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12
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
QUARTER 4
WEEK 1

CapSLET
Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment
Schools DivisionToolkit
Office of Zamboanga City
Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

General
SUBJECT &
Biology 2 QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 DAY ___________________________
GRADE/LEVEL dd/mm/yyyy
Grade 12
“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”
Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I
REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 1

TOPIC Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions

LEARNING
1. Compare and contrast the processes in plants and animals:
COMPETENCY
reproduction. (STEM_BIO11/12-Iva-h-1)
(ELC)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on the Learner’s
Activity and Assessment Sheets provided separately.

UNDERSTAND
Plant and Animals; Mode of Reproduction

What is reproduction?
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which
"offspring" are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all
known life; each organism exists as the result of reproduction.
What are the types of
reproduction?
There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.

Sexual reproduction involves the

fusion of male and female gametes to
form a zygote. The fusion of the nuclei of
male and female gametes is known as
fertilization.

Asexual reproduction does not

involve gametes, instead, parts of a
mature organism may develop into
new individuals.

Plant Reproduction vs. Animal

Reproduction
Feature Plants Animals
Behavior Displayed Use of bright colors to attract Males fighting for females
insects (inclusive fitness)

Example: Ophrys kotschyi Courtship pheromones and

(Cyprus bee orchid) mimics ultrasound are used by
the shape of a bee to attract males in attracting female
insects.

Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 2

Method of Fertilization Sex cells are transmitted by Two sex cells, spermatozoa
a vector (insect or bird) and oocyte meet during
sexual intercourse
Method of Reproduction Asexual reproduction does Asexual reproduction
not involve gametes

Sexual reproduction, use of Sexual reproduction

male and female gamete
forming a zygote

Plant Reproduction

Plants have reproductive structures called flowers. Plants reproduce sexually through
pollination. Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower or another flower. It comes in two forms: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from another is deposited on the stigma of the same
flower, or another flower on the same plant. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from
the anther of one flower to the stigma of anther flower of the same species.

Unlike animals, plants do not have the ability to locomotion. Pollination is possible through
various agents like birds, insects, and wind.

Plants can also reproduce

asexually. It means that plants can
propagate even without the union of
gametes. The two main types of asexual
reproduction in plants are vegetative
propagation and apomixes.

Vegetative propagation simply

means that vegetative tissues (non-
reproductive tissues) such as the stem,
leaf, or root of the parent plant are used to
reproduce new plants. Natural vegetative
propagation includes stolon or runner,
bulb, rhizome, tuber, corm, and sucker.

 A stolon or runner is a slender

horizontal stem that runs along the
ground. At the nodes, it forms
adventitious roots and buds that
grow into a new plant. Examples
include strawberry and grass.

 A bulb is a short underground stem with fleshy leaf

bases. The leaf bases contain food reserves to enable
the plant to survive adverse weather conditions. At the
center of the bulb is a vegetative growing point or an
unexpanded flowering shoot. Examples of plants with
bulbs are lily, onion, and tulip.

 A rhizome is a horizontal underground stem. Rhizomes

have short internodes, send out roots from the bottom of
the nodes, and generate new upward-growing shoots from

Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 3

the top of the nodes. Ginger and bamboo have rhizomes.

 A tuber is an enlarged underground stem usually from

rhizomes which serve as a storage organ for nutrients.
Most tubers bear minute scale leaves, each with a bud
that has the potential for developing into a new plant.
Potato has a tuber.

 A corm or sometimes called bulbotuber is a very short

and vertical modified underground stem
bearing membranous leaves and buds and
acting as a vegetative reproductive
structure. Examples are water chestnut and
gladiolus.

 A sucker is a plant that grows from the base of the root of the plant at a
certain distance away from the plant. A typical example of this is a
banana.

There are also artificial methods of asexual reproduction which

include grafting, cutting, layering, and micropropagation.

 Grafting is a technique to produce plants whereby tissues of

plants are joined to continue their growth together. The stem of the
plant to be grafted is called scion, and the root is known as stock.
 Cutting is growing a plant from a stem
or root that has been cut from another plant. It is primarily
used for more woody plants such as shrubs and bushes.

Layering is a
technique in
which a stem
attached to the
plant is bent
and covered with soil. The sharp bend will
often induce rooting. This can be done on
most plants with low-growing branches like
climbing roses.

 Micropropagation is a rapid vegetative through

tissue culture under laboratory conditions.

Some plants can produce seeds without

fertilization. Either the ovule or part of the ovary, which is
diploid in nature, gives rise to a new seed. This type of
asexual reproduction is known as apoximis.

Animal Reproduction

Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 4

Sexual reproduction is the production

of genetically unique offspring by the union
of sperm and egg nuclei to form a zygote.
This union of male gamete and female
gamete is called fertilization. This can occur
either outside the body or inside the body of
the female. In the case of mammals,
including human beings, offspring, are
fertilized internally. These organisms give
birth to their young ones, and so are called
viviparous. In some amphibians like toads,
frogs, and fishes, fertilization occurs outside
of the female’s body. Many amphibians are
oviparous. Meaning, they lay eggs and the
offspring are hatched after being expelled
from the body. There are also animals that
are considered ovoviviparous. Their
fertilized eggs remain within the mother to complete the development. Some animals possess
both male and female organs. They are called hermaphrodites. They have the ability to self-
fertilize, but they can also mate with another of their species. They fertilize each other and
both produce offspring. Slugs, snails, earthworms, and tapeworms are hermaphrodites.
In asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another
individual of that species. Asexual reproduction in animals occurs through fission, budding,
fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

 Fission, also known as binary fission, is

the process by which a cell grows into twice
its original size then split into two separate
organisms like asteroid echinoderms and
sea anemones. Some unicellular eukaryotic
organisms like amoeba and paramecium
undergo binary fission by mitosis.

 Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a

new organism develops from the outgrowth (bud) of a
part of a cell or body region leading to a separation
from the original organism into two individuals. The
bud while still attached to the parent organism
develops and grows in size. It gets separated from the
parent organism only when it is mature, leaving
behind scar tissue. Budding is common among corals
and hydras.

 Fragmentation is a process where

a parent organism splits into parts
(fragments) with subsequent

regeneration. The fragment carries an

exact copy of the parent’s genetic
material and will grow and mature as a

Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 5

completely new individual. Sea stars reproduce through fragmentation.

 Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into a
complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either
haploid (with one set of dissimilar chromosomes) or diploid (with paired set of
chromosomes), depending on the process in the species. Parthenogenesis occurs
naturally in some lower plants and invertebrates like aphids, scorpions, wasps, and
bees.

(Write your answers on a separate sheet)

PICTURE MODE OF REPRODUCTION REASON

Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 6

REMEMBER
Key Points

 Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which individual

organism – "offspring" – is produced from their "parents".
 Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each organism exists as the
result of reproduction. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
 Both plants and animals reproduce sexually, producing a male and female gamete,
which fuse to form a zygote. However, plants are also able to reproduce asexually by
vegetative reproduction, unlike most animals. Some lower forms of animals like sea
stars and hydra reproduce asexually while higher animals reproduce sexually.

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)
1. How do animals reproduce sexually? 7. Which of the following statements best
compares plant reproduction to animal
A. sperm fertilizes the egg reproduction?
B. stamen fertilizes the pistil
C. pollen fertilizes the seed A. All animals reproduce sexually while all
D. pollen fertilizes the ovary plants reproduce asexually.
B. All plants reproduce sexually while all
2. Which of the following animal groups animals reproduce asexually.
perform internal fertilization? C. Not all animals reproduce sexually and
not all plants reproduce asexually.
A. Mammals, birds, reptiles D. Not all animals reproduce sexually but
B. Birds and fish all plants reproduce asexually.
C. Amphibians and mammals
D. Fish and amphibians 8. I. Plants can only reproduce asexually by
vegetative propagation.
3. Which of the following is NOT a form of II. Whereas, animals can reproduce both
asexual reproduction? sexually and asexually.

A. Binary Fission A. Only statement I is true.

B. Budding B. Only statement II is true.
C. Fertilization C. Both statements I and II are true.
D. Fragmentation D. Both statements I and II are false.
4. Which of the following is TRUE about 9. Some simple invertebrates reproduce by
sexual reproduction? budding. Which of the following describes
the process of budding?
A. Genetically identical offspring is
produced. A. When an animal develops from a part of
B. Only one parent is involved. its parent.
C. It puts animals at an evolutionary B. When a bud forms on the adult’s body
disadvantage in terms of variation. and develops into a new animal.
D. It involves the exchange of genetic C. When a leaf buds into a flower.
material between two individuals. D. When a part of a plant is cut and planted

Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX
 7

5. How can plants reproduce asexually somewhere.

naturally?
10. I. Both plants and animals can reproduce
A. Using pollen asexually.
B. Using cuttings II. Hence, the offspring are genetically
C. Using runners unique from their parents.
D. Using seedlings
A. Only statement I is true.
6. Which of the following analogy is correct? B. Only statement II is true.
C. Both statements I and II are true.
A. Gumamela: Vegetative Propagation D. Both statements I and II are false.
B. Hydra: Budding
C. Onion: Internal Fertilization
D. Eagle: Regeneration

Dagamac, Nikki Heherson, and Maria Angelica Rea. 2017. General

Biology 2. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
REFERENCE/S
Faltado, Ruben, Merle Lopez, Reneecilla Paz de Leon, and Danilo
Baoas. 2020. General Biology 2. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing,
Inc.

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Written by: MARY JOY LOVELY C. SIGA, SPST I

REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-IX