GROUP 4

Members:
Sampol, Princess Cherine
Santos, Julie Ann
Segun, Queenie Mae
Segundo, Irish
Serenatas, Asha Mae
Serios, Miriam Lezette
Sese, Justin Edrian
Siervo, Luisandra
Sunio, Aiza Isabel
Teves, Anjanette
Zantua, Zhierie Gwyneth
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:

T-Test
Pearson R
Spearman Correlation
 T-test

A t-test is a statistical method used to

compare the means of two groups to
determine if they are significantly different. It
determines if the observed difference is due to
chance or if it represents a real difference.
 One-Sample T-test
A one sample t-test determines whether
or not the sample mean is statistically
different from a population mean.

One-Sample T-test is used If there is one

group being compared against a standard
value
 One-Sample T-test Formula
t = is the t-statistic
ˉxˉ = is the sample mean
μ = is the population mean
s = is the sample standard deviation
n = is the sample size.

Standard Deviation Formula i

i Each of the values of data

The sample size

 A random sample of systolic blood pressure measurements was
taken from 5 female doctors within the population. The objective is to
ascertain whether the blood pressure of this sample differs from the
accepted population mean for female doctors in this age group,
which is set at 120. α = 0.05

SP
#1 128 H0: μ = 120 or there is no difference between
groups.
#2 118
#3 144 H1: μ ≠ 120 or there is a difference between
groups.
#4 133
#5 132
 degrees of freedom
formula: n-1

α = 0.05
d.f. = 4
TWO SAMPLE T-TEST

The two-sample t-test (also known as

the independent samples t-test) is a
method used to test whether the
unknown population means of two
groups are equal or not.
 TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
x̄ 1 = observed mean of 1st sample
x̄ 2 = observed mean of 2nd sample
s1 = standard deviation of 1st sample
s2 = standard deviation of 2nd sample
n1 = sample size of 1st sample
n2 = sample size of 2nd sample

DEGREES OF FREEDOM

df = (n1 -1) + (n2 - 1)

 TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
First 7-group was given vitamin B12 TID, while second 7-group was not given any vitamin
supplements. After 2 weeks, both groups were asked to run 50 yards as fast as possible. Their
times were recorded to the nearest second. Using alpha 0.05, did the vitamin B12 improve
the speed of the runners?

SUBJECT GROUP 1 GROUP 2

RUNNER 1 15 18

RUNNER 2 14 19

RUNNER 3 16 17

RUNNER 4 12 16

RUNNER 5 14 14

RUNNER 6 12 14

RUNNER 7 10 18

x̄ 1 = 13.3 x̄ 2 = 16.6
 TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
STEP 1.Define Null and Alternative Hypotheses
H0: μG1 = μG2 or there is no significant difference
x̄ 1 = 13.3
H1: μG1 ≠ μG2 or there is significant difference
x̄ 2 = 16.6
s1 = 2.06 STEP 2. State Alpha
s2 = 1.99
α = 0.05
n1 = 7
n2 = 7 STEP 3. Calculate for the degrees of freedom
df = (7 - 1) + (7 - 1)
df = 12
 TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
STEP 4. State decision rule
Critical value: 2.179
x̄ 1 = 13.3
x̄ 2 = 16.6 If less than -2.179 or greater than 2.179, REJECT THE NULL
s1 = 2.06 HYPOTHESIS.
s2 = 1.99
n1 = 7 STEP 5. Calculate for the T test
n2 = 7 t = (13.3 - 16.6)
_________________ t = - 3.05
√(2.06)² + (1.99)²
_____ _____
7 7
 TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
STEP 6. State the result
t value - 3.05 is less than the critical value - 2.179, therefore
x̄ 1 = 13.3
we will reject the null hypothesis.
x̄ 2 = 16.6
s1 = 2.06 STEP 7.Conclusion
s2 = 1.99
There is a significant difference between 2 groups.
n1 = 7
n2 = 7
 PEARSON R
The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is the most
common way of measuring a linear correlation. It is a
number between –1 and 1 that measures the strength
and direction of the relationship between two variables.
It is most widely used correlation coefficient and is
known by many names:
Pearson’s r, Bivariate correlation, Pearson Product-
Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC), and The
Cirrelation Coefficient.
PEARSON R
 PEARSON R

The Pearson correlation coefficient is a descriptive
statistic, that summarizes the characteristics of a
dataset. Specifically, it describes the strength and
direction of the linear relationship between two
quantitative variables.
 PEARSON R
Although interpretations of the relationship strength (effect
size) vary between disciplines, the table below gives general
rules of thumb:
 PEARSON R

The Pearson correlation coefficient is an inferential

statistic, that can be used to test statistical hypotheses.
Specifically, we can test whether there is a significant
relationship between two variables.
 PEARSON
 R
Visualizing the Pearson correlation coefficient
 PEARSON
 R
Visualizing the Pearson correlation coefficient
 PEARSON R
Calculating Pearson Correlation Coefficient

n = number of pairs of scores

∑xy = sum of the products of paired
scores
∑x = sum of x scores
∑y = sum of y scores
∑x²= sum of squared x scores
∑y²= sum of squared y scores
 PEARSON R
Imagine that you are looking into the relationship between the length
and weight of newborn babies. You have the weights and lengths of the
ten babies who were born at your local hospital last month. Following
the conversion of the imperial to metric measurements
 PEARSON R
Calculate the sums of x and y

Weight = x Length = y

Σx = 3.63 + 3.02 + 3.82 Σy = 53.1 + 49.7 + 48.4

+ 3.42 + 3.59 + 2.87 + + 54.2 + 54.9 + 43.7 +
3.03 + 3.46 + 3.36 + 47.2 + 45.2 + 54.4 +
3.30 50.4

Σx = 33.5 Σy = 501.2
 PEARSON R
Calculate x² and y² and their sums
 PEARSON R
Calculating the cross product and its sum
multiply together x and y (this is called the cross product). Take the sum of the new
column.
 PEARSON R
Calculate r

n = 10
∑x = 33.5
∑y = 501.2
∑x²= 113.05
∑y²= 25264
∑xy = 1684.2
 PEARSON R
Testing for the significance of the Pearson correlation
coefficient

Null hypothesis (H0): ρ = 0

There is no correlation between weight and length

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): ρ ≠ 0

There is a significant correlation between weight and length
 PEARSON R
STEP 1: Calculate the t value

formula:
 PEARSON R
STEP 2: Find the critical value of t
 PEARSON R
STEP 3: Compare the t value to the critical value

If the t value is greater than the critical value, then the relationship
is statistically significant (p < α). The data allows you to reject the
null hypothesis and provides support for the alternative
hypothesis.

If the t value is less than the critical value, then the relationship is
not statistically significant (p > α). The data doesn’t allow you to
reject the null hypothesis and doesn’t provide support for the
alternative hypothesis.
 PEARSON R
STEP 4: Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis

t = 1.505 t *= 2.306
(p > α)
The data doesn’t allow you to reject the null hypothesis and doesn’t provide
support for the alternative hypothesis.

Decision: Fail to reject Ho

Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between weight

and length
SPEARMAN CORRELATION
Spearman's correlation is a measure of
correlation between two variables, which is
based on the ranked values of these variables
instead of their actual values.

1 indicates a positive linear correlation, 0 a lack

of association, and -1 a monotone negative
relationship between the variables.
 SPEARMAN CORRELATION
This type of correlation is useful when the studied
variables are ordinal, that is, they are measured on an
ordered scale such as low to high, mild to severe, or low
to high risk. It is similar to Pearson's correlation, with the
difference being that Spearman's correlation assesses
the monotonicity of the relationship rather than its
linearity.
 SPEARMAN CORRELATION
Formula:
 SPEARMAN CORRELATION
Example:
Step 1:
X Y Draw a data table to organize the information needed to calculate Spearman’s Rank
Correlation Coefficient
10 8
X Y Rx Ry d di²
6 7
10 8
9 5 6 7

8 9 9 5

12 6

8 9
 SPEARMAN CORRELATION
Step 2: Step 3:
In the third column rank the data of the first In the fourth column do the same as in Step 2,
column from 1 to n (the # of data). Rank it from but instead rank the second column.
highest to lowest.

X Y Rx Ry d di² X Y Rx Ry d di²

10 8 2 10 8 2 2

6 7 5 6 7 5 3

9 5 3 9 5 3 5

12 6 1 12 6 1 4

8 9 4 8 9 4 1
 SPEARMAN CORRELATION
Step 4: Step 5:
In the “d” column calculate the difference Square each of the numbers in the “d” column
between the two numbers in each pair of ranks. and write these values in the last column.
(Rx - Ry)

X Y Rx Ry d di² X Y Rx Ry d di²

10 8 2 2 0 10 8 2 2 0 0

6 7 5 3 2 6 7 5 3 2 4

9 5 3 5 -2 9 5 3 5 -2 4

12 6 1 4 -3 12 6 1 4 -3 9

8 9 4 1 3 8 9 4 1 3 9
 SPEARMAN CORRELATION
Step 6: Step 7:
Add up all the data in the last column. This Insert the value into the simplified Spearman’s
value is Ʃ di². Rank Correlation Coefficient formula.

Ʃ di² = 0 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 9 = 26
p