NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CALLAO

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

REPORT : FORMATIVE RESEARCH

A Comprehensive Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies

COURSE : FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND NATIVE LANGUAGE 2

GROUP SCHEDULE : 01T

TEACHER : MSc. Ing. Emma Soledad Coronado Cusipuma

GROUP MEMBERS :

➢ Huamanlazo Vivar, Christian

➢ Cabezas Hidalgo, Carlos Enrique
➢ Tabraj Espinoza, Axel Andre
➢ Vicente Parra, Benjamín Martin
➢ Moya Huallpa, Roy

DATE OF DELIVERY: NOVEMBER 29, 2023

BELLAVISTA, NOVEMBER 27 OF 2023

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DEDICATION

In a special way to the teacher for his tolerance

and empathy, also to our family members who
in these circumstances were an example to
follow.

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GRATITUDE

To the teachers of the National University of

Callao and to all the people who helped and
supported us in the development of this work.

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 INDEX OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................6
1. Solar Energy.............................................................................................................6
2. Wind Energy............................................................................................................. 6
3. Hydroelectric Energy................................................................................................ 6
4. Biomass Energy....................................................................................................... 6
5. Geothermal Energy.................................................................................................. 6
Key Aspects of the Analysis............................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................9
Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Sources of Renewable Energy...................10
Solar Energy...............................................................................................................10
Wind power................................................................................................................ 10
Hydroelectric power.................................................................................................... 11
Biomass Energy..........................................................................................................11
Geothermal energy.....................................................................................................12
Emerging technologies in the field of renewable energy.................................................. 12
Advanced Energy Storage......................................................................................... 12
Solar Energy Conversion Technologies..................................................................... 13
Innovative Wind Energy............................................................................................. 13
Advanced Bioenergy.................................................................................................. 13
Wave and Tidal Energy.............................................................................................. 13
Intelligent Networks (Smart Grids)............................................................................. 13
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).......................................................................... 14
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................15
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES..................................................................................... 16
Solar Energy.....................................................................................................................16
Wind Energy.....................................................................................................................16
Hydropower...................................................................................................................... 16
Geothermal Energy.......................................................................................................... 17
Seawater energy.............................................................................................................. 17
RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES........................................................18
Lithium Ion Batteries.........................................................................................................18
Thermal Storage...............................................................................................................18
Green Hydrogen...............................................................................................................18
Supercapacitors............................................................................................................... 19
Flywheels......................................................................................................................... 19
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY.......................................................... 20
1. Ecological Footprint......................................................................................................20
2. Pollution........................................................................................................................20
3. Biodiversity Conservation.............................................................................................20
4. Renewable Energy....................................................................................................... 20

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 5. Sustainable Development............................................................................................ 20
6. Responsible Consumption........................................................................................... 21
7. Climate Change............................................................................................................21
TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT...................................................... 22
Technological development.............................................................................................. 22
1. Generation Efficiency............................................................................................. 22
2. Energy storage....................................................................................................... 22
3. Digitization and Network Management...................................................................22
4. Innovations in Hydrogen.........................................................................................23
5. Ocean Energy Capture Improvements...................................................................23
6. Improvement of Materials and Designs..................................................................23
Economic development.................................................................................................... 23
1. Cost reduction........................................................................................................ 23
2. Employment generation......................................................................................... 23
3. Development of New Markets................................................................................ 23
4. Investments and Financing.................................................................................... 24
5. Impact on Emissions Reduction............................................................................. 24
CASE STUDIES.....................................................................................................................25
CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................................................. 26
REFERENCIAS..................................................................................................................... 27

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 SUMMARY

A comprehensive analysis of renewable energy sources and technologies involves

examining the various forms of sustainable energy available today. Here is a
summary of the key aspects:

1. Solar Energy
● Photovoltaic (PV): Converts sunlight into electricity using solar panels.
● Thermal: Uses the sun's thermal energy to generate heat or electricity.

2. Wind Energy
● Generates electricity by capturing the kinetic energy of the wind using
wind turbines.

3. Hydroelectric Energy
● Take advantage of the energy of moving water to generate electricity
through dams and turbines.

4. Biomass Energy
● Uses organic materials such as wood, agricultural waste or biogas to
generate heat or electricity.

5. Geothermal Energy
● Exploits heat from within the Earth to generate electricity or provide
heating and cooling.

Key Aspects of the Analysis

● Environmental Sustainability: Evaluate the environmental impact and
regeneration capacity of each source.
● Efficiency: Consider the conversion efficiency of each technology and its
viability in different locations.
● Costs: Analyze the costs of installation, maintenance and long-term economic
viability.
● Geographic Availability: Consider the suitability of each source in different
geographic regions.
● Grid Integration: Evaluate how these sources can be integrated into existing
electrical networks.

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Together, this comprehensive analysis seeks to provide key information for strategic
decision-making in the transition to a more sustainable and renewable energy
system. The combination and adaptation of these sources according to the specific
needs of each region will contribute to building a more sustainable and resilient
energy landscape

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 INTRODUCTION

Peru is a country whose electricity generation matrix has traditionally been low in
carbon emissions, due to the importance of hydroelectric generation. Even with the
increase in the participation of natural gas plants, due to the start-up of the Camisea
project in 2004, our matrix remains relatively clean compared to others in the world.

This research report aims to present the different sources of renewable energy

The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum releases
emissions that contain greenhouse gasses and cause air pollution and acid rain,
whereas most forms of renewable energy are non polluting. In addition, because the
earth has a finite supply of fossil fuels, the development of renewable energy
sources is important to the long-term future of humankind.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

During the 10th and 11th centuries in Europe there was a technological advance in
renewable hydraulic energy. The economic growth was incredible and in many
places investment was made in clean energy.

The origin of renewable energies dates back to ancient times. Did you know that the
water mill was already used since Roman times? In that period the advanced
technology that we have today did not exist and a simple mechanism was used,
powered by slave men and animals.

There are many other examples of renewable energy spanning human history. Water
mills were used to grind grain and later were used to cut wood, and were also used
in the 200s BC. C. Windmills were developed for the same purpose in both Europe
and Asia almost a thousand years later. In many areas of the world, wind energy
became inseparable from domestic agriculture because it could be used to pump
water from underground and grind wheat and other grains into flour or valuable food.
The wind also fueled global exploration and the sailing trade of large sailing vessels.
Although renewable energy is not usually associated in conversation today, humans
have obtained energy from renewable sources throughout history.

The first European windmill was built in the 12th century in England. It emerged as a
necessity in areas where water was scarce or poorly accessible, and they turned to
wind energy. He realized that the wind was blowing everywhere and this renewable
energy is expanding throughout northern Europe.

In the 20th century, people began to reflect on the effect that non-renewable
energies had. Oil resources can be depleted, and they also pollute the environment.
Clean energies are the alternatives to these sources that have an expiration date.

Currently we have technological advances that facilitate the possibility of changing

non-renewable sources for others that are more respectful of the Earth. Reflect on
the origin of renewable energies and think that the future is in your hands. We must
invest in inexhaustible sources of resources such as the sun, water and wind, which
will always be there for us, for our benefit. Respecting the environment and helping
to preserve the planet.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Sources of
Renewable Energy.

Solar Energy

● Advantages:

○ Renewable and Inexhaustible: Solar energy comes from the sun, an

inexhaustible source of energy.
○ Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Solar energy generation does not
produce direct greenhouse gas emissions.
○ Low Maintenance: Solar systems require little maintenance compared
to other energy sources.

● Disadvantages:

○ Intermittency and Variability: Solar energy generation depends on

weather conditions and is intermittent.
○ Requires Large Surfaces: To generate large amounts of energy, large
areas of solar panels are needed.
○ High Initial Costs: Although costs are decreasing, installing large-scale
solar systems can be expensive.

Wind power

● Advantages:

○ Low Emissions: Wind energy generation produces low greenhouse gas

emissions.
○ Low Operating Cost: Once installed, wind farms have low operating
costs.
○ Quick Implementation: Wind projects can be built relatively quickly
compared to some other forms of energy generation.

● Disadvantages:

○ Intermittency: Wind speed can be variable, which affects energy

production.

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 ○ Visual and Environmental Impact: Large wind farms can have visual
and environmental impacts on the landscape and wildlife.
○ Noise: Some people find the noise generated by wind turbines
annoying.

Hydroelectric power

● Advantages:

○ Energy Storage: Dams can store large amounts of energy for release on
demand.
○ Low Emissions: Hydroelectric power generation has low greenhouse
gas emissions.
○ Water Control: Dams can provide flood control and water management.

● Disadvantages:

○ Environmental Impact: The construction of dams can have significant

impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
○ Displacement of Communities: The creation of reservoirs may require
the displacement of local communities.
○ Dependency on Water Resources: The generation of hydroelectric
energy depends on the availability of water.

Biomass Energy

● Advantages:

○ Renewable and Available Locally: Biomass is renewable and can be

available locally.
○ Waste Reduction: Uses agricultural and forestry waste, which can help
reduce waste.
○ Contribution to the Local Economy: Biomass can be a source of
employment and local economic activity.

● Disadvantages:

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 ○ Gas Emissions: Burning biomass can release greenhouse gas
emissions and air pollutants.
○ Land Use: Biomass cultivation can compete with food production and
occupy large areas of land.
○ Sustainability: The sustainability of biomass depends on responsible
agricultural and forestry practices.

Geothermal energy

● Advantages:

○ Low Emissions: Geothermal energy generation has low greenhouse gas

emissions.
○ Continuous Availability: Geothermal energy is available continuously,
regardless of weather conditions.
○ Small Surface Area: Geothermal facilities take up less space compared
to some other types of energy infrastructure.

● Disadvantages:

○ Limited Geographic Location: Geothermal energy is viable only in

specific geographic areas with significant geothermal resources.
○ Initial Costs: Initial drilling and development of geothermal wells can
have high costs.
○ Possible Resource Depletion: Excessive exploitation of geothermal
resources can deplete the underground heat source

Emerging technologies in the field of renewable energy.

The field of renewable energy is constantly evolving, driven by the search for more
efficient and sustainable solutions. Below are some emerging technologies that are
gaining relevance in this area:

Advanced Energy Storage

● Solid State Batteries: Offer higher energy density, faster charging times and
greater safety compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

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 ● Thermal Energy Storage: Uses materials that store and release heat to store
energy generated by renewable sources.

Solar Energy Conversion Technologies

● Tandem Solar Cells: Combines different materials to absorb different

wavelengths of sunlight, improving conversion efficiency.
● Solar Perovskites: Based on perovskite materials, these solar cells have the
potential to be more economical and efficient than traditional solar cells.

Innovative Wind Energy

● Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: They offer advantages in terms of lower

environmental impact and greater efficiency in changing winds.
● Bladeless Wind Turbine: Uses airflow technology to generate electricity
without the traditional wind turbine blades.

Advanced Bioenergy

● Second and Third Generation Biofuels: They include biofuels from algae and
non-food waste, offering more sustainable production.
● Advanced Anaerobic Digestion: Improves the processes of converting organic
waste into biogas through more efficient technologies.

Wave and Tidal Energy

● Wave Energy Conversion Technologies: Use floating devices, buoys or

anchored structures to capture wave energy.
● Tidal Water Current Technologies: Take advantage of ocean currents to
generate electricity through underwater turbines.

Intelligent Networks (Smart Grids)

● Distributed Energy Integration: Facilitates the incorporation of distributed

renewable energy systems, such as solar panels on building roofs.

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 ● Monitoring and Control Technologies: Uses advanced sensors and control
systems to optimize energy generation, distribution and consumption in real
time.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

● Direct Air Capture (DAC) Technologies: Extract carbon dioxide directly from
the air for storage or later use.
● Carbon Storage in Materials: Development of materials that can efficiently
capture and store carbon.

These emerging technologies represent key research and development areas in the
field of renewable energy, with the potential to improve efficiency, reduce costs and
address environmental challenges. It is important to note that large-scale adoption of
these technologies may still require more research and real-world testing.

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 METHODOLOGY
Renewable energy research is a big problem in several engineering fields, but its
resolution is usually part of a research plan. We follow a series of reliable sources of
virtual books, in this part we can explore various factors that influence an
investigation such as the sample in the population, the impact suggested by the
renewal of energy. In Peru, the most used are solar, wind , biomass and hydraulics;
The latter being the most used and representing, in 2013, 54% of the total energy
produced in Peru (OSINERGMIN, 2017).

The data taken are samples directed by experts, who with rigorous research
managed to estimate the disparate values ​that exist in a country.

Measurement tools

● Anemometers: They are used to measure wind speed and direction, essential data
for evaluating the wind potential of a region and the design of wind farms.

● Radiometers and pyranometers: These instruments measure incident solar radiation,

both direct and diffuse, to determine the amount of solar energy available at a
specific location.

● Water Flow Meters: Used in hydropower systems to measure the flow of water in
rivers, streams or canals, helping to calculate hydropower generation potential.

● Geothermal radiation meters: These devices measure temperature and radiation in

geothermal areas to evaluate the potential for energy generation from the Earth's
heat.

● Optical pyrometers: They are used to measure the temperature of surfaces using
infrared radiation, which can be useful to evaluate the temperature in solar thermal
systems, solar panels, among others.

● Air quality meters: Although not specific to renewable energy, they are important for
evaluating the overall environmental impact of renewable energy facilities, measuring
air quality and pollutant emissions.

● Energy monitoring instruments: Such as smart meters or telemetry systems, which

can measure and record energy consumption and production from renewable
sources in real time.

● Soil and biomass analysis equipment: Used to evaluate soil quality in biomass
projects and to measure the chemical composition of organic materials used as
renewable energy sources.

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Solar Energy
One of the most promising and popular kinds of renewable energy is solar
energy, which uses radiant energy produced by the sun. Solar energy was used
as early as the seventh century B.C.E., when a magnifying glass was used to
concentrate sunlight to light fires. In 1767, Swiss scientist Horace-Bénédict de
Saussure invented the first solar collector, a device for storing the sun's radiation
and converting it into a usable form, such as by heating water to create steam. In
1891, American inventor Clarence Kemp patented the first commercial solar
water heater.

Wind Energy
One of the fastest-growing types of renewable energy during the 1990s, wind
energy has been used by humans for centuries. Windmills appear in Persian
drawings from 500 b. EC. , and they are known to have been used throughout
the Middle East and China. The English and the French built windmills during the
twelfth century, and windmills were indispensable for pumping underground
water in the western and Great Plains regions of the United States during the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These windmills convert wind into
mechanical power.

Hydropower
Long before electricity was harnessed, in about 4000 B.C.E., ancient civilizations
used hydropower, or energy from moving or flowing water, in the waterwheel, the
first device employed by humans to produce mechanical energy as a substitute
for animal and human labor. Running water in a stream or river moves the
wooden paddles mounted around a waterwheel, and the resulting rotation in the
shaft drives machinery. The earliest waterwheels were used to grind grain, and
the technology went on to be used worldwide for that purpose, as well as to
supply drinking water, irrigate crops, drive pumps, and power sawmills and textile
mills.

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Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy comes from heat produced deep inside the earth. Deep wells
and pumps bring underground hot water and steam to the earth's surface to heat
buildings and generate electricity. Some geothermal energy sources come to the
surface naturally, including hot springs, geysers, and volcanoes. The ancient
Chinese, Native Americans, and Romans used hot mineral-rich springs for
bathing, heating, and cooking. Food dehydration became the major industrial
use of this form of energy. In 1904, the first electricity from geothermal energy
was generated in Larderello, Italy.

Seawater energy

This type of energy can be used through three types of technologies:

● Tidal Dam
These dams are like dams that are built at the mouth of an estuary, whose
function is to use the water that flows in and out of the basin, which is caused
by the difference in heights between the tides.

● Tidal current generator

This type of technology uses turbines to capture the kinetic energy of the
ocean current, which is connected to an alternator which generates electrical
energy. These generators must be placed in strong water currents, where the
natural flows of currents are found between obstructions, for example at the
entrance to bays or rivers around rocky points or between islands.

● Dynamic tidal energy

This type of energy is obtained from the use of potential and kinetic energy
together, through the implementation of dams, which are built from the coast
outwards from the sea or the ocean, without enclosing an area, in order to
take advantage of the differential change in heights and their movements.

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES

Renewable energy storage technologies are essential to overcome the challenges

associated with the intermittency and variability of renewable energy sources, such
as solar and wind. These technologies allow generated energy to be stored during
periods of high availability for use when demand is high or when weather conditions
are not conducive to energy generation. Below are some notable renewable energy
storage technologies:

Lithium Ion Batteries

● Description: Lithium-ion batteries are widely used to store electrical energy.
They work by transferring lithium ions between a cathode and an anode
during the charging and discharging process.

● Applications: Residential storage, backup systems, electric vehicles, utility

scale applications.

Thermal Storage
● Description: Thermal storage involves storing energy in the form of heat for
later use. They may use molten sales or other materials to store and release
heat.

● Applications: Concentrated solar power plants, residential and commercial

heating and cooling.

Green Hydrogen
● Description: Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water using
renewable energy. The stored hydrogen can be used as fuel or converted

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 back into electricity when needed.

● Applications: Long-term storage, transportation fuel, industry.

Supercapacitors
● Description: Supercapacitors store energy electrostatically rather than
chemically, allowing them to charge and discharge quickly.

● Applications: Rapid response to energy demand, backup systems, electric

vehicles.

Flywheels
● Description: Flywheels store kinetic energy in a rotating rotor. Energy is
recovered when the rotor decelerates.

● Applications: Power grid stabilization, backup systems, industrial applications.

Flow Batteries:
● Description: Flow batteries store energy in liquid solutions contained in
separate tanks. Loading and unloading occur through the exchange of
chemicals between tanks.

● Applications: Long-term storage, stationary and network applications.

Zinc-Air Batteries:
● Description: They use zinc and oxygen from the air as electrodes and oxygen
as a reagent. They are efficient and offer high energy density.

● Applications: Stationary storage, backup systems

Technological and economic development regarding renewable energies

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 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND
SUSTAINABILITY

Environmental impact refers to the consequences that human activities have on the
environment. These activities can include air and water pollution, deforestation,
waste generation, depletion of natural resources, among others. Sustainability, on
the other hand, focuses on meeting current needs without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.

Here are some key considerations on environmental impact and sustainability:

1. Ecological Footprint
The ecological footprint measures the amount of natural resources that a
person, community or country consumes and compares this with the Earth's
capacity to regenerate those resources. Reducing the ecological footprint is a
key objective to increase sustainability.

2. Pollution
Human activities often generate pollutants that negatively affect the quality of
air, water and soil. Proper waste management and emissions reduction are
important to minimize this impact.

3. Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity is essential for the health of ecosystems. Loss of natural habitats,
pollution and climate change can negatively affect biological diversity. The
conservation of species and habitats is essential for sustainability.

4. Renewable Energy
The transition towards renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and
hydroelectric, is crucial to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate
climate change.

5. Sustainable Development
This approach seeks to balance economic development with environmental
conservation and social well-being. The United Nations Sustainable

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 Development Goals (SDGs) are a global framework that addresses various
aspects of sustainability.

6. Responsible Consumption
Choosing sustainable products and lifestyles can significantly reduce
environmental impact. This includes a preference for ethically made products,
local foods and reducing waste.

7. Climate Change
Human activity, especially the emission of greenhouse gasses, contributes to
climate change. Mitigation and adaptation are essential to address this global
challenge.

Awareness and action around these issues are essential to achieving a more
sustainable future. Individuals, communities, businesses and governments play a
key role in promoting practices that minimize environmental impact and promote
sustainability.

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 TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

Technological and economic development regarding renewable energies

Technological and economic development in the field of renewable energies has

experienced significant advances in recent decades. These advances have been
driven by the need to address challenges associated with climate change, energy
security and the search for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Here are some key
aspects in the technological and economic development of renewable energies:

Technological development

1. Generation Efficiency

Renewable energy generation technologies, such as solar panels and wind

turbines, have seen significant improvements in efficiency. This translates into
a greater ability to convert renewable energy into electricity more effectively.

2. Energy storage

As discussed above, energy storage technologies have advanced, allowing

for more effective management of variability in renewable energy generation.
Improvements in batteries, thermal storage and other technologies have
contributed to the stability of the electric grid.

3. Digitization and Network Management

The integration of digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence and

advanced network management, has enabled better coordination and control
of energy generation and demand. This facilitates the integration of renewable
energy sources into the electrical grid.

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 4. Innovations in Hydrogen

Technologies have been developed for the production, storage and use of
green hydrogen. This includes advances in electrolyzers, storage
technologies and industrial applications for hydrogen.

5. Ocean Energy Capture Improvements

Technologies such as current and wave turbines have undergone

developments, harnessing the energy of the oceans for the generation of
electricity.

6. Improvement of Materials and Designs

Research and development continues to improve materials used in renewable

technologies, such as more efficient materials for solar panels and wind
turbines, as well as innovative designs that increase production and reduce
costs.

Economic development

1. Cost reduction

Research and development continues to improve materials used in renewable

technologies, such as more efficient materials for solar panels and wind
turbines, as well as innovative designs that increase production and reduce
costs.

2. Employment generation

The renewable energy sector has created jobs around the world, from
manufacturing and installation to research and development. Job creation has
contributed to economic growth in various regions.

3. Development of New Markets

The increase in renewable generation capacity has led to the development of

new markets, including the sale of technologies, consulting services and the
export of renewable energy.

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4. Investments and Financing

Investments in renewable energy have increased considerably, both from

private investors and government funds. Incentive policies and subsidies have
encouraged the growth of the sector.

5. Impact on Emissions Reduction

Economic development in the renewable energy sector has contributed

significantly to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which has both
long-term environmental and economic benefits.

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 CASE STUDIES

Many DG schemes contain hybrid systems with more than one generation source.
For instance, solar power is used for thermal and electric generation in buildings.
Despite the fact that the former also analyzes geothermal heat pumps (GHP), it does
not consider other applicable sources, and the cost estimates are unclear.
Natural-gas-fueled poly-generation is studied, which proposes a general model for
estimating the energy and CO2-emission performance but disregards economic
aspects or comparison with other technologies. Presents a feasibility analysis of
GHP, PV, and other co-generation technologies for buildings, but the level of detail in
the system models, demand profiles, and energy production calculation might be
sufficient for an accurate economic analysis. Unlike previous examples that consider
only one or two sources, other works model several DG technologies and analyze
their economic and technical feasibility. The former proposes an analytical method
for the sizing of DG systems, while the latter proposes a linear programming
problem. Both studies analyze DG systems following a single-node approach.

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 CONCLUSIONES
● Environmental impact: Conclusions can be drawn about how renewable
energies have a positive impact on the environment, reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels, which contributes
to the mitigation of climate change.

● Efficiency and technological improvements: Through the study, it can be

concluded that technological improvements are needed to increase the
efficiency of renewable energies, whether in the collection of solar energy, the
storage of wind energy, or the optimization of geothermal energy systems. ,
For example.

● Economic feasibility: Conclusions can be obtained about the economic

viability of implementing certain renewable energy technologies, analyzing the
installation and maintenance costs and comparing them with conventional
energy sources.

● Policies and regulations: The study could conclude by highlighting the

importance of government policies and regulations that encourage the
development and adoption of renewable energy, as well as pointing out
existing barriers that could hinder its growth.

● Education and awareness: The findings could highlight the importance of

educational and public awareness programs to promote knowledge and
acceptance of renewable energy, as this could influence its long-term
adoption and use.

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C.F.Calvillo, A.Sánchez-Miralles,J.Villar

Renewable energy. De: Myers, Alice, Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science, 2022

Energías renovables - Experiencia y perspectivas en la ruta del Perú hacia la

transición energética Osinergmin

www.fundeen.com/blog-energias-renovables/origen-de-las-energias-renovables

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energía_renovable

www.crownbattery.com/es/blog/la-historia-de-la-energía-renovable-cuánto-hemos-av
anzado

VELASCO, Jaime González. Energías renovables. Reverte, 2009.

ANDRÉ, Francisco Javier; DE CASTRO, Luis Miguel; CERDÁ, Emilio. Las energías
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LABANDEIRA, Xavier; LINARES, Pedro; WÜRZBURG, Klaas. Energías renovables

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