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DB - Presentation 1

The document discusses a database concepts and technologies course. It covers topics like types of databases, problems with file-based systems, database management systems, data modeling, and database characteristics including data abstraction and concurrency control. A brief history of database development is also provided.

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39 views23 pages

DB - Presentation 1

The document discusses a database concepts and technologies course. It covers topics like types of databases, problems with file-based systems, database management systems, data modeling, and database characteristics including data abstraction and concurrency control. A brief history of database development is also provided.

Uploaded by

Cyprian Amponsah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSM 297

Database Concepts and Technologies I

Michael Franklin Bosu


Course Administration
Lectures
Labs
3 Assignments (20 marks)
Mid Semester Examination
Text Book:1. Fundamentals of
Database Systems: 5th Edition by
Elmasri/Navathe
2. Database Systems: 4th Edition by
Connolly/Begg
Lecture 1

Introduction To Databases
Outline
Types of Databases and Database
Applications
Characteristics of file-based systems.
Problems with file-based approach.
Basic Definitions
Typical DBMS Functionality
Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY)
Main Characteristics of the Database
Approach
Advantages of Using the Database Approach
History of Databases
Types of Databases and Database
Applications
Traditional Applications:
Numeric and Textual Databases
More Recent Applications:
Multimedia Databases
Geographic Information Systems
(GIS)
Data Warehouses
Real-time and Active Databases
Many other applications
File-Based Systems
Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g.
reports).
Each program defines and manages its own
data.
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach
Separation and isolation of data
Each program maintains its own set of data.
Users of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.

Duplication of data
Same data is held by different programs.
Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
Data dependence
File structure is defined in the program code.

Incompatible file formats


Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


programs
Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
Arose because:
Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.

Result:
the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Basic Definitions
Database:
A collection of related data.
Data:
Known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning.
Mini-world:
Some part of the real world about which data is
stored in a database. For example, student grades
and transcripts at a university.
Database Management System (DBMS):
A software package/ system to facilitate the creation
and maintenance of a computerized database.
Database System:
The DBMS software together with the data itself.
Sometimes, the applications are also included.
Simplified database system
environment
Typical DBMS Functionality
Define a particular database in terms of its
data types, structures, and constraints
Construct or Load the initial database
contents on a secondary storage medium
Manipulating the database:
Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates
to its content
Accessing the database through Web
applications
Processing and Sharing by a set of
concurrent users and application programs
– yet, keeping all data valid and consistent
Typical DBMS Functionality

Other features:
Protection or Security measures to prevent
unauthorized access
“Active” processing to take internal actions on
data
Presentation and Visualization of data
Maintaining the database and associated
programs over the lifetime of the database
application
Called database, software, and system
maintenance
Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
Mini-world for the example:
Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.
Some mini-world entities:
STUDENTs
COURSEs
SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
(academic) DEPARTMENTs
INSTRUCTORs
Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)

Some mini-world relationships:


SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
STUDENTs take SECTIONs
COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs
Example of a simple database
Main Characteristics of the
Database Approach
Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of a
particular database (e.g. data structures, types,
and constraints)
The description is called meta-data.
This allows the DBMS software to work with
different database applications.
Insulation between programs and data:
Called program-data independence.
Allows changing data structures and storage
organization without having to change the DBMS
access programs.
Example of a simplified
database catalog
Main Characteristics of the Database
Approach (continued)

Data Abstraction:
A data model is used to hide storage
details and present the users with a
conceptual view of the database.
Programs refer to the data model
constructs rather than data storage details
Support of multiple views of the
data:
Each user may see a different view of the
database, which describes only the data of
interest to that user.
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
(continued)

Sharing of data and multi-user transaction


processing:
Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve
from and to update the database.
Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees
that each transaction is correctly executed or
aborted
Recovery subsystem ensures each completed
transaction has its effect permanently recorded in
the database
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major
part of database applications. This allows hundreds
of concurrent transactions to execute per second.
Historical Development of
Database Technology
Early Database Applications:
The Hierarchical and Network Models were
introduced in mid 1960s and dominated during the
seventies.
A bulk of the worldwide database processing still
occurs using these models, particularly, the
hierarchical model.
Relational Model based Systems:
Relational model was originally introduced in 1970,
was heavily researched and experimented within
IBM Research and several universities.
Relational DBMS Products emerged in the early
1980s.
End

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