Kushal H D - 01JST20EE020 - Intern Report

JSS Mahavidyapeetha
SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysuru – 570006
INTERNSHIP AT AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF

INDIA
Report submitted in partial fulfillment of curriculum prescribed for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
KUSHAL H D
(01JST20EE020)
Internal Guide External Guide

Ms. USHA RANI C Mr. PRAVEEN
Assistant professor, Junior Executive,
Department of E& EE, Airport Authority of India,
SJCE, JSS STU, Mysuru Mysuru
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

November 2023
CONTENTS
PAGE
NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
CONTENTS II
LIST OF FIGURES III
Company profile 1
Internship details 2
Analysis of the activity 2
1 INTRODUCTION TO CNS 3
2 COMMUNICATION
2.1 Communication 4
2.2 HF Communication 4
2.2.1 Characteristics of HF Communication 4
2.3 VHF Communication 5
2.3.1 Characteristics of HF Communication 5
2.4 Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) 5
2.5 Digital Voice Recorders (DVRS) 6
2.6 Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service (D-ATIS) 7
2.7 Radar 8
2.7.1 Classification of Radars 8
3 NAVIGATION
3.1 Navigation 9
3.2 Doppler Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (DVOR) 10
3.3 Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) 11
3.4 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 11
3.5 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) 12
3.5.1 ONLINE UPS 12
3.5.2 OFFLINE UPS 13
ii
4 SECURITY EQUIPMENTS
4.1 X-RAYS 14
4.2 Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD) 16
4.3 Hand Held Metal Detector (HHMD) 19
4.4 Explosive Trace Detector (ETD) 20
4.5 Flight Information Display System 21
5 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
5.1 Introduction 22
5.2 Transformer 23
5.3 Diesel Generators (DG) 25
5.4 AMF Panel 26
5.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 27
5.6 Air Circuit Breaker 28
5.7 Capacitor Bank 29
6 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP)

6.1 Purification Process 31
7 AIR-COOLING SYSTEM
7.1 Working 35
8 ELECTRICAL RELATED EQUIPMENT’S

8.1 Constant Current Regulator 37
8.1.1 Principle of Operation 37
8.2 Conveyer 38
8.2.1 Types of Belt Conveyors 38
8.2.2 Geometry of Belt Conveyor 39
8.2.3 Parts of Belt Conveyors 39
8.2.4 Application of Belt Conveyors 42
8.2.5 Advantages of Belt Conveyors 43
8.2.6 Disadvantages of Belt Conveyors 43
8.3 Variable Frequency Drive 43

8.3.1 Introduction 43
8.3.2 How Drive Changes Motor Speed 44
CONCLUSION 45
REFERENCE 46
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Fig. 2.1 Primary Radar 8
Fig. 2.2 Secondary Radar 8
Fig. 3.1 Terminal building 10
Fig. 3.2 Flight Information Display System 10
Fig. 3.3 Mysore Airport Runway 10
Fig. 3.4 Security Check 10
Fig. 4.1 X-Rays Production 15
Fig. 4.2 X-Rays machine 16
Fig. 4.3 WTMD 16
Fig. 4.4 Eight overlapping Detection zones 18
Fig. 4.5 HHMD 19
Fig. 4.6 ETD 20
Fig. 4.7 Flight Information Display 21
Fig. 5.1 Single line diagram of substation 22
Fig. 5.2 Indoor transformer and its rating 23
Fig. 5.3 500 KVA DG 25
Fig. 5.4 AMF panel 27
Fig. 5.5 vacuum circuit breaker 27
Fig. 5.6 Air Brake Circuit Breaker 29
Fig. 6.1 Block diagram of STP 31
Fig. 6.2 Collection tank and aeration tank 31
Fig. 6.3 MBR 32
Fig. 6.4 Chorine tank 32
Fig. 6.5 Sludge tank 32
Fig. 6.6 MDR + Chlorine tank shown 33
Fig. 6.7 Multigrade and activated carbon filters 33
Fig. 7.1 Diagram of the air-cooling system 34
Fig. 7.2 Air cooled condenser in the airport 36
Fig. 7.3 Air cooled condenser 36
Fig. 7.4 AHU 36
iii
Fig. 8.1 Constant Current Regulator 38
Fig. 8.2 Conveyer 39
Fig. 8.3 Idlers 40
Fig. 8.4 Belt cleaner 41
Fig. 8.5 Conveyor frame 42
Fig. 8.6 Power Triangle 44
Airports Authority of India
COMPANY PROFILE
Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April
1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The
merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading,
maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country.
AAI manages a total of 137 airports which include 24 International airports (3 Civil Enclaves), 10 Custom
Airports (4 Civil Enclaves) and 103 Domestic airports (23 Civil Enclaves). AAI provides air navigation
services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of air space. During the year 2019-20, AAI handled aircraft
movement of 1314.23 thousand flights [International 156.0 & Domestic 1158.23], Passengers handled 159.59
million [International 22.26 & Domestic 137.33] and the cargo handled 909.32 thousand MT [International
452.46 & Domestic 456.85].
AAI, MYSORE AIRPORT, MYSORE was established in 2009.
Website: https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/mysuru
Airport Director: Anoop J R
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 1

INTERNSHIP DETAILS
Internship at: Airports Authority of India, Mysuru
Description: Unpaid internship
Duration: 28/08/2023 – 28/09/2023
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY

Understood the role of CNS in ensuring safe and efficient air travel.
Learned about communication protocols used in air traffic control and aviation operations.
Explored the critical role of power infrastructure in supporting airport functions.
Learnt about function of various electrical equipment’s used in Airport.
AAI, MYSORE AIRPORT, MYSORE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE (CNS)
Communication, Navigation and Surveillance are three main functions (domains) which constitute the
foundation of Air Traffic Management (ATM) infrastructure. The following provide further details about
relevant domains of CNS:
• Communication: Communication is the exchange of voice and data information between the pilot and
air traffic controllers or flight information centres.
• Navigation: air navigation, refers to the process of planning, recording, and controlling the movement
of an aircraft from one place to another by providing accurate, reliable and seamless position
determination capability.
• Surveillance: Surveillance systems are used by air traffic control to determine the position of aircraft.
The surveillance systems can be divided into two main types: - Dependent surveillance and
independent surveillance. In dependent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined on board
and then transmitted to ATC. The current voice position reporting is a dependent surveillance system
in which the position of the aircraft is determined from on-board navigation equipment and then
conveyed by the pilot to ATC. Independent surveillance is a system which measures aircraft position
from the ground. Current surveillance is either based on voice position reporting or based on radar
(primary surveillance radar (PSR) or secondary surveillance radar (SSR)) which measures range and
azimuth of aircraft from the ground station.

CHAPTER 2
COMMUNICATION
2.1 COMMUNICATION
Communication is the specialized field concerned with the use of electronic devices and systems for the
acquisition or acceptance, processing, storage, display, analysis, protection, disposition, and transfer of
information. A constant exchange of information is necessary between the aircraft and the base or Air Traffic
Control center. Communication systems consist of a number of components that facilitate processing of the
information, its transmission and corresponding reception at the destination, and finally retrieval of the
required message. With regards to the CNS system, communication can be classified as:
Voice communication: it involves sending audio messages
Data communication: it involves sending messages in the form of texts
Voice communication is a direct form of communication and is hence a faster process than data communication
which involves processing time (leading to time delay).
There are two allotted band of frequencies which are used in communication for aviation purpose. They are
the High frequency (HF) band and the Very high frequency (VHF) band. The HF band ranges from 3-30 MHz
while VHF band ranges from 30-300 MHz for aviation purposes the preferred HF range is 3-12 MHz and for
VHF the range between 118-136 MHz is preferred.
Transmission of information over free space takes place in the form of electromagnetic radiation or light (in
case of optic fibers).
2.2 HF COMMUNICATION
High frequency (HF) radio provides aircraft with an effective means of communication over long distance
oceanic and trans-polar routes. In addition, global data communication has recently been made possible using
strategically located HF data link (HFDL) ground stations. HF communication is preferred in cases where
VHF communication is not possible.
2.2.1 Characteristics of HF Communication:

1. HF follows Sky-wave propagation (involves total internal reflection of the HF signal in the
ionosphere).
2. It is used mainly for long distance propagation beyond 200 nautical miles.

3. Bandwidth of HF Communication is in between 3MHz to 30 MHz, due to reflection from the

ionized layers in the upper atmosphere. Due to variations in height and intensities of the ionized
regions, different frequencies are used at different times of day and night and for different paths.
4. It has a wider range and is not affected by obstruction.
5. Between the transmitter and the receiver there is a considerable region of blind range, where no
signal is available. This distance is known as skip distance (Disadvantages of Sky Wave
Propagation).
2.3 VHF COMMUNICATION

VHF stands for Very High Frequency Communication. It is the most common means of airborne
communication VHF Communication System consists of VHF transmitter, receiver, Transceiver- handset,
control head, antenna and an interface to the aircraft audio system for access to the microphone or cockpit
speaker.
2.3.1 Characteristics of VHF Communication:

1. VHE follows Line of Sight Communication or Point to Point Communication. Since the transmission
is line of sight, the range depends on altitude of the aircraft and ground station.
2. VHF communication is used for short distance communication. INDIA communication.
3. Frequency range of VHF Communication is in between 30 MHz and 300 MHz
4. VHF Communication is a Noise free communication.
5. As per ICAO, frequency range for AMS (Aeronautical Mobile Service) allotted 118 MHz to 136.975
MHz (for aviation purpose).
6. Range of VHF is 200 nautical miles.
2.4 AFTN (AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK)

The Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) is a worldwide system of aeronautical fixed
circuits provided, as part of the Aeronautical Fixed Service, for the exchange of various Aeronautical Messages
and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications
characteristics which is necessary for ensuring safety of air navigation and the regularity of air traffic between
aeronautical fixed stations of different states and between aeronautical stations.

TYPE OF MESSAGES:
DISTRESS MESSAGES (priority indicator SS).
URGENCY MESSAGES (priority indicator DD).
FLIGHT SAFETY MESSAGES: (priority indicator FF) [FPL-Flight Plan, DEP-Departure, ARR- Arrival.
etc.].
METEOROLOGICAL MESSAGES: (priority indicator GG) [1. Messages concerning forecast e.g. terminal
aerodrome forecasts (TAFS), area and route forecasts. 2. Messages concerning Weather observations and
reports of Aerodrome e.g., METAR, SPECI] FLIGHT REGULARITY MESSAGES.
AERONAUTICAL ADMINISTRATIVE MESSAGES. NOTAM MESSAGES (Priority indicator GG).
Example of AFTN message format (FPL-Flight Plan) message:
ZCZC AEA0129 050358

FF VECFZQZX VIDFZQZX VILKZTZX
050356 VTBDZPZX
(FPL-AIC67-IS
-B744/H-SHIJDRYWZG/S
-VTBD1900
-N0514F320 L507 CEA R460 TEPAL R460 LLK R460W
-VIDP 0330 VILK
-EET/VYYF0025 VECF0122 VGFR0134 VECF0146 VIDF0130 REG/VTEFG
2.5 DIGITAL VOICE RECORDERS (DVRs)

Digital Voice Recorders (DVRs) used in airports are essential tools for ensuring communication, safety, and
security. These devices are used in various capacities within airport operations:
1. Air Traffic Control (ATC): Air traffic controllers use DVRs to record all radio communications
between pilots and controllers. This recording serves as a critical tool for investigations in case of
accidents or incidents. It also helps in monitoring and improving communication protocols.
2. Security and Surveillance: DVRs are employed in airport security systems to record video and audio
from security cameras and microphones placed in and around the airport. This footage is vital for
monitoring suspicious activities, resolving disputes, and investigating security breaches.

3. Public Announcements: Airports use DVRs to record public announcements, ensuring clarity and
consistency in messages conveyed to passengers. In case of disputes or investigations related to
announcements (e.g., boarding gate changes), recorded evidence can be reviewed.
4. Training and Documentation: Airport staff, including security personnel and customer service
representatives, may use DVRs to record training sessions, meetings, or incidents for documentation
and review purposes. This aids in maintaining high standards of service and security.
5. Baggage Handling and Airside Operations: DVRs can also be utilized to monitor and record baggage
handling processes and airside operations, ensuring that procedures are followed correctly and
efficiently.
It's important to note that the use of DVRs in airports comes with strict regulations and privacy considerations.
Recordings often have retention policies, and access to these recordings is typically restricted to authorized
personnel for security and investigative purposes. Privacy laws also dictate how recordings of passengers and
staff can be used and stored.
2.6 DIGITAL AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE (D-ATIS)
D-ATIS, or Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service, is a system used in aviation to provide pilots with
current weather, runway, and other important information about an airport. It is a digital version of the
traditional ATIS system, which stands for Automatic Terminal Information Service.
The D-ATIS system works by automatically generating a recorded message that is updated regularly with the
latest information about an airport. This message is then broadcast over a designated frequency, for example
typically 121.65 MHz, and can be accessed by pilots using their aircraft radios.
Some of the information provided by D-ATIS includes the current weather conditions at the airport, such as
wind direction and speed, temperature, and visibility. It also provides information about the active runways,
including the runway length, surface type, and any temporary restrictions or closures.
In addition to weather and runway information, D-ATIS can also provide other important information for
pilots, such as taxiway closures or construction activity, airspace restrictions, and any other relevant
information that may affect flight operations.
D-ATIS is an important tool for pilots, as it allows them to quickly and easily access up-to-date information
about the airport, they are operating in. This can help them make informed decisions about their flight
operations and ensure the safety of their passengers and crew.

2.7 RADAR
RADAR is an acronym coined by the US Navy from the words radio detection and ranging.
Radar is basically a means for gathering information about distant objects called "targets" by sending
electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the returns called the "echoes".
2.7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF RADARS

1 Primary Radar: Cooperation of targets are not required for detection. Fig 2.1 shows primary radar.
2 Secondary Radar: Active cooperation of targets are required for finding range and other details of the
targets. Fig 2.2 shows secondary radar
3 CW Radar: Can detect moving targets and its velocity.
4 CW FM Radar: Can detect range using FM Signals. Pulsed Radar: Uses pulse modulated micro wave
signals for detecting range and velocity of targets.
Fig 2.1: Primary Radar
Fig 2.2: Secondary Radar

CHAPTER 3
NAVIGATION
3.1 NAVIGATION
Mysore Airport, officially known as Mysuru Airport (IATA: MYQ), is a modest yet important aviation hub
situated in the picturesque city of Mysore, located in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Serving as a vital
transportation link to the region, the airport primarily handles domestic flights, connecting Mysore to key
Indian cities like Bangalore, Chennai, and Hyderabad. Nestled approximately 10 kilometres south of Mysore's
city centre, this airport offers traveller’s a convenient entry point into the heart of Karnataka's cultural and
historical richness.
The airport's terminal, while compact, provides essential passenger amenities, including comfortable waiting
areas, restrooms, and a handful of retail outlets and dining establishments. It serves as a crucial transportation
hub for both business traveller’s seeking to tap into the region's economic opportunities and tourists eager to
explore Mysore's iconic attractions, such as the magnificent Mysore Palace, Chamundi Hill, and the lush
Brindavan Gardens.
Transportation to and from Mysore Airport is hassle-free, with readily available taxi and cab services at the
terminal. Prepaid taxi options are typically offered for passengers' convenience. Additionally, some local hotels
may provide shuttle services to and from the airport, adding to the ease of travel within the city. While Mysore
Airport may not be the largest in India, it plays a vital role in connecting visitors to the vibrant culture, history,
and natural beauty of Mysore and the surrounding regions.
Here are some of the navigational facilities,
1. Terminal Building: Mysore Airport has a single terminal building that houses both arrivals and
departures. The terminal is relatively small and easy to navigate. fig 3.1 Shows terminal building.
2. Information Desk: An information desk or help centre is usually available inside the terminal. Airport
staff can assist travellers with inquiries, flight information, and directions.
3. Flight Information Display System (FIDS): Look for flight information screens throughout the
terminal. These screens display real-time information about flight departures, arrivals, gate
assignments, and baggage carousels. Fig 3.2 shows flight information display system.
4. Baggage Handling: Mysore Airport provides baggage handling services to ensure the smooth transfer
of luggage. Baggage carousels are typically located in the arrivals area.

5. Security Check: Security checkpoints are in place to ensure passenger safety. Follow the instructions
of security personnel and be prepared to go through security screening. Fig3.4 shows security check.
6. Accessibility: The airport is designed to be accessible to individuals with reduced mobility. It typically
provides facilities like ramps and assistance for passengers with disabilities.
Fig 3.1: Terminal Building Fig 3.2: Flight Information Display
Fig 3.3: Mysore Airport Runway Fig 3.4: Security Check
3.2 DOPPLER VERY HIGH-FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE (DVOR)

DVOR stands for "Doppler Very High-Frequency Omnidirectional Range." It is a type of radio
navigation system used in aviation for providing pilots with accurate information about their aircraft's
position and direction. DVOR systems are used for both end-route navigation and precision instrument
approaches at airports.
The DVOR system works by emitting radio signals in all directions from a ground-based transmitter
station. These signals are received by aircraft equipped with VOR (Very High-Frequency
Omnidirectional Range) receivers. By analysing the phase and frequency of these signals, pilots can
determine their radial position from the DVOR station and the aircraft's relative bearing to or from the
station.

DVOR systems offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to older VOR systems because they
incorporate the Doppler effect, which helps mitigate errors caused by radio signal reflections and
multipath interference. This makes DVOR a valuable tool for safe and precise navigation in aviation.
DVOR systems offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to older VOR systems because they
incorporate the Doppler effect, which helps mitigate errors caused by radio signal reflections and
multipath interference. This makes DVOR a valuable tool for safe and precise navigation in aviation.
3.3 NDB (NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACON)

NDBs are ground-based radio beacons that transmit nondirectional signals used for navigation. Like
ADF, NDBs are becoming less common, but they can still be found at some airports. NDB frequencies
are in the MF or LF (Low Frequency) bands.
The NDB ground station continuously broadcasts a radio signal on a specific frequency. Aircraft
equipped with an ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) receiver can tune in to this frequency and
determine the relative bearing to or from the NDB station. The ADF needle on the aircraft's instrument
panel points toward the NDB, allowing pilots to determine their position and navigate accordingly.
3.4 DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)

DME, or Distance Measuring Equipment, is a radio navigation system commonly used to determine
the distance between the aircraft and a ground-based DME station. Here's some information about
DME in airport navigation:
1. Function: DME provides precise distance information between an aircraft and the DME ground
station. It operates by sending and receiving signals between the aircraft and the ground station,
measuring the time it takes for the signals to travel between them. By knowing the speed of radio
waves, DME calculates the distance.
2. Equipment: DME consists of two components: the DME ground station located at the airport and
the DME transponder on the aircraft. The ground station continuously sends out interrogating signals,
while the aircraft's transponder responds to these signals with a reply. The time elapsed between the
interrogation and the reply is used to calculate the distance.
3. Frequency: DME operates in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) band. The DME ground station
transmits on a paired frequency, usually in the range of 962 MHz to 1213 MHz, and the aircraft's
transponder replies on a corresponding paired frequency.

3.5 UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY (UPS)

1. Purpose: UPS systems are critical components of airport infrastructure. They provide backup power
in case of electrical grid failures or interruptions. This ensures that essential airport operations can
continue without disruption, even during power outages.
2. Security Systems: Airport security systems, including surveillance cameras, access control
systems, and alarms, often rely on UPS backup to ensure that critical security functions are not
compromised.
3. Passenger Services: In passenger areas, UPS systems may be used to power information displays,
check-in counters, baggage handling systems, and other passenger services to minimize disruption
during power outages.
4. Redundancy: Airports typically have redundant UPS systems to ensure a high level of reliability.
Redundancy is important to maintain continuous power even if one UPS unit fails.
5. Capacity: The capacity of UPS systems at airports depends on the size and operational demands of
the airport. Larger airports with more complex operations may have UPS systems with higher
capacity to support a wider range of critical systems.
6. Maintenance: Regular maintenance and testing of UPS systems are essential to ensure they function
as intended when needed. Maintenance schedules are typically rigorous to guarantee system
reliability.
Online UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and Offline UPS (also known as Standby UPS) are two
common types of UPS systems used to provide backup power in case of electrical interruptions or
outages. They differ in their operation and how they protect connected devices.
3.5.1 Online UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply):

Continuous Operation: In an Online UPS, the connected equipment is powered directly from the
UPS's inverter, which converts DC (Direct Current) power from the UPS battery to AC (Alternating
Current) power. The load remains continuously connected to the UPS's inverter.
Isolation: Online UPS systems provide electrical isolation between the input and output. This means
that the connected devices are isolated from any fluctuations, spikes, or surges in the incoming power
supply. The load always receives clean, stable power.
Constant Battery Charging: The battery in an Online UPS is continuously charged while the UPS is
connected to the mains power. This ensures that the battery is always ready to take over in case of a
power outage.

Protection: Online UPS systems offer the highest level of power protection and are suitable for critical
applications that require uninterrupted power, such as data centres, servers, and medical equipment.
Efficiency: Online UPS systems tend to be less energy-efficient than Offline UPS systems because
they operate the inverter continuously, regardless of the quality of the incoming power.
3.5.2 Offline UPS (Standby UPS):

Standby Operation: In an Offline UPS, the connected devices are normally powered by the utility mains
supply. The UPS remains in standby mode, monitoring the incoming power.
Switching to Battery: When the UPS detects a power disturbance, such as a blackout or voltage spike,
it switches to battery power and activates its inverter to provide power to the connected devices. This
switchover can result in a brief interruption, though it is usually very short.
No Continuous Battery Charging: In an Offline UPS, the battery is not continuously charged from the
mains power. Instead, it is typically charged intermittently to maintain its charge.
Protection: Offline UPS systems provide basic power protection and are suitable for less critical
applications like personal computers, home entertainment systems, and small office equipment.
Efficiency: Offline UPS systems are more energy-efficient than Online UPS systems because the
inverter is not continuously active, which can save energy when the UPS is in standby mode.

CHAPTER 4
SECURITY EQUIPMENTS
The continuing surcharged security environment around the globe has brought into focus the need for
strengthening security of vital installations. There was thus an urgent need to further revamp the security at
airports for safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of unlawful interference but also to restore
confidence of travelling public in the security apparatus of air travel as a whole which was shaken after 09/11
tragedy.
4.1 X-RAYS
The luggage carried by the passengers is checked by using the X-Ray Baggage Inspection System.
NATURE OF X-RAYS
X-rays are electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths range from about (0.1 to 100) x 10-10 m. They are
produced when rapidly moving electrons strike a solid target and their kinetic energyis converted into
radiation. The wavelength of the emitted radiation depends on the energy of the electrons.
PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS
There are two principal mechanisms by which x-rays are produced. The first mechanism involves the rapid
deceleration of a high-speed electron as it enters the electrical field of a nucleus. During this process the
electron is deflected and emits a photon of x-radiation This type of x-ray is often referred to as
bremsstrahlung or "braking radiation". For a given source of electrons, a continuous spectrum of
bremsstrahlung will be produced up to the maximumenergy of the electrons.
The second mechanism by which x-rays are produced is through transitions of electrons between atomic
orbits. Such transitions involve the movement of electrons from outer orbits to vacancies within inner orbits.
In making such transitions, electrons emit photons of x-radiation with discrete energies given by the
differences in energy states at the beginning and the end of the transition. Because such x-rays are distinctive
for the particular element and transition, they are called characteristic x-rays.
A tungsten filament is heated to 20000C to emit electrons. A very high voltage is placed across the electrodes
in the two ends of the tube and the tube is evacuated to a low pressure, about 1/1 000 mm of mercury. These
electrons are accelerated in an electric field toward a target, which could be tungsten also (or more likely
copper or molybdenum for analytical systems). The interaction of electrons in the target results in the

emission of a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum along with characteristic x-rays from the particular target
material. Unlike diagnostic x-ray equipment, which primarily utilize the bremsstrahlung x-rays, analytical
x-ray systems make use of the characteristic x-rays. Fig 4.1 shows X-Rays Production.
Fig 4.1 X-Rays Production
SPECIFICATIONS
Tunnel Dimensions: 620(w)*418(h)[mm]
Max. Object size: 615(w)*410(h)[mm]
Conveyor Speed: 0.2m/sec.
Max. Conveyor load even distributed: 160kg.
The X-BIS shows the different colour patterns according to the material inside the baggage, such as:
1. Organic : Orange colour

2. Inorganic : Green colour
3. Metal : Blue colour
OPERATION
When the start key is pressed from the keyboard then the command goes to the microprocessor, then to the
interface board. The interface board starts the motor hence conveyor belt starts running. But at this time X-
Rays doesn’t generate. The X-BIS contain the emergency stop switches from the safety point of view. When
baggage is run on the conveyor belt and passes through the light barriers then interruption occurs. The
microprocessor reads the interrupt through interface board. Microprocessor again gives the command to the
X-Ray generator to generate X-Rays through the interface board. X-Rays falls on the baggage some absorb
and rest passes through it. The X-Rays now converts into the voltage by a transducer. Now a VGA (Voltage
Graphic Adopter) converts the input voltage signal into the output graphic image on the monitor. At the monitor
slice-by-slice screening is achieved. Fig 4.2 shows X-Ray Machine.

Fig 4.2: X-Ray Machine
4.2 WALK THROUGH METAL DETECTOR (WTMD)

The metal objects which passengers a carrying with them is detected during passenger
screening by Walk Through Metal Detector. The system is used for weapons detection as well as passenger
screening. Fig 4.3 shows WTMD
Fig 4.3 WTMD

Main components are-

1. Transmitter panel (TX)
2. Receiver panel (RX)
3. Cross piece
4. Remote control unit
5. Electronics unit
Almost all airport metal detectors are based on pulse induction (PI). Typical PI systems use a coil of wire
on one side of the arch as the transmitter and receiver. This technology sends powerful, short bursts (pulses)
of current through the coil of wire. Each pulse generates a brief magnetic field. When the pulse ends, the
magnetic field reverses polarity and collapses very suddenly, resulting in a sharp electrical spike. This
spike lasts a few microseconds (millionthsof a second) and causes another current to run through the coil.
This subsequent current is called the reflected pulse and lasts only about 30 microseconds. Another pulse
is then sent and the process repeats. A typical PI-based metal detector sends about 100 pulses per second,
but the number can vary greatly based on the manufacturer and model, ranging from about 25 pulses per
second to over 1,000 If a metal object passes through the metal detector, the pulse creates an opposite
magnetic field in the object. When the pulse's magnetic field collapses, causing the reflected pulse, the
magnetic field of the object makes it take longer for the reflected pulse to completely disappear. This
process works something like echoes: If you yell in a room with only a few hard surfaces, you probably
hear only a very brief echo, or you may not hear one at all. But if you yell into a room with a lot of hard
surfaces, the echo lasts longer. In a PI metal detector, the magnetic fields from target objects add their "echo"
to the reflected pulse, making it last a fraction longer than it would without them.
A sampling circuit in the metal detector is set to monitor the length of the reflected pulse. By comparing it
to the expected length, the circuit can determine if another magnetic field has caused the reflected pulse to
take longer to decay. If the decay of the reflected pulse takes more than a few microseconds longer than
normal, there is probably a metal object interfering with it.
The sampling circuit sends the tiny, weak signals that it monitors to a device call an integrator. The integrator
reads the signals from the sampling circuit, amplifying and converting them to direct current (DC). The
DC's voltage is connected to an audio circuit, where it is changed into a tone that the metal detector uses to
indicate that a target object has been found. If an item is found, you are asked to remove any metal objects
from your person and step through again. If the metal detector continues to indicate the presence of metal,
the attendant uses a handheld detector, based on the same PI technology, to isolate the cause. Many of the

newer metal detectors on the market are multi-zone. This means that they have multiple transmit and receive
coils, each one at a different height. Basically, it's like having several metal detectors in a single unit. Fig
4.4 shows eight overlapping detection zones.
Fig 4.4: Eight Overlapping Detection Zones
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The transmitter coils generate a pulsed magnetic field around them. Metal objects taken through the detector
generate a secondary magnetic field, which is converted into a voltage level by the receiver coils. Metor 200
consists of eight separate overlapping transmitter and receiver coil pairs. The signal received from each
receiver coil are processed individually thus the transmitter and receiver coil pairs form eight individual metal
detectors. The operation is based on electromagnetic pulsed field technology as below in addition to the above
explanation.
1. Transmitter pulses cause decaying eddy currents in metal objects inside the sensing area of the WTMD.
2. The signal induced to the receiver by the eddy currents is sampled and processed in the electronics
unit.
3. Moving metal objects are detected when the signal exceeds the alarm threshold. METOR 200 is a
multi-channel metal detector with eight overlapping detection zones
The zones create a sequential pulsating magnetic field within the detection area of the WTMD.
With overlapping construction, sensitivity differences are minimized when metal objects of different shape
pass through the WTMD in various orientations

Metal objects at different heights are detected separately by the individual detection zones producing
superior discrimination.
Advanced microprocessor technology is used for digital signal processing and internal controls. This
provides reliable functioning of the metal detector, versatile features and user-friendly operations.
The electronics unit processes the signals received from the receiver coils. It indicates theresult of the signal
processing through an alphanumerical display, alarm LEDs and Buzzer. The zone display unit, which is
mounted on transmitter coil panel, points out the position where a weapon was taken through the gate.
The user controls the functions of the metal detector with a remote-control unit. It sendsto the electronics
unit an IR signal corresponding to the pressed keyboard code.
The traffic counter counts the number of persons walking through the gate and the number of alarms
generated.
4.3 HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR (HHMD)

Hand-held metal detectors, also known as wand metal detectors, are commonly used for security screenings
in a variety of settings, such as airports, government buildings, and schools. These devices are designed to
detect metallic objects on a person's body, including weapons and other prohibited items.
One of the main advantages of hand-held metal detectors is their portability. They can be easily carried by
security personnel and quickly deployed in various locations as needed. Additionally, they are relatively
inexpensive compared to other types of security equipment, making them a cost-effective option for many
organizations. Fig 4.5 shows HHMD.
Fig 4.5: HHMD

OPERATION
The coil is part of the oscillating circuit which operation frequency is 23.5 kHz. When a metal object is inside
the sensing area of the coil, it will affect to amplitude of the oscillating signal. After a while the integrating
control will set the amplitude a constant value.
Output of oscillator is rectified and it is connected through the filter section to comparator. When the signal is
lower than the adjusted reference level (sensitivity setting) comparator generates alarm signal. It activates the
alarm oscillator and the audible alarm / the red alarm light.
Battery voltage is controlled with a low voltage circuit and constant alarm is activated when the battery voltage
is under 7V.
The connector in the rear of the unit operates as headphone and charger connections. The charger idle voltage
is between 14 and 24 VDC. During charging operation, the green light is plinking and with full battery it lights
constantly.
4.4 EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTOR
An Explosive Trace Detector is used to detect the explosives and narcotics. It consists normally a vacuum
tube. The operator on swap takes a sample from the luggage. In the ETD machine the sample is melted and
then vaporized, by applying high voltage. Thus, there is displacement occurs in the atomic weight of the
substance. By the LUT (Look Up Table) the displacement can be measured, and thus substance can be detected.
The screen of ETD shows the information about the sample with necessary graph etc. Fig 4.6 ETD.
Fig 4.6: ETD

4.5 FLIGHT INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM
A Flight Information Display system (FIDS) is a computer system used in airports to display flight information
to passengers, in which a computer system controls mechanical or electronic display boards or TV screens in
order to display arrivals and departures flight information in real-time. The displays are located inside or
around an airport terminal. A virtual version of a FIDS can also be found on most airport websites and teletext
systems. In large airports, there are different sets of FIDS for each terminal or even each major airline. FID
systems are used to assist passengers during air travel and people who want to pick-up passengers after the
flight.
Each line on a FIDS indicates a different flight number accompanied by:
1. the airline name/logo and/or its IATA or ICAO airline designator

2. The city of origin or destination, and any intermediate points
3. the expected arrival or departure time and/or the updated time (reflecting any delays)
4. the gate numbers.
5. the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline handling the check-in
6. the status of the flight, such as "Landed", "Delayed", "Boarding", etc.
Due to code sharing, one single flight may be represented by a series of different flight numbers, thus lines
(for example, LH474 and AC9099), although one single aircraft operates that route at that given time. Lines
may be sorted by time, airline name, or city. Fig 4.7 shows flight information display system.
Fig 4.7: Flight Information Display

CHAPTER 5
ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Electrical substations are critical components of the modern electrical power grid, playing a vital role in the
generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. These essential facilities are responsible for
transforming and distributing electrical energy efficiently and reliably, ensuring that power reaches homes,
businesses, and industries across the world. In this introduction, we will explore the fundamental concepts and
functions of electrical substations, highlighting their significance in the seamless delivery of electrical power.
Indoor substations are a vital component of electrical power distribution systems, providing a controlled
environment for essential equipment that helps ensure the reliable supply of electricity to homes, businesses,
and industries. These substations are characterized by their enclosure within a building or structure, offering
protection against environmental factors while housing critical electrical components. In this comprehensive
overview, we will delve into the key aspects of indoor substations, including their design, components,
advantages, and applications. Mysuru airport substation receives two 11KV lines from kadakola which is step
downed to 400V by maintaining power factor above 0.96. Fig 5.1 shows the Single Line Diagram of Substation
Fig 5.1: Single Line Diagram of Substation

5.2 TRANSFORMERS
Electrical transformers are essential devices within the field of electrical engineering, serving a pivotal role
in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. These remarkable machines facilitate the
efficient transfer of electrical energy by altering voltage levels while preserving the frequency of alternating
current (AC). In this overview, we will explore the fundamental principles, types, functions, and applications
of electrical transformers, highlighting their significance in modern power systems. Electrical transformers
are integral to the modern electrical power industry, enabling efficient transmission, distribution, and
utilization of electricity. Their versatile applications, from power generation to consumer use, make them
indispensable components of our daily lives and the backbone of electrical infrastructure worldwide. As the
energy landscape continues to evolve with advancements in technology and a growing emphasis on
renewable energy sources, transformers will remain essential in ensuring the reliable and sustainable supply
of electrical power. Fig 5.2 shows the Indoor Transformer and its Rating.
Fig 5.2: Indoor Transformer and Rating

An indoor 11kV/440V transformer is a specific type of electrical transformer designed for indoor installation
that serves the purpose of converting electrical voltage from 11,000 volts (11kV) on the primary side to 440
volts (440V) on the secondary side. This type of transformer is commonly used in electrical distribution
systems to step down the high voltage from the transmission lines to a lower and safer voltage level for local
distribution and consumption in commercial, industrial, or residential areas.
Here are some key characteristics and features of an indoor 11kV/440V transformer:
1.Voltage Conversion: The primary function of this transformer is to step down the voltage. It takes high-
voltage electricity from the 11kV distribution system and converts it to a lower voltage of 440V, which is more
suitable for local distribution and use.
2. Indoor Installation: Unlike outdoor transformers, which are designed to withstand environmental conditions,
indoor transformers are specifically designed for installation inside buildings or substations. They are often
housed within protective enclosures to ensure safety and prevent access by unauthorized personnel.
3.Oil-Immersed or Dry-Type: Indoor transformers can be either oil-immersed or dry-type. Oil-immersed

transformers are filled with insulating oil to dissipate heat, while dry-type transformers use air or other
insulating materials. The choice depends on factors such as space, safety, and environmental considerations.
4.Efficiency and Regulation: These transformers are designed to be highly efficient to minimize energy losses
during the voltage conversion process. They also have voltage regulation mechanisms to maintain the output
voltage within specified limits, ensuring a stable power supply.
5.Safety Features: Safety features like overload protection, short-circuit protection, and temperature
monitoring are often incorporated into the design of indoor transformers to prevent damage to the transformer
and ensure the safety of the electrical system.
6.Cooling Systems: Depending on the transformer's rating and design, it may include cooling systems such as
fans or radiators to dissipate heat generated during operation.
7.Size and Capacity: The size and capacity of the transformer can vary widely, depending on the specific
application and load requirements. Industrial settings often require larger transformers to support heavy loads,
while smaller transformers are used in residential areas.
8.Maintenance: Like all transformers, indoor 11kV/440V transformers require regular maintenance, including
oil testing (for oil-immersed transformers), inspection of insulation, and monitoring of electrical parameters
to ensure proper functioning and longevity.

5.3 Diesel Generators (DG)

The airport contains three 500KVA diesel generators. To are used to supply the essential load during
power outage and the other is in stand by acting as a backup in case any one of the two diesel
generators fail. A 500kVA (kilovolt-ampere) diesel generator is a powerful piece of equipment
designed to provide a reliable source of electrical power. Fig 5.3 shows 500 KVA DG.
Fig 5.3: 500 KVA DG
Here are some key points to note about a generator of this capacity:
1. Capacity: A 500kVA generator can produce up to 500 kilowatts (kW) of electrical power at a power
factor of 1.0 (unity power factor). This makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including
industrial facilities, data centers, hospitals, and large commercial buildings.
2. Diesel Power: These generators are powered by diesel engines, known for their fuel efficiency,
durability, and ability to provide constant power for extended periods.
3. Prime Power vs. Standby Power: Generators can be classified as either prime power or standby power.
A 500kVA diesel generator can serve as a prime power source for continuous operation or as a standby
power source to provide electricity during power outages or when the main power source fails.

4. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS): Many installations with generators of this size include an Automatic
Transfer Switch. This device automatically transfers the load to the generator in the event of a power
outage, ensuring a seamless transition.
5. Fuel Tank Capacity: The generator typically comes with an integrated fuel tank or can be connected to
an external fuel source. The fuel tank capacity is an important consideration for determining how long
the generator can run before requiring refueling.
6. Control System: Modern diesel generators are equipped with advanced control systems that allow for
remote monitoring, control, and diagnostics. These systems enhance the overall reliability and
efficiency of the generator.
7. Maintenance: Regular maintenance is crucial for the optimal performance of a 500kVA diesel
generator. This includes oil changes, fuel system checks, and overall inspections to identify and address
any issues promptly.
8. Environmental Considerations: Diesel generators produce exhaust emissions, so it's important to
consider environmental regulations and implement measures such as exhaust aftertreatment systems
to minimize the impact on air quality.
9. Soundproofing and Enclosure: Depending on the installation site, the generator may be housed in a
soundproof enclosure to reduce noise levels. This is especially important in residential areas or places
where noise pollution needs to be minimized.
10. Compliance and Safety: Ensure that the generator complies with relevant safety standards and
regulations. Regular testing and adherence to safety protocols are essential.
5.4 AMF PANEL
Automatic mains failure (AMF) panels, often referred to as automatic transfer switch (ATS) panels, make the
power switch to emergency standby generators in the event of a significant loss of mains power or total
blackout. Without AMF panels, generators need to be operated manually and that can mean lost data, potential
damage to electrical equipment, and huge amounts of disruption.
AMF and ATS panels monitor the incoming AC mains supply, activate the standby generator when mains
power fails, and make an automatic electrical transfer of the building’s load from the mains to the generating
set. When the mains supply returns, the AMF panel controls a return to the mains supply and shuts down the
generator after a suitable cooling run. Fig 5.4 shows AMF Panel.

Fig 5.4: AMF Panel
5.5 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
A breaker which used vacuum as an arc extinction medium is called a vacuum circuit breaker. In this
circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is enclosed in a permanently sealed vacuum interrupter.
The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high vacuum. It is mainly used for medium voltage
ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV. Vacuum circuit breaker has a high insulating medium for arc extinction
as compared to the other circuit-breaker. The pressure inside the vacuum interrupter is approximately 10-
4
torrent and at this pressure, very few molecules are present in the interrupter. Fig 5.5 shows the vacuum
circuit breaker
Fig 5.5: Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Working Vacuum Circuit Breaker
When the fault occurs in the system, the contacts of the breaker are moved apart and hence the arc is developed
between them. When the current carrying contacts are pulled apart, the temperature of their connecting parts
is very high due to which ionization occurs. Due to the ionization, the contact space is filled with vapour of
positive ions which is discharged from the contact material.
The density of vapour depends on the current in the arcing. Due to the decreasing mode of current wave their
rate of release of vapour fall and after the current zero, the medium regains its dielectric strength provided
vapour density around the contacts reduced. Hence, the arc does not restrike again because the metal vapour
is quickly removed from the contact zone.
5.6 AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER
An air circuit breaker (ACB) is a type of circuit breaker that uses air as the medium to quench the arc produced
during the interruption of a circuit. There are two main types of air circuit breakers: plain air circuit breakers
and air blast circuit breakers. Plain air circuit breakers rely solely on the properties of compressed air for arc
extinction, while air blast circuit breakers use a stream of high-pressure air to enhance arc quenching.
Here are key points about air circuit breakers:

1 Arc Quenching Medium: Air circuit breakers use compressed air as the arc quenching medium. When
the circuit breaker interrupts the current flow, the arc is forced into the surrounding air, where it is
rapidly cooled and extinguished.
2 Breaking Capacity: Air circuit breakers are designed to handle high breaking capacities, making them
suitable for installations where large fault currents may occur.
3 Trip Units: These circuit breakers are equipped with electronic trip units that provide protection against
various electrical faults such as overloads, short circuits, and ground faults. The trip units enable the
automatic opening of the circuit breaker in response to abnormal conditions.
4 Draw out Design: Many air circuit breakers feature a draw out design, allowing the breaker to be easily
removed from the switchboard for maintenance or replacement without disrupting the entire electrical
system.
5 Adjustable Settings: Air circuit breakers often come with adjustable settings for parameters like
overcurrent protection and time delays. This flexibility allows for customization based on the specific
requirements of the electrical system.

6 Remote Control and Monitoring: Advanced air circuit breakers may include features for remote control
and monitoring. This capability enables operators to monitor the status of the circuit breaker and, in
some cases, operate it remotely.
7 Maintenance: Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the reliable operation of air circuit breakers.
This may include checking and replenishing the compressed air, inspecting contacts, and testing the
overall functionality of the breaker.
8 Safety Considerations: Safety measures, including interlocks and warning indicators, are incorporated
into the design of air circuit breakers to protect personnel during maintenance or troubleshooting
activities.
9 Air circuit breakers play a crucial role in electrical systems by providing effective protection against
overcurrent and short circuits while offering features that contribute to system reliability and ease of
maintenance.
10 Applications: Air circuit breakers are commonly used in low-voltage electrical distribution systems for
protecting circuits and equipment. They are suitable for applications where frequent operation and high
breaking capacity are required. Fig 5.6 shows Air Brake Circuit Breaker.
Fig 5.6: Air Brake Circuit Breaker
5.7 CAPACITOR BANK
A capacitor bank in a substation is a collection of capacitors that are strategically connected to the electrical
grid to provide several benefits, including power factor correction, voltage support, and improved system

efficiency. Capacitor banks are commonly used in electrical substations to help optimize the distribution of
electrical energy. Here's an overview of capacitor banks in substations:
1. Power Factor Correction: One of the primary purposes of a capacitor bank in a substation is to improve the
power factor of the electrical system. The power factor is a measure of how effectively electrical power is
being converted into useful work. A low power factor (usually below 0.9) indicates that a significant portion
of the electrical power is reactive power, which doesn't perform useful work. By adding capacitors to the
system, the power factor can be improved, reducing the amount of reactive power and increasing the efficiency
of the system.
2. Voltage Support: Capacitor banks can also help to support voltage levels within the electrical grid. During
periods of high load, voltage levels can drop, potentially causing equipment malfunctions or disruptions to the
electrical supply. Capacitors release reactive power when needed, which can help maintain voltage levels
within acceptable limits.
3. Energy Efficiency: Capacitor banks reduce the amount of current flowing through the transmission and
distribution lines, leading to reduced line losses and improved energy efficiency. This means that less electrical
energy is wasted as heat in the system, resulting in cost savings for utilities and reduced greenhouse gas
emissions.
4. Voltage Regulation: Capacitor banks can be used to improve voltage regulation by compensating for voltage
drops in the system caused by line impedance or other factors. This ensures that the voltage at the load end
remains within specified limits.
5. Flicker Mitigation: In industrial settings where large, fluctuating loads are present, such as arc furnaces or
large motors, rapid changes in power demand can lead to voltage flicker. Capacitor banks can help mitigate
flicker by stabilizing voltage levels and compensating for sudden changes in load.
6. Harmonic Filtering: Capacitor banks can also be equipped with harmonic filters to reduce the presence of
harmonics in the electrical system. Harmonics can distort waveforms and cause equipment malfunctions.
Filters in capacitor banks can help reduce these harmonics.
7. Switching and Control: Capacitor banks are typically equipped with switches and control systems that allow
for the selective connection and disconnection of individual capacitors. This flexibility enables operators to
adjust the level of reactive power compensation as needed.
8. Safety Considerations: Safety features, such as discharge resistors and overcurrent protection, are often
incorporated into capacitor banks to ensure safe operation and prevent damage to the capacitors.

CHAPTER 6
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP)

All the sewage produced in the airport is brought to the STP via waste water pipe. Also waste water is pumped
through the STP using 2 motors running in parallel (as they share the load). Fig 6.1 shows block diagram of
STP.
Fig 6.1: Block diagram of STP
6.1 PURIFICATION PROCESS:

1. sewage is passed through a screen chamber where all the large size waste like plastic cover, bottle caps,
cups etc. are filtered. Then the waste water collected in the collective tank.
2. The water in the collective tank is bed the aeration tank via bus chamber (where grease and oil content
start to separate). In the aeration tank the separation of oil and grease is accelerated using air blowers.
Here oil and grease settle at the surface.
Fig 6.2: Collection Tank and Aeration Tank (grease and oil settling at the top)

3. Next the oil and grease are filtered out and the waste water is next fed to a Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR).
A membrane bioreactor can be defined as a unit operation or a piece of chemical equipment that combines
a biocatalyst-filled reaction chamber with a membrane system for the purposes of adding reactants or
removing products from a reaction.
4. The waste water after passing through the MBR is fed to a chlorine tank where chlorine added for
disinfection.
5. Next the chlorinated waste water is fed to sludge tank where the sludge settles down. Separating clear
water from the sludge. After this the clear water is stored in the filter feed tank.
Fig 6.3: MBR
Fig 6.4: Chorine Tank
Fig 6.5: Sludge Tank

Fig 6.6: MBR + Chlorine Tank Shown
6. The water in the filter feed tank fed to multigrade filter and activated carbon filters where the remaining
unsettled sludge and other contaminants are filtered.
Fig 6.7: Multigrade And Activated Carbon Filters
7. The clean water obtained from the filters is stored in the treated water tank and this water can be used for
domestic purposes like gardening etc.
8. The sludge collected at the sludge tank is stored sludge manure tank. Where sludge is converted to
manure.

CHAPTER 7
AIR-COOLING SYSTEM
The air-cooling system is used to keep the air temperature at the required value in the airport terminal
(specifically to maintain the air temperature in between 18-20 degrees Celsius). Fig 7.1 shows the diagram of
Air Cooling System.
The air-cooling system mainly consists of:
1. Air cooled condenser

2. Chiller
3. AHU: Air Handling Unit
Fig 7.1: Diagram of the Air-Cooling System
7.1 WORKING
1. The air-cooled condenser is comprised of coils that house the flowing refrigerant and maximize
convective surface area (the area for the transfer of heat), and a forced air source (typically a fan) that
draws air from surrounding atmosphere (cool air) to remove heat of the refrigerant. Fig 7.2, 7.3 shows
the Air-cooled Condenser.

2. The cooled refrigerant is the passed through the direr to remove any moisture and the through an
expansion device. The expansion device regulates the pressure and amount of refrigerant fed to the
chiller.
3. Chiller contains water (used for cooling air) which is cooled by the cooled refrigerant. During this
process the refrigerant absorbs heat from water in the chiller and its temperature increases and also it
gets converted to its gaseous form.
4. This heated refrigerant is passed through a compressor that compresses it back to liquid which is then
fed to the condenser for the cooling process.
5. The cooled water in the chiller is pumped to the AHU using secondary pump. This cooled water is used
to cool air in the AHU. The secondary pump can be operated at variable speed, this combined with the
balancing valve is used to control the cooled water flow in AHU depending on the cooling requirement.
6. The air handling unit (AHU) is the heart of central air conditioning. It collects outside air and room
air, removes dust and other particles from the collected air, adjusts the temperature and humidity and
then supplies comfortable and refreshing air-conditioned air into the rooms through ducts. It cools the
incoming hot air by blowing it into an arrangement of coils that house the flowing cooled water. Here
water absorbs the heat from the hot air and cools it. Fig 7.4 shows the AHU.
7. The water in AHU heats up and expands by absorbing heat from hot air. This heated water is once
again passed to the chiller (for cooling) via primary pump.
8. The expansion tank stores water that is pumped to the chiller to compensate as expanded water mass
shrinks when it is cooled. Also, when the chiller is not used (during power off or maintenance) water
is sent back to the expansion tank.
9. The AHU draws air from surrounding via feed air duct and filters it (passing it through filters),
dehumidifies it and cools it. The cooled air is passed through a blower which blows it through the
supplier duct to diffuser. the cooled air now enters the AC room.
10. The cooled air absorbs the heat in the room and gets heated up, also gets contaminated by smoke etc,
this air called as the return air is then passed through the return air duct and into the AHU (for cooing).
The contaminants are ejected (after filtration) out via the exhaust duct.
11. Also, the air inside the AHU (cooled air) is disinfected using ultra-violet rays that kills the pathogens
(viruses, bacteria etc).

Fig 7.2: Air Cooled Condenser in The Airport
Fig 7.3: Air Cooled Condenser
Fig 7.4: AHU

CHAPTER 8
ELECTRICAL RELATED EQUIPMENT’S
8.1 CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATOR
Constant Current Regulators are designed to provide high-quality, regulated, single phase power to achieve
maximum performance and lifetime of airport lighting systems.
Features and benefits
1.True constant current source

2.Continuous, accurate regulation of intensity
3.Microprocessor-based diagnostics and controls
4.Soft-start and intensity transition (extends lamp life)
5.Robust technology
6.Fuseless design
7.Long lamp life
8.Long cable life
9.High efficiency
10.High reliability
11.Cost effective
8.1.1 Principle of operation

regulators control lamp current using current rather than voltage source. The advantage is that load changes
directly adjust the loop voltage. The loop current remains unaffected, therefore extending the lifetime of the
lamps. Using voltage source is undesirable because high current surges occur during load and intensity. Thus,
reducing lamp lifetime. Lamp resistance is also highly dependent on filament temperature. The resistance
variation from no load to full load can be up to 14 times and affects the current supplied from a voltage-
sourced system. Constant current is not affected by the number of failed lamps or type of lamp, such as
fluorescent and tungsten-halogen lamps. Fig 8.1 shows the constant current regulator.

Fig 8.1: Constant Current Regulator
8.2 CONVEYER
Conveyors are mechanical devices or assemblies used to move items or packages with minimal effort. They
usually consist of frames that support rollers, wheels, or belts and may be motor powered or manual devices.
Belt conveyors convey material with the help of belt The belt of the conveyor may be of textile, strip steel,
woven mesh steel wire.
• Conveyors with textile belt

• Conveyors with metal belt
• Chain driven and rope driven belt conveyors
N.B. Conveyors with rubberized textile belts have found the most extensive application.
8.2.1 Types of belt conveyors:
(i). According to the design
a. Stationary conveyors
b. Portable & mobile conveyors
(ii). According to the purpose
c. General purpose conveyor

d. Special purpose conveyor

Special purpose belts are used to convey hot loads or for operation at ambient temperature over +60°C and -
25°C and also for the transport of material chemically injurious to the fabric or rubber cover of the belt.
Special purpose belts include heat – resistant, frost resistant, and uninflammable and other types.
8.2.2 Geometry of belt conveyor:
According to their path of motion belt conveyors are classified as:
▪ Horizontal
▪ Inclined
▪ Combined
Fig 8.2: Conveyer
8.2.3 Parts of belt conveyors
1. Belts: Various types of textile belts are employed in belt conveyors: Camel hair, cotton (woven or
sewed), duck cotton. Rubberized textile belts are widely used. Conveyors belts should meet the
following requirements:
2. Low hygroscopicity
3. High strength
4. Low own weight (Light in weight)
5. Small specific elongation
6. High flexibility
7. High resistivity to ply (Layer of material)
8. Long service life

Rubberized textile belts: Rubberized textile belts are made from several layers known as plies of a rough
woven cotton fabric known as belling. The plies are connected by vulcanization with natural or synthetic
rubber. Sometimes the plies are made of extra – strong synthetic fabrics, Capron, perlon, nylon etc.
1. Idlers: Generally, the belt is supported by idler rollers, in rare cases by a solid wood, or sheet steel, runway
or a combination support comprising sections of a runway alternating with idle rollers. Idlers are used
mainly in conveyors handling bulk loads, less frequently unit loads, while runways and combined supports
are predominantly used for piece goods. According to their location on the conveyors, idlers are classified
as upper (supporting the loaded strand of the belt) and lower (supporting the idler return strand of the belt).
Fig 8.3 shows the idlers.
Fig 8.3: Idlers
2. Centring device: A number of reasons, such as eccentric loading, soiling, sticking of the material to the
pulleys and rollers etc., may cause the belt to run crooked. To prevent the belt from running off the rollers,
special “Belt training idlers” of various designs are used. These idlers automatically maintain belt
alignment with respect to a device (idlers) called cantering device.
3. Take ups: A belt conveyor may have a mechanical (screw type) or counterweight (gravity type) take up.
The latter may in turn be divided into carries – type (sometimes called horizontal and vertical.
In the screw take up the tensioning pulley simultaneously serves as deflecting til or pulley and rotates on
a fixed shaft (best design) or in terminal bearings (worst design).

In gravity take ups the tensioning pulley (serving simultaneously as tail and pulley) is placed on a movable
carriage which is pulled backwards by means of a steel rope and deflecting pulleys. The vertical
counterweight takes up consists of three pulleys, (two deflecting and one tensioning) and are installed on
the return strand of the conveyor.
N.B. The carriage type take-up is superior to the vertical type because it is of much simpler design of
considerably less height.
4. Drive units: In belt conveyors motive power is transmitted to the belt by friction as it wraps around the
driving pulley rotted by an electric motor; the drive comprises the following parts: the pulley (Sometimes
two pulleys), motor and the transmission gear between the motor and the pulley. Drives of inclined
conveyors include a braking device which prevents slipping back of the loaded belt under the weight of
the material conveyed if the current supplying the motor is interrupted.
5. Loading & discharging: Loading depends on the nature & characteristics of the load conveyed and the
method of loading.
Example: Charging
For piece goods: various types of chutes are directly loaded onto the belt.
For loose materials: feed hopper
Discharging: Generally employed by Scrapper ploughs
N.B.: The discharge plough is a board placed at a certain angle α to the longitudinal axis of the belt and
fastened on a frame.
6. Belt Cleaner: In case of dry particles: The clinging dry particles are cleaned by scrapper/wiper. In case of
wet and sticky materials: Revolving brushes are used Scrappers are mounted on end pulley Brushes are
mounted on lower num. Belt cleaners are mounted near the discharge pulley. Fig 8.4 shows the belt cleaner.
Fig 8.4: Belt Cleaner

7. Automated hold back brakes: A sudden stoppage of a loaded inclined belt conveyor may cause slipping
back of the loaded belt. This will happen if longitudinal component of load weight which is larger than the
forces of frictional resistance to belt motion. - To prevent this type of spontaneous movement of the belt, a
special hold back brake is mounted on the main or auxiliary shaft which keep inclined in conveyor.
- It is a special protecting device which automatically disconnects the drive when the belt slips on the
pulley.
8. Conveyor frame:
- It is a supporting structure of the conveyor & is usually electrical welded
- Consists of longitudinal beams, up-rights & cross pieces
- The height of the frame is usually 400 – 500 mm
- The spacing between upright is 2 – 3.5 m
Fig 8.5: Conveyor Frame
8.2.4 Application of belt conveyors:
1.Convey great variety of unit loads & bulk loads

2.Foundry shop to convey mold or sand
3.Deliver fuel in power plant
4.Distribution of molding sand
5.Coal or ores mining
6.Cement & food industries
7.Carry articles of light weight in line production from one operation to another.

8.2.5 Advantages of belt conveyors:
1. High capacity 500-5000 m3 /hour or more

2. Ability to transport loads for long distance (500-1000m or up)
3. Simplicity in design
4. Comparatively low in own weight
5. Reliable source
6. Convenient operation
7. Less skill required to operate
8.2.6 Disadvantages of belt conveyors:
1. Not suitable for hot ashes & slag.

2. Not suitable granular, powder
3. Abrasive material can cause defect in conveyor
8.3 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

8.3.1 INTRODUCTION:
A variable-frequency drive (VFD; also termed adjustable-frequency drive, “variable-voltage/variable-

frequency (VVVF) drive”, variable speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-
speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor
input frequency and voltage. Over the last four decades, power electronics technology has reduced VFD cost
and size and has improved performance through advances in semiconductor switching devices, drive
topologies, simulation and control techniques, and control hardware and software. The Variable Frequency
Drive (VFD) industry is growing rapidly and it is now more important than ever for technicians and
maintenance personnel to keep VFD installations running smoothly. Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) change
the speed of motor by changing voltage and frequency of the power supplied to the motor. In order to maintain
proper power factor and reduce excessive heating of the motor, the name plate volts/hertz ratio must be
maintained. This is the main task of Variable Frequency Drive.
1.Variable Frequency Drive (AC drives) are used to step less speed control of squirrel cage induction motors
mostly used in process plants

2. VFD control speed of motor by varying output voltage and frequency through sophisticated
microprocessor-controlled electronics device.
3. VFD consists of Rectifier and inverter units. Rectifier converts AC in DC voltage and inverter converts DC
voltage back in AC voltage.
8.3.2 How Drive Changes Motor Speed:
As the drive provides the frequency and voltage of output necessary to change the speed of a motor, this is
done through Pulse Width Modulation Drives. Pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter produces pulses of
varying widths which are combined to build the required waveform. A diode bridge is used in some
converters to reduce harmonics. PWM produce a current waveform that more closely matches a line source,
which reduces undesired heating. PWM drive have almost constant power factor at all speeds which is
closely to unity. PWM units can also operate multiple motor on a single drive.
Thus, the carrier frequency is derived from the speed of the power device switch remains ON and OFF. It is
also called switch frequency. Therefore, higher the carrier frequency higher the resolution for PWM.
Relation between VFD and Power Factor:
The Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) basically contains capacitors which are present in DC bus is used to
maintain Power Factor on the line side. Therefore, any additional use of other power factor correction. Fig8.6
shows the power triangle.
Figure 8.6: Power Triangle
Equipment’s on the line side supply to the motor or use of expensive capacitor bank is not require. The
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) itself offer high power factor in the line side supply to the motor.
We know that Power Factor = Cosϕ

CONCLUSION
We would like to say that this internship program was an excellent opportunity for us to get to the ground level
and experience the things that we would have never gained through academics. We are grateful to Airports
Authority of India, Mysore for giving us this wonderful opportunity.
The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to identify, observe
and practice how engineering is applicable in the real industry. It is not only to get experience on technical
practices but also to observe live equipment and to interact with the staff of AAI. The industrial training period
is the only opportunity for undergraduates to gain this experience. I feel I got the maximum employability
skills out of that experience. Also, we learnt the way of work in an organization, the importance of being
punctual, and the importance of team spirit.

REFERENCE
1. https://www.aai.aero/en/corporate/organization
2. https://www.aai.aero/en/node/279
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication,_navigation_and_surveillance
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_surveillance_radar#:~:text=An%20airport%20surveilla
nce%20radar%20(ASR,for%20the%20airspace%20around%20airports.
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-electronics
6. Mike Tooley, David Wyatt., (2017) , Aircraft Communications and Navigation Systems, 2nd
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JSS Mahavidyapeetha

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP AT AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF

Internal Guide External Guide

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

2.2.1 Characteristics of HF Communication 4

2.3 VHF Communication 5

2.3.1 Characteristics of HF Communication 5

2.4 Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) 5

2.5 Digital Voice Recorders (DVRS) 6

2.6 Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service (D-ATIS) 7

2.7.1 Classification of Radars 8

3.2 Doppler Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (DVOR) 10

3.3 Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) 11

3.4 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 11

3.5 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) 12

3.5.1 ONLINE UPS 12

3.5.2 OFFLINE UPS 13

4.2 Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD) 16

4.3 Hand Held Metal Detector (HHMD) 19

4.4 Explosive Trace Detector (ETD) 20

4.5 Flight Information Display System 21

5.3 Diesel Generators (DG) 25

5.4 AMF Panel 26

5.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 27

5.6 Air Circuit Breaker 28

5.7 Capacitor Bank 29

6 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP)

8 ELECTRICAL RELATED EQUIPMENT’S

8.1.1 Principle of Operation 37

8.2.1 Types of Belt Conveyors 38

8.2.2 Geometry of Belt Conveyor 39

8.2.3 Parts of Belt Conveyors 39

8.2.4 Application of Belt Conveyors 42

8.2.5 Advantages of Belt Conveyors 43

8.2.6 Disadvantages of Belt Conveyors 43

8.3 Variable Frequency Drive 43

8.3.2 How Drive Changes Motor Speed 44

AAI, MYSORE AIRPORT, MYSORE was established in 2009.

Airport Director: Anoop J R

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 1

Description: Unpaid internship

Duration: 28/08/2023 – 28/09/2023

ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY

AAI, MYSORE AIRPORT, MYSORE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 2

1.1 COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE (CNS)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 3

2.2.1 Characteristics of HF Communication:

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 4

3. Bandwidth of HF Communication is in between 3MHz to 30 MHz, due to reflection from the

2.3 VHF COMMUNICATION

2.3.1 Characteristics of VHF Communication:

2.4 AFTN (AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 5

Example of AFTN message format (FPL-Flight Plan) message:

ZCZC AEA0129 050358

2.5 DIGITAL VOICE RECORDERS (DVRs)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SJCE, JSSSTU 6