Week 3

WEEK #02 & 3
NAME: Dept.
Date: Roll #
Consider two samples
. Sample 1
In this essay, I will discuss the differences between the two methods of ‘Suggestopedia’ and ‘Total Physical
Response’.
____________________________________________________________________________________
. . Sample 2
The present study aims to explain the differences between the two methods of ‘Suggestopedia’ and ‘Total
Physical Response’.
. __________________________________________________________________________________
Activity: Focusing on the issue

. The following text is an invitation for a conference.
. The author focuses on himself/herself.
. Find examples from the text to support this.
. Focus on the issue rather than the author by transforming the text.
The Text
On 27-28 April 2012, we are very proud to be organizing the 7th International ELT Research
Conference with the chosen theme of ‘Philosophical perspectives in ELT research’ in Çanakkale,
Turkey. We organize the conference under the auspices of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty
of Education, ELT Department. Our aim is to provide the highest calibre of ELT research by means
of keynote speakers, a large number of scholars and presenters, and scientific and cultural exchange
within a friendly, informative and stimulating atmosphere. We encourage researchers to submit their
proposals for oral presentations, workshops, and poster presentations.
Suggested answer
Use objective language

. Since you are expected to report facts in academic papers, you should use objective language in your
paper which is free of bias.
. To do this, apart from avoiding focusing on the author, you should also avoid the use of judgmental
and emotive language and extreme adjectives in your paper.
Sample
The chairman of ELT department will announce the decision next week. ( )
Precise vs. vague meanings
. Integrate words with precise meanings.
. Avoid words with vague meanings since they are more colloquial.
Sample informal sentences
. The present study aims to look at ( )the issue in relation with behavioristic point of
view.
. The author says ( ) that young children are more advantageous in foreign language
learning in comparison to adults.
. Grabe and Stoller (2002) talk about ( )readers who follow a mechanical
pattern by creating a piece-by piece mental translation of the information in the text.
Avoid using contraction
You must not use contractions; instead use full forms.
In most instances, readers don’t realize that there’re strategies which make their learning process
easier.
Corrected one:
Avoid using slang, jargon, and clichés

. Do not include slang, jargon, and clichés.
. When you use slang and jargon, you restrict the comprehension by a certain group of people.
. Slang: deals with colourful expressions.
. Jargon: deals with technical terms.
. Clichés: you integrate over-used items.
Samples
. Sample use of slang (the use of a pig in pocket)
There seems to be a pig in the Prime Minister’s pocket as he devotes so little money on education.
. Sample use of jargon (the assumption of knowing STM and LTM)

Chastain (1988) calls attention to the significance of converting information from the STM to the LTM;
Otherwise, the information in the STM vanishes in a maximum of twenty-second period.
. Sample use of cliché (the use of work like a beaver)

The participants in the study worked like beavers.
Use of abbreviations
. Abbreviations must not affect your reader’s comprehension.
. Use the full term which is followed by the abbreviation in parentheses when you use it for the first
time.
Standard abbreviations
. If you are using standard abbreviations such as units of measurement; then, you do not need
to write out what they stand for in parentheses. Like; km, m, cm, IQ etc.
Use of markers and linking devices

. Use markers in order to reflect their attitudes towards the authors of other sources.
. They also assist your readers to understand the organization of the text and connect ideas across
sentences by providing explicitness.
Avoid extremeness
. Words with extreme meanings might be irritating and they may also cause bias.
. Avoid using such words.
. Sample (use of overwhelmingly successful)
Participants in the experimental group were overwhelmingly successful.
Use of ‘prove’
. Avoid using ‘prove’.
. In social sciences, it is almost impossible to prove a theory by the help of a single study.
. Instead, there should be an interaction among several studies which assists researchers to
draw conclusions.
. Consider the two sample sentences in the following examples.
In preference to
The evidence proves that female learners are superior to male learners in terms of reading
comprehension.
Sample preferred sentence
The evidence suggests that female learners are superior to male learners in terms of reading
comprehension.
Use formal words
. While writing academic papers, you are expected to
use formal words.
. As formal words are single words not multi-words, you
should avoid using phrasal verbs and colloquialisms.
. Also formal words are longer than informal ones.
. You can check formal informal equivalences of words in dictionaries.
Vocabulary (verbs)
Informal Formal Informal Formal

Seem End
Climb Tell
Help get
Stop keep
Begin Say no
Use free
Shorten mend
Show Need
go
want
Ask
Vocabulary (adverbs & nouns)
Informal Formal Informal Formal

In the end Understanding
At first Lack
At once Chance
On and off Sweat
Mainly House
Again and again Sight
Next so
Write a sentence referring to what the following writers said (more than one verb may
be suitable). Use the past tense.
Example:
Z: ‘My research shows that biofuels are environmentally neutral.’
Z claimed/argued that biofuels were environmentally neutral.
1. A: ‘I may have made a mistake in my calculations on energy loss.’
2. B: ‘I did not say that women make better doctors than men.’
3. C: ‘Small firms are more dynamic than large ones.’
4. D: ‘I support C’s views on small firms.’
5. E: ‘I’m not sure, but most people probably work to earn money.’
6. F: ‘After much research, I’ve found that allergies are becoming more common.’
7. G: ‘I think it unlikely that electric cars will replace conventional ones.’
8. H: ‘There may be a link between crime and sunspot activity.’

9. L: ‘She was very careless about her research methods.’
10. M: ‘There are four main types of children in care.’
11. N: ‘That company has an excellent record for workplace safety.’
12. O: ‘The noises whales make must be expressions of happiness.’
13. P: ‘Wind power and biomass will be the leading green energy sources.’
13. Q: ‘Darwin was the most influential naturaliste of the teenth century.’

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WEEK #02 & 3

Activity: Focusing on the issue

Use objective language

Avoid using slang, jargon, and clichés

. Sample use of jargon (the assumption of knowing STM and LTM)

. Sample use of cliché (the use of work like a beaver)

Use of markers and linking devices

Participants in the experimental group were overwhelmingly successful.

Informal Formal Informal Formal

Vocabulary (adverbs & nouns)

Informal Formal Informal Formal

3. C: ‘Small firms are more dynamic than large ones.’

4. D: ‘I support C’s views on small firms.’

7. G: ‘I think it unlikely that electric cars will replace conventional ones.’

8. H: ‘There may be a link between crime and sunspot activity.’

10. M: ‘There are four main types of children in care.’

11. N: ‘That company has an excellent record for workplace safety.’

12. O: ‘The noises whales make must be expressions of happiness.’

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