Physics - O level

- Quin Recap

Topics :
Scalar & hector
kinematics
forces
Man ,
hteight Density
Elastic Deformation .

REHAN
LARI
 Scalar & Hector
but
* Scalar The quantities that
: have
only magnitude
917 no specific direction .

Distance Speed Power

Ex : Work done
Energy etc .

* Hector : The quantities that have both , the magnitude

9
'T { a specific direction _

Ex : Displacement Velocity Acceleration Force .

*
Representation of Hector
qty .

represented by headed
.

A vector
qty is an arrow

line, called a Vector .

>

>
.

The
length of the arrow Hector)

of direction
represent the
magnitude vector
qty {
of arrow represents the direction of Vector
qty .

* Direction; is specified by .

Poles
1) we / -
ve
Sign .
2)
Angles .
3) Geographic
" "'

:# HE
""

*↑
'

↑
'

¥
-40

←#t¥E
+ ve

u -

ve ^ w

1?
↓ 5. E
s.nl 's
*
Drawing a vector .

Vector represents force

Set scale to the
Eg :

of 100N, 45 from
A a

according horizontal
'

a
- .

given space . Scale :

*
1cm 20N :

Draw a line according to the 15cm 100N)

gown
- :

Scale , in the direction Specified y

45
.

- = -

Poles
- -

by ,
+ vet -
ve sign angle or .

*
Imported Properties .
'

A A
may displaced provided that
'
1- A vector I II

magnitude / direction demain

unchanged .

A
2. A Hector may be flipped represented
, ,
-
a

by -
ve
sign .

* Addition of vectors .

1. Parallel Vectors . 2. Non Parallel Hector

-
.
9

( Head to tail Role) A B

,
.

*
3N
,
4- * A + B
of the 2ⁿᵈ Vector
+ = ,
• Join tail to the
,
5N head of the first Vector .

*
4N •
Draw the resultant from tail of
, 3N
+
=
e
first to head of last vector .

1↑B
1- N R
,

A
* If the vectors are at night angles ,
use
Pythagorean theorem .
 distance (d)
KINEMATICS .
'
" "
"

" "
'
'
• B
* Distance :
length covered
by a moving .
.
.
/
9
,
Object Unit meters Scalar displacentls?
'
.
:

A
* Displacement Shortest distance b/w
:
two

points Unit meters

: Hector .

2 8km
.

C- •__→

__
. - - -

- Distance is
always + ve
,
whereas chs -

placement may have ve value ve sign -

.
-

dist : 0+10 = 18 Km

a displacent
in
represent Opp direction .

disp
.

: 8+1-10) = -2km
-

Distance is
always non Zero -

,
displace in -

,
n N

ent may have a zero magnitude .

a • a

net dip = Zero .

* Speed Distance
: covered per unit time .

dist
( s) S= d- .

rate of change of distance ↓ ᵗ

→ time .

•
Unit : Ms
- '
or m/s → Scalar Speed
.

*
Velocity> : Displacement covered per unit time
displ
I/ ≤
.

'" =

Rate of change of displacement .

☒
1-
time
Velocity
.

Unit : Ms
'
or mls Hector .

-
Speed / Helicity of 15m15 object :
covers 15m of dist / disp
every 1s .

Speed is
always tie,
Velocity may be tie or -
ve .

that
-
ve
sign
in
velocity shows
object is
travelling
opposite direction .
*
Average Speed .

/length
Total distance covered
by =

T¥¥#¥-me
-

total time
an
object in .

* Conversion .
( Mls km/h)
( speed in km/h) ✗ 3.6 = (Speed in m/s )

* Acceleration (a) Rate .

of change of Velocity
time
-

Change in
velocity per unit
.

/ S2 final Vel
Hector
1¥
-

Unit : m or ms
-2
→ a = V :

U: initial Yet .

-
Rate of decrease in
velocity is referred as
,
deceleration .

acceleration
or
negative .

tomb
- Acceleration of 10mW ; Velocity of object increases by
each second .

-
Deceleration of 10m / is Velocity of object decreases by tomb
each second .

* Uniform Speed /
Velocity Object : covers
equal length ( dist / Oisp)
in equal interval of time ( Acceleration
.
is hero) .

* Uniform Acceleration / Deceleration :

Velocity of object incline
with equal interval per unit time . * Forces are balanced

* hero resultant force .

 * Motion Under
Gravity .

dropped
•◦U=0 11=0

Object dropped / falls downward

a

Vertically
-

is 3s
*
11=10 1=20
or thrown upward .
a

2s
-

Object remains remains under the infbu .

"

g.www.onuefoneeweigwt
of
= .
en , , ,
= ,

- Its weight causes it to ace / dec at 3s as

hate oflg)1omls2 (gravitational Au) "

11=30
•

(
Neglecting air resistance) .
thrown

* Motion Graphs .

* Distance time Graph ( gradient

-

.
= Speed] .

µ
""
"'
dlm dim dlm ¢1m

÷ ↑
Hs Hs ⇐=ᵈt1s / t s

* at rest * Constant * Acc .

* deceleration -

speed

* Speed -
time Graph ( Gradient N -
t) >
-

acc ; Aubrdistldisp) .

51m51 S S S S
1

i. i
;
•
→
i. i.
tls Hs Hs Hs Hs
* at rest * Const Speed *
Const Acc * incacc * in deceleration
* Const dec * decal * decdec .

Shaded area ± distance travelled .

\
 FORCES .

* Force : A push or pull .

Product of man { acceleration .

* Action .

- Start / Stops a motion . * Unit : Newton ( N)

-

increases / decreases
the direction of
Velocity moving * Vector
F=m@
Change *
-

Object
'
-
.

*
Types :

Weight : Gravitational force on

every man .
in/ =

mxg
g--10m )
( / S2
acts downwards / towards centre of the Earth .

- Contact Force Force applied :

by the surface on the
object
in contact ; act perpendicular to the
Surface .

-
Tension : Force on stretched Sting / Spring/ hope or wire .

Acts opposite to the

stretching / applied force .

-
Air Resistance
-
: Resistive force experienced by moving a

acts opposite to direction of

object
motion
inair
,

, proportional to the speed of moving object .

-
Friction Resistive force : due to sliding of two surfaces,
acts opposite to the direction of Motion
magnitude
,

depends of surface { upon nature Yet .

Forward force
engine of a car
Thrust :

eg by the
- .

,
.

Electrostatic Force of attraction / repulsion b/w

- :

charges
-

Magnetic : Force of attraction / repulsion btw mug poles . .

*
According to the first law of Motion .

-
If the sum of all the force acting R
↑ Frs
¥
forces
on an
object is hero; i. e are ← _

,_ ,
_¥¥¥E☒x
-
→

balanced ,
the object will remain at dew

Uniform
nest or movie with
Velocity ◦

.
R=W
FD FB =

* Zero acceleration * No change in

state of Motion .

*
According to the second Law of Motion .
n
f,
-

The accleration of an
object is prop or .
ÉEÉÉÉE←→→
tional & in the direction of the result -
* FD -
FB = m ✗ a

force F- force For > FB

p Resultant
ant -
: =
ma * ; acc

If F is in Ét Yet ,
obj acc .
* Fis < FB
;
dec .

If F is opposite to the Yet,

obj Dec

*
According to the 3rd Law of Motion .

-
•
When
object A exerts a force on object
B. then
object equal { B
opposite
enerts an

force on
object A' a

%
-

FB
* Conditions that must be Satisfied :

Action ← FA = - FB
1. Forces must be
equal { Opp .

Reaction
↓

2. Forces must be of same type

3. Forces must act on two diff

objects .
 * Resistive Forces
* Friction :
May cause impedance in a motion .

Produces Heat btw the sliding surfaces

May be seduced
by ,
lubrication , using
smooth surfaces / wheels / ball bearings .

Air Resistance the be

* : Opposes motion
,
may
seduced by streamlined Shap .

Terminal
*
Velocity .

Constant acheived
velocity by an
object moving
-

in a fluid ,
when resistive force become equal to

driving forces .

•
"
m

When fails it In
- an
object in air

experiences air uesi stance which ↑

⑨
air

T.int ¥
increases with its
Velocity,
as the

↑ air
air resistance increases
object •

acceleration decreases, eventually few

In/
↑ a. r
Net F
= a. r

to hero .
•
=D = 0

=D Net
I. w
a = 0

*
Stopping distance =

thinking distance +
Breaking distance .
 distance : Distance traveled the time
thinking
* in

interval b/w seeing a hazard { applying brakes .

Depends upon drivers condition .

Braking distance Distance travelled after

applying
* :

during uniform
brakes
,
deceleration .

Depends upon the road { tyres

condition .

Speed n
ti =
thinking time
tz t , - =
Braking time .

1 thinking distance
,

! Braking distance .

I
t
0
$
t,
1 It
tz

* Circular Motion .

If an
object moves in a circular path with

a constant speed ,
it is said to ferform uniform
circular Motion .

Speed ne mains constant;

Velocity changes due

to the direction
change in .

It unbalanced force Centripetal

-
is
subjected to an
,

-
Acts towards the centre of circular path .

Eg .
-
Earth revolve around son , FG provides required Fc .
 ✓
'
ASS HEIGHT DENSITY .

* Mass : Amount of matter present in an

object .

), Base / Scalar
Unit :

kg ( SI g qty .

measured Beam Balance Electronic Balance

using
: .

* Inertia :
Property of mass to resist the
change in

its motion .

-
Mass is an alternate measure for inertia .

-
Heavier the
object greater
,
would be the inertia .

Gravitational
*
Weight : pull on
every man .

w/ Unit Newton Vector

mg
* =
.
. .

measured using : Newton meter .

*
Density Defined : as Mass per unit ilolume .

Scalar
qty
-3
-
Unit :
Kg m -

I
Density m
⇐ = → man
I → Volume

Purity of substance / material a is determined

by its density .

-
for a pure substance .
samples of different
man & Volume will have same
density .
* Finding Density of irregular shaped objects .

man of
regular / irregular shaped object
an can
-

be calculated beam / Electronic

by using balance .

-
Volume of an
irregular shaped object is measured using

water displacement method .

Volume of
irregular
✓ =
,

shaped

É= object .

* measure the Vol * measure the Vol

of liquid -
U, of liq -
V2
 ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Deformation If object its
length/ Volume
changes
* : an

shape due to the action of forcea

,
it is said to

deformed .

If the deformation is temp rory it is

referred as

Elastic Deformation .

*
According to the Hooke's Law

-
the extension in a
spring
is proportional to
"ᵗ^
the force applied grad
.

, =e,¥=±
* eat a Force F- Kk
; _ .

> pµµ
* K :
Spring constant -
Determines the stiffness of a

Spring Spring with

high Value of
greater
'
K'
, requires
force per unit en tension .
* Unit =
Nm -
'

Series Net stiffness decreases / total

*
Springs in :

extension increases ,
by the factor no . of springs .

'

R' eat eat

Springs
two R
Eg in series ✗ 2
=
;
=
:
; .

z
Parallel Net stiffness
*
Springs in : increases / total eat

decreases by the factor of no . of springs .

two Parallel ;
'
eat eat /2
springs
'

Eg .
in K = 2k
;
=
.

Potential of
* Elastic :
Energy stored in * Limit
Proportionality
kfx
'
stretch Spring : E =
'
=
'
Kkk -
Max Force at which

E Area under F- ent linear

=

graph eat .
cremains .