activities performed to retain and
restore the functionality of residential and commercial properties.

• It includes tasks such as cleaning, landscaping, and electrical

system maintenance.

• It aims to preserve a safe, functional, and comfortable

environment for tenants at all times.

You need to understand the basic knowledge about building services

36
 Building Services and Maintenance
What is building services?
• Lighting, heating and ventilation, plumbing, lifts, security, power supply etc.
• Inside building that makes comforts.

What makes building come to life

✓ Energy supply
✓ Air conditioning- (IT)
✓ Water, drainage and plumbing
✓ Natural and artificial lightings
✓ Escalators and lifts
✓ Ventilation and refrigerators
✓ Security and alarm system(Gandhinagar)
✓ Fire protection

37
Unit 1:Introduction to Building Services:
Generally, the building system consist three main
factor that able to create a comfortable built
environment product:
• Stakeholders

• Architectural (design): design concept,

building impression, function, zonings,
circulations, etc.

• Structural (build ability): materials, structure

systems, foundation, etc.

• Services (operational and maintenance): fresh

water, sewerage, electrical, communication,
air conditioning, fire protection, etc.
38
 Project Management using MSP

• Background of Construction Industry.

Client

Customers Consultant

Project
Stakeholder

Architectu
Contractors
re
Iron Triangle
Subcontrac
tors
Traditional Approach of project delivery.

39
Building Services
• Building services are the dynamics in a static
structure, providing movement,
communications, facilities and comfort.

• Building services has evolved in response to

the demands of population growth and the
expectation of comfortable shelter,
convenience and a healthy home and
workplace environment.

• The building services industry is based on

engineering principles that are applied to the
construction of buildings and the built
environment. The industry is generally
divided between design and installation.

40
Building services Heating, ventilation, and air
Conditioning (HVAC) systems, a
potable water supply, disposal of
fluid waste and organic matter and
electrical systems require a
significant amount of space.

Because much of the hardware for

these systems is normally hidden
from view-within concealed
construction spaces or special
room-the layout of these systems
should be carefully integrated with
each other as well as with the
structural, enclosure systems of the
building and architectural
appearance of building.
41
Building services

42
Building services

• Architects have learnt to accept and

accommodate the increased need for
pipes, ducts and cabling encroaching on to
their designs.

• `I do not like ducts, I do not like pipes. I hate

them so thoroughly, I feel that they have to
be given their place. If I just hated them and
took no care, I think they would invade the
building and completely destroy it.'
(Louis Kahn –World Architecture 1964).

43
 • Not all architects have chosen to
Building services compete with the ducting and
mechanical plant.
• Some have followed the examples of
Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers by
integrating it with the construction
and making it a feature of the
building, viz. the Pompidou Center
in Paris and the Lloyds Building in
London.
• Building is a leading example of
radical Bowellism architecture in
which the services for the building,
such as ducts and elevators, are
located on the exterior to maximise
space in the interior.

44
Building services

45
Architect in Construction
Process

46
Architecture and building services

47
Have you seen this type of buildings

48
Building services

49
Building services

50
BIM- basic tool, clash detection, walkthrough, Ex. L&T

51
52
Few pictures

53
Few pictures
RERA Real Estate
(Regulation and
Development) Act,
2016

54
Building services: Objective and uses of services
• In case of Covid-19, it has brought permanent changes in lifestyles. Indoor.
• Building plays important roles.
• Origin of high rise buildings- US.
• Almost top 50 tallest skyscrapers are located in Asia.
• Dubai- is world largest building. (2010)- 828 meters.
• Indian Scenario: list of 150m.
• More of 100 buildings.

55
Building services: Objective and uses of services
• To preserve in good condition buildings and services.
• To extend the usual life of the buildings and prevent premature capital
outlay for replacement.
• To satisfy lender/insurer requirement to provide a safe, secure and
efficient working and living environment and to avoid deterioration of
physical assets.
• The deterioration of building due to the lack of maintenance could lead
to future financial burdens, pose legal and other Industrial Relation issues
and affect the delivery of services.

56
Building Services includes
• Building Services represent 30-50% of the construction costs in buildings 40-50%
of the energy consumed are due to buildings.
• Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make comfortable,
functional, efficient and safe.
Background
• ASHRE was formed in 1959 by the merger of American Society of Heating and
A/C engineers founded in 1894 and American Society of Refrigerating Engineers
founded in 1904.
• Building Services were formally recognized in 1976 with the formation of
“Chartered Institution of Building Services (CIBS).

• MEP:

• Fire fighting
57
 Introduction to HVAC
H- Heating
V- Ventilation
Ac- Air conditioning
Heating: In few countries the atmospheric temperature is low.
Body temperature.

Ventilation: Change the existing air with fresh air.

58
Introduction to HVAC
• Ventilation: Air exchange process.
• Air conditioning: Basic principle is to recycle the air in that available
space.
• 90-95% the air gets recycled.

Imagine if you place the air conditioning in parking or

kitchen or bathroom?

59
 HVAC
• Design Engineer and Site Engineer (supervise).
Role of HVAC Engg.
• Heating and cooling load calculation: room wise temperature, ASHARE standards
overview.
• Ventilations (remove the co2 gases), no of ventilations
• Coordination with Archi and Civil Engg. (At time pre planning stage).
• Cost of HVAC – Estimation and costing.
• Creating layout of HVAC- different software (Autocad, MEP)
• GPM calculations (Gallon Per minutes)- the requirement of pump, water pump
power.
• Static pressure calculations for Air handling unit- air flow for room.
It is the resistance to airflow in ductwork or other components.
• Documentation- all standards and quantities.
• Problem solving.
• Management- good service.

60
HVAC
Purpose: 1. Heating for human comfort 2. Industrial requirement for products.
Types of heating: 1. Force air (heating coil) 2. Radiant (wall & floor piping of hot water).
Equipment: 1. Gas, furnace, electric 2. oil, gas boilers 3. Heat pump (absorb heat from
outside).

Ex. Glass. Why the western countries have used glass?

HVAC
Use: Reduce humidity, odour, smoke, Heat, Dust, Bacteria, Carbon dioxide from air.
Types: Natural ventilation 2. Forced ventilation/Mechanical.
Application: Tunnels, car parking, kitchen, warehouses

61
Air Conditioning- based on season
Summer air conditioning: Main aim is to cool the air inside the
room. Consists of air cleaning, air cooling, dehumidification and
air circulation.
A dehumidifier is an air conditioning device which reduces and
maintains the level of humidity in the air

62
 Air Conditioning- based on season
Winter air conditioning: Main aim is to heat the air inside the room. Consists
of following actions: air cleaning, air heating, humidification, air circulation.

Humidification is a process in which the water vapor is added to the air without
a variation in temperature.

63
Air conditioning
• Window A/C- implements a complete air conditioning in a
small space. the units are made small enough to fit into a
standard window frame. Built into wall or window with the warm
part outside and the cooling part inside.

• Split A/C- In case of larger air conditioning application. this

splits the hot side from cold side of the system.

64
The factors considered for selection of HVAC
systems in a given building

• Climate (e.g., temperature, humidity, and space pressure)

• the age of the building
• the individual preferences of the owner of the building
• and a designer of a project
• the project budget
• the architectural design of the buildings
• building capacity,
• operating cost and maintenance cost,
• life cycle analysis

65
Classification and requirement of HVAC systems
• central system
as conditioning entire building as a whole unit
• decentralized or local system
decentralized as separately conditioning a specific zone as part of a building.

66
Requirement of HVAC systems
Primary equipment: heating equipment: steam boilers and hot water boilers to heat
buildings or spaces,
air delivery equipment: centrifugal fans, axial fans,
refrigeration equipment: cooling coils based on water from water chillers.

Space requirement: Equipment rooms: It is preferable to reduce the long duct, pipe,
and conduit runs and sizes, to simplify shaft layouts
HVAC facilities: boiler units, pumps, heat exchangers.
Fan rooms : HVAC fan equipment, Vertical shaft: water and steam pipe distribution
Equipment access: equipment during the installation, replacement, and maintenance.

Air distribution: ductwork that delivers the conditioned air to the desired area.
piping system is used to deliver refrigerant, hot water, cooled water, steam, gas

67
Lifts and Elevators
• A hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a
car or platform that moves along guides in a shaft, in
a substantially vertical direction and that transports
passengers or goods, or both, between two or more
floors of a building.
• Passenger lift : Lift designed for the transport of
passengers.
• Hospital lift : transportation of patients in stretchers
or standard hospital beds and of attendants
accompanying them.
• Goods lift : for the transport of goods, but which
may carry a lift attendant or other persons necessary
for loading and unloading of goods.
68
Components of an elevator
Car : The load-carrying element of an
elevator, including platform, car frame,
and car door or gate.
Buffer : A device for stopping a
descending car beyond its bottom
terminal by absorbing and dissipating
the kinetic energy of the car.
Hoist way : A shaft for travel of one or
more elevators.
Counterweights: Power requirements
of the driving machine for moving the
car are reduced by hanging a
counterweight on the hoisting ropes.

69
Classification
• Traction
• Hydraulic
• Climbing
Traction
• Car is pulled up by means of rolling steel
ropes over deeply grooved pulley.
• Weight of car balanced with counterweight
• Friction b/w ropes & pulley gives traction as
pulley rotates.
Types:
• Geared
• Pulley connected to motor with gears.
• Gearless
• Pulley connected directly to high torque AC
motor.

70
Hydraulic
Hydraulic pressure to push
✓ Slower than traction
✓ Not for > 8 storey
✓ Can accommodate more weight than
traction
Types
Conventional: Hydraulic piston push the
car upward.
Roped: Use combination of rope &
hydraulics.

71
Climbing Elevator
Climbing elevator hold their own
power device on them, mostly electric
or combustion engine.
Used for maintenance of building
Less capacity

72
Design Considerations of Passenger Elevator
Two basic considerations
Quantity of service
Passenger handling capacity during peak hours
Quality of service
Waiting time of passengers at various floors.

Quantity of service:
Depend on the characteristics
• Number of floors to be served by the lift;
• Floor to floor distance;
• Population of each floor to be served; and
• Maximum peak demand

73
Design Considerations of Passenger Elevator
Quality of service.
Quality of Service or Acceptable Interval
20 to 25 seconds Excellent
30 to 35 seconds Good
36 to 40 seconds Fair
45 seconds Poor
Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory.

74
Speed of lifts in different occupancies
Passenger lifts –
Low and medium class flats -0.5 m/s
Office buildings, hotels -0.5-0.75 m/s
Large flats -0.75-1 m/s
Hospitals -above 1.5 m/s
Departmental stores - 2-2.5 m/s
Goods lifts
Normal case - 0.25-0.5m/s
Serving main floors -1 m/s
Hospital bed lift
Short travel in small hospital -0.25 m/s
Normal -0.5 m/s
Long Travel lift in large hospital -1 m/s
Capsule lift
75
Positioning of Lifts
• Easily accessible from all entrances
• Not all lifts should be in straight line
• Corridor should be wide enough to allow space for
waiting passengers
• “alcove” arrangement.
a small area in a room where one part of the wall is further
back than the rest of the wall.

76
Task Given
Quantity of service:
Depend on the characteristics
• Number of floors to be served by the lift;
• Floor to floor distance;
• Population of each floor to be served; and
• Maximum peak demand

Quality of Service or Acceptable Interval

• 20 to 25 seconds excellent
• 30 to 35 seconds good
• 36 to 40 seconds fair
• 45 seconds poor
• Over 45 seconds unsatisfactory.
Speed of lifts
77
 Mechanical services: Lift
What all parameters you will take into consideration while designing the
position of lift ?

• locating lifts centrally within a building to minimize horizontal travel distance.

• Position, relative to entrances and stairs.
• In case of large buildings - group of lifts near the main entrance and single lifts at
the ends of the building.
• Lift lobby- wide.
• Tall building above 15 floor: high speed express lifts may be used which by-
pass the lower floors.

78
Requirements of having lift
• Above three storeys high.
• Essential in all buildings over a single storey if they are accessed by the elderly or disabled.
• Minimum standard - one lift per four storeys.
• Minimum walking distance to access a lift - 45 m.
• Floor space and lift car capacity can be estimated at 0.2 m2 per person.
• Sufficient floor space is necessary for the inspection and repair of equipment - see BS 5655.
• Lifts and service lifts: for guidance on machine room dimensions relative to capacity.

To prevent condensation the room must be well insulated and heated to provide a design air
temperature between 10C and 40C.

79
Lift performance depends on
• acceleration
• retardation
• car speed
• speed of door operation; and
• stability of speed and performance with variations of car load.
Criteria for the comfort and convenience of lift users:
• Call buttons at landings.
• Call buttons to be at a level appropriate for use by people with disabilities and small children.
• Call lights and indicators with an audible facility.
• Lobby space of sufficient area to avoid congestion by lift.

80
Mechanical services: ESCALATORS
• What all parameters you will take into consideration while designing the position of
lift ?
• locating lifts centrally within a building to minimize horizontal travel distance

81
Escalators (IS: 4591: 1968)
o Power driven, inclined and continuous stairway
o To move large no. of people
o No need of operators
o Large capacity and low power consumption
o Reversible in direction
o Normally positioned where traffic heavy
o Normally installed in pairs

82
 Escalators
Pulley
mechanism

Floor
Plate

83
Features of Escalators
Essential Parts: steel trussed frame work, handrails, endless belt with steps
Speed and slope
• Speed-450 mm/sec
• Slope 30 degree normally
• For rise<6m & speed< 0.5m/s, slope can be increased to 35 degree
Location
• Type of building
• Peak traffic times
• Population factor
• Travel comfort

84
Escalator arrangement

CRISS PARALLEL
85
Mechanical services: Ramps
Ramp is an inclined plane joining two floors and is mainly used for carrying people machinery,
equipment's, trolleys,cars,etc.to upper floors in multi-storeyed building and public buildings.

86
Where ramp is seen commonly?
Types of Ramp:
a) Straight ramp b) Zigzag ramp

• Ramps have been built with

slopes up to 15% (15 ft in 100
• Exterior location is preferred
for ramps
• Length of ramp should be 9 m.
• Landing-min width 1.5m,
handrails-0.8 m high

87
Mechanical services: Fire Fighting system
• To make building safe.
• To protect human life and property, strictly in case of fire.

88
Water Storage tank

Underground Ground Level Top of Building

89
Fire Fighting system
How much water should be there
• Store of water always remains same. in tanks?
• Separated from the tanks used to
supply water to occupants Code:
1. Light Hazard: schools, offices,
residential buildings
2. Medium Hazard: Factories
and warehouses
3. High Hazard: foam factories,
firework factories, paint
factories.
(use flammable materials)

90
Fire Fighting System
Quantity of water to be stored= Hrs of pumping capacity.

Light Hazard: 1 Hr capacity

High Hazard: 3-4 hrs capacity

91
Fire Fighting system- Pump

Pump room

92
4 Types of Pumps are used

All are identical in capacity expect the Jockey Pump

93
Jockey Pump

94
Due t0 any reasons electricity fails then this pumps will not work.

Once started expect in Jockey pump, the only way to switch off is to do manually.
As Per International code of practice.
Agent storage : protection of fire.
Gases, water.
Fire detectors: smoke detector,
temperature sensors.
Control panel: message.
• Equipment will shutdown.
• HVAC shutdown.
• Fire Alarm
• Dedicated 120 VAC power. (major
equipment)
• Sprinkler or water showering will
start.

95
Introduction to Electrical system:
Basic purpose:
• The electrical load estimation.
• Proper connections and proper
wiring.
• Proper load.

• Ex. If we have building, 5KV load

• Distribution of 5KV in each zone,
rooms, socket, AC.
• How to disturb 5KV load.
• No gadgets and electrical system
cant work.
96
Electrical system
• Natural calamities Ex. Cyclones.
• Proper stable power supply, planning of electric system, stand by DG power
supply are important.
• In construction phase electricity requirement is needed.
• In case of coastal belt lighting work need to done carefully.
• Good quality of Electrical products should be recommended.
• Medium and Low voltage cables are separated and routed in fire rated spaces and
have to be properly installed and supported.
• Power back up systems, including both the life safety systems (emergency
lighting, fire pump, smoke evacuation) and stand by power system for business
continuing.
97
Electrical system
• Location of electrical generator room. (Basement with ventilation).
• Fuel storage.
• Planning on this in advance.
• In case of high rise building, medium voltage primary distribution has to
be planned as close as primary load center.

98
Mechanical services: Gas Pipelines
Gas Supply:
• cooking gas, commercial gas, oxygen &
nitrogen gas in hospitals Storage, Piping,
Pressure Regulation & Supply of gas from its
container to required area.

• Natural gas: non poisonous , non toxic,

odorless

Three types of pipeline:

1. Mild steel pipe: most commonly used.
2. MDPE pipe: polythene pipe are used for
transport.
3. GI Pipe: low pressure connection. (prefer
above ground)
4. Coupling: It is very short in length.

99
Mechanical services: Plumbing
• The water supply from
Corporation.
• Distribution of water.
• Supply and drainage
channel.
• Basic concepts of FM.

100
 Mechanical services: Fire fighting Lifts
• growing number of high rise buildings would require special provisions for fire
control.
Special provisions for firefighting lifts:
• Minimum internal dimensions of 1.1 m wide x 1.4 m deep x 2.0 m high.
• Manufactured from non-combustible material.
• A two-way intercommunications system installed.
• Door dimensions at least 0.8 m wide 2.0 m high of fire resisting construction.
• Two power supplies mains and emergency generator.

101
Classification of Buildings
According to National Building code of India 1970, Different classification (or) types of
buildings on the basis of occupancy are:

Group A – Residential Buildings

Group B – Educational Buildings
Group C – Institutional Buildings
Group D – Assembly Buildings
Group E – Business Buildings
Group F – Mercantile Buildings
Group G – Industrial Buildings
Group H – Storage Buildings
Group I - Hazardous Buildings

102
 Group A – Residential Buildings
•Sleeping accommodation is provided
•Permanently or temporarily dwelling
•With or without cooking or dining or facilities
•Example: apartments, flats, bungalows,
dormitories, private houses, hotels, hostels,
cottages, holiday campus, clubs, motels, etc.

Group B – Educational Buildings

•Buildings meant for education

•Example: schools, colleges, universities,
training institutes, etc.

103
 Group C –Institutional Buildings
•Any building used for the purposes such as
medical, health, recovering health after illness,
physical or mental disease, care of infants or
aged persons, panel detention, etc.
•Normally provide sleeping accommodation
for the occupants.

Group D –Assembly Buildings

•Building where groups of people assemble or

gather for amusement, recreation, social,
religious, patriotic or similar purpose,
•Example: theatres, cinema halls, assembly
halls, auditorium, exhibition halls, museums,
gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship,
passenger stations, public transportation
services, etc. 104
Group E –Business Buildings:

•Building which is used for purposes such as

transaction of business, keeping of accounts and
records, dispensaries and clinics, news stands, barber
shops, banks, city halls, etc.,

Group F – Mercantile Buildings :

•Building which is used as shops,

stores, market for sale and display of
products or wares either wholesale or
retail.

105
Group G – Industrial Buildings :

•Building or structure in which

products are fabricated, assembled
or processed.
•Example: laboratories, assembly
plants, laundries, gas plants, power
plants, refineries, diaries, etc.

Group H – Storage Buildings :

•Building structures which are primarily used

for storage or sheltering of goods, wares,
merchandise, vehicles or animals.
•Example: ware houses, cold storages,
depots, store houses, truck terminals,
garages, etc.
106
Group I – Hazardous Buildings :

•Building structures which are used for the storage,

handling, manufacture of materials which are liable
to burn with extreme rapidity and prove hazardous
to health, building or building contents.
•Buildings used for storage of gases under high
pressure or for storage and handling of highly
flammable liquids or explosive materials, explosives,
fire works, etc., are included in this group.

107
Selection of appropriate services for given project.
• The identification and definition
of business needs, which are the
drivers in most construction
projects.
• Time, Cost and Quality(Airport)
aims.
• The National Building Code (NBC) is
a document that provides guidelines
for construction of structures.

108
Choosing building services

109
Thank You!

110