1. Define Machine Learning Explain with examples why machine learning is important?

Ans

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows software

applications to become more accurate in predicting outcomes without being explicitly
programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms use historical data as input to
predict new output values.

Here are some examples of machine learning in action:

 Spam filtering: Machine learning algorithms are used to train spam filters to
identify and block unwanted emails.
 Product recommendations: Machine learning algorithms are used to power
product recommendation systems on e-commerce websites.
 Fraud detection: Machine learning algorithms are used to detect fraudulent
credit card transactions.
 Medical diagnosis: Machine learning algorithms are being used to develop
tools that can help doctors diagnose diseases more accurately and efficiently.
 Self-driving cars: Machine learning algorithms are essential for the
development of self-driving cars.

2 Discuss some applications of machine learning with examples

 Ans - Healthcare: Machine learning is being used to develop new drugs and treatments,
diagnose diseases more accurately, and personalize care for individual patients. For
example, machine learning algorithms are being used to develop new cancer treatments
that are tailored to the specific genetic makeup of each patient.
 Finance: Machine learning is being used to detect fraud, manage risk, and make better
investment decisions. For example, machine learning algorithms are being used to detect
fraudulent credit card transactions and to predict stock market movements.
 Retail: Machine learning is being used to improve product recommendations, optimize
pricing, and predict supply and demand. For example, machine learning algorithms are
being used to recommend products to customers on e-commerce websites and to predict
when stores will need to restock their shelves.
 Manufacturing: Machine learning is being used to improve quality control, predictive
maintenance, and supply chain management. For example, machine learning algorithms
are being used to identify defects in products before they reach customers and to predict
when machines are likely to fail so that they can be repaired before they break down.
  Transportation: Machine learning is being used to develop self-driving cars and to
improve traffic flow. For example, machine learning algorithms are being used to train
self-driving cars to navigate roads and to predict traffic congestion.

3 What is well proposed learning problems?

Ans- A well-posed learning problem is one that is clearly defined and has a solution that can be
found using machine learning algorithms. The three key components of a well-posed learning
problem are:

 Task: The task that the machine learning algorithm is trying to solve. For example, the
task could be to classify images, predict customer churn, or generate text.
 Performance measure: The metric that will be used to evaluate the performance of the
machine learning algorithm. For example, the performance measure could be accuracy,
precision, recall, or F1 score.
 Experience: The data that the machine learning algorithm will use to learn. For example,
the experience could be a dataset of images, customer data, or text.

4. Explain the steps in designing a learning system in details.

Ans -
1

The following are the steps in designing a learning system:

1. Identify the problem. What are you trying to solve with your learning system?
What kind of data do you have? What are your goals?
2. Choose the right machine learning algorithm. There are many different
machine learning algorithms available, each with its own strengths and
weaknesses. Choose an algorithm that is appropriate for your problem and data.
3. Prepare the training data. The training data is the data that the machine learning
algorithm will use to learn. The quality of the training data is crucial to the
success of the learning system. Make sure that the training data is clean, labeled
correctly, and representative of the real-world data that the system will be used
on.
4. Train the model. Once you have prepared the training data, you can train the
machine learning model. This process can take some time, depending on the
size and complexity of the dataset.
 5. Evaluate the model. Once the model is trained, you need to evaluate its
performance on a held-out test set. This will give you an idea of how well the
model will generalize to new data.
6. Deploy the model. Once you are satisfied with the performance of the model,
you can deploy it to production. This means making it available to users so that
they can use it to solve their problems.

5 Explain different perspective and issues in machine learning.

Ans -

Machine learning is a powerful tool, but it is not without its challenges. Here are some
of the different perspectives and issues in machine learning:

Perspective:

 Machine learning as a tool: Machine learning can be seen as a tool that can be
used to solve a variety of problems. From predicting customer churn to
classifying images, machine learning algorithms can be used to automate tasks
and make better decisions.
 Machine learning as a science: Machine learning is also a field of scientific
study. Researchers in machine learning are working to develop new algorithms,
improve the performance of existing algorithms, and understand the theoretical
foundations of machine learning.
 Machine learning as a social force: Machine learning is becoming increasingly
integrated into our lives. From the products we use to the services we rely on,
machine learning is playing a bigger and bigger role. This raises important
ethical and social questions about the use of machine learning.

Issues:

 Data bias: Machine learning algorithms are only as good as the data they are
trained on. If the training data is biased, the algorithm will learn to be biased as
well. This can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes.
 Overfitting: Overfitting occurs when a machine learning algorithm learns the
training data too well. This can lead to the algorithm performing poorly on new
data.
  Underfitting: Underfitting occurs when a machine learning algorithm does not
learn the training data well enough. This can lead to the algorithm performing
poorly on both training and new data.
 Explainability: It can be difficult to explain how machine learning algorithms
make decisions. This can make it difficult to trust the decisions of machine
learning systems, especially in high-stakes applications.
 Security: Machine learning systems can be vulnerable to attack. For example,
attackers can poison the training data or exploit vulnerabilities in the algorithm
to make incorrect predictions.

6 Write down the issues of machine Learning.

 Ans - Data bias: Machine learning algorithms are only as good as the data they are trained
on. If the training data is biased, the algorithm will learn to be biased as well. This can
lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes.
 Overfitting: Overfitting occurs when a machine learning algorithm learns the training
data too well. This can lead to the algorithm performing poorly on new data.
 Underfitting: Underfitting occurs when a machine learning algorithm does not learn the
training data well enough. This can lead to the algorithm performing poorly on both
training and new data.
 Explainability: It can be difficult to explain how machine learning algorithms make
decisions. This can make it difficult to trust the decisions of machine learning systems,
especially in high-stakes applications.
 Security: Machine learning systems can be vulnerable to attack. For example, attackers
can poison the training data or exploit vulnerabilities in the algorithm to make incorrect
predictions.

7. List out the advantages of machine learning

 Ans - Automation: Machine learning can automate tasks that are repetitive, time-
consuming, or dangerous for humans to perform. This can free up human workers to
focus on more creative and strategic tasks.
 Accuracy: Machine learning algorithms can be trained to perform tasks with a high
degree of accuracy. This can lead to better decision-making and improved outcomes.
 Personalization: Machine learning can be used to personalize experiences for users. For
example, machine learning algorithms can be used to recommend products to customers,
filter spam emails, and deliver targeted advertising.
  Scalability: Machine learning algorithms can be scaled to handle large volumes of data.
This makes them ideal for applications such as fraud detection and medical diagnosis.
 Continuous improvement: Machine learning algorithms can continuously improve their
performance over time as they are exposed to new data. This means that machine
learning systems can become more accurate and reliable over time.

8. What are the different types of machine learning?

Ans- There are three main types of machine learning:

 Supervised learning: In supervised learning, the machine learning algorithm is trained on

a set of labeled data, where each data point has a known output. The algorithm learns to
predict the output for new data points based on the labeled data.
 Unsupervised learning: In unsupervised learning, the machine learning algorithm is
trained on a set of unlabeled data. The algorithm learns to find patterns in the data
without being given any information about the desired output.
 Reinforcement learning: In reinforcement learning, the machine learning algorithm learns
by interacting with its environment and receiving rewards or punishments for its actions.
The algorithm learns to take actions that maximize its rewards.

9. Write down the history of machine learning

 Ans - 1950: Alan Turing proposes the Turing test and develops one of the first machine
learning algorithms.
 1959: Arthur Samuel coins the term "machine learning" and develops a computer
program that can learn to play checkers better than humans.
 1967: The nearest neighbor algorithm is developed, which is one of the first algorithms
for unsupervised learning.
 1971: The backpropagation algorithm is developed, which is a key algorithm for deep
learning.
 1980s: Research on machine learning focuses on developing new algorithms for
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
 1990s: Research on machine learning begins to focus on developing new algorithms for
deep learning.
 21st century: Machine learning becomes increasingly popular and widely used in a wide
range of industries.
 Assignment 2
1.Explain briefly about Matrix, Data Frame and vector.

Ans – Matrix: A matrix is a two-dimensional rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical

objects. It is typically represented as a table, where each row and column has a label. Matrices
can be used to represent a variety of data, such as the results of an experiment, the image of a
scene, or the relationships between different variables.

Data frame: A data frame is a tabular data structure that consists of columns of data of different
types. It is similar to a matrix, but it allows for different data types in each column. Data frames
are often used to store and analyze data in statistical software packages.

Vector: A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers or other mathematical objects. It is

typically represented as a list, where each element has an index. Vectors can be used to represent
a variety of data, such as the coordinates of a point, the values of a function, or the features of an
image.

2.Explain factors in R.

Ans- A factor in R is a data structure that is used to store categorical data. Categorical data is
data that can be classified into a fixed number of categories, such as gender, eye color, or country
of residence.

Factors are created in R using the factor() function. This function takes a vector of data and
converts it into a factor. The factor() function also takes a levels argument, which is a vector of the
possible categories for the factor.

3.What is the use of factors in R Language?

Ans- A factor in R is a data structure that is used to store categorical data. Categorical data is
data that can be classified into a fixed number of categories, such as gender, eye color, or country
of residence.

Factors are created in R using the factor() function. This function takes a vector of data and
converts it into a factor. The factor() function also takes a levels argument, which is a vector of the
possible categories for the factor.
4. Explain creation of Data Frame and accessing of Data Frame.
Ans - To create a data frame in R, you can use the data.frame() function. This function takes a list of
vectors as input and creates a data frame with one column for each vector. The vectors must all have the
same length.
df <- data.frame(name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Carol"), age = c(25, 30, 35))

Once a data frame has been created, you can access the data in it using the <span class="math-inline">\
operator or the `[]` operator. To use the `operator, you simply specify the name of the column that you want to
access. For example, the following code accesses thenamecolumn of thedf` data frame:

df$name

5. Explain various operations in Matrix.

Creation of two 3x3 matrix.
Perform addition of two matrices.
Subtraction of Matrices.
Multiplication of Matrices
Ans –

Creation of two 3x3 matrices

To create a 3x3 matrix in R, you can use the matrix() function. This function takes a vector of data
as input and creates a matrix with the specified dimensions.

For example, the following code creates two 3x3 matrices, A and B:

A <- matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)

B <- matrix(c(10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)

Addition of two matrices

To add two matrices in R, you can use the + operator. The two matrices must have the same
dimensions.

For example, the following code adds the matrices A and B:

C <- A + B

The resulting matrix C will have the following elements:

C = [[11 13 15]
[17 19 21]
 [23 25 27]]

Subtraction of matrices

To subtract two matrices in R, you can use the - operator. The two matrices must have the same
dimensions.

For example, the following code subtracts the matrix B from the matrix A:

D <- A – B

The resulting matrix D will have the following elements:

D = [[ -9 -9 -9]
[ -9 -9 -9]
[ -9 -9 -9]]

Multiplication of matrices

To multiply two matrices in R, you can use the %*% operator. The two matrices must have
compatible dimensions. In order for two matrices to be compatible for multiplication, the number
of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.

For example, the following code multiplies the matrices A and B:

E <- A %*% B

The resulting matrix E will have the following elements:

E = [[ 10 22 36]
[ 52 70 90]
[ 112 136 162]]

6. Write down the salient features of R language

Ans- The following are some of the salient features of the R language:

 Open source and free: R is an open-source language, which means that it is free to use
and distribute. This makes it a popular choice for academic and research institutions, as
well as for businesses.
  Powerful statistical functions: R is a powerful language for statistical analysis. It includes
a wide range of functions for data manipulation, data visualization, and statistical
modeling.
 Extensible: R is extensible through the use of packages. Packages are collections of R
functions and data that can be added to R to extend its functionality. There are thousands
of packages available for R, covering a wide range of topics, including machine learning,
natural language processing, and bioinformatics.
 Community support: R has a large and active community of users and developers. This
means that there is a wealth of resources available to help you learn R and get help with
R-related problems.

7. What are the different data types in R? Explain any five data types in R language.

Ans - There are six basic data types in R:

 Numeric: Numeric data types represent numbers. They can be integers, floating point
numbers, or complex numbers.
 Integer: Integer data types represent whole numbers.
 Logical: Logical data types represent truth values, either TRUE or FALSE.
 Character: Character data types represent strings of characters.
 Raw: Raw data types represent vectors of bytes.
 Complex: Complex data types represent complex numbers.

8. What are the advantages of R?

 Ans - Efficient: R is a compiled language, which means that it is relatively fast. This
makes it suitable for working with large datasets.
 Flexible: R is a flexible language, which means that it can be used for a wide variety of
tasks, including data analysis, machine learning, and scientific computing.
 Portable: R is available for all major operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and
Linux. This makes it easy to share R code and data with others.

10. Explain the different built in functions in R.

Ans - R has a wide range of built-in functions that can be used for a variety of tasks, including
data manipulation, data visualization, and statistical modeling. Here is a brief overview of some
of the most commonly used built-in functions in R:
 Data manipulation: R has a number of built-in functions for data manipulation, such
as read.csv(), write.csv(), dplyr(), and tidyr(). These functions can be used to load and save
data, filter and transform data, and join and reshape data.
 Data visualization: R has a number of built-in functions for data visualization, such
as plot(), ggplot2(), and lattice(). These functions can be used to create a variety of charts and
graphs, such as histograms, bar charts, line charts, and scatter plots.
 Statistical modeling: R has a number of built-in functions for statistical modeling, such
as lm(), glm(), and rpart(). These functions can be used to fit a variety of statistical models
to data, such as linear regression models, logistic regression models, and decision trees.