Acknowledgement:

We extend our heartfelt appreciation to our dedicated teacher,

Dr. Seli Mohapatra, whose unwavering support and guidance
were aconstant source of inspiration throughout this project.
His mentorship was instrumental in our project's successful
completion, and we are immensely grateful for the privilege of
having him as our guide.
Our heartfelt gratitude also goes to C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL
UNIVERSITY for providing us with the platform to undertake
this project of PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT
FLOW CONTROL MECHANISM. We acknowledge the vital
contributions made by every team member. It was our collective
support, encouragement, and collaborative spirit that carried us
throughout the project's successful conclusion.
Last but certainly not least, we wish to express our deep
appreciation to our families, siblings, and friends who offered
their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this
endeavor. We are profoundly thankful for the invaluable
contributions of everyone involved in making this project a
success.

Signature Signature
Dr. Seli Mohapatra Dr. Rojalina Priyadarshini

1|Page
 Abstract :

A flow control mechanism is a vital component in managing the orderly

transmission of data between interconnected devices or systems. Its
primary goal is to regulate data flow to prevent issues like congestion
and data loss. This involves employing techniques such as
acknowledgments, window sizes, and dynamic rate adjustments.
Standardized protocols like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in
networking incorporate mechanisms like sliding window and
congestion control. Challenges associated with flow control include
latency and system overhead. Flow control finds applications in diverse
domains, including computer networks and industrial automation.
Looking ahead, the ongoing evolution of technology may bring about
new trends and advancements in flow control mechanisms.

2|Page
 INDEX
 INTRODUCTION 4

 STOP-AND-WAIT ARQ 5

 GO-BACK-N ARQ 6

 SELECTIVE REPEAT ARQ 7

 COMPARISION 8

 PROGRAM 9

 CONCLUSION 13

 REFERENCE 14

3|Page
INTRODUCTION:

Performance analysis on flow control mechanisms involves a detailed examination of how

these mechanisms impact the overall efficiency and effectiveness of data transmission
within a system. The evaluation process typically includes the following key aspects:

Throughput Assessment: Throughput measures the rate at which data is successfully

transmitted between sender and receiver. High throughput indicates efficient flow control.
Performance analysis looks into how different flow control mechanisms influence and
optimize throughput under varying conditions.

Latency Measurement: Latency is the time delay between the initiation of a data transfer
and its completion. Performance analysis aims to understand how flow control
mechanisms affect latency. Lower latency is often a desirable outcome, especially in
applications where real-time communication is critical.

Error Rates and Reliability: Flow control mechanisms should ensure reliable data
transmission, minimizing errors and retransmissions. Performance analysis assesses
error rates and the overall reliability of data transfer under different scenarios.

Congestion Management: The analysis examines how well flow control mechanisms
handle and alleviate network congestion. This involves studying the mechanisms' ability
to adapt to changing network conditions, adjust transmission rates, and prevent
congestion-related issues.

4|Page
 Stop-and-Wait ARQ :

Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) is a simple and widely used flow control
mechanism in data communication, particularly in point-to-point communication and
protocols such as the HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control). The primary purpose of Stop-
and-Wait ARQ is to ensure reliable and sequential data transfer between a sender and a
receiver over a communication channel that may introduce errors or delays.
Here's an overview of how Stop-and-Wait ARQ works:
Basic Operation:
The sender transmits a frame to the receiver.
The sender then waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiver.
ACK Reception:
If the receiver successfully receives the frame without errors, it sends an ACK back to the
sender, indicating that the frame was received correctly.
If errors are detected, the receiver discards the frame and sends a Negative
ACKnowledgment (NAK) or simply does not send an ACK.
Timeout Handling:
If the sender does not receive an ACK within a specified timeout period, it assumes that
the frame was lost or damaged during transmission.
In such cases, the sender retransmits the same frame.
Sequential Transmission:
The sender ensures that only one frame is in transit
at any given time, waiting for the acknowledgment
before sending the next frame.
This ensures sequential and error-free delivery of
frames.
Advantages:
Simplicity: Stop-and-Wait ARQ is straightforward
and easy to implement.
Sequential Delivery: Ensures that frames are delivered in the correct order.Error Recovery:
Capable of recovering from lost or damaged frames through retransmission.

5|Page
 Go-Back-N ARQ :

Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) is a flow control mechanism used in data
communication to ensure reliable and sequential delivery of frames between a sender
and a receiver. It is a sliding window protocol and an extension of the Stop-and-Wait ARQ
mechanism, designed to enhance efficiency by allowing multiple frames to be in transit
simultaneously.
Here's an overview of how Go-Back-N ARQ works:
Sliding Window Operation:
Unlike Stop-and-Wait, Go-Back-N allows the sender to transmit multiple frames before
receiving acknowledgments.
The sender maintains a "send window" that represents the maximum number of frames
allowed in transit without acknowledgment.
Frame Transmission:
The sender can transmit frames within the send window without waiting for individual
acknowledgments.
Each frame is assigned a sequence number, and the receiver acknowledges the receipt
of frames up to a certain sequence number.
Receiver Acknowledgment:
The receiver acknowledges the correct reception of frames by sending a cumulative
acknowledgment.
Negative Acknowledgment (NAK):
If the receiver detects an error in a frame, it sends a
negative acknowledgment (NAK), requesting the
retransmission of the frames starting from the one in
error.
Sender Actions:
Upon receiving an acknowledgment, the sender shifts
the window forward and can transmit new frames.
In the case of a NAK or a timeout, the sender
retransmits all frames starting from the one indicated
by the NAK.

6|Page
Selective Repeat ARQ :
Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) is a flow control mechanism
used in data communication to ensure reliable and efficient transmission of
frames between a sender and a receiver. It is an advanced sliding window
protocol, building on the concepts of Go-Back-N ARQ, but with a more
sophisticated approach that allows selective retransmission of only the frames
that are corrupted or lost.
Here's an overview of how Selective Repeat ARQ works:
Sliding Window Operation:
Similar to Go-Back-N, Selective Repeat allows the sender to transmit multiple
frames before receiving acknowledgments.
Both the sender and receiver maintain a window of frames, but unlike Go-Back-
N, Selective Repeat allows the sender to continue sending frames even if some
are awaiting acknowledgment.
Individual Acknowledgments:
The receiver sends individual acknowledgments for each correctly received
frame, specifying the sequence number of the received frame.
If a frame is received out of order or if errors are detected, the receiver discards
the frame without acknowledgment.
Negative Acknowledgment (NAK):
In case of a lost or corrupted frame, the receiver sends a NAK for the specific
frame, requesting its retransmission.
Sender Actions:
Upon receiving acknowledgments, the sender shifts the
window forward and can transmit new frames.
Upon receiving a NAK, the sender retransmits only the
frame indicated by the NAK, rather than retransmitting all
frames from a specific point, as in Go-Back-N.

7|Page
Differences :

8|Page
Program :

9|Page
10 | P a g e
Output :

11 | P a g e
 Observation table :

12 | P a g e
Conclusion :

In conclusion, the performance analysis of flow control mechanisms is a critical

aspect of ensuring the efficiency, reliability, and optimal operation of data
communication systems. Through meticulous evaluation of metrics such as
throughput, latency, error rates, and congestion management, researchers and
engineers gain valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of different
flow control mechanisms.

The analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of how these

mechanisms function in real-world scenarios, considering factors such as
network topology, traffic patterns, and varying loads. By examining the impact
on system resources and conducting comparative studies, researchers can
make informed decisions about the most suitable flow control mechanisms for
specific applications.

The evolution of technology continually introduces new challenges and

opportunities in the realm of data communication. Therefore, performance
analysis serves as a crucial tool for identifying areas of improvement, refining
existing protocols, and contributing to the development of more robust and
efficient flow control mechanisms. As industries increasingly rely on
interconnected systems, the insights gained from performance analysis
become invaluable for optimizing communication protocols, enhancing system
performance, and ultimately delivering a seamless and reliable user
experience..

13 | P a g e
Reference :

Difference between Stop and Wait, GoBackN and

Selective Repeat - GeeksforGeeks

https://youtu.be/QD3oCelHJ20

Stop-and-wait ARQ - Wikipedia

https://chat.openai.com/c/9157ec14-9853-44e3-85b9-
f399e5ac00d4

14 | P a g e
 THANK YOU !

15 | P a g e