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 History and Generations
First Generation (1945-1955 Approx.)
1. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes for circuitry.
2. Magnetic Drum for memory.
3. Programming language – machine language
4. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I , IBM-701, IBM-650
Second Generation (1955-1965 Approx.)
1. Transistors were used that invented by J. Bardeen, H.W. Brattain and W. Shockley.
2. Magnetic Core was used for primary storage.
3. Programming language – assembly language
4. magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
5. IBM 7094, 1401, IBM 650, ATLAS, CDC 1604, 3600, NCR 304,
UNIVAC 1108
CDC (Control data Corporation),
NCR (National cash register)

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 Third Generation (1965-1971 Approx.)
1. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs)
(invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce) in place of transistors.
1. Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
2. High level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)
3. keyboard, monitor, printer, multiprogramming.
4. IBM 360, 370, PDP 8, 11, UNIVAC AC9000, Honeywell-6000 series

Fourth Generation (1971-1990 Approx.)

1. Computers of fourth generation used (VLSI) circuits.
2. Programming language – (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.)
3. Devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.
4. Memory –RAM, ROM.
5. Time sharing, Real time, Distributed and Networks OS.
6. Apple Macintosh, IBM PC, SUN SPARC, STAR 1000.

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 Fifth Generation (1990-Till Date)

1. Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the

Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method.
ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
2. Language – understand natural language (human language).
3. Device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input
(recognize voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc.
4. HVD Technique and Advancement of Supercomputing
5. Laptop, Desktop, Notebook, Ultrabook, Chromebook

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Abacus
The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the
first computing device. It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.
Napier's Bones
It was a manually-operated calculating device, invented by John Napier in 1600-1614.
In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to
multiply and divide.
Pascaline
Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was invented in 1642 by a
French mathematician Blaise Pascal. Due to the invention of Pascaline calculator Blaise Pascal is
also known as Father of calculator.
Jacquard loom
In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom in 1801 that uses
punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs.

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Difference Engine
In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern
Computer".
Analytical Engine
This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1834. Ada Lovelace was the
first programmer.
Morse code and Telegraph system
In 1836-1838, Morse Code invented by Samuel Morse (US)
First Typewriter
The first typewriter to be commercially successful was patented in 1868 by Americans
Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule.
Tabulating Machine
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician.
It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards. This machine
was used in the 1890 U.S. Census.

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Z1
The Z1 was a motor-driven mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1937, 1st
general purpose programmable Computer.
ABC Computer
In 1939-1942, Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and his graduate assistant, Clifford Barry,
built the first truly electronic computer, called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer or ABC.
Mark I
In 1944, Howard Aiken, Mark I computer was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It
was the first programmable digital computer.
ENIAC
It was the first programmable, electronic, general purpose digital computer. Full form of ENIAC is
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly in 1943-1946.
EDVAC
1949-EDVAC (Electronic discrete variable automatic computer). It was
binary rather than decimal and was designed to be a stored
program computer.

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EDSAC
EDSAC, in full Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, the first full-size stored-program
computer, built by Maurice Wilkes and others.

UNIVAC
1951 -UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was release which was the world’s first commercial
computer. by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Mouse
In 1964 Douglas Engelbart invented first mouse.

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Data – Data is a raw information or unprocessed information.
Information – Information is a meaningful data or a processed data, or we can say that after
processing data is converted into information.
Programs – Collection of instruction or commands.
Software – Collection of programs to performs some specific task.
Softwares are of two types – System and Application software

System Software System software provides a base platform to execute and development different
types of other programs.
Ex:- Operating system, BIOS, Linker and Loader, Language translators, Utility software.
Language translators - Assembler, compiler, Interpreter.
Utility Software
Utility Softwares are used to enhance the performance of a system and devices.
Ex:- Antivirus, Data backup software, Desktop cleaner, Disk cleanup, Firewall,
File management tools, Compression software, Disk Defragmenter,Driver, etc.

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Application Software
An application software is designed and developed for the users to perform some specific tasks like
writing a letter, listening to music or seeing any video.
MS Word, Word pad, Word star, Corel WordPerfect, Google Docs, MS Access, FileMaker, dBase,
Clipper, MySQL, FoxPro, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, Adobe
Photoshop, Picasa, VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, MS
Outlook, MS Power point, MS Excel, Lotus 123.
Firmware
• It is actually a permanent software which is installed in the system’s read-only memory.
• It offers vital information regarding how a particular device interacts with different other hardware.
Freeware
• These software are available free of cost.
• A user can easily download them from the internet and can easily use them
without paying any charges or fees.

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Shareware
• This software is distributed freely to users on a fixed trial basis.
• It generally comes with a set time limit, and on the expiration of the time limit, the user is finally
asked to pay a fixed fee for the continued services.
Open source Software
• Such types of software are usually available to users along with their source code which means
that the user can easily modify and distribute the software as well as add additional features to
them. They can either be chargeable or free.

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Computer Hardware
All the physical components that grouped and form a complete system are known as hardware.
Example: - Motherboard, RAM, ROM, Hard disk,
monitor, keyboard, mouse etc.
System Unit
The system unit is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that perform
operations and produce results for complex calculations. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM
and other components.
Microprocessor
It is often thought of as the engine of the computer. It is also called the CPU. Microprocessor is a
solid-state central Processing unit much like a computer on a chip. An integrated circuit that
accepts coded instructions for execution. processor is the brain of the system.
Buses
Address bus, Data bus and Control bus
Ports
Ports are connecting socket outside the system into which different
types of cables are plugged.
 Input Process Output Storage
1. Keyboard 1. Microprocessor 1. Monitor 1. HDD
2. Mouse 2. RAM/ROM 2. Printer 2. FDD
3. Trackball 3. Mother board 3. Plotter 3. CD, DVD, BRD, HVD
4. Light pen 4. Buses 4. Projector 4. Pen drive
5. Stylus 5. Speaker 5. Memory card etc.
6. Scanner
7. Joystick
8. OMR
9.
10.
OCR
MICR
IPOS Chart
11. BCR
12. QR
13. Biometric
14. WEBCAM
15. Touch pad
16. Microphone
17. Pen tab
Keyboard
• Alphabet (A – Z, a - z), Number keys(0-9), Function key (F1 to F12).
• Modifier keys (Ctrl, ALT, Shift), Indentation key (Tab key).
• Toggle keys (Caps lock, num-lock, Scroll lock).
• Navigation keys (Arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down).
• Special symbols (!, @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + - = [ ] \ { } | ; ’ : ” , . / < > ? )
• Keyboards are connected to the computer through USB or Bluetooth.
• 104 Key in Standard keyboards. 17 keys in Number pad.
Mouse
It is a pointing device to point out any object on screen.
Types of mouse – 1. Mechanical Mouse 2. Optical mouse

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Track ball
It is also a pointing device that can be used instead of mouse.
Now a days it is used in mobiles to control the pointer.
Light Pen
It is also a pointing device. It can be used for digital signature.
It can work with any CRT based monitors
Stylus
It is a pen-shaped input device used to write or draw
on the screen of a graphic tablet or device.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device that reads an image and converts it into a digital file.
A scanner is connected to a computer through USB.
There are different types of scanners:
Flatbed scanner, Sheetfed scanner, Handheld scanner
Joystick
A joystick is an input device commonly used to control video games.
OMR
Optical mark recognition (also called optical mark reading and OMR) is the process
of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests.
MICR
Magnetic ink character recognition code, known in short as MICR code, is used
mainly by the banking industry to clearance of cheques and other documents.
OCR
Optical character recognition (OCR) software works with your scanner to
convert printed characters into digital text.
BCR
A Barcode reader or Barcode scanner is an electronic device which is
able to scan and decode barcodes.

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QR
A QR code (short for "quick response" code) is a type of barcode that contains a matrix of dots.
Microphone
It is used to convert sound waves into electric waves or input the audio into computers.
Touch pad
A touchpad or trackpad is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor, a specialized surface that
can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on the operating
system that is made output to the screen.
Touch Screens
Touch screens are devices that allow a user to provide input to a computer or electronic system
by making physical contact or near-contact with the system's display.

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Biometric devices
A biometric device is a security identification and authentication device. Such devices are
based on a physiological or behavioural characteristics.
Pen tab
A graphics tablet (also known as a digitizer, drawing tablet, drawing pad,
digital drawing tablet, pen tablet, or digital art board) enables a user to
hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with a special pen-like stylus,
similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper.

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Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information
into human-readable form.
It can be text, graphics, audio, and video.
Some of the output devices are Monitor, Printer, projector, Plotters, Speakers etc.

Monitor
It is known as standard output device. The monitor displays video and graphics information,
user interface and other programs, allowing the user to interact with the computer.
Types of monitors:
1.CRT (cathode ray tube)
2.TFT (thin film transistor)
3.LCD (Liquid crystal display)
4.LED (Light emitting diode)

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Printer
It is an output device and used to convert the soft copy to hard copy.

Types of Printers
1. Impact printer – Daisy wheel, dot matrix, drum, chain/band printer
2. Non-Impact printer – Inkjet, laser, thermal

Types of printers based on colors:

1. Monochrome (black and white)
2. Color
C-Cyan
M-Magenta
Y-Yellow
K-Key(Black)

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Plotter
A plotter can be used to produce high quality, accurate and bigger drawings.
Generally plotters are used in CAD, CAM applications such as house maps
banners, hoardings and car parts etc.

Projector
A projector is an output device that projects an image onto a large surface, such
as a white screen or wall. It may be used an alternative to a monitor or television
when showing video or images to a large group of people.

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Operating system
• It is an example of System software.
• It is a collection of integrated programs that is used to control the resources of computer system.
• This is why it is also known as the resource controller of our system.
• It works as an interface between user and hardware.

Functions of OS
• Process Management
• Device management
• Memory management
• File management
• Messaging service
• Error detection
• Security
• Command interpretation

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Windows
• WIN(In short) means Windows.
• Full form - Wide Interactive Network Development For Office Work Solution.
• Inbuilt web browser is Internet Explorer.
• Microsoft Edge browser is for Windows 10.
Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, Windows NT 3.1 – 3.5, Windows 95,
Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP, Windows Vista,
Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Windows 11

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Mac OS
• Full form is Macintosh Operating system.
• First version of macOS was known as Classical Mac OS.
• It was designed by Apple in 1984.
• Inbuilt web browser is Safari.
List of macOS version names
10.0: Cheetah 10.11: El Capitan
10.1: Puma 10.12: Sierra
10.2: Jaguar 10.13: High Sierra
10.3 Panther 10.14: Mojave
10.4 Tiger 10.15: Catalina
10.5 Leopard 11: Big Sur
10.6 Snow Leopard 12: Monterey (announced 7 Jun 2021)
10.7 Lion
10.8 Mountain Lion
10.9 Mavericks
10.10: Yosemite

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Android
• It is associated with Google.
• It is an open source operating system.
• First version was released on Sept 2008.
Android 1.0, Android 1.1, Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb
Ice cream sandwich Jelly bean, KitKat, Lollipop, Marshmallow, Nougat, Oreo, Pie
Android 10 Q, Android 11, Android 12 TBA

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LINUX
• It was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
• It is not associated with any company.
• It is an open source operating system.
• It is highly secured operating system.

Some examples of Linux OS-

Debian, Gentoo, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS,
Fedora, Kali Linux, Arch Linux, OpenSUSE, Mandriva, Slackware

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UNIX
• Old name of UNIX is UNICS.
• Full form of UNIX or UNICS is “Unilpexed information and computing system”.
• Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser operating systems.
• Unix was developed in the 1971 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie, and other.

DOS
• MS – DOS – Microsoft disk operating system by (Microsoft).
• PC – DOS – Personal Computer disk operating system (IBM).
• DR – DOS – Digital Research disk operating system (DR).
• It is command line operating system.
• It is Single user and single tasking Operating system.

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1. Batch Operating System
• These are oldest system.
• To speed up the processing, operator batches together jobs with similar needs and
ran them through the computer as a group.
• If one job is fully executed, than only another job will be executed.
• Example – Payroll system, Banking system etc.

2. Multiprogramming Operating System

• There are one or more jobs loaded into memory which
are ready to executed.
• In multiprogramming CPU never sits idle.
• Multiprogramming increase CPU utilization.

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3. Time sharing /multi-tasking Operating System
• It is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
• Main objective to use multitasking is to minimize response time.
• Time is shared to execute a particular job.
• Unix, windows, Linux etc.

4. Multiprocessing Operating System

• Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or more central
processing units (CPU) within a single computer system.
• Increase throughput.
• Economical of scale.

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5. Real time Operating System
• The real-time operating system used for a real-time application
means for those applications where data processing should be
done in the fixed and small quantum of time.
Types of Real-Time Operating System
1. Soft Real-Time Operating System : Example are a digital camera, mobile phones, etc.
2. Hard Real-Time Operating System :
Examples are Airbag control in cars, anti-lock brake, engine control system, etc.
6. Network Operating System
• Network Operating System is an operating system that includes special
functions for connecting computers and devices into a (LAN) or Inter-
network.
• Short form of Network Operating system is NOS.
• Novell Netware, Windows NT/2000, Linux, Sun Solaris, UNIX,
and IBM OS/2.

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 SRAM DRAM
• SRAM is fast and more expensive. • DRAM is slow and Less expensive
• Uses more power, because it requires • Uses less power consumption, because
constant power supply. data stored in capacitor
• Generate more heat • Generate less heat
• SRAM uses flip-flops to store single bit of • For controlling transistor are used and to
data store data capacitors are used.
• No need to refresh for maintaining data • Needs to be refreshed thousand times

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 Secondary Memory

SASD DASD/RASD

Magnetic Optical Flash

Disk Disc Memory

Floppy CD-ROM/R/RW Pen Drive

Hard Disk DVD-ROM/R/RW Memory Card
BRD
Mini MMC Micro SD
Magnetic HVD
Tape
SDSC SDHC SDXC SDUC

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 Memory Hierarchy

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Virtual Memory
• To load an application or to perform some task the extra memory (apart from RAM) that
is borrowed from Hard disk, is known as virtual memory or extended RAM. Limit of
Virtual memory – RAM X (1.5 to 3).

Cache Memory
• Cache is a very high speed, expensive memory.
• Cache is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.
• Cache is used to match the speed of RAM and CPU.
• The cache memory is used to store data that is frequently accessed.

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0 or 1 1 Bit
4 Bits 1 Nibble
Various Storage
8 bits 1 byte units
1024 Byte 1 KB (KiloByte)
1024 KB 1 MB (MegaByte)
1024 MB 1 GB (GigaByte)
1024 GB 1 TB (TeraByte)
1024 TB 1 PB (PetaByte)
1024 PB 1 EB (ExaByte)
1024 XB 1 ZB (ZetaByte)
1024 ZB 1 YB (YotaByte)
1024 YB 1 BB (BrontoByte)
1024 BB 1 GeopByte
1024 GeopByte 1 SaganByte
1024 SaganByte 1 PijaByte
Data Communication
Exchange of data between two or more devices via some of the transmission medium
such as wire/wireless.
There are five components used in data communication:
• Sender
• Receiver
• Transmission medium
• Message
• protocols

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What are analog and digital signal

Analog signal Digital signal

• Analog signal can have infinite number of • Digital signal can have a limited number
values in a range. of values.
• An analog signal transmit data in the form • A digital signal carries data in the binary
of a wave. form i.e. 0 and 1.
• Slow transmission. • Fast transmission.

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Data flow / Transmission Modes
• Simplex Transmission
• Half duplex Transmission
• Full Duplex Transmission

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Network and their types
What is Network?
Computer network is a collection of two or more nodes and devices linked together
for exchanging information, data or resources.

Types of Networks

PAN LAN MAN CAN WAN

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1. PAN – Personal Area Network

• PAN offers to make connections of multiple devices or other equipment

within 10 meters approximate.
• PAN network enables with few computer devices, telephones, laptop,
PDAs, printers, smart phone, electronic devices and other wearable
computer devices.
2. LAN - Local Area Network
• A LAN is a group of computer and devices which are connected in a limited area such as
school, home, and office building. It is a widely useful network for sharing
resources like files, printers, games and other application.
• Uses a single internet connection among all the LAN users.
3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
MAN is, a City level network, larger than LANs and smaller
than WANs. It mostly covers towns and cities in a Approx.
50 km range. Mostly used medium is optical fibers cables.
Cable TV is an example of MAN.

4. WAN – Wide Area Network

A WAN can cover large geographical area such as country, continent or even a whole
world. Internet connection is an example of WAN. Cost of investment is very high.
Difficult to maintain. More errors. More time to resolve.
5. CAN – Campus Area Network
CAN network helps to link couples of LANs with small geographical space such as
schools, university campuses, and corporate buildings. CAN is larger to LAN but it
smaller than WAN and MAN networks.

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Network Topology
• It is a physical architecture of a network.
• There are mainly five topologies
1. Bus / linear topology
2. Ring topology
3. Star topology
4. Mesh topology
5. Tree topology

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1. Bus / Linear Topology
Bus topology is also called as a linear bus topology.
It is Multipoint connection.
Central cable failure.
Slow Transmission.
It provides unsecured medium.
Terminators are used at the end of the central cable.
2. Ring / Circular topology
In ring topology, Nodes are connected in a circular manner to each other.
It is Point to point structure.
Slow Transmission.
System or cable failure.
No security of data.
All computers must be turned on.

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3. Star topology
In this, all the devices are connected to a centralized device
known as HUB/Switch in the structure of a “STAR”.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Secured transmission.
3. Fast Data Transmission.
4. Central device failure.
5. Expensive due to the cost of cables and HUB/Switch.

4. Mesh Topology
In Mesh Topology, every node in the entire network is directly connected to every other.
1. It is a Point to point Structure.
2. Fast Transmission.
3. Secured Transmission
4. Highly complex structure.
5. Most expensive topology due to the amount of cables.
5. Tree topology
Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topology. Tree topology is made by
connecting various star topologies via central bus backbone cable.
1. It is used for expansion of the network.
2. It is highly expensive.
3. Even more Complex installation.
4. Error detection and correction is easy.
5. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected.

6. Hybrid topology
1. Hybrid topology is a custom topology.
2. It is a combination of two or more standard topology including Bus, Ring & Star
topology.
Transmission media

Transmission media can be defined as something that can carry information

from a source to a destination.
 Twisted pair cables
• A twisted-pair cable consists of two conductors twisted together, One of the wire
used to carry signal to a receiver, and the other is used only as a ground reference.
• There are two types of twisted pair cables
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• RJ-45 Connector is used to connect it.
Coaxial cables
• A coaxial cable is used in video, communications, and audio.
Most users use coaxial or coax cable to connect their TVs to a cable TV service.
• BNC (Bayone-Niell-Concelman) connector is used to
connect Coaxial cable.
Fiber optic cables
• A fiber optic cable contains optical fibers (usually glass) coated in plastic
• Fiber optic cables are used to send the in the form of light.
• Connectors are used
• SC (subscriber channel) – for cable TV
• ST (Straight Tip) – for networking device
• MT-RJ (mechanical transfer) like RJ-45

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Unguided Media

Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.

This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.

• Radio waves frequency range (3KHz – 1 GHz)

Multicast communications such as AM/FM Radio, TV,
Cordless phones etc.
• Microwaves frequency range (1 GHz – 300 GHz).
Unicast communications such as cellular phones,
satellite networks and wireless LANs.
• Infrared frequency range (300 GHz – 400 THz)
Infrared signals are used in short range
communication in closed area using line of sight. such
as TV remote.

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 What is OSI Model?
• The full form of OSI is “Open system interconnection”.
• It is a model or an architecture, not a protocol.
• It describes “How to transfer the data from sender to receiver”.
• In 1984, the OSI model was approved as international standard by ISO.
• ISO stands for “International Organization for Standardization”.
• There are seven layers that is why this model is also known as seven Layered
Architecture/Model.

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OSI Model
Functions of layers
5. Session layer –
1. Physical layer – • Time management.
• To define the specifications of medium. • communication controlling.
• To convert the data in the form of bits and • Synchronization.
transmit it over medium. To define topologies,
medium, speed, transmission modes. 6. Presentation layer –
2. Data Link Layer • Data is presented in the form size, type,
• Construction of data frame. encryption-decryption and compression.
• Error detection and controlling. 7. Application layer –
• Data flow controlling. • It provides a user interface or platform to
• Physical addressing (Mac Addressing). transmit or receive the data. web
3. Network layer – browser.
• Logical addressing (IP addressing).
• Routing and Packet delivery.
4. Transport layer –
• It provides a reliability of error free, end to
end data delivery and correct destination.
• Segmentation and reassembly.
 Physical Ethernet and WIFI standards

Data link PPP, SLIP

Network IP ( IPV4, IPV6), ICMP, IGMP, OSPF, ARP, RARP

Transport TCP, UDP

Session SAP, SQL
Presentation JPEG, MIDI, MIME
Application HTTP, HTTPS, WWW, TELNET, SNMP, SMTP, POP, DNS, DHCP, FTP, WAP

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What is HTTP?
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
When you enter http:// in your address bar in front of the domain, it tells the browser to
connect over HTTP. HTTP uses port 80, to send and receive data packets over the web.
What is HTTPS?
HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (also referred to as HTTP over TLS
or HTTP over SSL). When you enter https:// in your address bar in front of the domain, it
tells the browser to connect over HTTPS. HTTPS uses port 443, within a connection
encrypted by Transport Layer Security (TLS).
World Wide Web
World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of
websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local
computers through the internet.

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Telnet (TErminaL NETwork) is used to access the remote computer.
SNMP SNMP is used to exchange management information between network devices.
It is one of the most common protocols used for network management. SNMP is defined by
the Internet Engineering Task Force.
SMTP is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol allows applications to transmit email
messages over the Internet.
POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol revision 3. This protocol handles the receiving of email
messages from your mail server.
DNS (Domain Name System) helps to resolve the host name to an address. It uses a
hierarchical naming scheme and distributed database of IP addresses and associated names.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management
protocol used to dynamically assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address
to any device, or node, on a network so they can communicate using IP.

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FTP (File Transfer Protocol) The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard communication
protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer
network.
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a technical standard for accessing information
over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile
devices such as mobile phones that use the protocol.
SAP Short for Session Announcement Protocol, an announcement protocol used to
communicate the relevant session setup information to prospective participants during
multicast sessions. SAPs typically use the Real-Time Transport Protocol.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used by network devices,
including routers, to send error messages and operational information
indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address.

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IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a communications protocol used
by hosts and adjacent routers on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships.
IGMP is an integral part of IP multicast and allows the network to direct multicast
transmissions only to hosts that have requested them.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing protocol that is used to find the best
path between the source and the destination router using its own Shortest Path First.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Reliable and Connection oriented Protocol
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Unreliable and Connection less Protocol
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP → MAC
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) MAC → IP

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Full forms of Various Protocols
HTTP - Hypertext transfer Protocol
HTTPS - Hypertext transfer Protocol Secured
WWW - World Wide Web
Telnet - Terminal Network
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
POP - Post Office Protocol
DNS - Domain Name System/Server
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
WAP - Wireless Application Protocol
JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface

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MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
SAP - Session Announcement Protocol
SQL - Structured Query Language
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
ICMP - Internet control Message Protocol
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
RARP - Reverse ARP
PPP - Point to Point Protocol
SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol

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 Connecting devices

Physical Hub, Modem, Repeater, Gateway

Data link Bridge, Switch, Gateway
Network Router, Gateway
Transport Gateway
Session Gateway
Presentation Gateway
Application Gateway

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Gateway
• Gateway is a combination of Software Bridge
and hardware. • It is used to connect same or similar
• It is used to connect different types of types of two or more networks.
two or more networks. • It is also used to divide a big network
Router into two or more small networks.
• Router works as a data traffic controller in
a network. MODEM
• Addressing and routing are the functions • Modulator and demodulator.
of Router. • Modulation and demodulation.
• Digital to analog or vice-versa.
Repeater
• Repeaters are used to recharge or
regenerate or re-boost the week signals to
transmits the signals for long distance.

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 History of internet
• 1969 – ARPANET (Advance research project agency) First network of world.
• 1971 – Email (@) by Ray Tomlinson.
• 1973-74 – Ethernet by Robert Metcalfe.
• 1974 – Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf refer to the term "Internet" for first time in their
notes regarding TCP.
• 1983-84 – The Domain Name System (DNS)
• 1989 – WWWC.
• 1990-91 – The first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, was created by Tim Berners-Lee.
• 1990 – Archie search engine (first search engine) by Alan Emtage.
• 1993 – First Graphical browser MOSAIC, by Marc Andreessen, at NCSA.
• 1995 – Internet launched in India by VSNL.

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Dial-Up internet uses a modem to connect to an active telephone line and dials
a phone number provided by the ISP that is connected to another computer.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL is a communication medium used to transfer high speed
internet over standard copper wire telecommunication line. DSL offers the best cost,
connectivity and services over other internet access types like broadband.

What is ISDN?
ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It’s a set of communication standards
that uses digital transmission to make phone calls, video calls, transmit data and other
network services over the circuits of the traditional PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network). ISDN was introduced in 1986 by BT.

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URL Address
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, or in other words, the web address of an
online resource, i.e. a web site or document.
HTTPS://www.xyz.com/asdef/jopl?color=bk&Positivity=False

What are Domain Names?

Domain names are enable computers to find the server where your website is hosted.
Types of Domain:
1. Top level Domain.
2. Sub domain.

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List of Domains
.com - Commercial Organizations
.org - non-profit organizations
.info - Information service providers
.edu - Educational institutions
.ac.in - Academics in India
.gov - Govt. websites
.Int - International Organizations
.mil - Military groups
.def - Defense sites
.co.in - commercial in India
.net - network centers
.aero - Airlines and aerospace sites
.biz - Businesses or firms

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E-mail

• Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is
exchanged between two users over telecommunications.
• More plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or
other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of
individuals.
• The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971.
E-mail address overview
abc@gmail.com

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List of Web Browsers

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 MAC address
• MAC address is known as Physical address.
• The size of MAC address is 48 Bits/6 Bytes.
• It works on Data link layer of OSI model.
• It is of Hexadecimal format.
• Format of MAC address is
AD : 34 : 87 : 44 : 6F : C3
______________________________________________ _____________________________________________

Manufacturer ID Ethernet Card

Serial Number

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 IP address
• IP address is Logical address of our system and it is used to uniquely identify a
system in a network.
• It is of two type as follows
IPV4 (32bits/4Bytes) IPV6 (128bits/16Bytes)
• Format of IPV4 Address is
223.56.190.43
• Format of IPV6 Address is
AD2C:58B9:A212:0752:A8B9:400C:0500:004D

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Classes of IP addressing

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 Private and public IP addresses

Public IP address :
• A public IP address is the address allow direct access to internet.
• IT can be found at www.whatismyipaddress.com
• Some authorities are responsible to manage these public addresses
• ICANN : Internet Corporation Authority Name and Numbers
• IANA : Internet Assigned Name and Numbers
• RIR : Regional Internet Registry
• ISP : Internet Service provider

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 Private and public IP addresses

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 Static and Dynamic IP addresses

Static IP address :
1. A permanent address that is assigned to a system by network admin manually.
2. Less secure.
3. Does not change automatically after it is assigned to a computer.

Dynamic IP address :
1. A Temporary address that is assigned to a host automatically by DHCP Sever.
2. More secure as compared to Static IP.
3. Changes automatically if connection is reset or
DHCP Lease expires.

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 APIPA
APIPA – Automatic Private IP addressing
APIPA is a special feature of windows operating system that enables computer to
automatically self configure an IP address and subnet mask when DHCP server is not
reachable.
Range of APIPA is : 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
Subnet mask is : 255.255.0.0

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 What is Number System?
When we type any letter, number or Special character on computer, then computer
converts all the thing into computer understandable thing,
that is, What Number
So finally, we can say that the system can understand only numbers nothing else.
Binary Number system

Octal Number system

Types of
Number system
Decimal Number system

Hexa-decimal Number system

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 Properties of Number System

Binary Number System Octal Number System

Base –2 Base –8
Digits – 0,1 Digits – 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Example – (1010111)2 Example – (4567)8

Decimal Number System Hexa-Decimal Number System

Base – 10 Base – 16
Digits – 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Digits – 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Example – (4597)10 Example – (45CD7)16

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 What is Database Management System?
DBMS = Database + Management System

What is Database?
Collection of interrelated data is known as Database.

What is management system?

A set of programs that is used to create and maintain a database.

What is DBMS?
DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and set of programs
that enables user to create and maintain a database.”

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 Sequence of Database

Std ID Std Name Std Phone

1 A 9877123345
2 B 9764423134
3 B 8654465736
4 C 8434398767

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File Oriented approach:
In this approach all data stored in various files of different formats,
and it needs different applications to extract data from / add data
to files, so it is very difficult to use in proper way.

Disadvantages of file oriented approach:

1) Data redundancy – Repetition of data.
2) Data inconsistency – No proper updation of data in all files.
3) Difficulty in accessing data– Accessing of data is very difficult.
4) Data isolation – Creating application of every file of different format and location.
5) Integrity Problems – No proper validation of data in file approach.

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ER Database Model (ER Diagram)
• E. R. model is Entity Relationship database model. It is graphical representation of DB.
• The Entity-Relation model represents real-world entities and the relationship between
them.
Symbols are Used in ER Database Model
Relational Database model
In relational model, the data and relationships are represented by
collection of inter-related tables. Each table is a group of column and rows,
where column represents attribute of an entity and rows represents records.
1. Attribute – Attributes are the properties which define a relation.
2. Tables – In the Relational model the relations are saved in the table format.
3. Tuple – It is nothing but a single row of a table.
4. Relation Schema – A relation schema represents the name of the relation with its attributes.
5. Degree – The total number of attributes which in the relation.
6. Cardinality – Total number of rows present in the Table.
7. Relation instance – The set of tuples of a relation at a particular instance of time is called
as relation instance.

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Primary Key is used to uniquely identify each record in a table.
Primary Key – Unique + Not Null
When a master table contribute its own primary key to another table, then the
contributed key of another table is known as foreign key or reference key.
SQL – Structured Query Language
• SQL is a special purpose query language, designed for create or manage the RDBMS.
• The SQL programming language was first developed in the 1970s by IBM researchers
Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlin.
• The old name of SQL was SEQUEL (Structured English QUEry Language).
• SQL was one of the first commercial languages to utilize E. F. Codd’s relational model.

Functions of SQL
• Data Definition
• Data Retrieval
• Data Manipulation
• Access Control
• Data Integrity
SQL is divided in four major parts

1. DDL (Data definition language) - It works on Database or Table Schema.

Provides commands to work with Database or table schema (Structure).
Commands - Create/Alter/Drop/Rename/Truncate
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language) – It works in Table Records.
Provides commands to work with Table Records.
Commands – Select/Insert/Update/Delete
3. DCL (Data control language) - It works on Permission or rights.
Provides commands to control the access of database.
Commands – Grant/Revoke
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language) –
It works on transactions or Query results.
Provides commands to control the access of database.
Commands – Commit/Rollback/Savepoint
What are Malwares?
• Malware is stands for malicious software.
• It is small program that can come in our system form anywhere and then
infects or harms our system.
Types of Malwares
• Virus
• Worm
• Trojan horse
• Spyware
• Adware
• Rootkit
• Keyloggers
• Logic bomb
• Time Bomb
• Ransomware

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VIRUS
Vital Information resource under siege.
A virus is a small program that replicates itself by attaching itself to other executable
files. The host file containing the virus, is required to spread virus in system.
File Virus, Macro Virus, Multipartite Virus, Boot sector Virus, Stealth Virus, Cavity
(Space Filler) Virus, Tunneling Virus, Polymorphic Virus, Cluster Virus

WORM
Write Once Read Many.
A computer worm is a program that replicates itself.
Worms are distinct from viruses in that they do not require a
host program to run.
Trojan Horse
By definition a Trojan does not self-replicate. Like the horse, a Trojan program is a
delivery vehicle; the Trojan horse appears to be a very useful program of some type but
when a certain event occurs, it does something nasty and often destructive to the system.
Spyware
Spyware is a type of malware that is installed on a user's computer to collect personal
information or monitor internet browsing activities.
Rootkit
Rootkit is an application consists of spyware that hides its own
presence or presence of another malwares on the computer, using
some of the lower layers of the operating system, which makes
them almost undetectable by common anti-malware software.

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Adware
Adware is software that contains advertisements embedded in the application.
Keylogger
A keylogger is a type of surveillance software that has the capability to record every
keystroke you make to a log file, usually encrypted.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that prevents or limits users from accessing their
system, either by locking the system's screen or by locking the users' files unless a
ransom is paid.
Logic Bomb
A logic bomb is a piece of code inserted into a system that
implements a malicious function after a certain amount of time,
or specific conditions are met.

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Bot, Zombie and Botnet
A bot is a software that can be commanded remotely by the attacker. After a device has been
infected by a bot, the infected computer is called as a zombie, because it is being remotely
animated by the attacker.

Hacking, Hacker and Cracking

• In computer networking, hacking is any technical effort to manipulate the normal
behavior of network connections and connected systems. A hacker is any person engaged
in hacking.
Types of Hacking
Ethical hacking Non-ethical hacking
Types of hackers
1. White hat hackers
2. Black hat hackers
3. Gray Hat hackers
4. Script Kiddie
Phishing
Phishing attacks are the practice of sending fraudulent communications that appear to
come from a reputable source. It is usually done through email. Phishing is a common
type of cyber attack that everyone should learn about in order to protect themselves.

Packet Sniffing
Packet sniffing is the act of capturing packets of data flowing across a computer
network. The software or device used to do this is called a packet sniffer.

Spoofing
A spoofing attack is when an attacker or malicious program successfully
acts as another person’s (or program’s) behalf by impersonating data.
Some common types of spoofing attacks include ARP spoofing, DNS
spoofing and IP address spoofing.

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Snooping
Snooping refer to listening to a conversation. For example, if you login to a website that
uses no encryption, your username and password can be sniffed off the network by
someone who can capture the network traffic between you and the web site.
Firewall
A computer firewall is a software program that prevents unauthorized access to or
from a private network.
Authentication
To verify the user id and password.
Authorization
To verify permission, rights and authority assigned to a particular
user to perform some task.
Unsolicited emails
Spam or junk mails
 What is Microsoft Word?

• Microsoft Word is word processing software.

• It is developed by Microsoft and is part of Microsoft Office Suite.
• It enables you to create, edit and save professional documents like letters and reports.
• Microsoft word was released in 1983 as Multi-Tool Word.
• In 1985, Microsoft ported it to the Macintosh which was different from its DOS-based
counterpart, i.e. Macintosh offered various major interface changes.
• In 1989, Microsoft released a new version of Word for its Windows operating systems.
• It was the Microsoft Word who introduced the concept of WYSIWYG (What You See Is
What You Get), i.e. it allowed to create and display bold and italics text.
DOS Based-> Command line interface System

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Page Orientation - Portrait and Landscape.
Alignments - (Left/ Right/ Center/ Justify)
Auto complete - Auto complete is a feature in word that automatically completes the
spelling of days of the week and months of the year that have more than five letters in
their names.
Header & Footer - Header and Footer option is used to display information such as title
and page number of the document.
Editing - To change the value of data is known as editing.
Formatting - To change the look and appearance of data.
Format Painter - to copy the styles and formatting of text and then
apply it to another text.

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Indents - In word processing, the word indent is used to describe the distance, or
number of blank spaces used to separate a paragraph from the left or right margins.
Left, Right, First Line and Hanging Indent.
Margins - the strips of white space around the edge of the paper. Most word
processors allow you to specify the widths of margins. Left, Right, Top, Bottom.
Case 1. Sentence case
2. Lower case
3. Upper case
4. Capitalize each word
5. Toggle case
Superscript - H2O
Subscript - A2 + B 2

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Font Size - Range of font size (1 to 1638).

Table - A combination of rows and columns.

Total number of rows in a table – 32767
Total number of columns in a table – 63

Watermark - A watermark is a faded background image that displays behind the text in a
document.

Mail merge - Mail Merge is a useful tool that allows you to produce multiple letters, labels,
envelopes, name tags, and more using information stored in a list, database, or
spreadsheet. When performing a Mail Merge, you will need a
Word document (you can start with an existing one or create a
new one) and a recipient list, which is typically an Excel workbook.

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Footnote - A footnote is additional information found at the bottom of the current page in a
document.

Endnote - An endnote is similar, but they are only found at the end of a document.

Hyperlink - A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can click on to jump to a new
document or a new section within the current document. (Ctrl + Click).

Macros - A macro is a series of commands (Shortcuts and recording) that is recorded so it

can be played back (executed) at a later time. Macros are great for reducing the amount of
work you have to do on a series of steps that you perform frequently.

Thesaurus - Thesaurus is used for finding a synonym for a word.

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 What is Microsoft Excel?

Excel is a computer application program to create electronic spreadsheets. With in excel user
can organize data, create charts and perform calculations. You can use it to organize your data
into rows and columns. Excel is a convenient program because it allows the user to create large
spreadsheets, reference information from other spreadsheets, and it allows for better storage
and modification of information.

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Active cell — The selected cell in which data is entered when you begin typing.
Workbook — Collection of spreadsheets.
Cell — Intersection of Row and column.
Cell Address – The name of the cell is determined by the name of the column and row
number, such as A7.
Cell Grid – The lines on the worksheet that separate the columns and rows.
File – A document that is stored on a computer. In excel a file is also known as a workbook.
Fill Down – A feature that allows you to copy information in an active cell to another cell
or range of the cells selected vertically.
Fill right - A feature that allows you to copy information in an active
cell to another cell or range of the cells selected horizontally

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Cell Range — A Cell range is a collection of cells that have been identified as a group based
on a variety of criteria. By using a colon (:) between cell references, Excel can determine the
range, also known as an array.
Wrap Text – Automatically adjusting the height of a cell to make all its content visible.
Merged Cell — When two or more cells are combined, it's become what is known as a
merged cell.
Operator — Operators are symbols or signs that indicate which calculation must be made in
an expression. Operators do not necessarily refer to simple mathematical types;
comparison, text concatenation or reference operators also exist.
Formula — A sequence inside a cell that is used to produce a value.
It must begin with an equal (=) sign. This could be a mathematical
equation, cell references, functions or operator. A formula is also
known as an expression.

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Name Box – The small box to the left of the formula bar. It displays the Cell Address or
Name of the current cell.
Formula Bar — Nested between the ribbon and workbook, the Formula Bar will display the
contents of an active cell. In the case of formulas, the formula bar will display all
components of the formula.
Function — Functions are formulas that are pre-built into Excel. They are designed to help
simplify potentially complex formulas in a worksheet.
Filter — Filters are rules that you can employ to decide which rows in a worksheet to
display. These filters can use data such as conditions or values.
AutoFill — This enables you to effortless copy data to more than one cell.
Freeze Panes — Freezing Panes allows you to select specific columns
and/or rows to remain visible on the worksheet, even if you are
scrolling, such as header cells that label a column.

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Labels and values - Entering data into a spreadsheet is just like typing in a word processing
program, but you have to first click the cell in which you want the data to be placed before
typing the data. The labels (composed of letters) are all left justified and the values
(composed of numbers) are all right justified in their cells.
Difference between older and newer version
Excel 2003 Excel 2007
and older version and newer version
1. Extensions .XLS .XLSX
2. Number of Column 256 16384
3. Number of Rows 65536 1048576
4. First cell address A1 A1
5. Last Cell address IV65536 XFD1048576

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 Some facts regarding Excel
1. Total number of characters that a cell can contain - 32,767 characters
2. Sheets in a workbook - Based on available memory
3. Length of formula contents - 8,192 characters
4. Zoom range - 10% to 400%
5. Users who can open and share the file at the same time - 256
6. Hyperlinks in a worksheet - 66,530 hyperlinks

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Telegram channel link: https://t.me/reasoningandcomputerbyyogeshsir
 What is PowerPoint?

• PowerPoint is a graphical presentation program used to organize and present

information.
• PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of individual pages or "slides.”
• Slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects that can be freely
arranged.
• Presentations can be printed, displayed live on a computer, or navigated through at the
command of the presenter.

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 Various tab of MS Word

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 Ctrl+N : Create a new presentation
Ctrl+O : Open an existing presentation
Ctrl+S : Save a presentation
F12 or Alt+F2 : Open the Save As dialog box
Ctrl+W or Ctrl+F4 : Close a presentation
Ctrl+Q : Save and close a presentation
Ctrl+Z : Undo an action
Ctrl+Y : Redo an action
Ctrl+F2 : Print Preview View
F1 : Open the Help pane
Delete : Remove selected text, selected object(s), or selected slide(s)
Alt+Q : Go to the “Tell me what you want to do” box
F7 : Check spelling
Alt or F10 : Turn key tips on or off
Ctrl+F1 : Show or hide the ribbon
Ctrl+F : Find and replace -in a presentation
Alt+F : Open the File tab menu
Alt+H : Go to the Home tab

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 Alt+N : Open the Insert tab
Alt+G : Open the Design tab
Alt+K : Go to the Transitions tab
Alt+A : Go to the Animations tab
Alt+S : Go to the Slide Show tab
Alt+R : Go to the Review tab
Alt+W : Go to View tab
Alt+X : Go to the Add-ins tab
Alt+Y : Go to the Help tab
Ctrl+B : Add or remove bold to selected text
Ctrl+I : Add or remove italics to selected text
Ctrl+U : Add or remove underline to selected text
Ctrl+E : Center a paragraph
Ctrl+J : Justify a paragraph
Ctrl+L : Left align a paragraph
Ctrl+R : Right align a paragraph
Ctrl+T : Open the Font dialog box when text or object is selected

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Home : Go to the first slide, or from within a text box, go to the beginning of the line.
End : Go to the last slide, or from within a text box, go to the end of the line.
Ctrl+Up/Down Arrow : Move a slide up or down in your presentation (click on a slide thumbnail first)
Ctrl+Shift+Up/Down Arrow : Move a slide to the beginning or end of your (click on a slide thumbnail first)
Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Insert : Copy selected text, selected object(s), or selected slide(s)
Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert : Paste selected text, selected object(s), or selected slide(s)
Ctrl+Tab : Switch between open presentations
Ctrl+X : Cut selected text, selected object(s), or selected slide(s)
Ctrl+A : Select all text in a text box, all objects on a slide, or all slides in a presentation
Tab : Select or move to the next object on a slide
Shift+Tab : Select or move to the previous object on a slide
PgDn : Go to the next slide
PgUp : Go the previous slide
Alt+W,Q : Open the Zoom dialog box to change the zoom for the slide
Alt+N,P : Insert a picture
Alt+H,S,H : Insert a shape
Alt+H,L : Select a slide layout
Ctrl+K : Insert a hyperlink

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 List of some important File extensions for exams
.doc - Microsoft Word Document file used by version 2003 and earlier.
.docx - Microsoft Word Document file used by version 2007 and later.
.xls - Microsoft excel file used by version 2003 and earlier.
.xlsx - Microsoft excel file used by version 2007 and later.
.ppt - Microsoft Power-point presentation used by version 2003 and earlier.
.pptx - Microsoft Power-point presentation used by version 2007 and later.
.pps - Microsoft Power-point slideshow used by version 2003 and earlier.
.ppsx - Microsoft Power-point presentation used by version 2007 and later.
.mdb - Microsoft Access database file used by version 2003 and earlier.
.mdbx - Microsoft Access database file used by version 2007 and later.
.bak - Back up file.
.bat - Batch file
.txt - Text file (Notepad file)

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.rtf - Rich text format file
.sys - System file
.exe - Executable file
.dll - Dynamic link library file
.ini - Initialization file
.fnt - Font file
.ttf - True type font file
.apk - Android Package kit
.config - configuration file
.jpeg - joint photographic expert group
.gif - Graphics interchange format file
.bmp - Bitmap image file
.tif/tiff - Tagged image format file
.wma - Window media audio file

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.wmv - Window media audio file
.avi - Audio video interleave file
.mpeg - Motion/Moving picture experts group
.flv - Flash video file
.vob - Video object file
.mkv - Matroska Video file
.obj - Object file
.rar - Roshal archive file
.mime - Multipurpose internet mail extension
.com - Command file
.Ptr - Pointer file
.zip - Compressed file of WinZip
.jar - Java archive file
.c - C language file
.Pkg - package file
.temp - temporary file
.cpp - C++ language file
.java - Java file
.js - Java Script file
.py - Python Language file
.vbs - Visual Basic Script file
.php - Hypertext Preprocessor
.Cs - C sharp language File (C#)
.Css - Cascading Style sheet
.Htm/html - Hypertext mark-up language
.xhtml - Extensible Html
.Wml - Wireless mark-up language
.Xml - Extensible Mark-up language
.Asp - Active server page
.jsp - Java server page
.ico - Icon file

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Thank you