Dolby

Dolby Laboratories, Inc. (often shortened to Dolby Labs and

Dolby Laboratories, Inc.
known simply as Dolby) is a British-American technology
corporation specializing in audio noise reduction, audio
encoding/compression, spatial audio, and HDR imaging. Dolby
licenses its technologies to consumer electronics
manufacturers. [4]

History
Dolby Labs was founded by Ray Dolby (1933–2013) in
London, England, in 1965.[5] In the same year, he invented the
Dolby Noise Reduction system, a form of audio signal
processing for reducing the background hissing sound on
cassette tape recordings.[6] His first U.S. patent on the
technology was filed in 1969, four years later. The method was
first used by Decca Records in the UK.[7] After this, other
companies began purchasing Dolby’s A301 technology, which
was the professional noise reduction system used in recording,
motion picture, broadcasting stations and communications
networks.[8] These companies include BBC, Pye, IBC, CBS
Studios, RCA, and Granada.[9]

He moved the company headquarters to the United States (San

Headquarters in San Francisco,
Francisco, California) in 1976.[10] The first product Dolby
California
Labs produced was the Dolby 301 unit which incorporated
Type A Dolby Noise Reduction, a compander-based noise Company Public

reduction system.[9] These units were intended for use in type

professional recording studios. Traded as NYSE: DLB (https://ww
w.nyse.com/quote/XN
Dolby was persuaded by Henry Kloss of KLH to manufacture YS:DLB) (Class A)
a consumer version of his noise reduction. Dolby worked more S&P 400 component
on companding systems and introduced Type B in 1968. Industry Audio
encoding/compression
Dolby also sought to improve film sound. As the corporation's
Audio noise reduction
history explains:
Founded May 18, 1965 in
Upon investigation, Dolby found that many of the London, England
limitations in optical sound stemmed directly from
Founder Ray Dolby
its significantly high background noise. To filter this
noise, the high-frequency response of theatre Headquarters Civic Center, San
playback systems was deliberately curtailed… To Francisco, California,
make matters worse, to increase dialogue U.S.
intelligibility over such systems, sound mixers were
recording soundtracks with so much high-
 frequency pre-emphasis that high distortion Number of 30+ (2014)
resulted. locations
Area served Worldwide
The first film with Dolby sound was A Clockwork Orange
(1971). The company was approached by Stanley Kubrick, Key people Peter Gotcher
who wanted to use Dolby’s noise reduction system to facilitate (executive chairman)
the film’s extensive mixing.[11] The film went on to use Dolby Kevin Yeaman
noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, but a (president and CEO)
conventional optical soundtrack on release prints. Callan Products see Technologies
(1974) was the first film with a Dolby-encoded optical
soundtrack.[12] In 1975, Dolby released Dolby Stereo, which Organizations
included a noise reduction system in addition to more audio Dolby Digital
channels (Dolby Stereo could actually contain additional center Brands
and surround channels matrixed from the left and right). The
first film with a Dolby-encoded stereo optical soundtrack was Dolby
Lisztomania (1975), although this only used an LCR (Left- Surround/Pro
Logic/Pro Logic
Center-Right) encoding technique. The first true LCRS (Left-
II
Center-Right-Surround) soundtrack was encoded on the movie
Dolby SR
A Star Is Born in 1976. In less than ten years, 6,000 cinemas
worldwide were equipped to use Dolby Stereo sound. Dolby Dolby Stereo
reworked the system slightly for home use and introduced Dolby Surround
7.1
Dolby Surround, which only extracted a surround channel, and
the more impressive Dolby Pro Logic, which was the domestic Dolby noise-
reduction
equivalent of the theatrical Dolby Stereo.[13]
system
Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme Services Dolby Cinema
for the cinema. Dolby Stereo Digital (now simply called Dolby Revenue US$1.25 billion
Digital) was first featured on the 1992 film Batman Returns. (2022)
Introduced to the home theater market as Dolby AC-3 with the Operating US$207 million
1995 laserdisc release of Clear and Present Danger, the format income (2022)
did not become widespread in the consumer market, partly Net income US$184 million
because of extra hardware that was necessary to make use of it, (2022)
until it was adopted as part of the DVD specification. Dolby Total assets US$2.69 billion
Digital is now found in the HDTV (ATSC) standard of the (2022)
United States, DVD players, and many satellite-TV and cable- Total equity US$2.25 billion
TV receivers. Dolby developed a digital surround sound (2022)
compression scheme for the TV series The Simpsons. 2,336 (2022)
Number of
employees
On February 17, 2005, the company became public, offering its
shares on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol Subsidiaries Audistry
DLB. On March 15, 2005, Dolby celebrated its 40th Doremi Labs
anniversary at the ShoWest 2005 Festival in San Francisco. Via Licensing
Website dolby.com (http://dolb
On January 8, 2007, Dolby announced the arrival of Dolby y.com)
Volume at the International Consumer Electronics Show.[14] Footnotes / references
[1][2][3]
On June 18, 2010, Dolby introduced Dolby Surround 7.1, and set up theaters worldwide with 7.1 surround
speaker setups to deliver theatrical 7.1 surround sound. The first film to be released with this format was
Pixar's Toy Story 3 which was later followed by fifty releases using the format. About 80% of films released
are now mixed in Dolby Surround 7.1 by default.

In April 2012, Dolby introduced its Dolby Atmos, a new cinematic technology adding overhead sound, first
applied in Pixar's motion picture Brave.[15] In July 2014, Dolby Laboratories announced plans to bring
Atmos to home theater. The first television show to use the technology on disc was Game of Thrones.

On February 24, 2014, Dolby acquired Doremi Labs for $92.5 million in cash plus an additional $20
million in contingent consideration that may be earned over a four-year period.[16]

In May 2019, Dolby decided to add Dolby Atmos to hundreds of newer songs in the music industry.[17]

In May 2020, Dolby launched a developer platform, Dolby.io (https://dolby.io), aimed at providing
developers self-service access to Dolby technologies through public APIs. It allows any person,
organization, small and big, to integrate in their websites, apps, games, etc. features such as media
enhancements and transcoding, spatial audio, high-quality video communication and low-latency
streaming.[18]

Technologies

Analog audio noise reduction

Dolby A: professional noise reduction systems for tapes and analog cassettes.
Dolby NR/B/C/S: consumer noise reduction systems for tapes and analog cassettes.
Dolby SR (Spectral Recording): professional four-channel noise reduction system in use
since 1986, which improves the dynamic range of analog recordings and transmissions by
as much as 25 dB. Dolby SR is utilized by recording and post-production engineers,
broadcasters, and other audio professionals. It is also the benchmark in analog film sound,
being included today on nearly all 35 mm film prints. On films with digital soundtracks, the
SR track is used in cinemas not equipped for digital playback, and it serves as a backup in
case of problems with the digital track.
Dolby FM: noise reduction system for FM broadcast radio. Dolby FM was tried by a few
radio stations starting with WFMT in 1971. It used Dolby B, combined with 25 microsecond
pre-emphasis. A small number of models of tuners and receivers were offered with the
necessary decoder built in. In addition, a few cassette deck models appeared that allowed
the deck's internal Dolby B decoder to be put in the line level pass-through path, permitting
its use with Dolby FM broadcasts. The system was not successful and was on the decline by
1974.
Dolby HX Pro: single-ended system used on high-end tape recorders to increase
headroom. The recording bias is lowered as the high-frequency component of the signal
being recorded increases, and vice versa. It does nothing to the actual audio that is being
recorded, and it does not require a special decoder. Any HX Pro recorded tape will have, in
theory, better sound on any deck.
 Dolby Advanced Audio: Dolby surround sound, locking preferred volume level, optimizes
audio performance for specific PC models and lets turning up the volume to the built-in
speakers without distorting the sound.[19]

Audio encoding/compression
Dolby Surround
Dolby Digital (also known as AC-3) is a lossy audio compression format. It supports
channel configurations from mono up to six discrete channels (referred to as "5.1"). This
format first allowed and popularized surround sound. It was first developed for movie theater
sound and spread to Laserdisc and DVD. It has been adopted in many broadcast formats
including all North American digital television (ATSC), DVB-T, direct broadcast satellite,
cable television, DTMB, IPTV, and surround sound radio services. It is also part of both the
Blu-ray and the now-defunct HD DVD standards. Dolby Digital is used to enable surround
sound output by most video game consoles. Several personal computers support converting
all audio to Dolby Digital for output.
Dolby Digital EX: introduces a matrix-encoded center rear surround channel to Dolby
Digital for 6.1 channel output.[20] This center-rear channel is often split to two rear back
speakers for 7.1 channel output.
Dolby Digital Plus (also known as E-AC-3) is a lossy audio codec based on Dolby
Digital that is backward compatible, but more advanced. The DVD Forum has selected
Dolby Digital Plus as a standard audio format for HD DVD video. It supports data rates
up to 6 Mbit/s, an increase from Dolby Digital's 640 kbit/s maximum. On Blu-ray, Dolby
Digital Plus is implemented differently, as a legacy 640 kbit/s Dolby Digital stream plus
an additional stream to expand the surround sound, with a total bandwidth of
approximately 1.7 Mbit/s. Dolby Digital Plus is also optimized for limited data-rate
environments such as Digital broadcasting.
Dolby Digital Live is a real-time hardware encoding technology for interactive media
such as video games. It converts any audio signals on a PC or game console into the
5.1-channel Dolby Digital format and transports it via a single S/PDIF cable.[21] A similar
technology known as DTS Connect is available from competitor DTS.
Dolby E: professional coding system optimized for the
distribution of surround and multichannel audio through digital
two-channel post-production and broadcasting infrastructures,
or for recording surround audio on two audio tracks of
conventional digital video tapes, video servers, communication
links, switchers, and routers. The Dolby E signal does not
reach viewers at home. It is transcoded to Dolby Digital at a Dolby E selected hardware
lower data rate for final DTV transmission.
Dolby Stereo (also known as Stereo A): original analog
optical technology developed for 35 mm prints and is encoded with four sound channels:
Left/Center/Right (which are located behind the screen) and Surround (which is heard over
speakers on the sides and rear of the theatre) for ambient sound and special effects. This
technology also employs A-type or SR-type noise reduction, listed above with regards to
analog cassette tapes. See also Dolby Surround
Dolby TrueHD: Offers bit-for-bit sound reproduction identical to the studio master. Over
seven full-range 24-bit/96 kHz discrete channels are supported (plus an LFE channel,
making it 7.1 surround) along with the HDMI interface. Theoretically, Dolby TrueHD can
support more channels, but this number has been limited to 8 for HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc.
Dolby Pulse: released in 2009, it is identical to the HE-AAC v2 codec except for the addition
of Dolby metadata, which is common for Dolby's other digital audio codecs. This metadata
 "ensures consistency of broadcast quality."[22]
Dolby AC-4 is a lossy audio compression format that can contain audio channels and/or
audio objects.
Dolby Atmos is a suite of technologies for immersive audio having both horizontal and
vertical sound placement, using a combination of channel and object-based mixing and
delivery. It was first introduced in cinemas with Brave (2012 film). The first game released
with Dolby Atmos audio was Star Wars Battlefront (2015 video game). The means of
delivering the channels and objects differ given the technical limitations across different
media, and the target platform. Dolby Atmos is not a codec; on the consumer market, pre-
recorded Dolby Atmos is delivered as an extension to a Dolby TrueHD, Dolby Digital Plus, or
Dolby AC-4 stream.

Audio processing
Dolby Headphone: an implementation of virtual
surround, simulating 5.1 surround sound in a standard
pair of stereo headphones.[23]
Dolby Virtual Speaker: simulates 5.1 surround sound in
a setup of two standard stereo speakers.[23]
Dolby Surround, Dolby Pro Logic, Dolby Pro Logic II,
Dolby Pro Logic IIx, and Dolby Pro Logic IIz: these
decoders expand sound to a greater number of channels.
Dolby system A-type decoder
All can decode surround sound that has been matrixed
into two channels; some can expand surround sound to a
greater number of speakers than the original source
material. See the referenced articles for more details on each decoder.
Audistry: sound enhancement technologies.[24]
Dolby Volume: reduces volume level changes.[25]
Dolby Mobile: A version of Dolby's surround sound technology specifically designed for
mobile phones, notably the HTC Desire HD, LG Arena and LG Renoir.
Dolby Audio Plug-in for Android: An API packaged as a Java Library that allows Android
Developers to take advantage of Dolby Digital Plus Technology embedded into mobile and
tablet devices, notably the Fire HD, Fire HDX, and Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 series.
Dolby Voice: Hardware and software products for enterprise-level web conferencing.[26]

Video processing
Dolby Contrast provides enhanced image contrast to LCD screens with LED backlight units
by means of local dimming.[27]
Perceptual Quantizer (PQ),[28] published by SMPTE as SMPTE ST 2084, is a transfer
function that allows for the display of high dynamic range (HDR) video with a luminance
level of up to 10,000 cd/m2 and can be used with the Rec. 2020 color space.[29][30][31][32] On
August 27, 2015, the Consumer Electronics Association announced the HDR10 Media
Profile which uses the Rec. 2020 color space, SMPTE ST 2084, and a bit depth of 10-
bits.[33] On August 2, 2016, Microsoft released the Windows 10 Anniversary Update, which
supports the HDR10 format with PQ (ST 2084) transfer function and Rec.2020 color
space.[34]
Dolby Vision is a content mastering and delivery format similar to the HDR10 media profile.
It supports both high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (ITU-R Rec. 2020 and
2100) at all stages from content creation and production to transmission and playback. Dolby
 Vision includes the Perceptual Quantizier (SMPTE ST-2084) electro-optical transfer function
and supports displays with up to 10,000-nit maximum brightness (4,000-nit in practice). It
also provides up to 8K resolution and color depth of up to 12-bits (backwards compatible
with current 8-bit and 10-bit displays).[35] Dolby Vision can encode mastering display
colorimetry information using static metadata (SMPTE ST 2086) and dynamic metadata
(SMPTE ST 2094-10, Dolby format) for each scene or frame of a video.[36] Examples of Ultra
HD (UHD) Dolby Vision are available in TV, monitor, mobile devices and theater. Dolby
Vision content can be delivered on Ultra HD Blu-ray discs,[37][38] over conventional
broadcasting, OTT, and online streaming media services.[39] Dolby Vision metadata can be
carried via HDMI interface versions 1.4b and above.[40] It also supports IPTPQc2 color
space, that is similar to ICtCp. Dolby Vision IQ is an update designed to optimize Dolby
Vision content according to the brightness of the room.[41]
ICtCp provides an improved color representation that is designed for high dynamic range
(HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG).[42] An improved constant luminance is an advantage
for color processing operations such as chroma subsampling and gamut mapping where
only color information is changed.[42] ICtCp is based on a modification of IPT called
ICaCb.[43]

Digital cinema
Dolby Digital Cinema[44]
Dolby Surround 7.1,[45] first introduced theatrically with
Toy Story 3, in 2010.
Dolby 3D[46]
Dolby Atmos[47]
Dolby Cinema, a premium cinema concept developed
Dolby Laboratories Screening Rooms
by Dolby Laboratories as a direct competitor to IMAX.[48]
in Burbank, California

Live sound
Dolby Lake Processor[49] - as of 2009, all Lake products are owned by Lab Gruppen.[50]
Over the years Dolby has introduced several surround sound systems. Their differences are explained
below.

Dolby matrix surround systems

Decoder Encoder Year Description Channels

Cinema use with optical technology. Uses Dolby A

Dolby for noise reduction. 4:2 encoded for 35mm film and FL FR with C and
Dolby
MP 1975 2:4 decoded back to 4.0 by Dolby Stereo MonoSurround
Stereo
Matrix Processor. Discrete Magnetic 6-Track variant for matrixed
70mm.

Consumer Variant of Dolby Stereo. Original

FL FR and
Dolby Decoder utilized a simple passive L-R Circuit with
" 1982 MonoSurround
Surround Delay and Phantom Center for 3-Channel
matrixed
Decoding.
Dolby FL FR with C and
Dolby Addition of Dolby SR Noise Reduction to Dolby
MP 1986 MonoSurround
Stereo SR Stereo for Enhanced Fidelity and Dynamic Range.
Matrix matrixed

1986 Reference Active Matrix 2:4 Decoder (Cat No. 150) FL FR with C and
Dolby Pro
" Modern for Dolby Stereo and Dolby Surround. Accurately MonoSurround
Logic
1987 Decodes Lt/Rt to Recover the LCRS 4.0 Surround. matrixed

Upmixes non-Encoded Stereo to Surround 5.1.

Dolby Pro Can also be used to decode Dolby Surround for 5.1
N/A 2000 FL FR C SL SR SUB
Logic II Playback. Consumer Decoders often include
specific Movie, Music, or Game modes.
Extension to PLII. Enhancement of either Stereo,
Dolby Surround, Dolby Digital 5.1 to 6.1 or 7.1. FL FR C SL SR SUB
Dolby Pro
N/A 2002 Decodes Dolby Digital EX to 6.1 or 7.1. Retains Left Back and Right
Logic IIx
Movie, Music, or Game modes in Consumer Back
Products.

Extension to PLIIx. Decodes Stereo, Dolby L, C, R, Lss, Rss

Dolby Pro Surround or Discrete 5.1/6.1/7.1 to 7.1 Height or (side surrounds), Lrs,
N/A 2009
Logic IIz Full 9.1 with the addition of Front Height Channels. Rrs (rear surrounds),
Last Pro Logic Branded Decoder from Dolby. LFE, Lvh and Rvh
Dolby reintroduced the Dolby Surround terminology
in 2014. The term now refers to a new frequency-
Dolby domain decoder/upmixer. Dolby Surround is a
Surround N/A 2014 complete replacement for Pro Logic; it takes in
(2014) stereo (discrete or matrixed), 5.1 and 7.1 inputs to
play over a wide range of output configurations
including those with height channels.

Dolby discrete surround systems

Format Core Codec Year Description Channels

1986
Discrete channel encoder/decoder.
Modern
Stereo output can be generated
1992
Dolby from the 5 program channels using
AC-3 Film L R C Ls Rs LFE
Digital Pro Logic encoding. This allows
1995
systems that are limited to stereo
Laser
output to carry surround sound.
Disc

Dolby AC-3 1999 6.1 or 7.1 Surround via Matrix L R C Ls Rs LFE.

Digital Encoding of Ls/Rs Channels in 5.1.
 Surround Remains backwards compatible Matrix decoding can derive
EX with standard 5.1 digital.
Cs (mono surround) or Lrs,
Rrs (stereo surrounds) from
the Ls and Rs signals

Lossless compression codec;

supports 44.1 kHz to 192 kHz
sampling frequency up to 24-bit
word length; supports variable data
rate up to 18 Mbit/s; maximum
channel support is 16 channels as
presently deployed. Higher bitrate
Dolby
MLP 2006 than Dolby Digital Plus. Blu-ray
TrueHD
Disc channel support up to eight
channels of 96 kHz/24-bit audio;
six channels (5.1) up to
192 kHz/24-bit; and two- to six-
channel support up to 192 kHz/24-
bit maximum bit rate up to the
maximum of 18 Mbit/s.

Lossy compression codec; 48 kHz

sampling frequency, 20-bit word
length; supports data rates of 32
kbit/s – 6 Mbit/s, scalable,
including 768 kbit/s – 1.5 Mbit/s on
high-definition optical discs,
Dolby typically, and 256 kbit/s for
Enhanced
Digital 2006 broadcast and online. 1.0- to 7.1- L R C Lss Rss LFE Lrs Rrs
AC-3
Plus channel support for current media
applications; extensible to 16
channels; discrete. Backward
compatible with Dolby Digital
through S/PDIF connection up to
640 kbit/s. Supports Dolby
Metadata.
Dolby New sound format for cinema
L, C, R, Lss, Rss (side surrounds),
Surround N/A 2010 soundtracks that adds two
Lrs, Rrs (rear surrounds), LFE
7.1 additional surround channels.

Expands on existing surround

sound formats by adding top Cinema soundtrack channels:
surround channels and audio
objects. Each audio object L, R, C, LFE, Lss, Rss (side
consists of a mono audio signal surrounds), Lrs, Rrs (rear
plus metadata that describes the
Cinema: sound location, size, and other surrounds), Lts, Rts (top
SSLAC. rendering control parameters. An surrounds). Note: the
Dolby Consumer: object renderer is used to convert
2012 number and intended
Atmos Dolby Digital the audio objects to output channel
Plus-JOC, signals. The use of audio objects location of _output_
MLP, AC-4. allows a sound to be described
independently of any specific
channels is defined at
loudspeaker configuration. For playback based on the
cinema distribution, all audio is available loudspeakers.
losslessly encoded as PCM or
SSLAC (Samplerate Scalable
Lossless Audio Coding).

See also
 CX (analog noise reduction competitor)
dbx (analog noise reduction competitor)
High Com (analog noise reduction competitor)
DTS (digital soundspace competitor)
Meridian Lossless Packing (lossless coding for DVD-Audio)
SRS Labs (surround sound competitor)
Beats Audio (digital soundspace competitor)
Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (digital soundspace competitor)
Dolby Theatre
THX

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External links
Official website (https://www.dolby.com)
Business data for Dolby Laboratories, Inc.: Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/D
LB:NYSE) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CI
K=1308547) · Yahoo! (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DLB)
Dolby companies (https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Dolby%20Laboratories)
grouped at OpenCorporates

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