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Elements of Writing

The document discusses various elements of cohesion, comparisons, definitions, and examples in academic writing. It defines reference words and their purpose in establishing connections between ideas. It also explains the basics of comparative and superlative comparisons and how definitions can be simple or complex. Finally, it discusses the functions of examples and different introduction phrases for examples as well as the purpose and forms of restatement.

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22 views

Elements of Writing

The document discusses various elements of cohesion, comparisons, definitions, and examples in academic writing. It defines reference words and their purpose in establishing connections between ideas. It also explains the basics of comparative and superlative comparisons and how definitions can be simple or complex. Finally, it discusses the functions of examples and different introduction phrases for examples as well as the purpose and forms of restatement.

Uploaded by

Nguyên
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.3.

Cohesion:
1. Reference words:
- Definition:
+ Cohesion: cohesion refers to the process of connecting various parts of a text using
reference words and conjunctions. This ensures that the entire text is coherent, easily
understandable, and flows smoothly.
+ Reference words (main focus): In academic writing, "reference words" are linguistic
devices used to establish a connection or refer back to previously mentioned or
implied elements within a text. These words serve the purpose of avoiding repetition
and maintaining clarity and coherence in the discourse.
- Variations:

Pronouns he/ she/ it/ they

Possessive pronouns his/ her/ hers/ its/ their/ theirs

Objective pronouns her/ him/ them

Demonstrative pronouns this/ that/ these/ those

Other phrases the former/ the latter/ the first/ the


second/ such a

- Note: To ensure reader comprehension, it is crucial to apply reference words


exclusively in instances where the reference is unambiguous. This practice helps to
prevent confusion among readers.
+ Ex: Pablo Picasso moved to Paris in 1904 and worked with George Braque from 1908
to 1909. He became interested in the analysis of form, which led to cubism.
=> In this case it is not clear which person (Picasso or Braque) ‘he’ refers to.
So to avoid this write:
+ Pablo Picasso moved to Paris in 1904 and worked with George Braque from 1908 to
1909. Picasso became interested in the analysis of form, which led to cubism.

2.4. Comparisons:
1. Functions / Purpose: In academic writing, comparison entails analyzing similarities
and differences between entities, concepts, theories, or perspectives. It enhances the
understanding, highlights distinctions, identifies patterns, supports arguments, and
enables meaningful conclusions. This adds depth, clarity, and critical analysis to
academic discourse, fostering a comprehensive understanding for readers.
2. The basics:
● Comparative: Comparative comparisons indicate a relationship of more or less
between two things.
● Superlative: Superlative comparisons indicate a relationship of most or least within a
group of things.
3. Comparative study: A comparative study is a kind of method that analyzes
phenomena and then puts them together to find the points of differentiation and
similarity (Mokhtarian Pour, 2016).
- the correlation between the comparison element in academic writing and the
formation of comparative study: The comparative approach allows for a deeper
analysis and understanding of the subject matter, as well as the development of
insights and conclusions.

2.5. Definition:
1. Purpose/ Function: In academic writing, definitions provide clear and precise
explanations of concepts, terms, or phenomena. They establish a common
understanding, outline scope, and support effective communication. Definitions
enhance precision, reduce ambiguity, and enable critical analysis, allowing readers to
engage meaningfully with the content.
2. Simple Def:
- Formation: In academic contexts, basic definitions are constructed by specifying a
category and illustrating its application.
3. Complex Def
- Formation: Complex definitions differ from basic definitions in terms of their
formation by incorporating additional elements and providing a more comprehensive
understanding of a concept or term.
2.6 Examples:
1. Functions/ Purpose: In academic writing, examples serve the purpose of providing
support and illustration. Appropriate examples have the potential to strengthen
arguments and enhance reader comprehension.
2. Introduction phrases:
a. for instance, for example
b. such as
c. particularly, especially
d. a case in point
3. Restatement
- Definition: involves the rephrasing or reiteration of a concept, idea, or argument in a
different form or wording
- Purpose: It is used to reinforce and clarify the main point or argument being made
- Forms: Restatement can take various forms, such as paraphrasing, summarizing, or
providing alternative formulations of the same idea

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