Radiotherapy PG Papers 2015-2021

DR NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, VIJAYAWADA - 8
M.D. DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2015
RADIOTHERAPY
Paper-II : CNS, Head & Neck, Orbit thyroid, Lung and Mediastinal malignancies,
malignancies breast esophagus, lymphomas, leukemia’s and pediatric
tumors.
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks:100
Note: Answer all questions
All questions carry equal marks
Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary
WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:
1) Discuss the management of stage IIBX Diffuse Large B Cell

Lymphoma.
2) Classify lung tumours. Discuss the management of stage 4
Adenocarcinoma of lung.
3) Stage-wise management of Ca. Nasopharynx.
4) A 10 year old boy presented with non metastatic Osteosarcoma of
right lower end of Femur. Discuss the management.
5) Classify tumours of maxillary sinus and discuss the management of a
T4N1M0 stage patient.
6) Describe the management of a 40 year old premenopausal lady with
newly diagnosed carcinoma right breast cT4N1M0.
7) Discuss the post of management of a child with standard risk
medulloblastoma.
8) Management of olfactory Neuroblastoma.
9) Describe the methods of palliation of dysphagia in a patient with
metastatic Ca oesophagus.
10) Pathological classification of CNS tumors. Discuss the management of
craniopharyngioma.
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DR NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES :: VIJAYAWADA - 8
MD DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATIONS –DECEMBER, 2015
RADIOTHERAPY
PAPER-IV: Clinical subjects in relation to radiotherapy, recent advances in
radiotherapy & oncology
TIME: 3 HOURS Max.Marks: 100
NOTE: Answer All Questions

All Questions Carry Equal Marks
Draw a neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary
1) Describe Paraneoplastic Syndromes
2) Describe the techniques of matching the junction between the tangential

fields and the supraclavicular field in adjuvant chest wall irradiation in
post MRM
3) What is Integrated Tumor Volume (ITV) in the planning of EBRT for Ca

lung?
4) What is V20? What is the significance of V20 in the radiation planning of

Ca lung?
5) What are the techniques and doses of Intra Luminal Radiation in the
treatment of Ca esophagus?
6) What are the dose limiting OAR’s in the abdominal cavity? What are their
tolerance doses?
7) Describe the target organs and radiation portals in Ca Vulva?
8) Describe the technique of intracavitary radiation in Ca cervix. What are

the different fractionation schedules?
9) What are the principles of Carbon ion Radiation Therapy?
10) What are the techniques of Intra-Operative Radiation and what is its role
in treatment of cancer?
Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences::Vijayawada-520 008
M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION – OCTOBER, 2015
RADIOTHERAPY
PAPER-I : Basic Sciences
1) 4 R’s of Radiobiology.
2) Cataract formation following Radiotherapy.
3) Carbon ion therapy.
4) Define and explain LET.
5) Therapeutic Index and its Clinical importance.
6) Explain the fields with 60- cobalt and 15 MV photons for carcinoma
oesophagus.
7) Hazard ratio.
8) Anatomy of maxillary sinus and lymphatic drainage.
9) Cisplatin.
10) Paris system for brachytherapy.
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RADIOTHERAPY
Paper-II : Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy
1) SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy)
2) Principle of chemo-radiation.
3) Management of medulloblastoma.
4) Indications for radiotherapy in low grade glioma and management of
pilocytic astrocytoma.
5) 70 years female with lesion in medial canthus of the right eye. Biopsy
is reported as basal cell carcinoma – Explain management options.
6) Staging and management of neuroblastoma.
7) Management of Stage I testicular seminoma and rationale.
8) CT Simulation – Explain the process.
9) Management options for radiation proctitis.
10) Staging of carcinoma endometrium and management options for
stage Ib endometrial carcinoma.
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RADIOTHERAPY
Paper-III: Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy
1) Tumor Lysis Syndrome.
2) Management of CLL/SLL.
3) Monoclonal antibodies.
4) Breast conservation surgery. Explain rationale, benefits, indications
and contraindications.
5) Management of stage III carcinoma cervix.
6) Role of radiotherapy in keloids.
7) Write briefly on AIDS related cancers.
8) Neo-adjuvant therapy in carcinoma bladder.
9) Craniopharyngioma.
10) Fractionation in Radiotherapy.
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DR NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES:: VIJAYAWADA
RADIOTHERAPY
Paper-IV : Clinical subjects in relation to Radiotherapy
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
1) Biological Effective Dose
2) Technetium 99m
3) Craniospinal Irradiation
4) Oncogenes
5) Radiation treatment for Thymoma
6) Radiotherapy management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Maxillary
Antrum
7) Cell cycle and its relevance to Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
8) Submucous Fibrosis
9) Tissue Compensators
10) Axillary Nodal Radiotherapy in Cancer of the Breast
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M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION – APRIL, 2015
RADIOTHERAPY
PAPER-I : BASIC SCIENCES

1) What are the risk factors for the development of cancer of the
endometrium? Write the staging system used for Endometrial
cancer.
2) Write in brief on Wedges.
3) What is meant by sievert? How is it obtained? Write the annual
limits of radiation exposure to different population sub-groups, as
recommended by the NCRP.
4) Thermo-luminescent dosimeters.
5) What are the risk factors for the development of Breast cancer?
Write the pathological classification of Breast tumours.
6) What is meant by Screening for cancer? What are the pre-requisites
for Screening? Write a brief note on Prostate specific antigen.
7) P value.
8) Describe the lymphatic drainage of Tongue. Mention the acute and
late effects observed following radical radiation treatment of head
and neck cancers.
9) Enumerate the different strategies for modifying Radiation response.
Write briefly on Amifostine.
10) What is meant by isodose curves? What are the factors affecting the
isodose distribution?
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RADIOTHERAPY

1) Write the role of radiotherapy in Bladder preservation for Muscle
invasive Bladder cancer.
2) Uveal Melanoma.
3) Pheochromocytoma.
4) Describe the treatment of a patient diagnosed to have Ependymoma.
5) What are the indications for radiotherapy after Mastectomy for Breast
cancer? Write in brief on the techniques and doses.
6) Osteosarcoma.
7) Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
8) Technique of Intracavitary radiotherapy for cancer cervix.
9) Treatment of Malignant melanoma.
10) What are the well differentiated Thyroid cancers? How are they
treated?
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Write the tolerance doses of Radiation to Kidney. What are the signs
and symptoms of Radiation Nephropathy? Write in brief on the
management of Radiation nephropathy.
2) Management of Metastatic Ca Prostate.
3) Prophylactic cranial irradiation for Small cell lung cancer.
4) Radiotherapy for Bone metastasis.
5) Prognostic factors and treatment of Choriocarcinoma.
6) Organ preservation treatment for Anal canal cancer.
7) Heterotopic ossification.
8) Evaluation of patient with Metastasis to Supraclavicular lymph node
from unknown primary.
9) Radiation induced cancers.
10) Malignant Pleural effusion.
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Stereotactic body radiotherapy.

2) Briefly explain the technique of Total skin Electron beam therapy.
3) What are the different strategies employed for Image guided
Radiotherapy?
4) Permanent interstitial implants.
5) Write in brief on the BRW frame for Stereotactic Radiosurgery.
Describe the process of planning a patient for SRS.
6) What are the different designs of Multileaf collimator? Write on the
benefits of MLC.
7) Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of a Linear accelerator
over Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit.
8) Write the indications for total body irradiation and the techniques of
TBI. Enumerate the potential complications of TBI.
9) What are the principles of combining Chemotherapy with
Radiotherapy? Write on the different methods of combining the two
treatments and their potential advantages and disadvantages.
10) What are the principles of Carbon-ion Radiation Therapy?
Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences::AP::Vijayawada – 520 008
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M.D. DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION – JUNE, 2015
RADIOTHERAPY
PAPER-I : BASIC SCIENCES - RADIATION PHYSICS
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 100

1) Describe anatomy and lymphatic drainage of lung. Discuss the staging of lung
cancer.
2) Describe heavy particle beams with advantages and disadvantages over

conventional photon beams
3) Tissue Compensators
4) Describe in detail Acute Radiation Syndromes.
5) What is DVH?
6) What is collision? How do you prevent?
7) What is pathogenesis and Natural History of Melanoma?
8) Human Papilloma Virus
9) What is Water Phantom? How do they use it?
10) Describe Mammalian Cell Survival Curve. What are its disadvantages?
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M.D.DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - JUNE, 2015
RADIOTHERAPY
Paper-III : Gynecological Malignancies, GI Malignancies, Hepatobiliary, Uro Genital,
Bone Tumours, Soft issues Skin and Appendages, Benign Tumours
1) WHO classification of Soft Sarcomas

2) Management of Cord Compression
3) Role of Radiotherapy in Benign diseases
4) PCI
5) Hormonal therapy in ER, PR positive breast cancer in a 30 year old lady
6) How do you manage Prostate cancer with RT?
7) Discuss second cancers
8) What are the precautions you advice to a cancer survivor?
9) Angiogenesis in cancer development
10) Describe skin cancers and how do you stage?
RADIOTHERAPY
malignancies breast esophagus, lymphomas, leukemia’s and pediatric
tumors.
1) Management of optic glioma.

2) Classify PNS tumors and give management of locally advanced
Ca maxilla.
3) Quality of life and management of Ca Esophagus.
4) Classify bone tumours and discuss the management of localized
Ewing’s sarcoma.
5) Describe the TNM staging of carcinoma nasopharynx and discuss the
management of carcinoma nasopharynx T3N2MO.
6) Enumerate malignant lesions that affect the orbit. Add a note on
orbital lymphoma.
7) An 8 year old boy presented with non metastatic Osteosarcoma of R
lower end of Femur. Discuss the management.
8) Classify lung tumors. Discuss the management of stage 4
adenocarcinoma of lung.
9) Discuss the role of breast conservation therapy in a 45 year old
woman with Ca Right Breast CT2NOMO.
10) Discuss the post operative management of Glioblastoma Multiforme.
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RADIOTHERAPY

1) Quality assurance in radiation oncology. Explain QA in EBRT.
2) What are the Ethical considerations in RT and Legal principles concerning
the malpractice in radiation oncology?
3) Types and IMRT and inverse planning.
4) Write notes on Maximum Permissible Dose and the principle of ALARA.
5) Tumor Lysis Syndrome.
6) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of preoperative versus
postoperative radiotherapy.
7) Enumerate the personnel monitoring devices for radiation protection.
Add a note on TLD batch.
8) Discuss the bladder and the management of rectal toxicities in patients
undergoing concurrent chemo-RT for carcinoma cervix.
9) Write on the steps involved in the planning of 3D Conformal
Radiotherapy.
10) Write the indications for stereotactic radiosurgery. How is arteriovenous
malformation treated?
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M.D. DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION – JULY, 2016
RADIOTHERAPY
1) Quality assurance in Radiotherapy.
2) Explain LENT.
3) Principles of stimulation in Radiotherapy.
4) Thimble ion chamber.
5) Planning and installation of Telecobalt Unit.
6) Cell cycle and its importance.
7) Mammography.
8) Compensators in Radiotherapy
9) Write the muscles of mastication and discuss mechanism of Trismus.
10) Describe the different methods of matching adjacent fields.

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M.D.DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - JULY, 2016
RADIOTHERAPY
1) Premalignant lesions of skin and sequelae of skin irradiation.
2) Management of Stage I uterine Cervix in a 40 year old women.
3) Recent advances in chemotherapy in RCC.
4) Hormonal management of metastatic prostate cancer.
5) Management of Ca. rectum.
6) Management of Ca. urinary bladder T2b NO MO.
7) Radiotherapy treatment of Wilms tumor.
8) W.H.O. classification of Soft Tissue Sarcomas.
9) Role of radiation in the management of Ca. Stomach and the techniques used.
10) Discuss about the precautions you advice to a cancer survivor.

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION – MAY, 2016
RADIOTHERAPY
1) Define the terms tissue air ratio, tissue maximum ratio and tissue
phantom ratio.
2) Recent WHO classification of CNS tumors
3) Discuss the present status of principles of sentinel lymphnode biopsy

in various malignancies.
4) Define screening. Explain the present status of screening in oral

malignancy.
5) Lymphatic drainage of cervix. Explain the management of early

stage carcinoma cervix
6) Quality assurance in Radiotherapy
7) Pathology of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
8) Write in brief. PET CT – principles and current indications.
9) Define Overall survival, disease free survival and P-value and Hazard
Ratio.
10) Discuss the current status of MRI in breast cancer.
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Hyperthermia
2) Multileaf Collimators
3) Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemoradiation
4) Mycosis Fungoides
5) Principles and practice of breast conservation treatment in carcinoma

breast.
6) Role of prophylactic irradiation in cancer treatment
7) Post radiation myelopathy
8) Image guided Radiotherapy (IGRT)
9) Simulator
10) Radioprotectors
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Partial transmission blocks
2) Discuss the role of radiation in the management of carcinoma

stomach and the techniques used.
3) Role of Radiotherapy Neuroblastoma
4) Mammography
5) Intraluminal Brachytherapy.
6) Treatment of Medulloblastoma involving posterior cranial fossa
7) Management of retinoblastoma with emphasis on combined modality

treatment.
8) Accelerated partial Breast Irradiation
9) IMRT in the treatment of Carcinoma Prostate
10) Therapeutic Ratio and its clinical application.
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Carbon Ion radiotherapy
2) Immobilization devices
3) TLD (Thermo Luminescent Dosimetry)
4) Biological effects of Radiation
5) Apoptosis
6) Beam modification in Radiotherapy
7) Role of radiotherapy in soft tissue sarcomas
8) Evaluation of Carcinoma of unknown primary
9) Maximum Permissible Dose
10) HDR Brachytherapy
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RADIOTHERAPY
Malignancies, breast, esophagus, lymphomas, leukemia’s and pediatric
tumors.
1) Describe the techniques of post mastectomy radiotherapy. How are

the adjacent fields matched?
2) A) Name the tumors arising from Metaphysis and Diaphysis of Bone

B) Role of plain X-Ray, CT scan, MRI scan and PET scan in Ewings
Sarcoma
C) IHC tests in the Histopathological Diagnosis of Ewings Sarcoma
3) A) Role of HPV in Head and Neck Cancer
B) Post operative indications of radiotherapy and concurrent chemo in
Head and Neck cancers.
C) Role of Brachy therapy in Carcinoma tongue
4) Define the levels of Lymph nodes in the neck. What are the guide
lines for delineation of Lymph nodes based upon the risk?
5) Classify Orbital tumors. Describe the role of radiotherapy in Retino

blastoma.
6) Write about the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis due to

Radiotherapy.
7) Describe the management of Radiotherapy in Hodgkins Lymphoma

Stage II
8) Outline the Classification of Primary Thyroid carcinoma. Discuss the

management of Anaplastic Carcinoma thyroid.
9) Prophylactic Cranial Radiotherapy

10) Write about work up and staging of Carcinoma Esophagus. How do
you treat Carcinoma Esophagus Middle 1/3 rd?
RADIOTHERAPY

11) Discuss the indications, technique and results of SBRT in Carcinoma Lung
12) Discuss the role of MRI, PET CT in Radiotherapy Planning.
13) Write about
a) NCCP
b) Tumor Registry
c) Current guidelines for breast cancer screening with MRI.
14) What is the Radiobiological basis for Hypo fractionated Radiotherapy.

Enumerate the sites in which Hypo fractionation is used.
15) Explain about Electron Beam Radiotherapy, clinical uses and planning
16) Enumerate the Non Malignant conditions treated with Radiotherapy.

Describe the dose required to treat Meningioma and Keloid
17) What is the Radiation tolerance of Ovary and Testis? Write about the
methods for fertility preservation in the Oncological management.
18) Compare Gamma Knife and Cyber knife.
19) Describe the basic principles of Re irradiation. How do you treat 40 yr

old, a case of low grade Glioma of Right Temparo parietal region treated
with Surgery, Chemo and RT 3 yrs ago, now with local recurrence of 3Cm
size?
20) Write about ICRU 83

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RADIOTHERAPY

1) What is percentage depth dose and what are the factors influencing it?
2) Describe Anatomy and Lymphatic drainage of Breast.
3) Describe the radiation Safety features in a Teletherapy unit installation
4) What is Universal wedge? Discuss the physical aspects and clinical applications of
Wedge filters?
5) TLD
6) Describe Linear Quadrate Model and its Clinical Application
7) Write short notes on
a) ALARA Principle
b) Standard error and standard deviation
c) Null Hypothesis
d) Isodose Curve
8) Classification of Bone Tumors
9) Describe 4 “R” in Radiobiology
a) Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER)
b) Tissue Compensators in Radiation Therapy

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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Discuss the staging and investigate work up for Carcinoma Endometrium. Add a
note on Role of radiotherapy in the management of Carcinoma Endometrium.
2) Classify Tumors of Testis. Describe the Technique of Radiation in the management

of Seminoma Testis
3) Discuss the role of Chemo-Radiation in the Management of Anal Canal Cancer.
4) Role of Radiation Therapy in Benign Tumor
5) Discussion the Staging and Role of Radiation Therapy in Wilms Tumor
6) Write short notes on:
a) Gleason Scoring System

b) Intraluminal Brachytherapy
7) Discuss the diagnosis and management of Multiple Myeloma
8) Classify Antiemetics and outline the mode of action of two types
9) Enumerate indications and uses of PET scan in Oncology.
a) Radiation Cystitis
b) Total Body irradiation
RADIOTHERAPY
1) Discuss Linear Quadratic model
2) Anatomy and Lymphatic drainage and its significance in cancer of

Breast
3) Describe levels of neck nodes-anatomical and radiological
4) What is Percentage Depth Dose (PDD)? Describe factors affecting

Percentage Depth Dose.
5) Discuss 4-R’s in Radiobiology
6) Hyperthermia
7) Mammography
8) Bragg peak effect
9) Sub Lethal damage
10) Kaplan Meier survival curve
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Write management of high grade glioma
2) Radiation proctitis
3) Discuss Breast conservation therapy in detail
4) International Committee on Radiation Units and Measurements

(ICRU) 50
5) Role of Intracavitary radiotherapy (ICRT) in Carcinoma Cervix
6) Craniospinal Irradiation (CSI)
7) Management of limited stage small cell cancer lung
8) Classification of staging of salivary gland tumors
9) Altered fractionation radiotherapy in Head Neck cancer
10) Nodal staging in cancer Nasopharynx and its prognostic significance
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Radiation induced renal injury – mechanism and management
2) Role of Radiotherapy in ALL and RT - planning
3) Management of malignant spinal cord compression
4) Management of stage II Hodgkin’s lymphoma
5) Staging of carcinoma Endometrium
6) Management of cTINoMo Squamous Cell Carcinoma right lateral

border of tongue
7) Androgen deprivation therapy
8) Craniopharyngioma
9) Mediastinal nodal regions
10) Martinez Universal Perineal Interstitial Template (MUPIT)
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) HPV in Head and Neck cancer
2) Cyberknife
3) Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
4) Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
5) Chemotherapeutic agents as radio sensitizers
6) Role of chemotherapy in early stage breast cancer
7) Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations
8) Role of Surgery in Cancer Cervix
9) Molecular markers of Brain tumors
10) Cisplatin
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RADIOTHERAPY
tumors.
1) Management of optic glioma
2) Discuss the management of stage IIBX Diffuse Large B cell

Lymphoma.
3) Role of Radiotherapy in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

4) Discuss the post operative management of Glioblastoma Multiforme
5) Discuss the management of malignant pleural effusion.
6) Pathological classification of lung cancer and role of RT in NSCLC
7) Management of Olfactory Neuroblastoma
8) Describe the methods of palliation for dysphagia in a patient with

metastatic Ca oesophageus
9) Pathological types of CA thyroid and management of differentiated

thyroid malignancy
10) Classify PNS tumors and give management of locally advanced Ca
maxilla
RADIOTHERAPY

1) Describe the target organs and radiation portals in Ca Vulva.
2) What are the dose limiting OAR’s in the abdominal cavity? What are their
tolerance doses?

4) Describe the techniques of matching the junction between the tangential

fields and the supraclavicular field in adjuvant chest wall irradiation in
post MRM.
in treatment of Cancer?
6) What are the principles of Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy?
7) Advantages of TNM Staging.
8) Quality assurance in radiation Oncology. Explain QA in EBRT.

lung?
10) Proton Beam Radiotherapy

RADIOTHERAPY

1) Reoxygenation
2) RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness)
3) Population based cancer registry
4) Oncogenes
5) Pathology of Hodgkin’s disease
6) What is the difference between Photoelectric effect and Compton
Effect and its clinical significance?
7) Beam modifying devices

8) Californium as a brachytherapy source
9) Cell survival curve for sparsely and densely ionizing radiations
10) Discuss the current status of MRI in Breast cancer.
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RADIOTHERAPY

1) Describe the pathology and staging of carcinoma cervix
2) Rationale of postoperative radiotherapy
3) Management of brain metastases
4) Principles of palliative radiotherapy.
5) Rationale of combining photon beam therapy and electron beam

therapy.
6) Concomitant boost
7) Hyperthermia
8) Classification of dose rate in brachytherapy and advantages of High

dose rate brachytherapy.
9) What are the steps to be taken to avoid long term complications in

clinical radiotherapy?
10) Breast conservation therapy
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. NTR University of Health Sciences::Vijayawada-520 008
RADIOTHERAPY
1) Discuss the different sequences in which chemotherapy is combined

with radiotherapy and their rationale.
2) SVC syndrome
3) Importance of Hippocampal sparing in brain radiotherapy
4) Adriamycin
5) Perineal Implants.
6) Premalignant lesions of skin and sequelae of skin irradiation
7) Chemotherapy of Wilms tumor
8) Hormone manipulation in carcinoma prostate
9) Bone marrow toxicity following chemotherapy
10) Mammography.
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Discuss the recent advances in the management of early stage breast

cancer with special emphasis on radiation techniques.
2) X-knife
3) Cone beam therapy
4) Targeted therapy
5) Proton Beam Therapy
6) What are different volume specifications for conformal radiation

therapy?
7) MRI-PET scan
8) PDR brachytherapy
9) Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs
10) Carbon Ion Radiotherapy
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RADIOTHERAPY

1) Explain about the Cell Survival Curves, α/β ratio and its clinical importance.
2) Write about (1) M.P.D (2) B.E.D (3) ALARA
3) Explain about 4 R’s of Radiobiology and Write about Rationale for fractionation in
Radiotherapy.
4) ICRU 83
5) Write about Primary Barriers, Secondary Barriers and Maze
6) What are the characteristics of ideal Radioactive isotope and write briefly about Ir
192?
7) Advantages of “LINAC’ over ‘Co 60’
8) Write about Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy
9) Write about LENT, SOMA & QUANTEC
a) Potential doubling time

b) Cell loss factors
c) TCP & NTCP
RADIOTHERAPY
1) How do you manage recurrence of Ca Cervix II B after 2 years of treatment?
2) Mention about Pathological classification of Ovarian tumors and role of

Radiotherapy in Ca Ovary.
3) Discuss the staging of testicular tumors. Write about the management of

Seminoma testis.
4) Role of RT in endometrial cancer.
5) Enumerate complications due to Pelvic Radiotherapy and methods to prevent

complications in Pelvic Radiotherapy.
a) Role of BCG in Ca Bladder

b) TACE
c) RFA
d) TARE
7) Write about role of Brachytherapy in ca Prostate.
8) Write about IORT and its role in abdominal malignancies
9) Write staging work up of Ca. Anal Canal. Discuss about role of Chemoradiation in
Carcinoma of Anal Canal.
10) Write about role of HPV in Gynecological cancer its Prognostic significance and
about Vaccination.
RADIOTHERAPY

1) Discuss cell survival curve

2) Describe anatomy and lymphatic drainage of Carcinoma
Nasopharynx. Write its TNM staging.
3) Write pathological classification of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

4) Hypoxia and reoxygenation in Radiotherapy
5) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
6) Beam modifying devices
7) Radiological features of bone tumors

8) Radiation dermatitis
9) Betatron and Cyclotron
10) Proton beam.
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RADIOTHERAPY

1) Classification and prognostic factors of brain tumors
2) Which are the malignancies associated with Acquired Immune

Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)? Write in brief on Kaposi’s sarcoma
3) Write management of cancer thyroid
4) International Committee on Radiation units and measurements

(ICRU) 38
5) Management of radiation cystitis
6) Hypoxic gain factor
7) Role of External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) in Carcinoma Cervix
8) Role of radiotherapy in testicular tumors
9) Management of operable breast cancer in 35 year lady
10) Radiation in bone metastasis
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Radiation induced lung injury – mechanism and management
2) Role of radiotherapy in Ewing’s sarcoma of the bone
3) Radiation induced cancers
4) Management of stage I seminoma testis
5) TNM staging of carcinoma anal canal
6) Chemoradiation in locally advanced Head and Neck cancer
7) Hormone therapy in cancer breast
8) Desmoid tumors
9) Radiotherapy in Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas
10) Paris system of Brachytherapy
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RADIOTHERAPY
1) Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine in carcinoma cervix
2) Gamma knife
3) Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
4) Tomotherapy
5) Radioprotectors
6) Role of Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in head and neck cancer
7) Response evaluation criteria in Oncology
8) Role of Surgery in cancer breast
9) Molecular markers in Lymphoma
10) Paclitaxol
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RADIOTHERAPY
tumors.
1) Pathological classification of CNS tumors. Discuss the management of

craniopharyngioma
2) What are the ethical considerations in RT and legal principles

concerning the malpractice in radiation oncology?
3) Outline the classification of Primary Thyroid Carcinoma. Discuss the

management of Anaplastic Carcinoma thyroid.
4) Types and IMRT and inverse planning
5) Describe the techniques of post mastectomy radiotherapy. How are

the adjacent fields matched?
6) Discuss the post operative management of a child with standard risk

medulloblastoma
7) Quality of life and management of Ca Esophagus

8) Classify lung tumours. Discuss the management of stage 4
Adenocarcinoma of lung.
9) Write about the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis due to

Radiotherapy
10) Prophylactic Cranial Radiotherapy

RADIOTHERAPY


in treatment of cancer?
3) Quality assurance in radiation oncology. Explain QA in EBRT.
4) What is the Radiation tolerance of Ovary and Testis? Write about the
methods for fertility preservation in the oncological management.
5) What is the V20? What is the significance of V20 in the radiation

planning of Ca lung?

lung?
7) Compare Gamma Knife and Cyber Knife
8) Enumerate the personnel monitoring devices for radiation protection.

Add a note on TLD batch.
9) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of preoperative versus

postoperative radiotherapy.
10) Write about ICRU 83

RADIOTHERAPY

1) Characteristics of electron beam radiation

2) Describe the physical basis of the following radionuclide decay
processes:
a) Positron decay
b) Electron capture
c) Internal conversion
3) Describe the characteristics of an ideal brachytherapy source
4) Hyperthermia
5) Boron neutron capture
6) Mechanisms of DNA repair
7) What is Recursive Partition Analysis (RPA) and briefly describe RPA

for glioblastoma multiforme?
8) Anatomy and lymphatic drainage of carcinoma cervix and its

relevance to radiotherapy planning
9) Define relative risks and odds ratio. How will you calculate number
needed to treat?
10) Describe the molecular classification of medulloblastoma

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RADIOTHERAPY

1) A 45 year old male presented with 3 month history of slowly

enlarging lumps in his left axilla and left supraclavicular fossa.
Physical examination revealed a 30mm hard, fixed mass in his left
supraclavicular fossa and a 40mm hard, mobile mass in his left axilla.
The reminder of the physical examination was normal. An incisional
biopsy of the supraclavicular fossa mass showed metastatic poorly
differentiated carcinoma. He had not undergone any further
investigations and has been referred to you for further management.
a) What investigations would you recommend for this patient?

b) Histopathology review confirmed a diagnosis of poorly
differentiated carcinoma (non-small cell) and investigations failed
to identify a primary site. Staging investigations confirmed nodal
disease in his left axilla and supraclavicular fossa, but no evidence
of disease elsewhere. What would be your recommended
management plan for this patient?
2) a)Describe the potential endocrine and metabolic side effects of

cancer treatment in adults, giving examples.
b)How would you prevent and manage these effects in a man with
prostate cancer on long-term androgen deprivation therapy?
3) a) Discuss the causes of renal failure in patients with malignancy.

b) What factors would you take into consideration in determining the
management of renal failure in a cancer patient under your care?
Contd….2
:2:
4) Radiation proctitis
5) Accelerated partial breast irradiation
6) Intraluminal brachytherapy in carcinoma esophagus
7) How will you treat a child with average risk medulloblastoma?

Describe briefly the treatment techniques and difficulties you will face
in delivery of treatment.
8) Evolution of trials in Rhabdomyosarcoma
9) Indications and techniques of prophylactic cranial irradiation
10) Multileaf collimators
---
RADIOTHERAPY
1) Regarding patients undergoing radical chemo-radiation for cancer of

the lower thoracic oesophageus:
a) Describe a suitable radiation technique

b) List the causes of malnutrition
c) What is the significance of malnutrition?
2) Regarding patients undergoing radical chemo-radiation for carcinoma

of the nasopharynx:
a) What are the staging investigations you would recommend?

b) Describe a suitable radiation technique
c) Acute and chronic side effects of radiation
3) What are the radiation effects on brain? How will you manage?
4) Pathophysiology of radiation pneumonitis. What are the risk factors

for development of radiation pneumonitis?
5) Describe briefly the role of radiation in carcinoma stomach
6) Molecular typing of breast cancer
7) Describe briefly the investigations and management of malignant

ascites
8) Tumor lysis syndrome
9) A 60 year old postmenopausal lady treated for triple negative breast

cancer 3 years back presents with complaints of back pain.
Investigations revealed a lytic lesion in T12 vertebral body with
impending spinal cord compression. How will you proceed?
10) National Cancer Control Program.

RADIOTHERAPY

11) Critically evaluate trails of adjuvant radiotherapy in carcinoma

endometrium
12) A 27 year old nulliparous lady presents with cT1aN0M0 squamous cell
carcinoma of right labia majora
1. Discuss the various treatment options
2. If she had node positive disease how will your treatment differ
13) You are asked to start a suitable screening programme for carcinoma
cervix in your locality. What will you choose? Give suitable evidence?
14) A 20 year old male present with a 1x1x2cm right vestibular

schwannoma. Describe a suitable technique of radiation.
15) Critically appraise the use of 18FDG-PET imaging in staging,

determining prognosis, treatment planning and follow up of patients
with cancer. Illustrate your answer using two common malignancies.
16) List the uses of radiation in the treatment of non-malignant

conditions. Describe a suitable technique for the management of
keloid. What are the complications you will explain to the patient?
17) Discuss the various treatment options for metastatic renal disease
18) Discuss the current role of mammography in screening in breast

cancer
19) Critically evaluate START trails of hypo fractionated radiotherapy in

breast cancer.
20) CONSORT guidelines
---
…
RADIOTHERAPY

1) What are the different methods of matching adjacent fields?
2) How is Ionization radiation measured? Describe the working of a thimble chamber?
3) Planning and installation of Telecobalt Unit
4) Write the muscles of mastication and discuss mechanism of Trismus
5) Discuss in detail regarding the techniques used in screening of carcinoma cervix
6) Discuss the “WHO Ladder” of pain management in cancer
7) What is pathogenesis and Natural History of Melanoma
8) Describe in detail Acute Radiation Syndromes
9) What is Water Phantom? How do they use it?
10) Mammography
RADIOTHERAPY
1) W.H.O classification of Soft Tissue Sarcomas
2) Management of Cord Compression
3) Management of Stage I Uterine Cervix in a 40 year old women
4) Discuss second cancers
5) What are the indications for adjuvant radiation in RCC? What are the doses and
planning techniques?
6) Describe hormonal management in metastatic prostate cancer
7) Write briefly on AIDS related cancers
8) Radiotherapy in Cutaneous T-Cell lymphomas
9) What do you understand by the term dose volume histogram? Discuss its clinical
significance
10) Angiogenesis in cancer development

RADIOTHERAPY

1) Describe briefly 4 R’s

2) Anatomy and Lymphatic drainage and its significance in cancer of
breast
3) Carcinogenesis
4) Kaplan Meier survival curve
5) Describe Acute Radiation Syndromes
6) Write short notes on Dose volume histogram
7) Angiogenesis in Tumors
8) Wedge Filters
9) Time Dose Fractionation
10) What is the difference between Photoelectric effect and Compton

effect and its clinical significance?
---
RADIOTHERAPY

1) Chemical Radiosensitization
2) Pontine Glioma
3) Brachytherapy in the management of Carcinoma Cervix
4) Cranio Spinal Irradiation
5) Principles of palliative radiotherapy
6) Management of Lung metastases
7) Management of locally advanced breast cancer
8) Principles of concurrent chemo-Radiotherapy in Head and Neck

cancers
9) Staging of Lymphomas
10) Radiation Recall
---
RADIOTHERAPY
1) R-CHOP
2) Therapeutic Index
3) Pemetrexed
4) Treatment protocol of ALL
5) Adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage breast cancer
6) Targeted Therapy
7) WHO pain ladder
8) Xerostomia
9) Management of Multiple Myeloma
10) Treatment of primary cutaneous Lymphoma

RADIOTHERAPY

1) Gamma Knife
2) Particle beam therapy
3) Stereotactic radiosurgery
4) Image guided Radiotherapy.
5) Bone Scan
6) CT Simulator
7) Describe Phase III Trials
8) Biological effects of Radiation
9) Intra mammary Brachytherapy
10) Intraoperative Radiation Therapy
---
M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION – AUGUST, 2020
RADIOTHERAPY
Paper-IV: Clinical subjects in relation to Radiotherapy

1) Describe the foramina in the base of skull and the associated

syndromes
2) What are the prognostic markers in carcinoma breast? Give suitable evidence
wherever necessary.
3) Describe the lymphatic drainage of cervix. Draw and label the various
stations
4) Describe the pathology and molecular biology of childhood central nervous

system tumors
5) What are the general principles of the TNM staging system? What are the
microscopic and immunohistochemical features of non-small cell carcinoma
of the Lung?
6) Premalignant lesions of oral cavity
7) ICRU 83
8) Various methods for image guidance in radiotherapy
9) Gene therapy
10) Personal radiation monitoring devices

Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences:: Vijayawada-520 008
RADIOTHERAPY
Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:100
1) Briefly describe cyber knife and its clinical applications
2) Describe in brief monoisocentric technique in carcinoma breast
3) Rationale of hypo fractionation
4) Management of stage I seminoma testis
5) EQD2, BED and isoeffective dose
6) Describe the SAD treatment planning technique in carcinoma cervix
7) Describe briefly the principles of GEC-ESTRO in brachytherapy in

carcinoma cervix
8) Describe the CT volumes in the treatment of locally advanced

carcinoma rectum
9) What are the indications for bisphosphonates in the treatment of the following
primary cancers and what is the evidence that would support your
recommendation.
a) Breast b) Prostate
10) Management of Retinoblastoma with emphasis on combined modality

treatment.
RADIOTHERAPY

1) Role of External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) in carcinoma cervix
2) Evaluate the arguments and evidence for and against population- based
screening for prostate cancer.
3) A 35 year old man is referred following right inguinal orchidectomy for a

classical marker negative seminoma. Staging investigations are clear. Discuss
your recommendations.
4) Acute and chronic effects of radiation on bone marrow
5) Radiobiological principle of stereotactic radiosurgery and discuss the

treatment of benign meningioma
6) Role of chemotherapy in head and neck cancers
7) START trials in carcinoma breast
8) Describe briefly the various types of neck dissection
9) Describe the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma breast
10) Radio sensitizers

RADIOTHERAPY

1) Isotopes of iodine
2) Parameters of Isodose curves
3) Compare the different systems of implant dosimetry?
4) Cell survival curve
5) Cell cycle check points
6) Linear quadratic model and its clinical application
7) Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy
8) Describe the anatomy and lymphatic drainage of esophagus
9) Role of PET CT in radiotherapy planning
10) Flattening free filters

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION – JULY, 2021
RADIATION ONCOLOGY

1) Anatomy of pharynx with diagram
2) ALARA
3) Photo disintegration
4) TAR(Tissue Air Ratio). TPR(Tissue Phantom Ratio). TMR (Tissue
Maximum Ratio)
5) ICRU 38
6) Forward planning
7) Define QUANTEC (Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in
the Clinic)
8) Tumor Angiogenesis
9) Cell cycle
10) Interaction of photon with Matter
---
RADIATION ONCOLOGY

1) Hemibody Radiation
2) Anatomy of breast with diagram
3) Radiotherapy of nonmalignant lesions
4) Dental care in radiotherapy patients
5) Different radiotherapy techniques in Brain Tumors
6) Management of Ca. Endometrium
7) Ewing’s Sarcoma
8) Write briefly about the Genetic effects of Radiation
9) Discuss the management of T1N1MO squamous cell carcinoma oflower
alveolus
10) Patient immobilization

DR NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES:: AP :: VIJAYAWADA
M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION – JULY,2021
\RADIATION ONCOLOGY
1) Sunitinib
2) Tumor markers in oncology

3) Germ cell tumors
4) Tumor Lysis Syndrome
5) Androgen Deprivation Therapy
6) Metronomic Therapy
7) Oral chemotherapy
8) Hormone Therapy
9) Immunotherapy
10) Use of Hyperbaric oxygen in treatment of cancer
---
DR NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES:: AP :: VIJAYAWADA

RADIATION ONCOLOGY

1) Describe proton beam and its uses in cancer treatment

2) Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI)
3) Endovascular brachytherapy
4) Biological target volume
5) Vaccination against HPV
6) Cyber knife
7) SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy)
8) MRI protocol for staging of Rectal Cancer
9) Gene expression based assay
10) Photodynamic Therapy
---

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DR NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, VIJAYAWADA - 8

M.D. DEGREE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION – DECEMBER, 2015

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

1) Discuss the management of stage IIBX Diffuse Large B Cell

NOTE: Answer All Questions

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

1) Describe Paraneoplastic Syndromes

2) Describe the techniques of matching the junction between the tangential

3) What is Integrated Tumor Volume (ITV) in the planning of EBRT for Ca

4) What is V20? What is the significance of V20 in the radiation planning of

7) Describe the target organs and radiation portals in Ca Vulva?

8) Describe the technique of intracavitary radiation in Ca cervix. What are

9) What are the principles of Carbon ion Radiation Therapy?

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

2) Cataract formation following Radiotherapy.

3) Carbon ion therapy.

4) Define and explain LET.

5) Therapeutic Index and its Clinical importance.

8) Anatomy of maxillary sinus and lymphatic drainage.

10) Paris system for brachytherapy.

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

1) SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy)

4) Indications for radiotherapy in low grade glioma and management of

is reported as basal cell carcinoma – Explain management options.

6) Staging and management of neuroblastoma.

7) Management of Stage I testicular seminoma and rationale.

8) CT Simulation – Explain the process.

9) Management options for radiation proctitis.

10) Staging of carcinoma endometrium and management options for

stage Ib endometrial carcinoma.

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

1) Tumor Lysis Syndrome.

4) Breast conservation surgery. Explain rationale, benefits, indications

5) Management of stage III carcinoma cervix.

6) Role of radiotherapy in keloids.

7) Write briefly on AIDS related cancers.

8) Neo-adjuvant therapy in carcinoma bladder.

10) Fractionation in Radiotherapy.

Paper-IV : Clinical subjects in relation to Radiotherapy

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: Answer all questions

All questions carry equal marks

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

1) Biological Effective Dose

5) Radiation treatment for Thymoma

6) Radiotherapy management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Maxillary

7) Cell cycle and its relevance to Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy

10) Axillary Nodal Radiotherapy in Cancer of the Breast

Note: Answer all questions

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

Paper-II : Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks:100

Note: Answer all questions

WRITE SHORT ESSAYS ON THE FOLLOWING:

1) Write the role of radiotherapy in Bladder preservation for Muscle

invasive Bladder cancer.

4) Describe the treatment of a patient diagnosed to have Ependymoma.

cancer? Write in brief on the techniques and doses.

7) Adenoid cystic carcinoma.