Assingment No: 01

Course Detail: Foreign Policy of Pakistan (6492)

Name : WALI DAD

User ID : 0000462920

Course Code: (6492)

Programm: BS Pak study (2.5)

Q.1 Highlight the major objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy.
Answer:
Introduction: Pakistan's foreign policy is a crucial framework that guides the
nation's interactions with the international community. It is designed to safeguard
Pakistan's interests, promote regional stability, and foster international
cooperation. This comprehensive analysis delves into the major objectives of
Pakistan's foreign policy, discussing its historical context, strategic imperatives,
and evolving challenges.
1. Security and National Sovereignty: One of the primary objectives of Pakistan's
foreign policy is to ensure national security and protect its sovereignty. Given its
geopolitical location and historical context, Pakistan has faced security challenges
on multiple fronts, including its eastern and western borders. The following sub-
objectives are crucial under this umbrella:
A. Defense and Deterrence:
 Nuclear Deterrence: Pakistan's nuclear capability serves as a deterrent
against potential threats and provides a sense of security against
aggression. The development of a credible nuclear deterrent remains a core
aspect of Pakistan's foreign policy.
B. Counterterrorism and Regional Stability:
 Peaceful Neighbors: Pakistan seeks stable and peaceful relations with
neighboring countries, especially India and Afghanistan. Efforts to counter
terrorism and promote regional stability are essential for national security.
2. Economic Development and Diplomacy: Economic development is another
major objective of Pakistan's foreign policy. The country's integration into the
global economy, attracting foreign investment, and boosting trade are critical
components. Key sub-objectives include:
A. Trade and Investment:
 Trade Diplomacy: Pakistan aims to enhance its economic well-being by
engaging in trade agreements and partnerships that facilitate exports and
imports.
  Foreign Investment: Attracting foreign investment is vital to stimulate
economic growth, create job opportunities, and address developmental
challenges.
B. Economic Cooperation:
 Regional Economic Integration: Pakistan seeks to foster economic
cooperation within its region through platforms like the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC).
3. Diplomatic Engagement and International Relations: Engaging with the
international community on political, diplomatic, and strategic fronts is a
cornerstone of Pakistan's foreign policy. Pakistan seeks to maintain cordial
relations while safeguarding its interests. Sub-objectives in this realm include:
A. Strategic Partnerships:
 China-Pakistan Relationship: Strengthening the strategic partnership with
China is a pivotal aspect of Pakistan's foreign policy, with projects like CPEC
fostering economic growth and regional connectivity.
B. Multilateral Diplomacy:
 United Nations Engagement: Pakistan actively participates in various UN
bodies and initiatives to advocate for its interests and contribute to global
peace and security.
4. Humanitarian Assistance and Global Challenges: Engagement on humanitarian
issues, climate change, and global challenges underscores Pakistan's commitment
to international cooperation. Specific sub-objectives include:
A. Refugee Crisis and Humanitarian Aid:
 Refugee Hosting: Pakistan's foreign policy aims to manage refugee
situations, as demonstrated by hosting Afghan refugees for decades and
advocating for their repatriation.
B. Climate Change and Environmental Diplomacy:
 Paris Agreement: Pakistan actively engages in international forums to
address climate change and promote sustainable development goals.
Conclusion: Pakistan's foreign policy reflects its geopolitical realities and strategic
imperatives. The major objectives encompass ensuring national security,
promoting economic development, enhancing diplomatic relations, and
addressing global challenges. While the context and priorities may evolve over
time, these objectives remain pivotal in guiding Pakistan's interactions with the
international community. By strategically pursuing these objectives, Pakistan aims
to secure its sovereignty, foster economic growth, and contribute to global
stability and cooperation.
Q.2 "Secretariat is one of the important organs of the United
Nations", Discuss
Answer:
Introduction: The United Nations (UN) serves as a global platform for diplomatic
dialogue, cooperation, and conflict resolution. Among its vital components, the
UN Secretariat holds a pivotal role in facilitating communication, coordination,
and implementation of the organization's mandates. This comprehensive analysis
examines the importance of the UN Secretariat as a central organ of the United
Nations, exploring its functions, structure, contributions, and challenges.
1. The UN Secretariat: A Nexus of Multilateral Diplomacy:
A. Core Functions: The UN Secretariat embodies the administrative arm of the
organization, responsible for executing the mandates and decisions of other UN
bodies. Its essential functions include:
 Coordination: The Secretariat coordinates the activities of UN specialized
agencies, funds, and programs, ensuring synergy and coherence in the
organization's efforts.
 Information Exchange: It serves as a conduit for information exchange
among member states, disseminating reports, analyses, and updates on
international issues.
 Facilitation of Dialogue: The Secretariat organizes meetings, summits, and
conferences, providing a platform for diplomatic dialogue among member
states.
B. Administrative Backbone: The Secretariat supports the logistical,
administrative, and operational aspects of the UN's work. This includes managing
budgets, human resources, conference services, and logistics for peacekeeping
missions.
2. Structure and Leadership:
A. Secretary-General: The Secretary-General is the head of the Secretariat,
chosen through a process that involves member states' consultations. The
Secretary-General represents the UN on the international stage and acts as the
chief administrative officer.
B. Departments, Offices, and Divisions: The Secretariat comprises various
departments, offices, and divisions that focus on diverse thematic areas, such as
political affairs, economic development, social issues, and peacekeeping
operations. Each of these components contributes to the overall functioning of
the Secretariat.
3. Contributions of the UN Secretariat:
A. Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping:
 Mediation and Negotiation: The Secretariat plays a key role in mediating
conflicts, facilitating negotiations, and brokering peace agreements, aiming
to prevent and resolve conflicts through diplomatic means.
 Peacekeeping Operations: The Secretariat oversees and supports
peacekeeping missions that are deployed to conflict zones to restore peace
and stability. These missions play a significant role in maintaining global
peace and security.
B. Humanitarian Assistance:
 Coordination of Relief Efforts: The Secretariat coordinates humanitarian
responses to natural disasters, conflicts, and other emergencies, ensuring
efficient allocation of resources and aid delivery.
C. Sustainable Development:
 Agenda 2030: The Secretariat contributes to the implementation of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), fostering international
collaboration and monitoring progress toward achieving global
development targets.
D. Advancing Human Rights:
 Promotion and Protection: The Secretariat works to advance human rights
worldwide, advocating for adherence to international human rights
standards and facilitating dialogue on related issues.
4. Challenges and Limitations:
A. Political Constraints:
 Interference: The Secretariat sometimes faces political pressures and
interference from member states, impacting its ability to carry out impartial
and effective initiatives.
B. Funding Constraints:
 Financial Dependence: The Secretariat's operations depend on
contributions from member states, which can lead to budgetary challenges
and affect the organization's independence.
5. Conclusion: The UN Secretariat is undeniably a linchpin of the United Nations
system, embodying its operational arm and ensuring the cohesion, coordination,
and implementation of the organization's mandates. By facilitating diplomacy,
promoting peace, advancing development, and upholding human rights, the
Secretariat exemplifies the essence of multilateralism and global governance.
While it faces challenges, its contributions to international cooperation and the
pursuit of a more just, peaceful, and prosperous world remain undeniable. The
continued commitment of member states to support and strengthen the UN
Secretariat is essential for the organization's effectiveness and relevance in
addressing global challenges.
Q.3 What is the role of (OIC) in the collaboration of the Islamic
world?
Answer:
Introduction: The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is a prominent
international organization that aims to enhance cooperation and collaboration
among its member states, which consist of predominantly Muslim-majority
countries. Established in 1969, the OIC serves as a platform for addressing
political, economic, social, and cultural challenges faced by the Islamic world. This
comprehensive analysis delves into the significant role of the OIC in promoting
unity, solidarity, and cooperation among its member states, discussing its
functions, objectives, achievements, and challenges.
1. Strengthening Unity and Solidarity: Unity and solidarity among member states
are foundational principles of the OIC. The organization seeks to foster a sense of
kinship and shared values among diverse nations. Several aspects contribute to
this role:
A. Mutual Support in Global Affairs:
 Political Consultation: OIC provides a platform for member states to
engage in diplomatic dialogue and consultation on various global issues,
enabling collective responses to challenges.
 Islamic Solidarity: The organization promotes the principle of Islamic
solidarity, encouraging member states to stand together in matters
affecting the Islamic world, such as conflicts and human rights issues.
B. Addressing Common Concerns:
 Islamophobia: OIC actively addresses the rise of Islamophobia and negative
stereotypes about Muslims, advocating for tolerance, respect, and
understanding among cultures and religions.
 Palestinian Cause: The OIC supports the Palestinian cause and seeks to
protect the rights of Palestinians, including their right to self-determination.
2. Promoting Socio-Economic Development:
A. Economic Cooperation:
  Trade and Investment: The OIC encourages member states to enhance
economic cooperation through trade agreements, investment promotion,
and sharing of best practices.
 Islamic Banking and Finance: The organization fosters collaboration in the
field of Islamic banking and finance, promoting ethical and Sharia-
compliant financial practices.
B. Poverty Alleviation:
 OIC Fund for Poverty Alleviation: The OIC established a fund to support
development projects and poverty alleviation initiatives in member states.
3. Advancing Cultural and Educational Cooperation:
A. Cultural Exchange:
 OIC Cultural Exchange Program: The organization facilitates cultural
exchange, aiming to promote understanding and appreciation of the rich
diversity within the Islamic world.
 Islamic Art and Heritage: OIC works to preserve and promote Islamic art,
culture, and heritage, reflecting the shared cultural legacy of member
states.
B. Education and Research:
 Educational Exchange: The OIC encourages educational cooperation and
exchange of students and scholars among member states.
4. Humanitarian Assistance and Relief:
A. Humanitarian Aid:
 OIC Humanitarian Relief Efforts: The organization responds to
humanitarian crises by providing aid, relief, and support to member states
affected by natural disasters, conflicts, and emergencies.
B. Combating Epidemics:
 Health Initiatives: OIC engages in health-related initiatives to combat
epidemics and improve healthcare systems in member states.
5. Challenges and Achievements:
A. Political Divergence:
 Diverse Political Priorities: Member states often have diverse political
priorities and stances, which can impact the organization's ability to
present a unified front on certain issues.
B. Effectiveness and Coordination:
 Coordination Challenges: Ensuring effective coordination among member
states and harmonizing efforts can be challenging due to varying national
interests.
C. Achievements:
 Advocacy and Awareness: OIC has successfully advocated for the rights of
Muslims globally and raised awareness about issues affecting the Islamic
world.
 Disaster Relief: The organization's humanitarian efforts have provided
relief to millions of people affected by natural disasters and conflicts.
Conclusion: The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) plays a significant role
in fostering collaboration and unity among the Islamic world. Through political
consultation, economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and humanitarian
assistance, the OIC contributes to addressing common challenges faced by its
member states. While it encounters challenges related to diverse political
priorities and coordination, its achievements in promoting Islamic solidarity,
advocating for human rights, and providing humanitarian relief highlight its
relevance as a platform for collaboration and cooperation among diverse Muslim-
majority nations. As the OIC continues to evolve and adapt to changing global
dynamics, its role in facilitating dialogue, promoting unity, and advancing the
interests of the Islamic world remains crucial for international stability and
cooperation.
Q.4 Discuss the mutual relations between Pakistan and India with
the perspective of Kashmir issue.

Answer:
Introduction: The Kashmir issue has been a longstanding and contentious matter
between Pakistan and India since their partition in 1947. The dispute revolves
around the region of Jammu and Kashmir, and it has remained a focal point in
their bilateral relations. This comprehensive analysis delves into the mutual
relations between Pakistan and India with a focus on the Kashmir issue, exploring
historical context, Pakistan's perspective, recent developments, and the potential
for resolution.
1. Historical Context and Root of the Issue:
A. Partition and Accession:
 Partition Legacy: The partition of British India led to the creation of India
and Pakistan in 1947. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was given
the choice to accede to either country or remain independent.
 Kashmir's Accession: Kashmir's Maharaja Hari Singh chose to accede to
India, leading to the first India-Pakistan war in 1947-48.
B. Unresolved Status:
 UN Resolution: The UN passed resolutions calling for a plebiscite to
determine the region's future. Both Pakistan and India agreed to this
proposal, but the plebiscite was never conducted.
2. Pakistan's Perspective on the Kashmir Issue:
A. Right to Self-Determination:
 Kashmiri Aspirations: Pakistan supports the right to self-determination for
the people of Kashmir, allowing them to decide their political future.
 UN Resolutions: Pakistan maintains that the UN resolutions on Kashmir
remain valid and should be implemented to resolve the dispute.
B. Human Rights Concerns:
  Human Rights Violations: Pakistan consistently highlights alleged human
rights abuses in Indian-administered Kashmir, including excessive use of
force and curbs on freedom of expression.
3. Recent Developments and Escalation:
A. Pulwama Attack and Balakot Incident:
 Pulwama Attack: In 2019, a suicide bombing in Indian-administered
Kashmir led to a spike in tensions between Pakistan and India.
 Balakot Airstrikes: India conducted airstrikes in Pakistan's Balakot region,
leading to further escalation and military clashes.
B. Abrogation of Article 370:
 Article 370: In 2019, India abrogated Article 370 of its constitution, which
granted special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir.
 Pakistan's Reaction: Pakistan strongly condemned the move, considering it
a violation of UN resolutions and a breach of the region's historical status.
4. Potential for Resolution and International Intervention:
A. Diplomatic Dialogue:
 Resumption of Dialogue: Pakistan consistently advocates for resuming
diplomatic dialogue to resolve the Kashmir issue through peaceful means.
 Track II Diplomacy: Track II dialogues involving scholars and experts from
both countries have explored potential solutions.
B. International Involvement:
 Third-Party Mediation: Pakistan has at times suggested third-party
mediation, believing it could help facilitate a neutral and unbiased solution.
5. Conclusion:
The Kashmir issue remains a complex and sensitive matter in Pakistan-India
relations. From Pakistan's perspective, it symbolizes the right to self-
determination for the people of Kashmir and raises concerns about human rights
violations. The historical context, UN resolutions, and recent developments
underscore the depth of the issue. While tensions have escalated at times,
diplomatic dialogue and international intervention hold the potential to pave the
way for a peaceful resolution. Both Pakistan and India must recognize the
importance of addressing the Kashmir issue to foster stability, enhance regional
cooperation, and promote lasting peace in the subcontinent.
Q.5 Discuss the reasons of cold relations between Pakistan and USSR
since 1947 to 1971.

Answer:
Introduction: The relationship between Pakistan and the Soviet Union (USSR)
during the formative years of both nations was marked by complexities and
fluctuations. Pakistan's perspective on the bilateral dynamics underscores several
key factors that contributed to cold relations between the two countries from
1947 to 1971. This comprehensive analysis explores these factors, delves into
Pakistan's narrative, examines historical events, and considers the implications for
bilateral relations.
**1. Divergent Ideological and Strategic Interests:
A. Ideological Alignment:
 Cold War Ideological Divide: The ideological rivalry between capitalism
(USSR) and democracy (Pakistan) during the Cold War era inherently
created a divide between the two nations.
 Pakistani Alignment: Pakistan's alignment with the Western bloc under the
SEATO and CENTO alliances further distanced it from the Soviet sphere of
influence.
B. Strategic Considerations:
 Geopolitical Alignments: The USSR's close relationship with India due to
their shared non-aligned status and economic cooperation led to suspicions
in Pakistan.
 Pakistani Alliances: Pakistan's alliances with the United States and its role
in regional security dynamics, particularly during the Afghan conflict,
heightened tensions with the USSR.
**2. Kashmir Conflict and Alignment with India:
A. Kashmir Dispute:
 Soviet Support for India: The USSR consistently supported India's stance on
the Kashmir issue, considering it a territorial dispute.
 Pakistan's Perspective: Pakistan viewed the Soviet support for India as a
diplomatic challenge and a factor contributing to strained relations.
B. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM):
 Soviet-Indian NAM Alignment: The USSR's alignment with India in the Non-
Aligned Movement raised concerns in Pakistan about the neutrality of the
NAM platform.
 Pakistani Expectations: Pakistan hoped for more balanced Soviet policies
within NAM and stronger support for its own territorial claims.
**3. Afghan Conflict and Regional Dynamics:
A. Afghan Conflict:
 Soviet-Afghan Relationship: The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in the
1980s further strained Pakistan-USSR relations.
 Pakistani Involvement: Pakistan's role in supporting Afghan resistance
groups aligned with the US exacerbated tensions with the USSR.
B. Regional Instability:
 Proxy Conflict: The Afghan conflict created a proxy battleground where
Pakistan and the USSR supported opposing sides, leading to a deepening of
the rift.
 Impact on Relations: The conflict reinforced the divergence of interests and
priorities between Pakistan and the USSR.
**4. Conclusion:
Cold relations between Pakistan and the USSR from 1947 to 1971 were driven by
a complex interplay of ideological differences, strategic considerations, and
regional dynamics. Pakistan's narrative emphasizes the challenges posed by the
ideological divide, the Kashmir conflict, and the evolving regional landscape. The
alignment of the USSR with India, combined with Pakistan's alliances with
Western powers and involvement in regional conflicts, contributed to the cold
nature of the relationship. While the geopolitical dynamics of the Cold War era
played a significant role, the complexities of these early years laid the groundwork
for subsequent diplomatic realignments and changing priorities in the region