A Silent Song Analyticalapproach

"Short stories Anthology - ' A Silent Song ' Might just be the one to create the mileage for
your
candidates aggregate Performance in the entire English paper.” Elegwah Avedi.
Elegwah's Planet Consortium
“Elegwah’s planet consortium panel consolidated an analytic approach of the

Anthology - short stories - ' A Silent Song’
How to write effective KCSE English Paper 3 Essays

If you have read and understood the set books, answering questions 2 and 3 in
English paper 3 should be easy. After understanding the question, you will need to
determine relevant points, characters, or episodes to use in your essay. Take the
first ten minutes to analyze the question and make brief notes. A high-scoring KCSE
essay should have an introduction, four to five body paragraphs and a conclusion,
and should be around 450 words.
KCSE Essay Introduction
According to the 2022 KCSE Report an introduction should show that you
understand the question. One way to show that you understand the question is by
paraphrasing the question.
First, identify the key words in the question before rewriting it in your own words.
It is good practice to mention the book title and author. You can also provide a
brief summary of the main points you are going to discuss in your article as in the
example below:
Action speaks louder than words. Discuss the truth of this saying using
illustrations from Leonard Kibera's A Silent Song. (20 marks)
The character of an individual tells more than what they actually say. Mbane's
brother, In the story A silent song by Leonard Kibera, Ezekiel, preaches water and
takes wine. He is so devoted to God as a preacher, but neglects Mbane, to agonize
in the streets for a long time until he almost dies.
Writing KCSE Essay Body Paragraphs
KCSE essays should have four to five body paragraphs. Each paragraph should start
with a topic sentence that introduces the point you want to discuss. Provide relevant
evidence from the text and explanation after the topic sentence. Names ofcharacters
should be accurate to avoid losing points for textual errors.
Your goal should be to argue and illustrate your point. A common mistake that
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students make in body paragraphs is to narrate events from the text instead of
showing how the events support their point. Such paragraphs are described as
“thin” by KCSE examiners, and they do not score full points.
Remember you should be arguing and supporting your topic sentence therefore
avoid narrating the text. As you conclude the paragraph make sure you have a
clincher sentence- a statement that ties your paragraph to the question. So be sure
to have about 9 lines of evidence and explanation in each body paragraph to score
full points. You can end your paragraphs with a “clincher”, a sentence that
summarizes your paragraph as in the example below:
Concluding a KCSE essay
End your essay with a brief paragraph that summarizes what you discussed in the
body. You may start with the phrase “In conclusion…
” followed by a summary of the
moral lesson from the question. Keep the conclusion short, a maximum of three
lines.
In conclusion, the true gospel is the action of an individual because it is more

practical than mere words. Actions work and satisfy the heart more than
proclaiming the word of God.
Other KCSE tips
Remember to use simple language in your essay. Proofread your essay to check for
spelling, grammar, and textual errors. We will be posting more sample essays to
illustrate the kind of essays that KCSE examiners expect to see.
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A study guide to a silent song and other stories

A MAN OF AWESOME POWERS (Naguib Mahfouz-Egypt)
Points to guide interpretation
 How Tayyib acquires his power.

 Use of power by Tayyib:
o For selfish interests
o For the good of all
o To harm others
 How power changes Tayyib.
 The role of the media
 What causes Tayyib to lose his incredible power?
SYNOPSIS
A Man of Awesome Power is an intriguing story about Tayyib al-Mahdi, who lives a
comfortable life after retiring from many years of service abroad. His current life is
peaceful and uneventful. He spends time watching television, reading newspapers
or listening to the radio in the comfort of his apartment that he shares with his wife
since his daughters are already married. The story captures how an individual who is
empowered when least expected utilizes the power given to him. His illusions of
desire for a better country lead to his dream of power acquisition.
One night, Tayyib dreams of a visitation by a man of radiant appearance who

speaks to him in a kind tone, informing him that God had willed him the power to
order things to be and they would be. Although he dismisses the dream like any
other dream, its frequent recurrence makes him give it more thought. Tayyib
confirms its reality when he orders his television to switch channels, and it happens.
Endowed with the newly acquired power, he sets out to reform his country and the
entire planet as he had often wished.
He utilises his power both for good and bad intentions. He starts by hitting back a
taxi driver who ignores him by wishing him an accident. He also causes a man who
had physically attacked a woman in a bus to suffer stomach cramps. We see him
engaging in meritorious deeds such as filing a gaping pothole, locking an electric
box and removing a pile of rubbish that he trips on.
The media does not escape his wrath as he causes one radio announcer to suffer
massive sneezes after making an announcement that gave false hopes. As the story
progresses, Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi, a political leader who had evaded tax, is
ordered by Tayyib to go and pay the tax that he had been avoiding for a long time.
An unfortunate incident occurs when Tayyib is busy planning to effectively utilise

his power for the good of all sectors in the country. He notices a beautiful woman at
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the entrance of the tea garden and uses his ability to satisfy his desires for her. Their
intimacy costs him his incredible power. He pays this price for misusing the power
that God had freely given him. The story ends with his sad realisation that he no
longer has power. His attempts to order the television channels to change do not
bear fruits. He experiences a tremendous sadness that will haunt him for the rest of
his life.
CHARACTERS
a. Tayyib al-Mahdi
 He is the main character in the story, and the story revolves around the awesome
power that he miraculously acquires sometime after his retirement.
 He does not reveal to his wife that he had been bestowed with such power.
His initial intention is to use the ability to change his country and the entire
planet like he had always wished.
 He is portrayed as religious, ambitious yet emotional and vengeful.
EPISODIC ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES
Man of Awesome Power' is founded on several pillars determined by the various

episodes:
1. Tayyib's dream — pg 1-2
2. Utilising the awesome power -pg 2-4
3. Losing the awesome power- pg 5
Nide to a silent son and other stories
Some key issues arise from the episodes:
Acquisition of power
How Tayyib acquires his power teaches several things:
One can gain power at any stage of life.
Tayyib believed that he had completed his mission in the world. Before acquiring
power, he lives a peaceful life as he enjoys the fruits of retirement. The writer notes
that 'He had generous insurance and more than adequate pension' pg 1 which do
not prevent him from being given power by God.
Power is God-given.
Tayyib's power is bestowed on him by God. As seen from his words, "All praise to
God, Lord of the Worlds", and listening to radio channels devoted to the Quran (pg
1), his religious nature is one reason God willed to grant him power. The man who
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visits him in the dream tells him that starting that moment and as long as God
willed, he had been bestowed with the power to order things to be and they would
be. (pg l)
Utilisation of Power
Tayyib utilises the power given to him in different incidents:
 Encounter with the taxi driver (pg 2)

 In the bus, to deal with the conflict between a man and a woman (pg 3).
 Performing memorable services along his way to the cafe (pg 3).
 The radio announcer (pg 3).
 Tayyib's wrath on Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi (pg 3-4).
 The beautiful woman in the Tea Garden (pg 4).
Good utilisation of power
The episode shows how a person bestowed with power should utilise it. Tayyib's
soliloquy during his encounter with the taxi driver captures the need to use power
for the well-being of others and to make things better. 'Whoever is granted with
power like mine, must utilise it only for good.' (pg 2)
He uses the power to do several good deeds. Some of the outstanding services that
Tayyib performs include filling a gaping pothole, locking an electric box that was
open and hanging dangerously, removing a pile of trash and draining sewer water
that was flooding an alley. Many people in the neighborhood appreciate these
services. (p 3).
He also does a good deed of making Sulayman, who has been evading tax, go to
the taxi authorities and pay them millions of pounds he owed them. (pg3).
Misuse of power
Tayyib utilises the power given to him for vengeance- The act of causing the tire
burst of the taxi since the driver had ignored him is vengeful. Tayyib ignores the
noble voice that reminds him not to use power for wrong purposes and lets his
anger get the best of him. (pg 2)
Tayyib causes harm/pain and suffering to the man who had slapped a woman on a
public bus. Severe cramps strike the man, following Tayyib's anger focused on the
man's stomach. (pg3)
He uses power to satisfy his lustful desires when he sees a beautiful woman and
makes her notice him making them surrender to fate. (pg 4)
Role of the Media
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The media is seen to fail in its role. It dwells more on giving false promises/hope
instead of telling what had already been achieved. When Tayyib gets into the café,
he listens to a radio announcer expounding on promising developments expected
in the future (pg 3). Tayyib's fury is directed at the announcer, causing him to suffer
massive sneezing, forcing him to end the announcement and play a song. The song-
'Walk Around and See' is ironically used to satirise the media for highlighting and
emphasising what is yet to be seen (prophesies) instead of dwelling on the reality
that can be seen.
Immorality
Sexual immorality is seen when Tayyib utilises his power to make the beautiful
woman he notices in the Tea Garden fall for his advances. The woman barely
notices Tayyib when she gets to the garden, but Tayyib shifts her attention to
himself through the power he has. He forgets his faith and his life (Lack of self-
control) and surrenders to fate.
Tax evasion is another immorality that is seen in the story. Many leaders use their
powerful positions to evade paying their taxes, such as Sulayman Bey al- Hamalawi.
When Tayyib notices him, he commands, "Sulayman Bey, go straight to the tax
prosecutor's office to repent and say you are sorry up the millions of pounds you
owe." (pg 3)
Loss of Power
If power is not utilised for 'good', it will be lost. Tayyib loses his awesome power
when he comes back to his senses and realises that he had made some mistake.
Although he had been secretive about his power, his wife Haniya keenly observes
that he was not in his usual mood that evening. Tayyib's deceitful/ dishonest nature
is depicted when he easily lies to his wife that he had a cold. Unfortunately, for
Tayyib, he loses his power due to his mistakes. 'The miracle was gone — like a
dream.' (pg 5)
Change
Tayyib confirms that he has been bestowed with power by ordering television
channels to change. Changing the television channel from a religious one to a
foreign one foreshadows the changes that happen to Tayyib once he acquires
power.
He is initially described as 'A good man; his sins were forgivable he was a lover of
virtue. .. ‘(pg 2). However, power ones changes him. He becomes vengeful, lustful,
deceitful and inhumane. He forgets his faith and life and lets passion and lust
control him, which had never happened since he married Haniya. (pg 4)
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Power also helps change the risky living condition of the people gaping potholes
dangerously hanging an open electric box, Sewer flooding on alleys and piles of
rubbish on the way. All these are rectified through Tayyib power (pg 3)
INCIDENT IN THE PARK: Meja Mwangi
Episodes / sub-episodes
l. The description of the city park in August afternoon. (p6 - 7).
2. Two idlers' dialogue at the pond. - 10).
3. An ambush by two city constables in the park ending in violence.
4. The fruit merchant condemned unheard. (p 12).
SYNOPSIS
The incident in the park, by Meja Mwangi, is a contemporary episode set in the city
park and its environs where most citizens, hustlers and workers, spend most of their
time as an Outdoor recreation center. We know it is the popular Uhuru Park inNairobi
through its vivid description.
Metaphorically described, the park is seriously affected by the drought in August.

There is a dirty lake at its base, and to the west, up the hill, a cathedral, modern
fortresses and ministerial Offices overlooking the park below, and across it is the
city itself. A highway, Uhuru highway, separates the park from the city, and on it,
there is heavy traffic. In the east, parliament and two city clocks are seen.
Therefore, the park provides a relaxing haven (chilling point) and a source of solace
for the misplaced, lost or frustrated masses flocking the city daily. This has
attracted many people. Including peddlers trying to make ends meet and idlers
killing time here. The city hungry office workers also buy cheap snacks during the
lunch hour and return to their stations. Others rush down to River Road to buy chips
and roast meat as the loiterers watch the Spectre in a jiffy.
Soon, the park is left with a few idlers and peddlers. Under the slightest shade lie
men sheltering from the scorching sun. Watchers watch rowers paddling, reacting
to the maxim that spectating is the next best thing to participating. A loafer keeps
dropping debris to the fish pond despite the warning inscription on a board.
Another man joins him, and a dialogue ensues, and they share a cigarette.
An incident erupts when two city constables demand to see the license of the ice
cream man and a fruit seller. The Old man helplessly searches and realizes he
doesn't have it. Worse. He has no identity card, so he offers the five shillings he has,
for he fears the judge and going to jail. He begs for forgiveness, offering all the
fruits in vain. On seeing they are unimpressed, he flees to find refuge in the
crowded city, and the cops chase him. He is nabbed by a man on the highway and
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eventually falls into a ditch. There, the poor man is condemned unheard of for being
a 'thief'.
Title of the story
What is the significance of the title Incident in the park?
What is ironic about the two constables' behavior at the park?How
else do the people spend time at the park?
Thematic concerns
With evidence from the text, discuss the urban problem that leads to the destitution
of the masses.
How does the city's jobless population escape their wretchedness?
Compare and contrast the city workers and the jobless masses.
What are the harsh realities of city life and the illusion of a better, promising life?
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How does the rural-urban influx affect people's lives?
What does the presence of butts, used matches and stubs at the park tell you?
How does the lack of identity cards and license affect peddlers?
Juxtapose the kind of identification the police demand from the fruit vendor and
one that awaits him at the mortuary.
Referring closely to the fruit-seller show how the mob and the legal system
administer justice.
Why does the merchant resort to flight and fight for his life instead of overcoming
his fright for the justice system?
Who is to blame for the death of the fruit-seller, the constables, the public, or the
vendor himself?
What lessons can be taken from the incident at the city park?
What does the fruit seller's mention of the 'tyrant judge' tell us about the justice
system?
Problems of urbanization
Urban population growth, driven by migration and searching for jobs, has become a
significant issue in cities like Nairobi.
However, the masses end up frustrated due to a skills mismatch in the labor
market, dwindling economy and poor governance. But every now and then, a
misplaced person rose with a start... (p7).
In a few seconds, the thousand or so strong swarm had been swallowed up by the
yawning concrete jungle... (p7).
Urban poverty is also witnessed as many remain loitering and idling reminding the
park loungers just how many hours they had wasted lying idle.' (p7). 'A shaggy thin
man sat under a shrub...' (p7). ‘Hairy loafer' (p8). ‘The idler seated on the bank...'
(p8) torn trouser legs.' (p8)
'horny toes. (p9L
There is also evidence of poor hygiene. The park is littered with debris, cigarette
ends and butts. (p8, 9). The two gentlemen share puffs on the cigarette. One offers a
full cigarette, and smoking in this zone could be a form of escapism from their
poverty. (p10).
• The fruit seller has only ten shillings which he offers to the constables to spare
him. He cannot afford to pay for the license, or even the fine has on another case.
(pl 1).
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• Conflicts between city authority and street hawkers
When the two constables accost and demand licenses from the ice cream man and
the fruit peddler, they tell the merchant that he will only explain to the judge.
• The fruit seller already has a case and is trying to sell to afford a fine. (pl 1). The
fruit seller pleads with the constables, who say nothing. 7hefruit seller cursed them
and their wives and children... (PI 1).
• Mob justice / Social injustice
• The fruit seller is lynched unknowingly by the park people. By the time the
constable ran up, the fruit-peddler lay like a broken and twisted ragdoll at the
bottom of the ditch. (p12)
• He cries and pleads for mercy in vain. . had drawn thick red blood over the
sparsely bearded face. Dead' was his verdict (p12)
• The word 'thief' hovered over the assembled crowd. mob universally condemns
him, and it is impossible to tell from which mouth the condemnation is issued. (p12)
• Ironically the mob had had what was right. Justice fairly quickly and completely
administered ... (PI 2).
CHARACTERS
The fruit seller
• He is a poor old man who sells fruits at the park. He has no license or identity
card. (pl l)
• He is a responsible man as he remembers he has a family which depends on him

when accosted. I have a wife and children and... (PI 1).
• He is hardworking because he sells fruits (two baskets) to earn his living despite
being unable to afford a license. (PI l)
• He is afraid and fearful that he will be fined or be castrated by the tyrant judge. (pl
l)
• Style and language use
1. What figures of speech does the writer use to describe the park and events in the
park?
2. Why is it ironic for the fruit peddler to flee from the constables and lose his life?
A comprehensive and detailed guide to a silent song and other stories
3. Explore the use of dialogue in Meja Mwangi's Incident in the Park.
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1. Urban centers are riddled with frequent conflicts with innocent Citizens. Discuss
the truth of this assertion based on Meja Mwangi’s Incident in the Park. (20 marks).
NINEMA -Vrenika Pather- South Africa
About the Author Vrenika Pather
Vrenika Pather is mainly known for her acting prowess since she started her career
as an actress at the age of eighteen. The Indian lady of South African origin has also
written a few short stories, one of them being Ninema. Her stories mainly tell the
life that many Indian ladies live and their every day’s encounters.
1. Tough life of a market vendor:
 Rising early
 Poor meals
 Poor/lack of proper grooming
 Dealing with different customers
2. Caste and relationships.
3. Sexual harassment/immorality.
4. Need to remain principled and focused.
CHARACTERS
a. Ninema
She is one of the market gardeners who serves as the main character in the story.
She is focused, ambitious, organized and strong-willed. Her admirable trait is seen
in how fond the other ladies are of her
A comprehensive and detailed guide to a silent song and other stories and how
many of her customers remain loyal.
b. Mr. Chinran
He is a white man who is a loyal customer of Ninema.
He admires Ninema, but both know that their relationship is prohibited since they
are from different castes. While Mr. Chinran is a wealthy lawyer from a Brahmin
caste, Ninema is a poor girl from a low caste.
He supports Ninema's business by buying more than enough herbs from her.
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c. Mrs. Singh
She is a wealthy older woman who is a loyal customer.
She is known for haggling over prices, thus being difficult and troublesome. She
spends time negotiating with Ninema as a way of passing the time.
d. The strange man
He is the man who accosts Ninema on her way from the market.
He is immoral, vulgar and lascivious.
SYNOPSIS
Vrenika Pather's story Ninema', is about the harsh life of market gardeners as
represented by Ninema and the other ladies. The story explores the hustles that
Ninema goes through on a typical market day, starting from rising at the wee hours
of the morning to closure time which is late in the evening. Her home life is simple,
suggesting the poor living conditions of such vendors. She has to prepare before
going to the Indian market where she makes her sales. She only washes her face
and feet with cold water from an outside tap since she cannot afford running hot
water. This affects her grooming as she takes a bath once a week. She puts on her
Chumpal, symbolising the poor condition and the only source of protection for her
feet while on the way to and from the market.
Ninema remains focused and does not let her beauty and attention from both men
and women control her. Once in the market, Ninema organises her herbs
appetisingly to attract customers.
The market condition is challenging as the weather is not favourable. It is hot, and
Ninema sweats until her Sari clings to her firm skin.
She handles different customers who buy her herbs with wisdom and respect. Her
focus in business enables her not to get carried away by Mr. Chinran's attraction
towards her. She does not encourage his infatuation with her but treats him like any
other customer. With respect and appreciation.
She firmly handles the troublesome and difficult Mrs. Singh. Many customers who
visit her stall are served well and are satisfied as she takes a personal interest in
them. Her doctor, Dr. Seedat, visits too, and she takes time talking to him about her
mother's ailment.
Having served her last customer, Ninema closes her stall after taking stock of the
unsold herbs and her profit for the day. The rot in society is seen when a strange
man sexually assaults Ninema on her way home. He pinches her erect nipple and
laughs loudly before extending some invitation for Ninema to follow him. Ninema
does not take this abuse lying down. She utilises the only weapon she has — her
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Chumpal, that protect the soles of her feet and her whole self. She hits the man
repeatedly with her sandals as the other women cheer her on. The man is too
shocked to react and thus ends up being beaten by Ninema until he whimpers.
Feeling satisfied, Ninema continues with her journey home. She goes back to the
poor condition she left in the morning. She safely keeps her sandals under the
kitchen table before washing her face and feet with cold water, just like she had
done in the morning. She takes a rest that leads her to a dream of a better
tomorrow.
The story ends with hopeful/optimistic Ninema, who dreams of having a home for
herself, hot water and a kitchen inside the house.
QUESTIONS
1. Compare and contrast Ninema and other lady marketers

2. What is ironic about Mrs. Singh's behaviour?
3. Ninema is a likeable and admirable character. Do you agree? Give evidence
from the story.
4. How effectively has Vrenika Pather used description in the story?
I. Living conditions of Ninema - Pg13 and 16
Il. Ninema's skill of trade - Pg 14-15
Ill. Journey home - Pg 16
Several issues are addressed in these episodes:
The harsh life of a market gardener
• As a market gardener, Ninema faces a tough life that calls for her principled,
hardened (iron-willed), focused, firm, hardworking and determined.
• She has to wake up very early to reap the herbs from her garden - 'Four o'clock on
Monday morning'. Page 13
• Sighs of acceptance always accompany her work — she faces many challenges
and is winning. Page 13
Ninema lives a poor life - she cannot afford running hot water. She only washes her
face and feet with cold water from an outside tap Page 13.
• She has to carry the basket containing the herbs on her head as she walks the long
journey to the Indian market 'It is a long walk' Page 14
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• She only wears her sandals when going to the market. The kind of meals she takes
points to the poor life she takes a few sips of tea she brought with her Page 14
(breakfast)
• Some sandwiches that she packed from home are her only meal for lunch Page 15.
Time is limited for her — she only affords a weekly shower on Saturday after
boiling water on the open fire Page
Dealing with different kinds of customers
Mr. Chinran admires her and can almost be said to be in love with her. 'The ladies
teased her, saying he was in love with her. The writer also tells us that Ninema
made Mr. Chinran's day. He is almost always the first customer. Ninema handles
himwisely and does not let this attraction control her. She does not encourage his
infatuation but treats him with respect and appreciation like she does all her loyal
customers. (pg14)
She also has to handle demanding customers such as Mrs. Singh, who though rich,
will always bargain to lower the prices. Ninema shows her masterful skills by firmly
and respectively handling her. (pg14)
She serves many affluent customers at lunch hour who steadily flow in to get herbs
for their evening meals. She pays personal interest to each as she has an ambition
of living a better life just like most of these customers. (pg15)
• Time limitation allows her to consult with her doctor - Dr Seedat, only when he
comes to buy herbs from her. The two talk about Ninema's mother's illness showing
that Ninema is equally concerned about her mother.
• She can entice a new customer by offering an extra bunch of mint for free. (pg15)
This generosity makes the customer happy, thus promising to always shop with her.
Class discrimination
The Indian society that Ninema hails from has a strong belief in the caste where
those from the high caste — Brahmin Caste, are not allowed to inter-marry with
those from the lower caste. This is seen in her association with Mr. Chinran. 'As
muchas Ninema dismisses the teasing of the ladies that Mr. Chinran is in love with
her, she is also aware that a rich lawyer from a Brahmin caste cannot be
interested in someone like her — a poor girl from a low caste (pg14). Mr. Chinran
himself knows ittoo, and thus their relation can never go beyond early morning herb
buys. He further understands that his mother will soon arrange a marriage for him,
most probably to a person from his caste.
Hard work/focus/determination
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The writer emphasizes the importance of hard work, focus and determination in an
individual's life. Through the main character Ninema, the benefits of the three traits
are depicted.
Ninema's hard work is seen in how she rises early — four o'clock Monday morning,
and goes to her garden to reap herbs. Her hard work in the garden has borne fruits
since her crops are described as being healthy (pg13).
Her hardworking nature is also seen in how she ably
Attends to the many wealthy customers who flock to her stall, especially during
lunchtime. Even though the stall is busy and Ninema is quite busy, she ably attends
to all customers and takes a personal interest (pg15).
Ninema's hard work does not go unrewarded. She has several loyal customers who
visit her stall daily. She has a steady flow of customers and feels she will need to
sow more seeds to keep up with the rising demand (pg15).
She does not let anything distract her from her business. She remains focused,
whichessentially aids to success in her business. The writer points out Ninema's
beauty that makes heads turn when she walks through vivid description. 'She is a
beautiful woman... her hips sway from side to side as she moves her thin, chiffon
sari drapes effortlessly around her perfect body as if kept in place by her high, firm
breasts. Long, toned arms and acinched waist cause men to stop and stare' (pg13).
Despite receiving this attention, Ninema keeps calm and focuses on her business.
'Ninema does not take the attention she gets to the heart. Her concern is with
earning a living' (Pg14).
Her focus is further seen where while other lady hawkers chat amiably with each
other as they work, Ninema rarely talks back since she has no time to waste (pg14).
Sexual assault/harassment
The writer points out the sexual harassment faced by many women in society. The
encounter between Ninema and the stranger on her way home shows how women
suffer sexual abuse even in public places. The man approaching Ninema grins
lasciviously at her before extending his arm to pinch her erect nipple. As if this is not
enough, he extends an invitation to Ninema — "If you liked that follow me." (Pg16).
episode satirizes men who assume women are sex objects to be mishandled.
Ninema's reaction to the abuse is unexpected. The man is shocked when Ninema
follows him and hits him repeatedly with her Chumpal. She gives him 'a few extra
hits on behalf of all the women.' (Pg 6) This shows that many women have been
victims of sexual abuse but end up not fighting back. Ninema thus portrays a
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courageous personality as she fights for herself and even for the helpless women
who had been or would-be victims of such abuse.
NB
The story "Ninema' is a story of hope. Ninema has hope that her life will change at
some point. As the story ends, Ninema dreams of the home that will be hers
someday soon: The house will have hot water too, and the kitchen will be on the
inside. She will also have her large garden to grow herbs and some fruits for herself
(pg16).
QUESTIONS
1. To succeed in business, one must have the necessary skills to handle

customers. Using Ninema in Vrenikas Pather's 'Ninema' support this.
2. "Hard work and determination pays", Using illustrations from Ninema show
the validity of this statement.
3. Women traders experience challenges in their lives. Show how Ninema deals
with these challenges.
4. Ninema is an admirable character. Support from the story Ninema.
A SILENT SONG -Leonard Kibera - Kenya
About the author:
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Leonard Kibera is a Kenyan novelist and short story writer. Kibera was born in
Kabete, Kenya, attended high school at Embu and studied at the University of
California and Stanford University. He taught at the University of Zambia and at
Kenyatta University, Kenya, from 1976 until his death. His first publication was a
book of short stories, Potent Ash (1968), which he wrote with his brother, Samuel
Kahiga. The book explores the guilt, betrayal, and failure of the Mau Mau. Several of
the stories have been anthologized, especially The Spider's Web, which points an
accusing finger at Kenya's elite for the state of Kenya since independence. His only
novel, Voices in the Dark (1970), uses dark humour to question why most Mau Mau
soldiers who fought for independence were forgotten and left to beg and die along
the roadside. Kibera has also written several articles of literary criticism.
EPISODES
1. Mbane's life of misery in the streets as a lame, blind beggar. (p17 - 19).
2. Mbanes's lonely self versus the bubbly world around him. (p18 - 19).
3. Mbane's nostalgia. (p18).
4. Mbane's brother, Ezekiel, rescues him. (p19 20).
SYNOPSIS
A Silent Song by Leonard Kibera is a story about Mbane, a young, paralyzed, blind
city street beggar. He lives in destitution, begging from the passers-by while
seething with pain and discomfort. His brother, a wealthy preacher, 'rescues' him
from the barbaric city unto the 'light of God' after neglecting him for a long time.
Mbane painfully reminisces his street life with nostalgia at his brother's lonely hut.
He is not as happy though he is now in a more serene environment. He remembers
the bright weather, lovely morning and beautiful sunset as the city dwellers,
pedestrians, dull and gay people during the day talk. At night, the good men and
women turned drunk, pimps and whore galore have their turn to smile. He begs day
and night for a living.
He is nursed by Sarah, his brother's wife, who administers bitter fluid down his
throat. He swallows it painfully, and she assures him of being well. His religious
brother, Ezekiel, preaches to him about Christ, the saved ones and sinners. He asks
him whether he knows where sinners go when they die and whether he accepts
Jesus, and Mbane says he doesn't know. Before he saves him, Mbane's strength
wanes, the pain goes, his head jerks down to the bed, and he is gone.
Title of the story
1. Discuss the relevance of the title of the story, A Silent Song.

2. Brainstorm about the paradox in the title, A Silent Song.
THEMATIC CONCERNS
18 | P a g e
1. Explore the following themes as brought out in the story, A Silent Song.
a) Pain and misery of physical handicap

b) Religious hypocrisy
c) Prostitution and sexual slavery
d) Alcoholism and escapism
Pain and misery of Physical handicap
 In a sense, A Silent Song, an oxymoron, paradoxically echoes the moments

of soul searching and reflections that Mbane has had over the period he
stays on the street. This creates a more vivid picture of his life and a cathartic
emotional impact.
 The miserable life on the street as a crippled, blind beggar seems less painful
than in his brother's desolate hut, where he is lonely and suffering. (p18).
 He has been speaking to himself in his thoughts and for a long time on the
street except for his mechanical plea of 'Yes?’ he has no one else to address
but himself. (p19).
 Mbane’s undergoes much pain, agony, and suffering on the streets
becauseof his life circumstances. Being blind and lame has impaired his
ability to liveeveryday life. 'Sharp pangs', 'savage fury', pain tore his stomach'.
(PI 7 - 19).
 He crawled on his knees and elbows... suddenly sharp pangs from his navel
tore... He was paralyzed. Then the pain disappeared... but he knew it had only
recoiled for another attack. (PI 7).
 He has heard noises, songs, and sounds of different people, but he retires to
solitude, and thoughts start going through his mind at the end of the day. It is
like a dream, a song of hope, and he sings his happy song silently to himself,
secretly. (p20).
 Mbane ponders the meaning of light to him... light mean to a blind man...
(p19).
 At the point of death, as his brother urges him to get saved, with reticence,
he ponders on God's place and meaning in his life.
 People despise him on the streets. Good Christian men and women would
once again curse and call him able-bodied, only crippled more every day by
the idleness of leisurely begging. (p19).
 He sits there (street back lane) and waits for his journey's end. His body
smells of sweat, unwashed except in the rain, which he could but feel. (p20).
 There is a wide gap between his beliefs and his brother's. His tortured body
is already separated from his free soul when he dies. (p20).
 The soul has already communicated in his silent song, smiling, at peace with
his hosts, himself and everyone. (p20).
Religious hypocrisy/Pretentious piety
19 | P a g e
20 | P a g e
 Mbane's brother, Ezekiel, is so devoted to God a preacher but neglects him

for a long time till he realizes Mbane is nearing his death.
 He picks him up and brings him to his hut, claiming it is rescuing only for
Mbane to feel lonelier and more miserable. "I rescued you from that barbaric
city so that you can see the light of God. (p18).
 The desolate hut is not a habitable place for him. It has a flea-ridden floor. (PI
7).
 He could tell that there was meaning in his brother's silence of late... (p18).
 Asked whether he knows a man called Jesus, he says "Yes", but whether he
believes and accepts him, Mbane says, "1 don't know," and his brother says
Mbane is worse than a Judas. This portrays hypocrisy, and Christians would
not talk like this.
 It is ironical and hypocritical for Ezekiel to tell Mbane, "Mbane — I want
Christ to save you..." (p20) as though he has already judged him as a sinner
and that "Christ" will come down from heaven to do the good to him while
his brother watches.
 There is a pretense in the way good Christian men and women curse and call
him names instead of bringing the
 Excellent knowledge of Christ to him. '... able-bodied, only crippled more
every day by the idleness of leisurely begging'. (p19).
 He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and lameness.
At times, self-pity overcame him. (p18 - 19).
 The God of the Gospel and religion are comforts beyond the reach of a
wretched cripple. His God is his only hope of
 Deliverance from pain, destitution and despair. (p18 - 20).
Prostitution and sexual slavery
 There is evidence of such sexual evils as commercial sex and promiscuity.

(p18).
 The blind man knows, sees, and recalls City Street with nostalgia. The noises,
drum beating and rhythms which Mbane calls the voices of good men and
women turned drunk in the refuge of the night brothels, pimps and whores
galore. (p18).
Alcoholism and escapism
• The street, especially the back lane, had taught Mbane a lot
..good men and women turned drunk in the refuge of the night brothels, pimps and
whores galore. (PI 8).
CHARACTERS
l. Cite evidence from the text on the existence of the following character traits as
portrayed in A Silent Song.
21 | P a g e
a) Mbane: observant, patient, skeptical, enduring...
b) Ezekiel: selfish, cruel, and hypocritical. ..
c) Sarah: reserved,
2. How can you tell that Mbane 'sees' and knows a lot in the city street despite
being blind?
STYLE AND LANGUAGE USE
1. Why is it ironic for Ezekiel to claim to rescue his brother Mbane from the
barbaric city?
2. Why is Mbane reluctant to accept Christ?
IVORY BANGLES
By Eric Ng'maryo - Tanzania
About the Author- Ng'maryo.
Eric Ng'maryo is a published poet who has written poems such as Escape and The
Journey of Us. Although he is a practicing advocate in Tanzania, he is also respected
for his creative writings which include the short story 'Ivory Bangles'
Points to guide interpretation of the story
 The pebbles message to the old man.

 The tradition that demands wife battering. What happens to the old man
when he fails to carry out the ritual beating?
 Polygamy and its value — The view of the old man regarding polygamy.
 The relationship between the old man and his wife
 The conflict that exists between humans and wildlife.
 Effects of failing to heed the advice given to an individual.
THE TITLE
'IVORY BANGLES'
The title captures the bangles that the wife wears- Twenty-four ivory bangles that
were gifted to her by the old man on the day their firstborn and now only son was
named.
The Ivory bangles thus are a symbol of love that the wife enjoys from the old man.
22 | P a g e
The title also signifies the human-wildlife conflict that exists. For the old man to
carve the bangles for his wife, he had to shoot an elephant with a poisoned arrow to
get the ivory he used.
CHARACTERS
a. The old man
He is the chief's councilor, a respected elder who is also a woodcarver and a brave
warrior.
He is married to only one wife. This causes some concern since it is unheard of for a
chief to be monogamous. It portrays him as an alienated person who fails to follow
the ways of his people.
He is expected to beat his wife to avert her death, as the seer's pebbles dictate but
is hesitant to do so
b. The wife
She is an attractive woman who the old man much loves.
She treats him with affection making him return the favour by not molesting her
until old age.
Her cunning attempt to evade catastrophe as prophesied by the seer leads to her
death.
SYNOPSIS
'Ivory bangles' by Eric Ng'maryo portrays a society rooted in some traditional

practices that whoever departs from them ends up suffering some calamity. The
story begins with a troubled old man moving towards his house. Although his body
moves, his thoughts are disturbed by the seer's words.
The old man had consulted the seer after noticing traces of blood in the goat's liver
that he had slaughtered. The people believed that such an occurrence was a bad
omen, so the old man consulted the tribal seer.
The seer discloses that pebbles demand that he has to give his wife the ritual
beating. However, the old man is hesitant to beat his wife, whom he much loves, as
is seen from the fact that he had gifted her with twenty-four Ivory bangles that she
adorns throughout.
We learn of the old man's life with his wife in the past through several flashbacks.
We learn of his refusal to marry another wife even after he is made the chief's
councilor, and the chief advises him to do so. The chief appreciates her
attractiveness in another flashback as she is adorned in twenty-four ivory bangles.
23 | P a g e
The old man tells the chief that he carved the ivory bangles for herself using the
ivory he shot from the elephant using a poisoned arrow.
When he gets home, his wife warmly receives him and his attempts to disclose the
seer's message do not succeed until much later in the night. The wife asks him to
have his meal first, and after the two enjoy an intimate moment. When he later
discloses the pebbles' message to his wife, she comes up with a scheme on how to
cheat the pebbles.
The following day, the old man goes to work while the wife goes to the market,
where she hears people talking about a herd of elephants approaching the plains.
She strategizes on the things she would do before faking her beating and going
back to her brother's home. On her way home, she hears cries from scouts who
warn people to beware of the approaching herd of six elephants led by a giant bull.
After getting home, the wife prepares a meal for her husband and decides to go till
a piece of the grove that the husband had said was weedy. Unfortunately, she is
killed by the bull elephant that catches her unaware. The people find her in a
shallow grave after being crushed by the elephant. Her ivory bangles are also
shattered. Her foreshadowed death is a lesson that failing to heed wise advice can
lead to a disastrous outcome.
Episodes
 A visit to the seer and pebbles demand - pg21-22

 Shared moments between the old man and his wife —pg 22- 23.
 The naming ceremony of the old man's son -pg 23
 The scheme —pg 24
 A visit to the marketplace -pg 24-25
 The wife's death- pg 25
The following are some issues that arise from the episodes:
TRADITIONS
Believe in the seer
The old man visits the seer, considered a priest of the people (Pg. 21).
He goes to the seer because of his superstitious nature. He had to consult the seer
since he had noted blood specks on the liver of a goat that he had slaughtered (pg.
21).
Ritual beating/molesting of wife
When the old man visits the seer, the pebbles disclose that the spirits were jealous
of a happy wife, a woman unmolested by the husband until old age (pg. 21). It is not
24 | P a g e
acceptable for a wife to enjoy a comfortable life with her husband in this
community.
The husband is thus expected to molest his wife to ensure that she does not enjoy
happiness. Failure to do so would lead to a disastrous outcome as the pebbles
foretell the wife's death.
The pebbles demand that the old man give his wife a thorough beating (ritual
beating) and then send her back to her parents (pg. 22). Although the man tries to
seek an alternative way to appease the spirits, like offering several goats, the
pebbles insist that he must give a wife thorough beating and send her to her
parents after the beating.
The tradition of wife-beating/molestation is further seen through the old man's son.
Unlike his father, the son had embraced the culture of wife battering, something
that bothers his mother moments before her death. She is weeding the weed-
infested grove when she remembers they had weeded the same patch only three
weeks before, together with her daughter-in- law Leveri. She reminisces how her
son had beaten Leveri to 'a fingernail's distance to her grave' (pg. 25). This shows
the violent nature of her son and how traditional he was since he embraced wife-
beating.
Naming of children
The naming of children is seen as an essential practice. We learn that the twenty-
four ivory bangles that the wife wears were gifted to her when their only son was
given a name (pg. 23).
The value of child naming is also seen because the old man's grandson is named
after him. The writer refers to the young boy as her 'husband' (pg. 23).
Polygamy and its effects
The tradition of polygamy and its value comes out during the moments shared by
the old man and his wife. After serving him his evening meal, the wife patronises
the old man by calling him the son of a chief. The writer explains the position held
by the old man — the chief's councilor (pg. 22). This position makes him a
respected man. It, however, raises some debate as people talk much about him
since he is monogamous. This is seen where the writer says, 'He still was the chief's
councilor, much respected, but also much talked about because he had only one
wife. . ‘(Pg.22).
His monogamous status was a concern for the ageing chief, who told him to get
another wife (pg.23). This shows that the old man's society values the tradition of
polygamy, and one who does not engage in it is considered a failure.
25 | P a g e
The old man, however, holds a differing opinion about polygamy. His response to
the chief via a riddle shows his view of polygamy:
A woman went to the riverside
Tie woman wanted to fetch water
The woman had one water pot
The woman arrived at the water point
The woman found another water pot
The woman came back with a pot
The woman brought a water pot with potsherds, not water (Pg. 23
The chief's interpretation of the riddle:
"A wife, a co-wife, witchcraft and death" (Pg.23) explains that the old man considers
having more than one wife as witchcraft
LOVE
The moments shared between the old man and his wife (pg. 22-23) point to their
love. The kind of reception the old man receives when he gets home shows how
much the wife loves and cares for him. 'His wife come unstrapped his leather
sandals and led him behind the house to the lean-to, bathed him and rubbed him
with sharp smelling unguent' (pg. 22). Her loving care is further seen when she asks
him to have his meal first before they can talk about what the husband had heard
that day (pg. 22).
How the husband addresses the wife also shows that he loves her. Despite her old
age, the husband calls her "girl" (pg. 22), a form of endearment. He also appreciates
the meal she has cooked for him. "You cook, woman," he thanked, stretching himself
and yawning (pg. 22).
Their love is also seen from the intimacy they share once the wife joins the old man
where he lay. The old man tries to talk her about the demands of the seer, but she
ignites his pas leading to an intimate moment. 'He unsprang slowly, when it came,
it was like an intricate tattoo on a drum, coming unexpectedly and stopping
suddenly, leaving the air quiet and pure.'(Pg. 23).
Tie twenty-four ivory bangles that the old man gifted his wife on the day of naming
their son also show how much he loved her. Specifically, the eight bangles she wore
on either hand were etched with mnemonic marks for a long love poem (pg. 23).
HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT
26 | P a g e
The flashback of the naming ceremony of the old man's wife 'As she moved the
twenty-four ivory bangles she wore clanked like many castanets' (pg. 23). Elephants
had to be killed to obtain the ivory used to make the bangles.
The truthfulness of this observation is seen when the chief also noted how attractive
the old man's wife looked in the many ivory bangles she wore. The old man proudly
explains to the chief that he made the bangles himself from the ivory he got when
he shot an elephant using a poisoned arrow (pg. 23).
Towards the end of the story, people in the marketplace talk about the herd of
elephants approaching the plains. They fear the destruction that the herd will cause.
They hope that those who know how to use poisoned arrows will save the situation
(pg. 24).
The ultimate sign of the conflict is the death of the old man's wife, who a wounded
bull elephant kills. In an ironic turn of events, the old man's wife, whose husband
had killed an elephant and used its ivory to make bangles for the wife as a sign of
love, ends up killed by a wounded elephant. 'After bashing her on trees and banana
plants, the wounded bull elephant put her on the ground and repeatedly stamped
on her. They found her thus in a shallow grave: a mass of flesh and blood and
shattered ivory bangles.'(pg. 25). The love is shattered by the same creatures whose
ivory was used to make symbols of love.
FAILURE TO HEED ADVICE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
The seer's advice to the old man who consulted him is that the pebbles demanded a
ritual beating of his wife to avert the death of wife. Old man is hesitant and offers to
give some goats, but the pebbles insist on the beating and send her off to her
parents after beating. Instead of heeding the seer's advice, the old man and his wife
develop a scheme on how to cheat the pebbles. The wife proposes putting up a
show by pretending to have been beaten.
Their failure to follow the demands of the pebbles results in what the seer had
foretold-The death of the wife who the wounded bull elephant kills as she is
weeding.
Although the wife's death is closely linked to the seer's warning, it can also be seen
to be due to the wife's recklessness and failure to heed the warnings of the scouts.
The wife heard the scouts warning when they noted the elephants were
approaching. 'As she slowly made her way home, she heard the cries. They came
from scouts who were perched on trees, observing elephants and warning people
of the beasts' movement... 'Beware! People of Mtorobo's homestead! The five she
elephants are now in your banana grove! The bull is on the path coming from the
stream' (pg. 24-25).
27 | P a g e
The wife chooses to weed at the groove instead of heeding the warning and staying
home. NB: The writer has extensively used flashbacks to help us understand the
past life of the old man and his wife.
QUESTIONS ON STYLES
1) What is the effectiveness of flashbacks in this story?

2) What is ironic about the following?
a) The wife being called "girl" by the husband?
b) How the wife dies?
3) What has the writer achieved by extensive use of dialogue?
4) Using an oral literature device in the story communicates
THE SINS OF THE FATHERS
Charles Mungoshi -s Zimbabwe
About the author:
Charles Mungoshi was born in 1947and raised in a farming family in the Chivhu area
of Zimbabwe. After leaving school, he worked with the Forestry Commission before
joining Textbook Sales. From 1975 to 1981, he worked at the Literature Bureau as an
editor and at Zimbabwe Publishing House for the next five years. In 1985-87 he was
Writer in Residence at the University of Zimbabwe, and since then, he has worked
as a freelance writer, scriptwriter and editor. Charles Mungoshi has written novels
and short stories in both Shona and English and two collections of children's
stories, Stories from a Shona Childhood and One Day Long Ago (Baobab Books,
1989 and 1991); the former won him the Noma Award.
He has also continued to write poetry and has one published collection: The
Milkman doesn't only deliver Milk (Baobab Books, 1998). He has won the
Commonwealth Writers Prize (Africa region) twice, in 1988 and 1998, for two
collections of short stories: The Setting Sun and The Rolling World (Heinemann,
1987) and Walking Still (Baobab Books, 1997). Two of his novels: Waiting for the
28 | P a g e
Rain (Heinemann 1975) and Ndiko kupindana Kwa mazuva (Mambo Press, 1975),
received International PEN awards.
1) lRondo's family in bereavement. (p26 - 31).

2) Rondos confusion about his personality and purpose. (p28 34).
3) Political tension/rivalry between Rwafa and Mzamane. (p31 - 36).
4) The story of the white farmer. (p38).
5) Rwafa's harangue and end. (p39 — 41).
SYNOPSIS
The Sins of the Fathers, by Charles Mungoshi, is a post-colonial story set in rural
Zimbabwe. It takes place between Borrowdale and Bulawayo.
Rondo is the antagonistic character whose revenge world opens at the story's very
beginning. Rondo's father, Rwafa, is an ex- minister but still influential in the
political world of Zimbabwe. This is evident from how a fraction of mourners just
come to take pictures with him, for such photos would soon 'open doors for them.
Rondo has a wife, Selina, daughter of Basil Mzamane, who is also into politics as an
M.P. and a businessman. In fact, he's a political rival of Rondo's father, Rwafa.
Rondo's two children, both daughters (Yuna and Rhoda), are in an accident as they
are driving home from a birthday party with their grandfather, Basil Mzamane,
where, Rwafa takes to the podium to condemn his son for marrying from his enemy
Basil. This has all along created bad blood between him and his son that this
accident makes Rondo believe that his father has a hand in it. In their many stories,
a revelation of what his friend, Gaston, alludes to: "Have you ever wondered about
the Second Street accidents?"
On their way to the birthday party, the trio - Rondo, Rwafa and Basil Mzamane -
meets a group of youths (Chimurenga) chanting political songs. At a point, they
meet a white woman whose car has broken down, and they charge to attack before
Basil intervenes. Rwafa disappears, and Rondo remains confused about what is
actually going on.
Rwafa's speech leaves people surprised and shocked. They start going one after the
other. This is where Rondo decides to send the children back with their grandfather
as he remains with Selina. The two children and Basil, their grandfather, finally die
in a crash. People are here to mourn. Then with utter suspense, Rondo and Selina
come to finish Rwafa, who directs them out of the room, then a soft muffled plop is
heard from Rwafa's room.
Questions for reflection on "Title of the story" and themes
1) Discuss the role and significance of the title The Sins of the Fathers.
29 | P a g e
2) Which sins do you think the father commits in the story?

3) "Because I'd like you to watch some 'duck-shooting today'. " What does this
statement from Rwafa refer to?
4) Make inferences from the following:
a) "Do you know what your father does?" (p33)
b) "Rondo had not been used to living his life from deductive or logical
thinking but now, the accumulation of events and the history behind
them had made him so numb, he was almost a zombie." (p33).
5) Brainstorm about 'Second Street accidents'.
6) What is the role of the family unit during bereavement and children's growth?
7) How are youths used to execute the selfish desires of the political elite?
8) Why are power and prejudice significant in the ex-minister's life?
9) How does greed for material power affect the human character?
Thematic Concerns
The points of discussion and analysis include:
Identity Crisis
 Rondo suffers low self-esteem through the way his father treats him. Rwafa
loathes and persistently frustrates his son. His first disappointment is when
his father breaks his guitar and throws it into the fire when he is only four.
(p30- 31).
 Rwafa does not approve of or even attend his son's wedding. He purportedly
leaves town on state business for two weeks. (p34).
 Through flashbacks, Rwafa thrashes his son, Rondo, when he is only eight,
for 'stealing a neighbor’s mangoes'. This memory gives him an uncomfortable
feeling and affects his self-esteem. He must have understoodwhat
powerlessness meant (p40).
 This grows into his adulthood when his father refers to him as an effeminate
son who wants to demean his family by marrying into an ignominious
muDzvitifamily. (p31
 While Rondo admires and thinks his father is the greatest, his father, Rwafa,
writes him off. Rwafa always gives Rondo "a little sad laugh" and labels him
"Slob". (p28, 31, 32).
 His colleagues laugh at him at work, and Rondo doubts his mother and wife.
He feels defenseless and resigns to accept being a fool. "Well, if you see me
as a fool, I'll be one." (p28).
 Rondo has developed a stammer that makes him barely answer any of his
father's questions. (p32).
 His wife Selina tells him she could do better in his pants, and his friend and
colleague, Gaston, scolds him, "You can't be a child forever, Rondo". (p33).
30 | P a g e
 Later, Rondo's father disparages him. With contempt, he enquires whether

one of Rondo's more intelligent friends has written for him the piece of
paper he hands him. (p41).
 Both Rondo and Rwafa have psychological problem that needs psychosocial
support. (p26 — 41).
Vengeance
 The author expresses the theme of vengeance in the story's beginning

through the flash-forward as Rondo comes to his father with a gun. (p26, 41).
From the death of his two children and how his father has been treating him,
he believes that he has a hand in the deaths, and therefore, he's here to
revenge. (p29, 33, 34, 41).
 Rwafa causes the accident as a form of revenge against the "traitors" or
enemies. Furthermore, Rondo is not happy with what his father says about
his marrying Basil - his enemy. (p31, 39).
 In his speech, Rwafa calls his son a 'traitor'. This is another reason for
revenge. (p38).
Political Bigotry and machinations
• Politics run the story from the beginning to the end of this story. Basil Mzamane -
Rondo's father-in-law-a businessman and an M.P. and Rwafa - Rondo's father, are
great political rivals that don't see eye to eye. There is always tension between the
two. (p34)
This is the greatest reason behind the crash that kills Basil and the two children of
Rondo to settle political scores. This is what he tells his son that he will thank him
for happening now and not later. (p28).
• Rwafa loves himself so much that he prepared to destroy his son in his endeavorto
have an heir. (p32).
• The existence of Chimurenga and the Second street accidents are evidence
Of machinations. (p34, 36, 38, 39).
• Rwafa calls his enemies, looters and cattle thieves personal enemies and swears
that... no son of the Rwafa family would ever play second fiddle to anyone's lead..."
(p39).
Racism/ colonial hatred
 On their way to the birthday party, the trio meets a white woman who needs
help. Ihe political youths want to descend on her because she's white. (p36).
 On the other hand, the white woman is already armed with a gun to shoot
the blacks. (p36).
31 | P a g e
 Again, from Mzamane's story about the white who lives in the Manhize
mountains, we find out that he sends away the blacks who live there and
takes their ancestral land because they are helpless. (p38).
 Having alienated the lands from the blacks, the whites are the source of the
hatred and envy that fills the Rwafa clan, and Rwafa has his eyes on the
white farm in the Ruwa area. (p34).
 Consequently, his youth obey him and have an unashamed raw lust for
blood. (p36).
Parental resentment /child discontentment
• Rondo has never been close to his father as his memories of his past him make
him cry. (p31, 40).
At four, his father destroys his guitar, and at eight, he thrashes him without finding
out what he has done. Rondo always feels more space with his father-in-law and
would choose him as his father. (p34).
• He carries many scars that thinking of his father as none other than a shadow he
has to live in becomes impossible. Rondo cannot think independently, and this
reduces him to an object of laughter and ridicule among his friends. (p28).
Rwafa has no sympathy for his son as he despises him vehemently. He does not
bother to answer when asked a question by his son. (p36).
• His mother describes her husband as 'one bombed-out battlefield of scars' whose
deepest scar is that he can't forgive not only his enemies but anyone. This clearly
shows a rift in the family. (p30, 31).
• At the party, Rondo and Selina feel relaxed with their parents. (p39).
• Rondo could not look at his father. (p40).
Love and Friendship
• She takes her head during the mourning night and puts it on her lap. She calls
her a great woman. (p29).
• Friendship is also evident between the two women, Selina and her mother-in-
law (Rondo's wife and his mother). (p29,30)
• Selina, the daughter ofMzamane, stays with Rondo even though Rwafa
disapproves of their marriage. He says that his son became a 'traitor' by
marrying Selina, from Basil Mzamane's clan - his sworn political enemies. (p29,
30)
• However, Selina sticks with her husband, Rondo, until the end of the story. She
also has a gun from the mother- in-law. (p41).
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• He lets his head rest against her belly, his skull nudging the underside of her
breast. She makes him breakfast. She accompanies her husband to serve
revenge. This is love. (P41)
Ethnic tension / negative ethnicity
 Rwafa believes in maintaining rigid boundaries in establishing social and

political relations. (p34).
 In his tirade, he laments that he is hurt by the effeminate spineless sons of the
family who marry into families of their enemies, poisoning the pure blood of the
Rwafa clan. 9p34 - 39).
 There has always been tension between Rwafa and Mzamane, a quarrel, a
misunderstanding, but the episode at the party renders it dramatic. Their
speeches turn sour. The two old men are crystal clearly, political nemeses. (p34).
 Rwafa cannot forgive and forget the effects of the war, once the Ndebele
attacked them, and the pain of the scars remained in him more than the relief of
healing. (p30 - 32).
 These adversaries contrast each other in character and demeanor. The formeris
the villain in his very nature, and the latter is a gentleman.
 He belongs to the political elite who must fan clannism and ensure they remain
at the top. (p39, 40).
 Primitive accumulation There is evident greed in the arch-nemesis, Rwafa, for he
strives to maintain the status quo by acquiring material power through
underhand deals. He leaves in the morning and returns in the evenings. (p33).
 He is disappointed and bitter when Mzamane rescues the white woman from
irate Chimurenga warriors. He disappears and reappears from a bush two
minutes after the white woman has driven off. (p34 - 37).
 This shows that he plans to have her lynched so he can proceed to acquire the
property. (p36)
 Rwafa is preoccupied with the sudden beauty of the land they are driving
through. The land provides a breath- taking view of its immensity. (p36)
 Affluence, material power and lavish extravagance are explicit in the family as
they flock around him. He gains recognition from his generosity by squandering
the accumulated wealth in the form of favours, money, advances. (p31, 32)
 Many use his name to get something from legal firms, financial houses, or credit
stores at month-ends. (p32). Rwafa desperately needs a grandson from Rondo
to whom he can leave all his cars, houses and money. (p31).
Death
 The fear of death also hangs/lingers in Selina's mind. She fears losing Rondo
as well. (p30)
 Mysterious deaths rock the family, and according to Gaston, Rondo's
colleague, we know that a political hand is involved. (p33).
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 He asks Rondo, "Do you know what your father does?" (p33).
 Selina's mother had died, and Mzamane marries again, but to the detriment
of his daughter, she alludes to the invitation to her father. (p34).
 Assassinations could be the ex-minister's trade as he happens to control the
political group dubbed
 Chimurenga, which also narrowly spares the life of Mrs.
 The old man had rambles (flashback) (p40). smoked out, flushed out, blasted
out... ."
CHARACTERS
Rwafa, Rondo, Selina, Mzamane, Gaston and Mrs Quayle
a. Mzamane
• Selina's father and Rondo's father-in-law. A peace- maker and crusader of

tolerance. He takes a low profile, although he has the opportunity and ability to
show off. This shows he is peaceful and humble.
• According to Rondo, nothing in his demeanour shows he is a man of opulence as
a successful businessman and the M.P. of a constituency in northern
Matebeleland.
• He is so liberal that even with his differences with Rwafa, he declares he is free
to think as he likes. (p38).
• His friendly and affable nature makes Rondo feel free around him. He is a
helpful man as he gives a hand to the white woman whose car is stuck. (p37).
• He is tolerant, for he rescues her from being lynched by the angry youth. He tells
them. Today is cancelled. Go home...." he tells Rondo to grow up and see people
as individuals. (p37).
• Being rational makes him an embodiment of the voice of reason.
b. Rwafa
• The ostentatious antagonist, so to speak. He is the arch- nemesis of Basil

Mzamane and his son, Rondo. The
• Villain in the story is a ruthless, intolerant influential former minister who cannot
forgive anybody. (p31, 34, 35, 39, 40).
• He is contemptuous as he vilifies his son vehemently, affecting his self-esteem.
(p28).
• The snobbish father is so selfish for none of the words he uses to address Rondo
have any respect, and he loves himself so much (selfish) that he is prepared to
destroy his son. (p32).
• He is proud, assertive and aggressive as he talks of his prowess and declares,
"Noson of the Rwafa family would ever play second fiddle to anyone's lead."
(p39).Rwafa is bitter and vengeful, for his son terribly hurts him for poisoning
the pure blood of the Rwafa clan. (p39).
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• As they drive to Quayle's farm, Rwafa remains sullen and sucking as he can't
laugh while having a robust dialogue. "He is a man who laughs little." This shows
that he is sadistic in nature. (p35).
c. Rondo
 A calm and modest son of Rwafa and husband to Selina. He is loving and
caring for loves his mother, his wife and his father-in-law. (p29 — 32).
• He is also apologetic for his father's wrongdoings which he perceives partly
responsible. (p30).
• He is respectful as he reveres and honours his father.
• He is a gentle and friendly chap who has good relations with his colleagues at
work. Helpful for he could be called to help colleagues. (p33).
Questions for reflection on characters
1) Compare and contrast Rwafa and Mzamane as antagonistic characters in the

story, The Sins of the Fathers.
2) How does Rondos mother manage the psychological problems of both her
husband and her son at home?
3) What do you think could have happened if Rwafa had told his only son, "You
are an intelligent son"?
4) Suppose Rwafa had had another son; could his attitude be different?
THE TRULY MARRIED WOMAN
Abioseh Nical- Sierra Leone
The Truly Married Woman by Abioseh Nicol- Sierra Leone Abioseh Nicol was a
Sierra Leone writer, poet and diplomat with a specialty in medicine as a physician.
He died in the year 1994 having made great contribution to Sierra Leone literature.
He was a writer of short stories, poems, academic literature as well as music. His
works include Two African Tales (his first published work) and Creative Women (his
last published work).
Points to guide interpretation of the story
1) The difference between being together and being married.

2) Some factors that hinder people from getting married.
3) What parents want for their children compared to what they want.
4) Parenting styles and conflicts that can arise from them.
5) Missionary work — Is it a good thing or a bad thing?
6) Religious hypocrisy. Why Ayo takes time to put up a show by reorganising
their house and even borrowing a wedding ring when the missionaries visit.
7) Ajayi's change regarding marriage.
8) How marriage changes Ayo. (What is the value ofa marriage ceremony?)
9) Traditional practices before marriage, negotiation, giving of gifts to the bride.
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TITLE
The truly Married Woman'
What is the meaning of the title?

A woman can live for long with a man (cohabit) and never be considered married —
Ayo is not married, yet she has lived with Ajayi for twelve years. There must be a
marriage ceremony (Church marriage) to be genuinely married.
A truly married woman changes in behaviour. She seizes to be dutiful and demands
more respect. Ayo refuses to prepare her husband's morning tea after she is
married.
CHARACTERS
a. Ajayi
 He is a government clerk who has lived with Ayo for over twelve years.
 He meant to marry her in church, but he procrastinated until Ayo gave up on
the dream of getting appropriately married.
 He is cautious about his health and takes various precautions to ensure he
remains healthy.
 He is too strict and brutal as he beats his elder son Oju too much as a father.
b. Ayo
 She is a woman in her mid-thirties who has lived with her husband Ajayi for
twelve years, yet she is not married to him.
 She is thus considered a mistress to Ajayi. She loves him and even moves in
with him against her parents' wishes. She has hope of getting married, but
the husband's attack of the spending involved during marriage discourages
her.
 She is seen as a good mistress who is dutiful, loving and kind to Ajayi. Her
entrepreneur skills are noted because she does little buying and selling when
she has free time. She is seen to live an ordinary life.
 She is modernised. She attends women's meetings and also speaks to the
missionaries in English.
 Ayo is seen to be calculative/ cunning, where she visits the soothsayer before
her husband and the sister did to try and fix things.
c. Oju
He is the eldest son of Ajayi and Ayo. He is ten years old and is frequently beaten by
his father for wetting his sleeping mat. The beating does not help but instead
worsens the situation.
d. Ayo's father
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He is seen as a father who wanted the best for his daughter, Ayo since he had
hoped that she would marry a high school teacher.
He is authoritative as he made Ayo move everything she owned to his house once
he learned the planned marriage. He cautiously follows the traditional marriage
preparations rites to ensure that his daughter is safe in her new home.
SYNOPSIS
Abioseh Nical's story, 'The Truly Married Woman,' is a contemporary story that
merges both traditional aspects of marriage and modern marriage practices. Story
emphasises the importance of valid marriage as compared to cohabiting.
Through this emphasis, the writer, however, satirises marriage as it is not only
economically draining but fails to provide happiness that should come with it.
In the beginning, Ajayi and Ayo live together even though Ayo had always wanted
to be married properly. While Ayo tries to coarse Ajayi to marry her indeed, Ajayi is
hesitant as he feels that marriage involves some wild spending and the ceremony is
unnecessarily costly. This view frustrates Ayo until she admits that it would never
happen; thus, she stops talking him into it.
Their time together appears relatively amicable as Ayo performs her wifely duties
faithfully. They enjoy an everyday family life punctuated with minor conflicts such as
the one that arises over Ajayi's beating of their son Oju. This conflict surprises
Ajayi as Ayo rarely ever disagreed with him. At this point, Ayo's modernised trait is
revealed as she discloses that she has been attending women's meetings where
they learn modern ideas of oversea doctors.
Ajayi spends his day in the office thinking about this revelation which makes him
admire Ayo the more. As the closing hours approach, Ajayi receives an unexpected
guest — missionaries from World Gospel Crusading Alliance (WGCA).
He remembers that he had contacted them with the hope of getting free bibles,
religious pictures and maybe some magazines. However, the missionaries are set on
enrolling him as one of them, butthe chief clerk saves him by explaining that it was
prohibited for government workers.
He invites the team with the chief to his home, where the wife reorganises the house
after learning that guests are on their way. She even borrows a wedding ring from a
neighbour. After the missionaries' visit, Ajayi tells Ayo that he plans to marry her.
Although she is shocked, Ayo welcomes the marriage and thus starts preparing for
it. Ironically, she turns down his sexual advances that evening, arguing that it would
be incorrect. She moves back to her parental home, where the traditional marriage
preparation practices are carried out. Soon, the church wedding ceremony takes
place. Ayo chooses to dress in a grey dress instead of the traditional white one as
Ayaji had wished. The grey dress is symbolic of her impurity since she is already a
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mother of three. She also wanted a corset to ensure she did not look too massive.
After the church wedding, a European ceremony is also conducted where a wedding
cake is cut.
Ajayi notices that Ayo had been transformed after the wedding. He saw her proud
head for the first time, and true to his observation, the following day, Ayo does not
wake up early to prepare his morning tea like she always did. The story ends with
Ayo's declaration to Ajayi that she was now a genuinely married woman who
needed a little more respect and thus would not arise to prepare a cup of tea for the
husband.
Plot related Questions
1) Describe early morning activities of Ajayi before he goes to work

2) Compare and contrast Ayo's behaviour before marriage and after marriage.
3) What does Ajayi's beating of Oju for wetting his sleeping mat reveals about
Ajayi?
4) What preparations does Ayo make as she waits for the guests? What does
this reveal about her?
5) Explain Ayo’s reaction when Ajayi tells her that he plans to marry her?
6) What does Omo's reaction to Ayo's disclosure about the planned marriage
reveal about her?
7) Briefly describe the traditional marriage practices that take place before
Ayo's marriage.
8) What is Ayo's old aunts' advice to the newly married?
Episodes
• Life before marriage — pg. 42-45
• Preparations for marriage — pg. 46-47
The marriage ceremony — pg. 48
• Life after marriage — pg. 48
Several issues arise from these episodes:
Cohabiting vs. marriage
Despite living together for twelve years and having three children already, Ayo and
Ajayi are not considered married. The writer tells us that 'Ajayi and Ayo have been
together for twelve years. They are not married. Ajayi had meant to marry Ayo, but
the right moment never came. (pg.42).
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It is no wonder that while explaining to his friends who Ayo is, Ajayi refers to her as
not a wife but a mistress (pg. 43).
Ayo is seen to have hoped that Ajayi would indeed marry her. During their first year
of marriage, she kept telling Ajayi about their friends' weddings, hoping that he
would get interested and marry her. She, however, ends up frustrated when instead
of showing an interest, he criticises the friends' spending due to the considerable
cost of the ceremony (pg. 43).
The priest emphasises the importance of people getting married through his
sermon. The writer observes that the priest would speak out violently against
unmarried couples who lived together about two or three times in a year (pg. 43).
These sermons would make friends of Ajayi and Ayo look at them sympathetically,
leading to Ajayi keeping off from the church for a few weeks.
Despite not being married, Ajayi and Ayo enjoy some peaceful ambience in their
marriage. Ayo performs her wifely roles dutifully. She would wake up at five to
prepare his breakfast (pg. 48).
Ajayi would wake at six-fifteen and find his cup of tea ready just as he liked it —
'weak and sugary, without milk' (pg. 42).
Ironically, after Ayo is married, things seem to change. Instead of continuing with
her wifely duty or making them better, Ayo is reluctant to serve her husband as she
used it. The morning after the wedding finds Ayo comfortably beside her husband
when his alarm goes off. Unlike other previous mornings, there is no tea ready for
Ajayi. He is initially alarmed as he thinks she is ill. Still, her shocking reply confirms
her deliberately intention not to do it — "Ajayi, my husband...for twelve years I have
got up every morning at five to make tea for you and breakfast. Now I am a truly
married woman; you must behave towards me with some respect. You are nowmy
husband and not a lover. Get up and make yourself a cup of tea" (pg. 48).
This strange turn of events raises concern over whether valid marriage helps
improve the home environment or destroys the home.
Conflict due to parenting styles
Different parents adopt different parenting styles. Some parents are very strict with
their children to the extent that they use excessive force to ensure their children
behave as they wish. A good example is Ajayi, who beats his eldest son Oju for
having wet his sleeping mat (pg.43).
On her part, Ayo feels that this is not right, and in one of the rare occurrences, she
disagrees with Ajayi about it. She tells him, "Ajayi, you beat Oju too much. ...he has
not stopped wetting although you beat him every time he does. In fact, he is doing
itmore and more now. Perhaps if you stopped beating him, he would get better."
(pg.43).
Through their disagreement, we learn of Ayo's modernised and informed traits as

she discloses that she has been attending women's meetings where they are taught
modern ideas (pg.44).
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These traits are one of the triggers that make Ajayi marry Ayo after realising that
she is a woman to be proud of.
We also see some conflict over what parents want for their children in relation to
what the children want for themselves.
Ayo's living with Ajayi had not been accepted by her parents — 'When she first
came to him-against her parents' wishes....' (pg. 43).
The writer further tells us what Ayo's father had hoped that she would marry a high
school teacher. However, Ayo fell in love with Ajayi, a government clerk, and moved
in with him (pg. 43).
Hypocrisy
There is a lot of pretense among people in society to portray a particular image.

Ajayi wrote to World Gospel Crusading Alliance, pretending to be interested in
some information from them after a friend gave him a magazine that contained an
invitation to join the missionary Alliance. However, his true intention was not to
work with them, but he hoped to get free items such as bibles and large religious
pictures that he would sell, give away, or use as wall pictures (pg.44).
The depth of his hypocrisy is seen when he appears relieved that the chief clerk
saved him from a life as a missionary when he told the visitors that the government
prohibited his workers from working as missionaries. So appreciative is Ajayi of the
chief clerk that he presents a carefully wrapped bottle of beer to the chief clerk as a
present for having saved him (pg.45).
He hypocritically extends an invitation of the missionaries to his home. He lies to
them that the roads are not suitable to prevent them from using a taxi. He intends
to give time to his wife to reorganise their home into an appropriate environment to
host the missionaries. Ayo also portrays high levels of hypocrisy. She changes the
appearance of their home when she receives a message from
Ajayi that he will be bringing white men to their home in half an hour. Ayo took
down the calendars with pictures of lightly clothed women and replaced them with
family photographs. She also replaced the magazines with religious books and hid
the wine glasses under the sofa. In efforts to portray an actual spiritual image, she
goes ahead to borrow a wedding ring from her neighbour before putting on her
Sunday dress (pg. 45).
The missionaries are impressed by the show that she put up. The writer uses this act
to symbolise Ayo's hypocrisy even in her marriage. Ayo has been pretending to be a
dutiful wife for the twelve years before her marriage as she shows her true colours
after the wedding. She refuses to prepare morning tea and breakfast for Ajayi (pg
48).
Her hypocrisy is further seen when she turns down Ajayi's advances on the evening
he disclosed to her that he intended to marry her. She shyly says 'No' (pg. 45) and
pushes him away, asking him to wait until after marriage. She argues that it would
not be correct. This is ironic since the two have lived together for twelve years, and
their intimacy has borne three children.
40 | P a g e
QUESTIONS
l. What is the importance of tile traditional marriage preparation practices that are
carried out before Ayo's marriage?
2. The institution of marriage should be treated with respect as it is of great value.
Show how Ayo fails to do so after she is truly married.
3. Marriage is satirised in the story The Truly Married Woman„ Support this
assertion.
TALKING MONEY
Stanley Gazemba - Kenya
About the author:
Stanley Gazemba was born in 1974 in Vihiga, Kenya. Stanley Gazemba has
published three novels: The Stone Hills of
Maragoli (Kwani, winner of the 2003 Jomo Kenyatta Prize for fiction, published in
the U.S. as Forbidden Fruit), Khama (DigitalBackBooks), and Callused Hands
(Nsemia). He has also published eight children's books, of which A Scare in the
Village (Oxford Univ. Press) won the 2015 Jomo Kenyatta Prize for children's fiction.
Gazemba's fiction has appeared in 'A' is for Ancestors, a collection of short stories
from the Caine Prize (Jacana); Africa39: New Writing From Africa South of the
Sahara (Bloomsbury); Ihe Literary Review (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.); Man of the
House and Other New Short Stories from Kenya (CCC Press); Crossing Borders
online magazine; among other publications.
As a journalist, Gazemba has written for The New York Times, The East African,
Msanii magazine, Sunday Nation, and Saturday Nation. Gazemba was the
International Fellow at the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference in 2007. Gazemba lives
in Nairobi, where he is the editor of Ketebul Music.
Episodes
1. Mukidanyi dismisses his elder brothers. (p49 - 50).
A colli rchensive and dctailcd uidc to a silent son and other stories
2. The arrival of Galo and his lawyer for negotiation. (p50 52).
3. The disturbing night of evil spirits. (p53 56).
SYNOPSIS
Talking money is a story about Mukidanyi, a furious young man and a cattle trader
who ignores his elder brothers' warning against selling his land. The story is set in
the vast rural expanse of Kakamega, Kenya. Mukidanyi's brothers Ngoseywe and
41 | P a g e
Agoya give up on him and leave. Obsessed with money in his mind, he refuses to
heed his wife's counsel and instead flogs her.
When his clients arrive, he receives them warmly, showing them the fertile land and
offers to help where necessary. They then negotiate without a tussle, for they
accept his first offer without haggling. He takes the huge amount of money without
counting it and signs the papers with his thumbprint, for he had played truant and
naughty when his father, Kizungu, tried to take him to school.
Enthusiastic and excited about the money, he cannot sleep until he is attacked by
voices at night, which his wife tells him are evil spirits. He almost runs mad as his
wife laughs at him. Overwhelmed by nervousness and fear of the demons, he
returns all the money to the Galos and flees back to his house.
Questions for reflection on 'Title' of the story and themes.
1. How relevant is the title of the story, Talking moneym
2. Why do you think the money given to Mukidanyi "talks' only at night while in his
custody?
3. Do you think the Galos are responsible for the talking of the money?
4. Explore and discuss the existence of the following themes in Talking Money.
a) Ethnocentric beliefs in spirits.

b) Primitive superstition on sources of wealth.
c) Obsession with money and the power of guilt.
d) Importance of consultation on family property.
THEMATIC CONCERNS
Ethnocentric beliefs in spirits.
The concept of social superstition rooted in people's culture is linked with belief in
good and bad luck as a context-derived concept affects the people of that culture in
various aspects.
Although the concept of superstition is common, many of its features and aspects
are still unclear. Some questions about these beliefs remain baffling and
unanswered. Engulfed with immense doubt, Mukidanyi decides to obey his wife's
words and beliefs about the Galos. (p50).
• At night, the hour of witches, viganda haunt Mukidanyi. He hears voices speaking,
and he believes they are not dreaming voices. (p54).
• Then his wife Ronika scoldingly tells him those are certainly viganda spirits
speaking. (p54).
42 | P a g e
Ronika takes advantage of her husband's extreme fear and makes more fun of him. She
reassures him that the Galos' money is speaking in the briefcase under the bed. (p54).
• Confident and sure that he is terrified, she shouts and scoffs at him to take the
money out. "Go with your devil money this very minute and find somewhere else to
keep it but not in this house, you hear?" (p55).
Obsession with money and the power of guilt
• The tough speaking and abusive man is now humbled and reduced to a
whispering weakling.
• Definitely, the warnings are ricocheting in his mind because of his guilt and failure
to consult before beginning the process of selling his land.
• Scared by the unseen demons, Mukidanyi flees back to the Galos, returning all the
money. (p55, 56).
• He changes his mind. He is only left with his wife to trust, and his house is the only
refuge at this 'hour of witches'.
CHARACTERS
1. Using evidence from the text, describe the character traits of the following
characters.
a) Mukidanyi
b) Ronika
c) Ngoseywe
d) Galo
Style and Language use
1. How is sarcasm employed in Stanley Gazemba's Talking Money?
2. Examine the use of dialogue and native dialect in Talking Money.
GHOSTS
Chimamanda Adichie - Nigeria
About the Author- Chimamanda Adichie.
Chimamanda Adichie Ngozi is an established Nigerian writer. She has written

several novels, short stories and nonfictional works. Her major works include Purple
Hibiscus, Americanah,
43 | P a g e
The Thing Around Your Neck and Half of a Yellow Sun among others. Her story
'Ghost' was published in The Thing Around Your Neck a collection of her short
stories that was published in 2009.
 Suffering of retirees as they follow up on their pension.

 Corruption in government institutions.
 The University.
 How people deal with ghosts of the past to survive at present.
 War and its effects.
 Counterfeit, drugs and their effects.
Title
'Ghosts'
The topic is metaphorically used to represent several things: The terrible memories
that most people are living with or haunted by. Most people have memories of
horrible previous experiences that disturb them. For instance, Ikenna struggles with
the loss of his family and his failure to succeed in the Biafran Civil War. Prof James
struggles with the loss of his daughter, the destruction of property, the loss of the
University's glory, and the loss of his wife.
Some people were thought dead but turned up alive such as Ikenna. The truly dead
but whose spirits visit their loved ones — Ebere -they offer consolation to the
bereaved.
CHARACTERS
a. Pro James Nwoye
He is a seventy-one-year-old retired professor of Mathematics.
He is the protagonist in the story, and the story is told through his voice. He is the
narrator of the story.
He escaped Nsukka when the civil war broke in 1967 and fled to America.
He loses his daughter Zik in the war but gets another daughter (Nkiru) while still in
America when he was a lecturer at Berkeley.
He is currently following up on his pension, which is not forthcoming due to the

corruption in the University.
He is constantly visited by the ghost of his late wife and has not disclosed this to his
daughter Nkiru.
b. Ikenna Okoro
44 | P a g e
He is a man who was thought to have died in the 1967 Biafran war. During his
university lecturing days in the sociology department, he was a renowned activist.
He escaped the Biafran civil war on a Red Cross plane and went to Sweden, where
he has lived since 1967.
He lost all his family in the war and never remarried.
He returns to Nsukka years later to see how things are.
c. Vincent
He is the former driver of Prof James.
He served Prof. James in the eighties when he was the faculty dean.
He is now retired and is following up on his pension, just like Prof and other
retirees.
He currently works as a cobbler near the university hostels. Although he is younger

than Prof (In his late sixties), he looks much older.
He is seen as a concerned and caring person who always minded about the welfare
of Prof.James' daughter.
d. Ebere
She is the dead wife of Prof. James Nwoye, who appears to him as a ghost. During
her time, she portrays some generosity as she would give her daughters old clothes
to Vincent for his children. (Satire - giving old clothes)
She has been a caring wife who encouraged James to care for his lovely skin.
Her death is said to have been caused by counterfeit drugs.
SYNOPSIS
Like the title suggests, Chimamanda's story "Ghost" mainly dwells on how people
face and deal with past ghosts, thus informing their present and future. Professor
James Nwoye currently lives in a corrupt part of Nigeria where the medical field
provides people with counterfeit drugs.
When the story opens, the seventy-one-year-old Professor of mathematics is

walking the grounds of the University Bursary, where he is following up on his
pension, which he does not get.
The many other retirees that he meets are equally frustrated.
They associate the failure to get their retirement benefits to the corruption of the
education minister or the University's vice- chancellor.
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Prof James chats for a while with his former driver Vincent who is to survive the
harsh times serving as a cobbler around the university hostel. Vincent inquires
about Nkiru (Prof. James' daughter who lives in America), and James informs him
that she is well. The suffering of the people is highlighted in their appearance and
hunger. One of the men gathered under a tree requests Prof to buy them bananas
as hunger was killing them. Even as he buys them bananas, Prof ironically observes
that what they needed was some moisturiser to soften their skin. After leaving the
group, Prof. James meets with Ikenna Okoro; a man thought to be long dead. rlhe
encounter shocked Prof as he believed that Ikenna, a former colleague and a
renowned activist, had died in the Biafran civil war on July 6 1967. When he initially
saw him, he thought of throwing sand at him, which was what people do to ghosts.
However, his education and the fact that he was walking on concrete grounds
prevent him from doing it. The encounter between the two drives Prof down
memory lane. He remembers their days at the University where Ikena rebelled
when asked to put on ties.
He further remembers how Ikenna acted as an activist fighting for non-academic

staff to have better conditions. a flashback, Prof recalls their evacuation from
Nsukka on July 6, 1967, when the civil war began. On that day, Ikenna, who
stubbornly insisted on going back to the University to get his manuscript, was said
to have died.
Ikenna discloses that he escaped Biafra that day on a Red Cross plane that took him
to Sweden. He painfully explains that he saw no need to return after the war since
all his family was killed when Orlu was bombed.
On his part, Prof James went to America with his wife Ebere but came back in 1970
when the civil war ended. However, they were devastated to find everything in their
home destroyed, and their piano was missing. They thus returned to America and
only returned to Nsukka in 1976. When Ikenna inquires about their daughter Zik,
Prof painfully answers in Igbo that the war took her. He, however, tells him that they
got another daughter after the war—the two talk about life during and after the
war, with each mentioning their worst moments.
Ikenna asks Prof James about his wife Ebere, and James replies that she died three
years ago. He tells him that she visits him. Ikenna appears surprised at the
disclosure, so James corrects himself and says that Ebere visited America quite
often since their daughter works there as a doctor. Knowing that Ikenna is educated
just like him, James knows that Ikenna does not believe in ghosts. He, too, never
believed in them until his wife visited him three weeks after the burial.
The two talk about the situation ever since the war ended and how things have
significantly changed. They point out at the rot in the University — where instead of
teaching, people are playing politics and instead of reading and working hard;
students are buying grades either with money or their bodies.
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The corruption in the university offices does not escape them. James reports how
one Josephat Udeana, a vice chancellor for six years, ran the University like his
father's chicken coop leading to the disappearance of money and favouritism in
promoting workers. James notes that the current vice-chancellor is not any
different, thus why he is yet to get his retirement benefits.
He further explains how people are bribing to have their years before retirement
added since nobody wants to retire. Ikenna raises the sensitive topic about fake
drugs. It triggers painful memories in James since his wife Ebere is thought to have
died because of counterfeit drugs. James dismissively says that counterfeit drugs
are horrible in efforts to avoid this topic.
He parts ways with Ikenna after telling him how he has been 'resting' ever since he
retired. He extends an invitation to Ikenna to join him in his home, but Ikenna turns
it down.
Once in his home, Prof. James turns on the TV and remembers how a man accused
ofimporting fake drugs had justified this act through a TV interview on NTA. The
man had explained that his drugs do not kill people but only fail to cure their illness.
He wonders why news about Ikenna being alive never came up, yet there were
various other stories of the 'living ghosts'- people thought to be dead but turned up
alive. The tale ends with Prof. James in his study hoping that his daughter Nkiru will
call to tell him about their grandson, and if she does not, he will go to bed and
await the visit of Ebere.
EPISODIC ANALYSIS OF ISSUES
Episodes
 Prof James Nwoye's visit to the University Bursary -pg. 57-59

 Encounter with Ikenna Okoro- pg. 59-65
 Talk about the civil war on July 6 1967- pg. 60
 Talk about fake drugs -pg. 65
 Prof James back home-pg 66-67
Various issues arise from these episodes:
The retirees suffer frustration due to being denied their retirement benefits. When
the story opens, Prof James is at the University Bursary to ask about his pension,
which he has been following up for some time.-"l was there to ask about my
pension, yet again." (pg.57) He is, however, frustrated when the clerk tells him the
money has not yet come.
Prof is not alone. Several other retirees are clustered under the flame tree, filled
with similar frustration. Out of frustration, they curse the vice-chancellor who is said
to have stolen the money meant for their pension: "His Children will not have
children He will die of diarrhoea." (pg.58).
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We also see that these people suffer from poverty. The encounter between Prof and
his former driver, Vincent, points to the poor living condition of the people. Vincent
has been forced to work as a cobbler to earn a living. He complains about the
failure of the students in the hostels to pay him on time for mending their shoes (pg.
58).
The description of Vincent's current physical appearance also shows that he has
lived through tough times. Although he was younger than Prof, he looked older with
only a little hair left pg 58.
The plea of one of the men to Prof to buy them bananas shows the suffering that
the people have gone through. The man tells Prof, "Hunger is killing us" (pg.58).
These people cannot afford decent meals for themselves. Ironically, Prof observes
that they need more moisturiser since their faces and arms look like ash (pg. 58).
The civil war also causes the suffering of many. Many people suffer trauma (ghosts
of the past) due to the war. Prof James lost his daughter Zik to the war (pg. 61).
The people's suffering is further captured when Prof James wonders why he had not
heard about Ikenna not having died. He notes that people evaded the topic of war
and memories of what they had gone through during the war. "But we hardly talked
about the war When we did, it was with an implacable vagueness, as if what
mattered were not that we had crouched in muddy bunkers during air raids after
which we buried corpses with bits of pink on their charred skin, not that we had
eaten cassava peels and watched our children's bellies swell from malnutrition, but
we had survived" pg. 66
Corruption
The explanation why Prof James and other retirees have not received their pension
is due to corruption. Ihe men clustered under the flame tree say, "The Education
Minister has stolen the pension money... it was the vice-chancellor who had
deposited the money in high interest personal accounts." ( pg.58).
In the University, corruption is further seen where James tells Ikenna about Josephat
Udeana, the great dancer, who, once chosen as vice-chancellor, perpetuated
corruption at the University's high office. "Josephat was vice chancellor for six years
and ran this University like his father's chicken Money disappeared, and then we
would see new cars coop stamped with the names of foreign foundations that did
not exist." (pg.64)
He also dictated who would be promoted and who would not. The situation did not
change after Josephat left since even the current vice-chancellor is also said to
follow the corrupt route faithfully.
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corruption is also reported in the Personnel Services Department, where lecturers

who do not want to retire bribe, someone, to have some years added to them (pg.
64).
Further, corruption is seen among university students. Prof tells Ikenna that instead
of reading and working hard to earn fair grades, the university students have
bought grades with money or their bodies (pg. 64).
War and its effects
The Biafran Civil war that the story highly relies on has significant negative
implications on the people:
Loss of loved ones
Pro James Nwoye lost his daughter Zik to the war (pg. 61). Ikenna lost the whole of
his family to the war, thus the reason he has lived in Sweden ever since. He tells
Prof, "My whole family was in Orlu when they bombed it. Nobody left, so there was
no reason for me to come back." (pg. 61)
A great genius - Chris Okigbo, also died in the war Nsukka lost a great mind - a star
whose poetry moved everybody. His prowess is compared to that of a colossus;
thus, a significant loss for the people page 62.
• Displacement of people and separation of loved ones When the civil war started
on July 6, 1967, the people had to evacuate Nsukka in a hurry Prof James and his wife
Ebere moved to America while Ikenna moved to Sweden using Red Cross planes
(pg. 61).
Prof James and his daughter live separately due to the war. His American born
daughter Nkiru is a doctor in America while James lives in Nsukka. He feels that the
war has denied him an opportunity to teach his grandson the Igbo language and the
culture (pg. 67).
Destruction/Loss of property
After the civil war ended in 1970, Prof James and Ebere returned to Nsukka from
America. They were, however, disappointed to find some of their properties having
been destroyed and others missing. "Our books were in a charred pile in the front
garden. . the lumps of calcified faeces in the bathtub were strewn with pages of my
mathematical annals, used as toilet paper, crusted smears blurring the formulas I
had studied and taught Our piano - Ebere's piano was gone. our photographs were
ripped, their frames broken." (pg. 61)
On their way home that day, Prof James and Ebere saw a landscape of ruins, blown-
out roofs and houses riddled with holes, injuries, and physical pain (pg. 62).
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The day Prof James and Ebere drove back to Nsukka, Biafran soldiers stopped them
and shoved a wounded soldier into their car, and his blood dripped onto the
backseat of their vehicle (pg. 62).
Counterfeit/fake drugs
fie selling of expired medicine is the current plague in the country Ikenna tells
James that he has been reading about fake drugs in the papers (pg. 65).
The effect of fake drugs has been felt by James, whose wife Ebere's death is linked
to the counterfeit drug deal. Prof James thinks that Ikenna must have heard of 'How
Ebere had lain in the hospital getting weaker and weaker, how her doctor had been
puzzled that she was not recovering after her medication how none of us knew until
it was too late that the drugs were useless' (pg. 65).
In addition, Prof James bitterly remembers how he had watched some broadcast of
an interview on NTA. Through the interview, a man accused of importing fake drugs
- typhoid fever drugs, had defended himself by claiming that his drugs do not kill
people but only fail to cure illness (pg. 66).
Dealing with past ghosts
Prof James is presented as an individual struggling with ghosts from his past. The
illusion of his wife's return like a ghost is one of the mechanisms he adopts to deal
with his terrible past. It is an attempt to deal with the absence of Ebere and the
devastating effects of war. The freshness of the memories of war is brought out
through the many flashbacks used by the writer. One of the flashbacks captures the
day the civil war arose (pg. 60). Another shows the return to Prof and Ebere to
Nsukka in 1970 (pg. 61-62). By remembering these events, Prof James shows that the
memories of the war are still deeply etched in his thoughts.
Essay Questions
1) Society today is filled with many evils that cause suffering to others. Support
this from Chimamanda Adichie's 'Ghost'
2) War has devastating effects and thus should be avoided at all cost Using
illustrations from 'Ghosts' by Chimamanda Adichie
3) Many individuals struggle with ghosts from their past Show how true this
assertion is based on 'Ghosts' by Chimamanda Adichie.
Questions on styles
1. How effectively has the writer used flashbacks in the story 'Ghosts,
2. The dialogue between Prof James and Ikenna carries the critical messages in the
story. Is it true?
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3. The higher learning education sector is satirised in the story. Show how this is
achieved.
GOD SEES THE TRUTH, BUT WAITS
Leo Tolstoy Russia
About the author:
Leo Tolstoy was born in 1928 in Tula Province, Russian. A master of realistic fiction
and one of the world's greatest novelists, Tolstoy is best known for his finest
novels: and Peace (1865 69) and Anna Karenina (1875 - 77). His shorter works
include Ellie Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Living Corpse and The Kingdom of God is
within You, in his last three decades, Tolstoy worked as a moral and religious
teacher, an embodiment of nature and pure vitality. Though dead now, his soul lives
as a living symbol of the search for life's meaning.
1) Aksionov's excursion for a Trade Fair at Nizhny. (p68 - 69).

2) Aksionov's arrest and 26-year imprisonment. (p69 71).
3) The coincidental encounter with the real killer. (p71 - 72).
4) Makar's confession. (p73 74).
SYNOPSIS
God Sees the Truth but Waits is a parabolic story about Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov, a
meek young merchant with two shops in Vladimir, Russia.
Ivan bids his family and sets out on a Trade Fair in Nizhny despite his wife's
premonition through a dream. Midway through the journey, he meets another
merchant, and they put up at the same inn for the night. A rogue thug kills the
merchant at night and flees, leaving his blood-stained knife in Aksionov's bag.
Aksionov is arrested on suspicion and is sent to 'Siberia' for twenty-six years. On
enquiry about his character, Vladimir people say that Ivan is now good after he
stopped drinking.
However, even his wife now doubts him! Coincidentally, the rogue murderer, Makar
Semyonich, is brought to prison for a minor offence, and Aksionov is severely
disturbed by his presence that he feels like killing himself.
Makar commits another offence in prison, and Aksionov finds him, but the man
begs him to keep quiet and not betray him, or he will kill him. Aksionov tells him he
had killed him long ago, and he will do as God shall direct.
When the Governor implores Aksionov to tell him the truth about the prison
offence, for he trusts only him, Aksionov refuses and tells him he can do what he
51 | P a g e
likes with him as he is in his hands. At night the killer, Makar, confesses and begs
Aksionov to forgive him.
As Makar sobs, Aksionov weeps, for he has no desire to leave the prison. When the
order for his release comes, Aksionov is already dead.
Title of the story
a) How relevant is the title of the story, God Sees the Truth, but Waits?
b) Why do you think Aksionov refuses to tell the truth about the prison incident?
c) Do you think the Governor is to blame for Aksionov's prolonged imprisonment?
Explain.
d) What is the impact of Ivan Aksionov's faith in God on his life?
e) Why is Ivan reticent to go back home?
f) Explore and analyze the existence of the following themes in God Sees the
Truth, but Waits.
i. Mistaken identity.
ii. Crime and Confession
iii. Wrongful conviction and imprisonment.
iv. The concept and context of truth.
v. Justice delayed is justice denied.
vi. Betrayal and Tolerance
vii. Coincidence
THEMATIC CONCERNS
Wrongful conviction and imprisonment.
The values of honesty, truth and justice are tested through this story.
• Aksionov comes out to question the essence of these values if he suffers in the
prison caves of Siberia under wrongful conviction and subsequent incarceration for
twenty-six years. (p71).
• Mistaken identity runs through this story. Ivan Dmitritch is arrested for spending a
night with an acquaintance a fellow merchant at the inn who leaves before dawn.
• This is because the merchant is killed during the night by a thug who hides the
knife in Ivan's bags. This is what makes the police officer arrest him on suspicion.
(p69, 70).
• At the story's beginning, Aksionov is characterized by dynamic character and

setting. He is lost in liquor but later starts a business and owns two shops. (p68).
• He leaves and loses his home, family and his freedom. This story sends the
message that none of these things matters in the long run.
The concept and context of truth.
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• Aksionov learns the hard way that when the chips are down, nothing remains
except God at his side, who knows the truth. (p73).
• Truth depends on context. It is true that the bloody knife is found in his bags and
that he had slept close to a fellow merchant, but then it is not true that he kills him.
(p69).
• By the end of the story, Aksionov has an opportunity to be free and return home,
but he no longer desires to leave the prison but only hopes for his last hour to
come. Ivan is a man who seems to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. He is
unlucky, mentally strong, and religious. He is unfortunate because he is sentenced
to prison for 26 years for a murder that he did not commit.
He is also mentally strong because he can endure many tragic events, such as
losing his home and business.
Faith and devotion
Finally, he displays a strong religious devotion by growing closer to God during

difficult times.
• However, at the story's end, he only seems to care about his faith and being close
to God.
• Ivan relies on God as he is the only constant in his life. At the end of the story, he
has no desire to return home. His only wish is to be with God.
At the story's beginning, Ivan and his wife don't have the best relationship as he
leaves for Nizhny Fair even after his wife asks him to stay. Later, she doubts his
innocence after he is convicted of murder.
• Faith keeps Ivan going after losing everything, being charged with murder and
sent to prison in Siberia. He could have completely given up, but he instead leans
on his faith in God.
CHARACTERS
l. Describe the character traits of the following characters.
a) Aksionov
b) Makar
c) The Governor
2. Focusing on their prominent character traits, compare and contrast the

protagonist, Ivan Aksionov, and the Makar.
3. Citing evidence from the text, describe the character traits of the following
characters.
53 | P a g e
a) The Governor
b) Aksionov's wife
1. How is symbolism employed in Leo Tolstoy's God Sees the Truth, but Waits?
2. Examine the use of irony and paradox God Sees the Truth, but Waits.
3. What does Siberia represent in this story?
Essay question
1. The average human attribute is evile Discuss this assertion using illustrations from
Leo Tolstoy's God Sees the Truth, but Waits, (20 marks),
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH
Rern'y Ngamije Rwanda And Namibia
About the Author Rem'y Ngarnije.
Reni'y Ngamije is a writer and a photographer who is of Namibian origin but was
born in Rwanda. He founded an organization that supports literary works and is
also a chief editor of the first Namibian literary magazine- 'Doek'. His story
Neighbourhood Watch' is a contemporary story that was recently published in the
Johannesburg Review of Books. Streetlife — Crime and violence in the streets
The secret struggles/suffering
Harsh living conditions.
Inequalities / Class difference —
The rich vs poor
Desperation — suffered by those living in the streets.
Waste disposal — what is the ideal way to dispose of waste?
TITLE
'The Neighbourhood watch'
The title is a phrase used to refer to an organised group that engages in crime and
vandalism prevention in a particular neighbourhood. While deviating from the ideal
image of a neighbourhood watch that aims at reducing crime, Rem'y Ngamije
ironically creates a haphazard group of five homeless people who scavenge and
roam around different neighbourhoods/suburbs in Windhoek. The crew engages in
minor criminal activities instead of working to curb crime in the neighbourhoods.
CHARACTERS
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a. Elias
He is the oldest member of the Neighbourhood watch group and thus their leader.
He mainly helps get food for the group by working with Lazarus and Omagana.
Elias has had a tough past as he experienced the South African insurgency; thus is
strong and had suffered some loneliness in his first years in the streets.
Memories of the war still haunt him, as often in his slumber.
b. Lazarus
He is Elias's Lieutenant.
He is the eyes of the group and the source of protection, as his presence in any fight
is believed to change the bookies' odds drastically.
He is an ex-convict though he does not like disclosing this information.
c. Omagano
She is the only female member of the group.
She works as a member of the food crew (Elias, Lazarus, omagana) that goes out
looking for food for the group.
d. Silas
He is a member of the group who likes risks.
He steals from people.
Although Elias constantly warns him, he does not stop the stealing habit.
e. Martin
He is the newest and youngest member of the group.
He mainly works with Silas to look for essentials such as discarded blankets,
mattresses, useable shoes, broken crates, trolleys and toothpaste tubes.
He faithfully follows Silas around, trying to learn a few tricks from him.
f. Old Mrs Bezuidenhout
She is an old generous and kind lady who lives in the wealthy neighbourhood of
Eros.
She is considered as one of the pillars of the Neighbourhood Watch as she gives
different gifts such as canned food, old clothes or blankets, old books and rosaries
that they use to pray at night.
SYNOPSIS
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Set in the suburbs of Windhoek, Namibia, 'The Neighbourhood Watch' is a modern

story of a street group made up of Elias Lazarus, Silas, Omagano and Martin. The
story explores the daily life of this group, their struggles, crimes and desperation to
survive in the harsh conditions that street life presents.
The story opens in the morning, where Elias wakes up the family members to
prepare for the day's activity. The harsh living conditions in the streets are evident
from the lack of breakfast and the single can of water that the group shares to clean
their faces. Their "home" - below the bridge- which the author sarcastically calls
precious real estate is their territory that is marked and safely guarded.
The group sets out early to the CBD, where the food crew (Elias, Lazarus and
Omagano) go looking for food while the valuable crew (Silas and Martin) look for
other essentials. They reunite later, and the food crew produces half a loaf of brown
bread, some salt mashed potatoes, soft grapes and some water which the group
shares for lunch. The valuable crew has brought a stack of newspapers, plastic
piping and two battered, floppy poor boy caps, which Elias and Lazarus pick.
Elias orders the group to rest as they would be heading to Auasblick that night.
Ausiblick is one of the nice suburbs as the bins there provide some bounty harvest
as the people there still know how to throw things away. This is unlike Olympia and
Suiderhof, which are already crowded.
The writer compares these neighbourhoods to old neighbourhoods that the crew
used to scavenge. Through a flashback, the past life ofElias and Lazarus is brought
out. In their earlier days, the two were not choosy on areas to frequent. They visited
the poor neighbourhoods such as Katutura, Hakahana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and
Okuryangava on Tuesdays and Fridays. While scavenging these neighbourhoods,
the two found a baby, thus deciding to prepare a timetable and stop going to poor
people's places.
Another flashback takes us to the way the crew used to visit Khomasdal on
Wednesdays. On one Friday's visit to Khomasdal, Amos, a former crew member
with Elias and Lazarus, gets killed. He fails to control his tongue and guts after
getting drunk thus is stubbed by someone he insults.
Elias and Lazarus escape the scene of death just like everybody else for fear of
being questioned and harassed by police. However, they are caught and are badly
beaten and injured before they are set free. They thus decide never to return to
Khomasdal.
The crew spends their Friday and Saturday at the Headquarters. They consider it
safe since those are the days that police patrols drive around looking for mischief.
Silas, however, chooses to roam around, thus leaving the other four crew members
talking about people who idle around waiting to get some specific jobs that are
rarely forthcoming. Martin talks of the hope of getting a job for these people in the
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future. This raises the debate that leads to the crew's slogan that there is only today
and that every day is today.
Sunday is the best day for the crew since they visit the affluent suburbs such as Avis,
Klein, Windhoek and Eros. These suburbs are associated with the rich and are close
to the crew's home — Headquarters. One of the good things about Eros is the
generous old Mrs Bezuidenhout who waits for the crew and gives them gifts such as
canned food, books and old clothes.
The story comes to an end with the crew worried of the day that Mrs Bezuidenhout
will no longer be around to give those gifts, yet they will still want to take and have
something to help them survive the harsh street life.
Episodes
1. At the headquarters- pg 75-78
2. The past; poor suburbs -pg 78-80
3. Death of Amos-pg. 80-81
4. The wealthy suburbs —pg. 82-83
Various issues arise from these episodes:
Street life And Its Challenges
Living in the streets is shown to have several challenges:
Crime and violence
The neighbourhood watch must safely hide their valuable items at the headquarters
to prevent theft. hidden stash is considered safe since they are a feared group —
they have a fierce reputation (pg. 76).
Lazarus is considered the Lieutenant of the group and one of its pillars due to his
violence (pg. 83) shows that life in the streets involves some violent acts. Violence is
seen to be a necessary survival skill in the street.
The death of Amos after knife stabs also shows the level of violence faced in the
streets 'The knife flashed quickly In, out, in, out and then slashed across ...... Amos
fell.' (pg. 80-81).
Silas, one of the crew members, engages in some crime. He is said to have had a
habit of discovering things that have had previous owners. 'Silas steals' ( pg. 77). If
he gets caught while stealing, he might be beaten or arrested.
Secret struggles
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The Neighbourhood Watch has to struggle to ensure that the valuables are safely
hidden to prevent theft. After splashing water on their faces, the empty can is
stashed away with other valuables in a hook under the concrete abutment of the
bridge (pg. 75-76).
They also have to protect their territory — The bridge underside precious real
estate. To achieve this, the abbreviations NW are sprayed onto the bridge's columns
which communicate that it is marked territory (pg. 76).
The group must struggle to camouflage and appear like any ordinary person while
roaming the streets to evade police. They have to look presentable, thus why
Omagano struggles to straighten her kinky hair using her fingers. They also have to
wear their best clothes. One of their greatest challenges is how to disguise their foul
smell. The writer notes, "But smelling bad is something they try to avoid as much as
possible since a smelly man is despised everywhere." (Pg. 76).
Struggle to get food
The crew relies on waste food and leftovers to survive. It is said that 'Elias knows
most city hotel's kitchen staff who leave the group some decaying produce or some
leftovers when they feel kind from the previous night' (pg 76).
The struggle to get food forces them to use dubious means such as having
Omagano satisfy the sexual needs of guards who deny them access to bins that
might contain high yields (pg. 77).
The lunch that the group shares show that getting enough food for a meal is a real
struggle for them 'The food crew shares the lunch: Half a loaf of brown bread, some
salty mashed potatoes, soft grapes and some water' (pg.78).
The group heavily relies on Mrs Bezuidenhout's generosity as she gives them
canned food such as beans and peas, fruits and other valuable items (pg. 83).
Struggle with poor health conditions
Elias has a racking cough that worsens each day. It is so severe that, 'Sometimes
there is blood in the gunk from his chest, but he waves everyone's concerns away'
(pg. 76).
Inequalities/Class Difference
By splitting the city of Windhoek geographically into different neighbourhoods,

Ngamije is able to use place as a marker of inequalities and class differences that
exist among the people.
The content of rubbish bins in the different neighbourhoods shows the differences
between the rich and the poor. The first suburb to be visited by the crew is
Auasblick. It is described as a nice place since the people there still know how to
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throw away things The Neighbourhood Watch is assured Of scoring good things
such as 'broken toasters, blenders, kettles water bottles, Teflon pots or pans
scrubbed raw screen television cardboard boxes, and maybe some food' (pg.78)
This shows that the people who live here are well up and live comfortable lives.
The suburbs of the poor such as Katutura, Hakahana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and
Okuryangava, are also described.
Using the flashback of the crew's Tuesday and 'Thursday visits to these poor
suburbs, Ngaminje brings out the living conditions of the poor based on the content
of their bins. One day, Elias and Lazarus found a baby wrapped in some
newspapers thrown into a big bin. Ihis encounter made them smart and move away
from poor people. They decided that on Tuesday and Thursday nights, they would
stop going to poor people's places because poor people had nothing left to throw
away but themselves (pg. 80)
Khomasdal is closely related to the poor people's suburbs. It is, however, a drinking
den. The neighbourhood watch never enters Khomasdal since it is crowded with
other starving, roving cliques (pg. 80). It is also in the same neighbourhood where
Amos was killed.
These lowly suburbs are contrasted to the suburbs ofthe wealthy such as Avis, Klein,
Windhoek and Eros. Avis has complex apartments that bring a fresh crop of bins to
the interlocked pavements. lhough made up of rich people,
Klein Windhoek portrays some meanness as they only put up their bins at the crack
of dawn to dissuade the dustbin divers from perambulating through their streets
(pg. 83). Eros is the best suburb for The Neighbourhood Watch due to the presence
of Mrs Bezuidenhout, who waits for the crew and gives them some gifts. This shows
the wealthy nature of the old lady, the people living in this neighbourhood, and Mrs
Bezuidenhout's generosity.
Desperation
Life in the streets is filled with moments of desperation. When Elias and Lazarus
met, they would desperately flick through every bin they could find in every suburb
they could reach. As the writer tells us, they had no room to be choosy as the writer
tells us, 'They were indiscriminate and desperate and always hungry.' (pg.78)
Elias shares these experiences with the other crew members and tells them, "When
we started when you have to we weren't picky. We had to survive survive, you don't get
to choose what you have to do." (pg.79).
We further see that the crew's desperation to get food and survive makes them use
any possible means. Omagano is a precious survival tool for the group in such
desperate times. This especially happens where the bins in some areas are fenced
off and guarded by guards who threaten to beat the crew if they trespass. The
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guards have to be bribed to let the crew scavenge in these bins. When the crew has
money, Elias pays the guards.
However, when the crew has no money and needs to get food, Omagano is their
only way out. She goes behind a dumpster with a guard and does what needs to be
done (pg. 77).
Waste disposal
Ngamije shows the actual situation around waste disposal in many urban
neighbourhoods. The Neighbourhood Watch crew solely depends on the disposed
waste for their survival. By describing the kind of waste found in different
neighbourhoods, the writer communicates the need to ensure that waste is
appropriately disposed off. The crew's appreciation of high-end suburbs such as
Eros, Windhoek, and Eros emphasises the need to recycle and separate different
waste products. These suburbs have people who recycle. Different bins containing
different wastes are also seen- 'The paper cardboard, plastic bottles, tins, cans and
aluminum foil are sorted in separate plastic bags. Some people even wash the trash
before they throw it away. Everything else that is of no use goes in the big green
bins' (pg. 82).
This serves as an advantage to the crew as it saves time and prevents

disappointment. The writer subtly advocates for waste separation and recycling to
ensure proper waste management. Other lowly suburbs such as Katutura,
Hakakana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and Okuryangava display poor waste disposal
where all sorts of waste are put in the same bin. The writer communicates the
inappropriateness of this waste disposal approach through the grave voice adopted
by Elias as he shares their past experiences with the crew.
"Usually in a bin you have to be ready to find shit Old food, used condoms, women
things with blood on them, broken things." (pg.79)
This waste disposal method is not just disgusting, but it makes proper waste
management difficult and ultimately impossible. Similar waste disposal methods
are seen in Ausblick, where everything — including electronic gadgets such as
broken toasters, blenders and kettles- is disposed of together with water bottles,
cardboard boxes, and even food wastes.
Questions
1. Proper waste disposal makes it easy for waste to be appropriately managed.

Using illustrations from Rem'y Ngamije's "The Neighbourhood Watch" show how
this message is communicated.
2. Street life is not for the faint-hearted Show the truthfulness of this statement
based on the story "The Neighbourhoodd Watch."
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3. In every society, some inequalities exist that affect people's way of life. Using
illustrations from Rem'y Ngamije's "The Neighbourhood Watch" support this
assertion.
DECEMBER
Filemon Liyambo - Namibia
About the author:
Filemon Liyambo is a Namibian writer and former newspaper columnist for the
Namibian Sun Newspaper. He has also contributed social commentary articles for
the New Era Newspaper. A qualified geologist, he is now an educator. His work was
included in Erotic Africa, an anthology of short stories published by Brittle Paper in
December 2018. He is currently working on a novel.
1. September's arrival from the U.K. (p84 — 86).
2. December's psychiatric condition. (p86 - 88).
3. Ezekiel Shikongo's dreams and taboos. (p85 - 90).
SYNOPSIS
December is a story about a girl named December, unconventionally, by her father,

Silas Shikongo. The story is set in a town in Namibia.
December has a younger brother named September. According to their

grandfather, Ezekiel, there are traces of idiotism in September, his grandson, for he
takes after his youngest brother, Josef.
December nurses September when he is young, but there is a mishap in which she
injures the boy accidentally with hoe, and the boy bleeds. Flhe old man then forbids
her to eat chicken, saying that is how things are. September suspects that his
grandfather is hiding something because he cannot explain the reason clearly.
However, the two siblings are academic geniuses.
Suddenly, just before joining a Teachers Training College, December develops a

psychiatric condition and her grandfather, Ezekiel, insists that she is bewitched and
there are dark forces behind it. He takes her to the hospital and dumps her there.
September, who now studies in the U.K., visits his sister at the hospital, but the
nurse intercepts him for being late. However, Tshuuveni, a supervisor, and a familiar
face appears and begins talking with him. This light chat makes the nurse calm, and
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the guards are sent away to allow him some time. The nurse softens when she
learns that September is December's brother who studies abroad.
September finds his sister in a horrible condition, but they have a warm moment,
and he hands her the gifts: a jersey, a pen and a book full of puzzles, a t-shirt, and
yummy chips from KFC.
Meanwhile, Tatekulu, their grandfather Ezekiel, has dreamed of a pond where

leopards drink and Josef is seated on the edge, eating. A search party is sent, and
Josef is found at the exact place in Ezekiel's dream.
The next day, September buries his grandfather, with his secret, next to his father in
the village graveyard.
Questions for reflection on 'Title' of the story and themes
1) How relevant is the title of the story, December?

2) Does the Naming convention of Silas Shikongo affect his children?
3) Why do you think Ezekiel refuses to tell why he forbids his granddaughter to
eat chicken?
4) Do you think Josef gets lost? Explain.
5) What does the Union jack symbolize in the story, December?
6) Explore and analyze the following themes in December.
i. Mental illness and child neglect
ii. Superstitious beliefs and taboos
iii. Healthy living, eating
iv. Hope/optimism
Thematic concerns
+ Consequences of superstition on mental illness
o December, the story's title, is also the central character's name. The name is
given to her by her father against his own father's wishes, who calls it
idiotism. Conventional or not, this naming creates confusion and distortion
of facts simultaneously. (p85- 86).
o The story itself is mixed with a patched-up plot which renders the storyline
unclear. The plot is not linear. Like in most Namibian, there was indifference
towards those who didn't reside there. Sticking out was a serious crime: (p84
- 90).
o When Ezekiel Shikongo faces death and illness, anxiety, fear, and despair
creep in, engendering adherence to delusions that have no logical or
scientific explanation and lead to superstitious behaviours caused by a false
notion of the causes. (p84 - 90).
o It is rooted in human ignorance and significantly affects people's culture and
health, prevents them from beginning restoration, and harms individuals
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and society. The mundane illogical beliefs derived from ignorance cannot be
proven objectively and scientifically. Ezekiel forbids December to eat
chicken due to the mishap. (p85 89).
o The extended family of Ezekiel grapples with hereditary ill patients (Josef and
December), and the old man blames their mental illness on superstitious
thoughts such as "evil eye" or "dark forces."
o This pandemonium is created by Silas, December's father, to show his
divergent opinion and disbelief in his father's taboos. (p85).
o Their disagreement, therefore, gets complicated when December is born in
September and September in July. Then when September returns from
abroad, his grandfather dies in October. (p86).
o Ezekiel refers to the naming as 'idiotism', and indeed his younger brother
Josef exhibits traces of the problem when he starts to lose track of time in
his teens; days of the week are a blur to him. The fact that September is
absent-minded at times complicates the matter more. (p84 - 86).
o Ezekiel's superstitious belief could be premised on an archaic generational
and cultural illusion that other forces cause problems. (p86).
o Josef eventually loses himself. He is lost for a month. In his dreams, Ezekiel
tells where exactly to find him but does not say what he is eating until he
exits the life stage. Ezekiel's death signifies the end of the old traditions and
the beginning of civilization. (p89).
o When September breaks the news to his grandfather that he will study
abroad two and a half years earlier, Ezekiel is happy. September had cried.
"My sister..." (p88).
o The old man reassured him. "I will take care of her." "She's been at the
hospital for six months. (p88).
o Superstition makes him believe that mental illness is caused by other forces
not normal or conventional in nature. He takes her to a traditional healer,
and she comes back looking skeletal as if the healer had tried starving out
the voices in her head. (p88).
o Ezekiel represents intensely superstitious African people who turn to
indigenous treatments such as charms and witchdoctors to treat their
illnesses. Modern technologies have not been able to reduce their
superstitious tendencies. (p88)
o "There is no brother listed in her file," the nurse said. "Only a grandfather."
This is child neglect. (p88).
o Superstitious thinking becomes harmful when it enters the health domain,
affects people's well-being, and becomes part of the family's health beliefs.
The values that society believes affect the quality of life and treatment choice
during illness. Ezekiel's beliefs affect all family members. (p84 - 90).
Hope/optimism
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• Their life of hope begins when September arrives at the hospital from the U.K.
December, who is at the hospital probably being discharged to start her life free of
her grandfather's superstitious interference. (p87).
Remember when September comes from Europe, he brings December a T-shirt with
an imprint of the Union Jack, representing modernity or a form of enlightenment.
But still, this is confusion on ideologies: between
colonialism and civilization.
• The T-shirt is precisely the same as the one December had ripped up all those
years before to stem September's bleeding. This implies that her ordinary life is
restored by her brother's hope and concern for her well-being. (p89).
• The two reminisce their puberty days when September got himself a puppy named
Kali to keep off boys who pursued December when she was younger. Tshuuveni
enquires whether September is bringing home an oshitenya from overseas, but he
says he still hasn't found the right girl. (p87).
Professional medical practice should be relied on to guarantee the quality of life,

control and treatment of diseases, and complications is not a secret to anyone.
The medical fraternity should fight these superstitious thoughts to lower their
adverse consequences. will bring hope. Hope is also symbolized when it rains after
Ezekiel Shikongo's burial. Then Josef is also found. (p89, 90).
CHARACTERS
1. Citing evidence from the text, describe the character traits
of the following characters.

a) December
b) September
c) Ezekiel Shikongo
d) Silas Shikongo
1. What does the coming of September from Europe and the dying of Ezekiel in
October symbolize?
2. How is sarcasm employed in Filemon Liyambo's December?
3. Examine the use of irony and paradox December.
BOYI
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Gloria Mwaninga- Kenya
Gloria Mwaninga is a fictional writer from Kenya. Her story
'Boyi' captures the occurrences of the 2005 land war in Mt. Elgon.
points to guide interpretation
a) Land war and its effects:

b) Demand for land protection fee
c) Recruitment of young men into the militia
d) Murder/ killing of people- consider how the militia kills
e) people while the government forces the killing of militia members.
f) People are forced to flee their homes/ Displacement of people
g) Betrayal
h) The pain and suffering that the people face due to war and the rise of the
militia.
i) Traditions
Title
The title of the story- 'Boyi' is borrowed from the main character's name, who is the
brother to the narrator. Boyi is recruited into a militia group and ends up dead when
the Armed Forces troops come to flash out members of the militia.
CHARACTERS
a. Boyi
He is the brother of the narrator- A fifteen-year-old boy recruited into a militia group
when his parents are unable to pay the land protection fee and the betray fee that
the leader of the militia demands.
He grows and rises in rank to become the right-hand man of Matwa Kei, the militia's
leader.
He is presented as a jovial, sociable, and outgoing person who always engaged in

games and played tricks with his sister.
He is reportedly killed by Armed Forces troops sent by the government to flash out
the militia to end the war.
b. The Narrator
Boyi's sister, through whom the story is told, is keen and observant as she can note
the things that happen in her family and even outside the family and report them in
the story. She had a close relationship with Boyi thus is greatly affected by his
recruitment to the militia and devastated once she learns of his death.
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She senses Boyi's death when the huge Nandi flame tree at the front of their house
falls.
c. Baba
He is the father to Boyi and the narrator. He aided the government representative,
who gave land to strangers by giving him a panga and makonge ropes, thus being
considered a traitor by the militia.
He hands over his fifteen-year-old son- Boyi, to the militia group leader when he is
unable to raise the 40,000 fees demanded from him.
d. Mama
she is the mother to Boyi and the narrator, and the wife to Baba. She is deeply
affected when Boni is handed over to the militia by Baba.
she remains hopeful that Boyi will escape the militia and come back home.
e. Matwa Kei
He is the leader of the militia group. He is presented as a ruthless, vengeful and

brutal person who demands that Baba should pay 10,000 land protection tax and
30,000 betrayal tax failure to which the militia would show Baba smoke without
fire.
f. Chesober
He is Baba's friend who taught at Chepkurkur Primary School.
He delivers news that the militia had a long list of people who had aided the
government exercise to divide the people's land to strangers.
g. Chesaina
He is an old friend of Baba who works as a watchman in a grain depot, far away in
Chwele market. He brings news to Baba,s family that Boyi was now a marked man
since he was Matwa Kei's, right-hand man.
h. Simoni
He delivers a copy of the Nation newspaper, which contains news about Boyi's
death.
SYNOPSIS
Gloria Mwaninga's story, 'Boyi', is a contemporary story about forming a militia

group to revolt against land allocation to strangers. The story heavily alludes to the
Mt. Elgon land war in Kenya that began in 2005. The Sabaot Land Defence Force
militia group was formed to protect the land of the Sabaots from being invaded by
strangers. Still, the militia ended up causing harm and suffering to its people. real
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group was led by Wycliffe Matakwei hence the name of the militia leader in the
story- Matwa Kei.
Told in the first-person narration voice, the story 'Boyi' opens with the narrator
remembering how their Baba pushed Boyi to the Matwa Kei when the militia leader
came to demand 40,000 land protection tax and betrayal tax which he could not
raise.
Matwa Kei is the leader of a militia group formed to protect the people's land when
the government decides to divide the peoples' land and give some of it to
strangers. Baba, the writer's father, is considered a traitor by the militia since he
lends the government's surveyor apanga and makonge ropes.
News breaks out that the militia has begun attacking government representatives.
The narrator's family lives in fear of this attack to the extent that they block the
sitting-room door with sacks of maise and beans. The narrator and Boyi laugh about
it as they feel that the militia would not harm them. However, the narrator recalls
how the militia came to their home and demanded money. Baba offers to give them
everything he owns; his savings, a hunting gun, Sony transistor radio and even
promises to sell his bull to save his family. However, the militia group declines,
forcing Baba to hand over his son, Boyi, to the militia.
After Boyi is taken away, Mama starts behaving like a mad person. She, however,
lives in the hope that Boyi would return by escaping from the militia. The narrator
recalls how at first, neighbours would visit them often to console them, but later
they stopped coming.
Later, Saulo visits the family to inform them the government had launched
"Operation okoa Maisha" and had dispatched a troop of two hundred armed forces
men to flash out the militia. next day, Baba and his cousin Kimutai dig a shallow
grave at the back of the house to burry a banana stem wrapped in a green cotton
sheet believing that his son is dead. Mama refuses to participate in escorting Boyi's
spirit away.
Seasons passed as the brutality of the militia rose. They would cut up people and
throw the bloodied bodies in the rivers, pit latrines, and public wells. They would
forcibly recruit boys as young as ten years and even started taking girls to go and
cook for them. Cases of rape also increased. As a result, people lived in fear making
many of them run away to Bungoma and Uganda.
After the army troops arrive, Chesaina, an old friend of delivers news that Boyi had
become a marked man since he was Matwa Kei's, right-hand man. news further
devastates Mama and the narrator, who spends the night in Boyi's bed.
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The following day, Simon visits the narrator's house. He delivers the Nation
Newspaper, which bore the news "Ragtag militia leader killed by the Army forces" It
now dawns on the narrator that her brother is no more.
She rushes to the parents' bedroom and hands over the newspaper to Baba to read.
Upon reading the news, Baba crumples to the floor while Mama's laughter is heard
piercing the morning dawn. Surprisingly, even after Simoni's description of how
Boyi was thrown out of an aircraft by Sah-gent, Mama does not weep but speaks
Boyi's name softly as she sits on his bed while Boyi's sister lets tear roll down her
face. As the story ends, the narrator explains how she sensed Boyi's death when the
Nandi flame tree at the front of their house fell.
Styles and Plot related questions
1. How has the narrator used flashbacks in the story?
2. Briefly describe Mama's behaviour after:
a) Boyi is handed over to Matwa Kei
b) Baba and his cousin Kimutai dig a grave to bury a banana stem
c) Chesaina's news that Boyi was a marked man
d) News about Boyi's death.
3. What is the implication of the dream used in the story?
4. The narrator gives a detailed description of what happens when the long rains
fall (pg 94). Explain how symbolic the description is.
5. Explain the use of irony in the story.
Episodes
l. The demand of the Militia- pg 91-92
ll. Life after Boyi left- pg 92-93
Ill. Operation Okoa Maisha pg 93-96
IV. Boyi's death pg 96- 97
Thematic Concerns
Traditions
Belief in Djinnis- The community in the story believes in the presence of powerful
evil spirits known as Djinni. This is seen when Mama talks to the visitors who
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frequent their home once Boyi is taken away. She tells them, 'How Boyi saved her
marriage by confirming that Djinnis did not tie up her womb.' Pg 93.
The people also practice the ritual of burying a banana stem to send death away
where a person disappears and their bodies are not found. The narrator reports
how Baba and his cousin Kimutai dug a shallow grave and buried a banana stem
wrapped in a green cotton sheet. The father muttered, "Death, take this body. ..
Take it, and do not bother my home with your visits again." Pg. 93 This ritual is
performed after Saulo's story that the government has launched Operation Okoa
Maisha, where armed Forces troops are sent to flush out militia members. It shows
the fear of the people that the operation will lead to more deaths.
The people are also seen to hold on to some superstitions. The falling of the huge
Nandi flame signifies something significant was bound to happen. The narrator sees
this as a bad omen while the mother thinks it means the end of evils for her family 'I
knew it was a bad omen even though Mama came out of her room jubilantly
declared that the evil which was to come to our house had been struck down and
swallowed by the Nandi flame, pg 96.
Land War And Its Effect
The story is rooted in a revolt resulting from the government dividing land and
giving it to strangers. Ihe revolt leads to forming a militia group to counter-attack
the governments' decision and fight those who collaborate with the government.
The militia has various effects:
They demanded the land protection tax. They had chopped off the heads of the
families if one did not give them money (pg.92).
The recruitment of young men to the militia. Boyi is recruited by force to the militia
because Baba has given him out since he cannot afford to pay the money
demanded: "Hold on to the boy until I find you forty thousand land protection tax,
and then I will have him back" (pg. 91).
So many other young men had been recruited into the militia. Mama says, "Had his
ears not caught stones of neighbour's son recruited by the militia?" (pg.92). The
militia goes from house to house, forcefully recruiting boys as young as ten years
page 95.
People living in fear- The villages of Kopsiro, Savomet, Chepkyuk all live in fear ..a
thick yellow fog of fear over them." (pg. 95)
People fail to work
Farmers did not clear their shambas for the second planting of the maize crop
because the militia stole young crops from the fields and goats from their pens (pg.
95).
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The narrator's friend, Chemutai, said that the narrator's breast grew too fast
because she had spent too much time outside ....... instead of working chap chap
like a normal musaa tree girl (pg.95)
Murder/brutal killings
The militia cut up people and threw their bloodied bodies in rivers, pits, latrines,
and public wells (pg. 92). The people say that they even cut off their necks.
The narrator overhears Baba being told that those recruited have to go back home
and kill a close relative so that their hearts are strong to kill others (pg. 95) Boyi is
killed for being part of the militia (pg. 96-97).
Displacement of people from their land and homes
"People flee from their homes since there is a mass exodus to Bungoma and
Uganda' page 95
Lack of schooling
The narrator says nobody went to school anymore because of the war. She spends
her days under the Nandi flame tree with half-closed eyes (pg. 95)
Suffering
The writer points out clearly how society goes through suffering as a result of the
war:
Mama experiences emotional suffering when Baba gives out Boyi to the militia to
be recruited since the family could not afford the forty thousand land protection
fee. The writer says that madness had entered
Mama's eyes the day baba pushed Boyi to Mativa Kei. She tore off her kitenge and
started shouting at Baba, telling him that he was sick in the head if he thought Boyi
would return (pg. 91).
Mama did not eat her food and starved in the days that followed, muttering to
herself. Her ugali would remain untouched until a gusty brown film formed. The
narrator had to throw it away to the chicken coop. She also continued engaging
herself in monologues (pg. 94).
The narrator also experiences pain and suffering. She felt queasy once Baba
informed them that the militia would have killed them for not giving out the forty
thousand land protection tax. The narrator felt as if someone had pulled her insides
out through her nostrils.' (pg. 92).
When they were informed of Boyi's death, she cried bitterly. She let the tears roll
down her face and soak her blue silk blouse and purple boob top (pg. 97)
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Baba suffers when forced to hand over his son Boyi to the militia. He experiences
agony when Mama questions him since he knew very well if he didn't, he risked his
family being killed by the militia. 'He sat there and held his rage firmly with his
hands. He pulled his lips to a narrow thread like a line drawn on his dark face by a
ruler.' (pg. 92)
When they are informed that Boyi is a marked man, Baba goes through some
emotional torture. For the first time, the narrator saw her father crying "That day I
saw Baba's tears..." (pg. 96)
The community undergoes suffering because of the war as some of the people are
brutally murdered the militia cut the people and threw their bloodied bodies in
rivers, pit latrines and public wells' (pg. 96).
Some of the militia are said to kill close relatives so that their hearts are strong to
kill others. The militia forgets its initial objective of protecting the land. Instead,
"Now they even cut off our necks" (pg. 95)
The militia also rapes their blood relatives who give birth to babies (pg.
Betrayal
The writer points out how some people betray others in society. Baba betrays his
community by assisting the government representative with a panga and makonge
ropes when the government divides the people's land and gives it to some
strangers (pg. 92).
The militia betrays the community it was meant to fight for by meting out evil on the
people whose land they are fighting. The narrator overhears their neighbour Koros
telling her father
"They forgot that they were to protect our land from being given to those lazy
strangers. Now they even cut off our necks" (pg. 95)
The government betrays its people by dividing their land and giving it to strangers
leading to the formation of the militia.
Questions
1. War leads to suffering. Using illustrations from the story show the validity of this
statement.
2. How effectively is Imagery used in the story?
3. Describe the role of Baba inthe Story;
CHEQUE MATE
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Kevin Baldeosingh - Trinidad
About the author:
Kevin Baldeosingh was born in1963 in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad. He is a

newspaper columnist, author, and Humanist involved in many controversial social
issues. He has worked with the Trinidad Express, Newsday and the Trinidad
Guardian. He worked for 25 years in the field of journalism.
Episodes /sub-episodes
1. At the bank, with the teller.
2. Back to her apartment.
3. At the company office, with Randall.
SYNOPSIS
Cheque Mate is a story about Sukiya (Ms Chansing), a poor damsel from Penal, the
Caribbean island of Trinidad, and her boss, Randall A Credo, of the Amerindian
tribe. She is on the platinum credit cards queue and intends to deposit thirty million
dollars (five million U.S. dollars), but there is a mistake that throws her into panic
and dilemma.
Sukiya is an executive corporate secretary recently promoted, and her salary raised
tenfold. Fifty thousand dollars go into her savings account each month-end, but the
money does not show her actual income. She avoids the bank manager, for she has
accumulated more and more, and her deposits are pretty frequent and high. Mr
Randall makes these five million cheque payments for fear of cleaning by offshore
accounts hacker’s syndicate. The teller advises her to open a U.S. savings account
and return the following day.
As she drives her posh car back to her apartment, she is Obsessed with the five
million dollars but pleased and relieved that she has successfully handled an
awkward situation. She has to check her private records before seeing her boss,
Randall. She weighs all possibilities of legal investigations, discovery and
embarrassment but finally convinces and assures herself there is no cause for
worry. She romanticizes what she could do with such vast sums of money,
especially her residential abode.
Randall has her as a corporate secretary who draws up contracts, studies

conveyances and writes legal opinions. However, her critical role, for which she is
handsomely paid, is to create loopholes in such documents, including the sale of
the methanol company to the Chinese government. Randall is also a major
campaign contributor. Thriving in such an environment, the poor girl suddenly
turned prosperous, is delighted that she has accumulated a lot.
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After confirming that the sums and dates on the cheques are correct, she goes to
see Randall for an explanation. Then the truth about the trick unfolds: the money is
a fee for keeping her mouth shut on the Chinese methanol deal which Sukiya
undervalues the shares by 50 percent. At a time when technology can be used to
conceal fraudulent secrets in cryptographical codes, it now dawns on Randall that it
can also be used to reveal them. It is a fraud Sukiya has to deal with herself or
together with her cheque mate, Randall, thanks to her cyberspace technology skills.
Title of the story
1. How relevant is the title of the story, Cheque Mate
2. Who are the cheque mates in the story?
3. Why are cheques preferred as their payment modes?
4. How do the cheque mates exploit contracts' complexity and detailed nature to
commit fraud?
5. Explore and analyze the existence of the following themes:
a. Corruption / Fraud/ bribery

b. Deceit and Betrayal
c. Loyalty cheques
Thematic Concerns
Corruption / Fraud/ bribery
The banks and government will surely unravel and nab the cartel's underhand deals
in cryptocurrency camouflaged in the cheque deposits and contracts. (p108).
The first eyebrows are raised when the bank teller repeats the question, "Ms
Chansing,? Do you want the 'thirty million dollars' deposited in your savings account
or would you prefer to open a U.S. dollar account?" (p98).
The official deductible salary standard for top executives does not show in her
actual income through platinum credit cards.
Sukiya has accumulated over ten thousand dollars, an amount she deposits five
times every month. (p99). She avoids encounters with bank managers for a bank
manager might wonder how a fifty-thousand-a-month salary becomes seven million
dollars in savings within six years. He would know enough to make some educated
guesses. (p99).
The bank teller reminds Ms Chansing that the cheque is for five million dollars, U.S.
equivalent to 30,242,000 Trinidad and Tobago dollars. (p99).
73 | P a g e
She is responsible for moving vast sums through various channels when the oil and
gas boom starts and money flows into the company. Sukiya will need to provide the
source of funds, of course. (p101).
Randall had watched too many movies where unrealistically cunning criminals
cleaned out businessmen's offshore accounts by hacking into them. (p100).
Ironically, when Sukiya, a lawyer, is hired as a corporate secretary to detect and

close financial loopholes in documents, she gets paid the largest cheques for
creating such loopholes. (p103).
The five million cheques she gets she assumes is her fee for having drawn up for the
sale of the methanol plant by Randall. It could be a surprise bonus. But now,
according to Randall, it is her fee for keeping her mouth shut during that deal. (p101
— 107).
Then the truth about the trick unfolds: the money is a fee for keeping her mouth shut
on the Chinese methanol deal which Sukiya undervalues the shares by 50 percent.
(p107, 109).
• It is a deal that the Chinese considered protocol even with the bribe. (p103).
• It is clear that the frauds committed, both inadvertent and deliberate, are
rewarding, but eventually, the perpetrators will have to pay dearly.
She is almost at the point of betraying herself, insinuating in her mind her readiness
to offer herself unto Randall, for he is a man. Sukiya wants every advantage if the
meeting turns into a negotiation. (p105).
Deceit and betrayal
Eventually, Ms comes to terms with the reality that all this time she has worked for
the company under Mr Randall A Credo was a disguised syndicate for which she will
face the force of the law.
When investigations are done, she will have to defend herself as to how she has
accumulated all this wealth over a very short period since she started working as a
poor young girl from Penal. Now she swims in opulence, affluence and
prosperously apparently does not need money as millions of dollars accumulate in
a desk drawer. (p104 - 105).
When she examines the cheques, the sums and dates are all right, signed by
Randall and countersigned by herself. (p105).
She could put various clauses into contracts to achieve certain ends or prevent the
other party from attaining certain ends. (p106).
However, she has been duped and used as a conduit for Randall's fraudulent deals.
Ihrough the valuation report, Sukiya signs the document without reading it properly
74 | P a g e
or because Randall tells her to do so. Further, Randall himself forges his signature
using Sukiya's pen. This form of deceit and betrayal sharply undercuts her. (p107 --
108).
Margaret, Randall's executive assistant, is paid more than most managers in the
company's subsidiaries. She knows more about Randall's dealings than anyone else
in the company, including Sukiya. (p106).
Loyalty cheques
It seems everything throughout the story is conducted in terms of cheques. Asked

about the cheques' amounts, the figure runs automatically through her head. (p101).
Sukiya has to fly from Trinidad to Grand Cayman to deposit cheques to her account
every two months. (p 104). She keeps both her Us and T. T. cheques in the same
drawer, which is how the mix-up occurs. (p105).
CHARACTERS
Citing evidence from the text, describe the character traits of the following
characters.
a) Sukiya
b) Randall
STYLE AND LANGUAGE USE
l. How is sarcasm employed in Cheque Mate?
2. How symbolic is the title, and how does the duo execute their corrupt syndicate?
3. How is dialogue used to achieve revelation of the rotten ills of the cheque mates?
4. Why should corruption be made unattractive to perpetrators?
Sample answered essay Questions
Question 1:
Ninema is an admirable character. Support this from Vrenika Pather's 'Ninema'

20marks.
Ninema is an outstanding character who is liked by many of the people she

associates with. We see many good traits that she portrays in the story "Ninema".
To start with, Ninema is presented as a principled person. She does not let the
behaviours and traits of others change what she believes in. Her business manner is
unique only to her, and she does not change it to fit or be like others. Although she
was one of the traders, something about her was different.
75 | P a g e
She ran her business with an iron fist which made some people like her while others
disliked her, -Tie people's reactions do not affect her as she remains herself. 'The
ladies in the stalls admire _her mainly because they had gotten compromised at
work and home.
In addition, Ninema is admirable since she is organised. She plans her work early
enough, making it easy to run her business.
She wakes up early in the morning to reap the herbs that she takes to the market for
the day. She organises her herbs in an appetising way, which draws many
customers to here She does not chat with other ladies aimlessly, which would waste
her time. She plans to ensure the stall is organised before she takes her breakfast.
Once her stall is ready and only when ready, she takes sips ofthe tea she had
brought. Her meals are packed early in the morning, which points to this organised
personality. She packs tea and some sandwiches that she takes for lunch.
Nlnemaås also admirable since she is skilful wise, She handles different customers
masterfully, thus making her earn their loyalty. She can handle Mr Chinran,
infatuated with her, by treating him with respect and appreciation instead of
encouraging his infatuation. She also handles Mrs Singh firmly but respectively,
thus winning her even though Mrs Singh is difficult and troublesome. Ninema's
ability to entice a new customer by offering an extra bunch of mint for free shows
that she is skilful in business, thus making her admirable as a trader.
Lastly, Ninema is seen to be courageous, making her admirable. When a man

sexually harasses her, she does not let him go scot- free. She follows the man who
pinches her erect nipple and hits him with the only weapon at hand — her Chumpal,
which makes the man too astounded to react. The other women hawker jeer and
cheer as Ninema repeatedly hits the man. She even gives him extra hits on behalf of
all the women, thus depicting her as the fighter of her rights and those for others.
By following the man and hitting him with her sandal, Ninema shows her courage.
From the story, Ninema is genuinely seen to be admirable due to her courageous,
skilful, organised and moral nature.
Question 2
When one is given power, he/she should use it onlyforgood but more often
than not people use it for wrongpurposes. Support this statement basing your
argument from Naguib Mahfouz's 'A Man of Awesome Power'
Many people who are in powerful positions or who have been gifted with some sort
of power tend to abuse it. Instead of utilizing it for improvement of the society at
large, they use it for their own selfish interests or to punish those that have
wronged them. same scenario is seen in 'A Man of Awesome Power through a
number of illustrations.
76 | P a g e
We see Tayyib al- Mahdi utilizing the power given to him for revenge. This is not a
good a way of power utilization as it causes harm to others. Tayyib realizes that he
has power to order things to be and he sets out to utilize the power to change' his
country. However, the first episode where he utilizes this power shows that he is
utilizing it to hit back at a person who offends him. The driver of the taxi that he
hails suffers his wrath for refusing to stop. When Tayyib is on his way to the heart of
the town, he hails a taxi but the driver simply waves a hand at him in haughty
refuses. Tayyib's irritation makes him stare at the rear wheels of the taxi and the
two explode suddenly.
He ignores the voice that reminds him that he should only use his power for good
and lets his anger control him. This act of revenge was deliberate since as Tayyib
bypasses the driver he feels that he has taught the man a lesson. By utilizing his
power to hit back at the taxi driver, Tayyib shows that people with power use it for
wrong purposes.
We further see wrong utilization of power where Tayyib causes the man in the bus
to suffer stomach pains. Although the man had physically attacked a woman,
causing him to suffer stomach cramps not justified. Tayyib encounters a
confrontation between the man and a woman in a public bus and the man ends up
slapping the woman. Just like the incident with the taxi driver, Tayyib lets his anger
control him where he focused it on the man's stomach and immediately the man
suffers severe cramps that cause him to moan and scream in pain. The pain is so
intense that an ambulance had to be called to fetch him•
Allowing his anger to control him and causing pain to the man who had slapped a
woman is a vengeful act which is wrong thus showing how people with power use it
for wrong purposes.
Beside, Tayyib uses the power bestowed on him to interfere with the radio
presentation by causing the presenter to start sneezing. While seated in the café, he
hears a radio announcer expounding on the developments that were to be
expected in the future. Tayyib feels that the announcer should report on what has
been achieved yet instead of giving false hopes to the people. Tayyib thus decides
to cause some sneezing to attack the announcer since it was the only way to stop
him.
Soon after, the announcer develops massive sneezes that prevent him from
carrying on with the presentation. Tayyib feels happy and victorious after the
unexpected conclusion of the announcement. Although his desire is to purify the
broadcasting sector, the approach of causing massive sneezing to the presenter is
harmful and thus wrong.
Lastly, Tayyib is seen to use the power given to him to satisfy his sexual passion and
desires. Tayyib utilizes the power to make a woman that he is attracted to notice
77 | P a g e
him. While he is seated at the tea garden planning how to effectively use his power,
Tayyib notices a beautiful woman approaching the entrance of the garden. The
woman does not notice him at first and Tayyib thinks of how through his powers he
can cause her to be head -over-heels with him. He then sends her a hidden message
and she responds to him. He sees nothing wrong with satisfying his desires as a
way of repairing himself. He closes his note book and they surrender to fate, This is
an immoral act since Tayyib is married to Haniya whom he had remained faithful to
throughout their marriage.
People gifted with power should strive to use it only for good purposes and not to
cause pain and suffering to others or for immoral deeds like Tayyib did.
Question 3
Some cultural practices do not add value hence should be done away with.
Show the truthfulness of this assertion basing on Eric Ng'maryo's 'Ivory
Bangles'. (20 marks)
Culture keeps people together and governs their way of life thus is important.
However, there are some traditions that are of no benefit and in some cases such
traditions cause harm to people who continue to embrace them as is the case in
Ivory Bangles]
For this reason, such traditions should be discarded. Polygamy is one such cultural
practice that has continued to be embraced yet it has no value. We realize that the
community in the story holds in high esteem this practice. As such, a man who does
not ascribe to it is seen to be a topic of discussion:
This comes out clear where the old man who is a respected Chief's councilor is
talked about because he had only one wife. According to the story, it was unheard-
of for someone as powerful as the old man- a small chief, to have only one wife,
However, this value is seen to have no value since the old man is happy in his
marriage and he really loves his wife to the extent that he gifted her twenty-four
ivory bangle Besides, the riddle used by old man when responding to the Chief's
demand that he marries another wife shows that polygamy causes harm. The
riddle's interpretation A wife, a co-wife, witchcraft and death points to the harmful
effects of the practice. As such, polygamy
should be abolished as it causes harm and adds no value. Another cultural value
that has no value is believe in the seer and the act of seeking his guidance. The old
man goes to seek the advice of the seer after noticing some blood specks in the live
at he goat that he slaughtered, He does this since his people, believed in him as
their tribal seer and their priest. We also see how valued he is when the old man's
wife dismisses his demands. The old man harshly rebukes her telling her that the
seer is the mouthpiece of their departed fathers, we however {see that this belief
78 | P a g e
does not add value since some of the advices given are bound to cause harm. The
advice given to the old man by the seer supports this as the seer tells him ‘That the
pebbles demand that he beats his wife and send her back to her father's home.
According to the seer, the pebbles are jealous of a happy wife- a woman
unmolested by her husband. This shows that this believe in the seer is of no benefit
but rather causes harm.
The superstitious belief that having blood specks in a goat's liver is a sign of
something bad about to happen does not add any value, Tris is not based on any
proven basis but is just a traditional belief. The old man goes to consult the seer
since he had noted some blood specks in the liver of the goat he had slaughtered.
The belief is so strong that the man does not agree with the wife's dismissal of the
seer's demands. According to the wife, the seer was hitting back at her for turning
down his marriage proposal. This argument that had been used previously does not
appear believable at this time as the old man reminds the wife that the seer did not
put blood specks on the goat's liver.
Wife battering is another cultural practice that the people hold in esteem yet it
causes more Karm than good. When the old man consults the Seer about the blood
specks in the liver of the goat he had slaughtered, 'the seer's pebble disclose that a
wife was going to die since the spirits were jealous of a happy wife, a woman
unmolested by her husband until old age. This (Shows the value attached to wife
molestation. To avert the death, the old man is asked to give his wife the 'ritual
beating before sending her back to her parent's home. Although the old man offers
to give a number of goats to avert the catastrophes, the pebbles keep demanding
for the ritual beating forcing the old man and the wife to come up with a plan of
tricking the pebbles. The harmful effect of the ritual beating is seen through Leveri,
the wife to the old man's son. The wife remembers how her daughter-in-law had
been beaten to a fingernail's distance to her grave by the son. This shows that the
ritual beating can almost cause death hence the reason it should be discarded.
Although culture is a glue that holds people together, some of the outdated
practices should be gotten rid of as the cause more harm than good.
Question 4
War causes a lot of harm and thus should be avoided at any cost. Validate this
statement basing your illustrations from Chimamanda Adichie's 'Ghosts' (20
Marks)
Whenever parties engage in some form of fighting, there are grave implications
that follow as is seen in Ghosts' where the civil war that happened in July 6, 1967
cause suffering and pain to the people.
To start with, war is seen to cause displacement of several people. Many people are
forced to run away from their country and their homes when the civil war broke.
79 | P a g e
Prof. James and Ikenna's meeting takes James down the memory lane where he
recounts how they were forced to evacuate Nsukka in a hurry in July 6, 1967 when
the war began. Through their conversation, we learn that Ikenna has lived in
Sweden ever since the war began and has only come back to Nsukka recently. He
discloses that he was flown out on Red Cross planes just like many other children
had been airlifted to Gabon. Prof. James did not escape the displacement since he
and his wife, Ebere had to move to America when the war broke out. Many people
are seen to have been forced to leave their motherland as a result of the civil war.
secondly, we see that war leads to loss of lives. Several people had their lives cut
short due to the civil war that broke out. The return of Ikenna comes as a surprise to
Prof, James since Ikenna was thought to have died in the war. It is no wonder that
Prof initially thought of throwing a handful of sand at him just like his people did to
ensure that it was not a ghost. Actual loss of life is seen through Ikenna's family.
While explaining to prof the reason why he never returned to Nsukka after the war,
Ikenna tells him that his whole family was killed when Orlu was bombed during the
war thus he had nobody to come back to. It is not just Ikenna who lost loved ones
but Prof too. His first daughter Zik died in the war. He tells Ikenna that the war took
Zik. It is no wonder they named their second daughter Nkiruka which means: what is
ahead is better.
Thirdly, war is seen to cause massive destruction and loss of properties. When Prof
James and his wife first returned to Nsukka when the war ended in 1970, they notice
major destructions that had occurred. Prof recounts how they found their house and
items destroyed. His books were lying in front of the gate, his Mathematical Annals
torn and used as tissue paper, the bath tab used as toilet and their photos ripped
and their frames broken. The massive destruction of their house was too much that
they had to be assigned a different house in a different street to avoid seeing their
old house. In the process of their house being destroyed, they lose their Piano that
belonged to Ebere. Prof also remembers the landscape of drove back to Nsukka
after the war. The massive destruction a recounted by Prof shows how destructive
war is.
Lastly, war causes psychological and physical suffering o live with nightmares the
victims. Those who experience war and sad memories of it. Prof James is seen to
have lived with the memories of the war. He easily remembers every detail of the
war as he recounts it to Ikenna. Ikenna has suffered psychologically as is seen from
the fact that he lost all his family in Orlu hence the reason he does not return to
Nsukka.
His psychological suffering is further seen from the fact that he never remarries
after the war took his wife. Further evidence o psychological pain is seen where Prof
observes how his people avoided the topic of war and if they engaged in it, it was
with some vagueness. The naming of their second daughter Nkiruka- what is ahead
80 | P a g e
is better, also shows the pain that Prof and Ebere: were trying to avoid. The people
also suffer physical pain. Prof.James remembers how a wounded soldier was
shoved in their car on the day they returned to Nsukka«
War causes loss oflives, displacement ofpeoplej and destruction of properties

among other effects. People should thus strive to live in harmony and avoid it at all
costs.
Question 5
Lack of courtesy between the police and civilians leads to lethal conflicts.
Justify the validity of this statement using illustrations from Meja Mwangi's
Incident in the park. (20 marks).
Across the world, over centuries, the behaviour of some of the police officers has
caused dire repercussions. Sometimes this happens due to excessive use of force or
simply wrongful application law and policies, but majoriy this occurs as a result of
impolite
Incident in the Park shows how city dwellers, hawkers and loafers find themselves
in conflicts with the police over flimsy and petty reasons often ending unpleasantly.
When the two constables accost the fruit peddler, he gets startled and confused.
They demand for his licence and identity card which he obviously doesn't have.
Then he offers five shillings which doesn't seem good enough as one constable
shrugs. This means that at times if the offer were attractive, they would have
accepted it and left him.
The police refuse to listen to the fruit merchant and harshly shove him along the
street to the city telling him he will explain to the judge. This complicates matters
even more because the fruit- seller fears the judge more. It throws him into more
panic as he has a case that is coming up the following week and the judge is a
"tyrant". He explains further that he is selling this time so that he can afford of me
but all his entreaties fall on deaf ears. They remain unimpressed saying nothing
until he breaks away and flees into the crowded city.
The situation escalates when the constables chase the fleeing man shouting for help
from the passers-by. They actually betroth him unto the mob. A city man intercepts
him and another man lunges for him as shouts increase. Tossed here and there as a
suspect, the desperate fruit peddler stumbles and falls into a ditch. No one seems
to care to find out what really is happening before taking action. No one listens as
he pleads for mercy. 7his is where he meets his 'verdict' which is death. According to
the crowd, 'justice' is administered. The mob universally condemn him without
plausible evidence.
By the time the police arrive at the scene, it is too late. Their action is irreversible
and fatal. Flie mob has already killed him for being a "thief". They who are supposed
81 | P a g e
to ensure public safety an security have aided the killing o/a hardworking hawker
by their silly mistake. This should not have happened if they had treated
the man Politely. An innocent life is so unnecessarily lost. This makes the public lose
confidence in the police. after investigations the truth will come out and it will be
hard to trust the police.
In a nutshell, wanton conflicts and deaths of innocent citizen could be averted if the
police handled matters with courtesy and sobriety.
Question 6
A Silent Song — Leonard Kibera.
Action speaks louder than words. Discuss the truth of this saying using
brother, Ezekiel, preaches water and takes wine. He is so devoted to God as a
preacher, but neglects Mbane, to agonize in the streets for a long time until he
almost dies.
When he brings Mbane to his hut claiming to rescue him from the barbaric city in
order that he can see the light of God, the blind beggar starts to feel more lonely
and miserable in the desolate environment. lhe desolate hut is not a habitable place
for him as it has a flea-ridden floor. One wonders why he cannot live with his own
brother in his own house! This action tells that the preacher does not love his
brother.
It ironical for Ezekiel to keep preaching to his blind brother about Christ and
salvation instead of first saving him from the harsh street beggary. Ezekiel seems to
have already judged him as a sinner and that "Christ" will come down from heaven
to do the good to him. Mbane dies miserably without much help from his brother.
This is least expected from a man of God who should Have preached to his brother
through actions of care and concern.
Ezekiel portrays religious hypocrisy since Christians would not throw insults and
abuses to God's people when they don't agree with them on some issue, or when
they do not show that they believe in Jesus Christ. When Mbane shows no interest
in Christ, his brother tells him he is worse than a Judas. EIT1is lack of patience for a
Christian, especially a preacher, is not morally acceptable.
Another action that tells of the preacher's action is the meaning in his silence later
as Mbane nears his death. Christians, good men and women on a Christmas
morning, also display pretence in the way they curse and call him names instead of
bringing the good knowledge of Christ to him. They claim, in his hearing, that he is
an able-bodied person, only crippled more daily by the idleness of leisurely
82 | P a g e
begging. He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and
lameness. At times, self-pity overcomes him. To him, the God of the Gospel and
religion are comforts beyond his reach as a cripple. His God is his only hope of
deliverance from pain, destitution and despair. The people's actions discourage him
about Christianity which they profess but not practice.

proclaiming the word ofGod.
Question 7
Incident in the Park -- Meja Mwangi.
1. Lack of courtesy between the police and civilians leads to lethal conflicts.
Justify the validity of this statement using illustrations from Meja Mwangi's
Incident in the Park. (20 marks).
Across the world, over centuries, the behaviour of some of the police officers has
caused dire repercussions. Sometimes this happens due to excessive use of force or
simply wrongful application of the
law and policies, but majorly this occurs as a result of impolitel interactions
between the two parties.
Incident in the Park shows how city dwellers, hawkers and loafers find themselves
in conflicts with the police over flimsy and petty reasons often ending unpleasantly.
When the two constables accost the fruit peddler, he gets startled and confused.
They demand for his licence and identity card which he obviously doesn't have.
Then he offers five shillings which doesn't seem good enough as one constable
shrugs. This means that at times if the offer were attractive, they would have
accepted it and left him.
The police refuse to listen to the fruit merchant and harshly shove him along the
street to the city telling him he will explain to the judge. This complicates matters
even more because the fruit- seller fears the judge more, It throws him into more
panic as he has a case that is coming up the following week and the judge is a
"tyrant". He explains further that he is selling this time so that he can afford a fine
but all his entreaties fall on deaf ears They remain unimpressed saying nothing until
he breaks away and flees into the crowded city.
The situation escalates when the constables chase the fleeing man shouting for help
from the passers-by. They actually betroth him unto the mob. A city man intercepts
him and anotherman lunges for him as shouts increase. Tossed here and there as a
suspect, the desperate fruit peddler stumbles and falls into a ditch, No one seems
to care to find out what really is happening before taking action. No one listens as
he pleads for mercy, This is where he meets his Verdict' which is death. According to
83 | P a g e
the crowd, 'justice' is administered. The mob universally condemn him without
plausible evidence.
By the time the police arrive at the scene, it is too late. Their action is irreversible
and fatal. The mob has already killed him for being a "thief". They who are supposed
to ensure public safety and security have aided the killing of a hardworking hawker
by their silly mistake. This should not have happened if they had treated the man
politely. An innocent life is so unnecessarily lost. This makes the public lose
confidence in the police. after investigations the truth will come out and it will be
hard to trust the police.
In a nutshell, wanton conflicts and deaths of innocent citizens could be averted if

the police handled matters with courtesy and sobriety.
Question 8
A Silent Song — Leonard Kibera.
1. Action speaks louder than words. Discuss the truth of this saying using
brother, Ezekiel, preaches water and takes wine. He is so devoted to God as a
preacher, but neglects Mbane, to agonize in the streets for a long time until he
almost dies. When he brings Mbane to his hut claiming to rescue him from the
barbaric city in order that he can see the light of God, the blind beggar starts to feel
more lonely and miserable in the desolate environment. The desolate hut is not a
habitable place for him as it has a flea-ridden floor. One wonders why he cannot
live with his own brother in his own house! This action tells that the preacher does
not love his brother.
It ironical for Ezekiel to keep preaching to his blind brother abou Christ and
salvation instead of first saving him from the harsh street beggary. Ezekiel seems to
have already judged him as a sinner and that "Christ" will come down from heaven
to do th good to him. Mbane dies miserably without much help from his
brother. This is least expected from a man of God who should have preached to his
brother through actions of care and concern.
Ezekiel portrays religious hypocrisy since Christians would not throw insults and
abuses to God's people when they don't agree with them on some issue, or when
they do not show that they believe in Jesus Christ. When Mbane shows no interest
in Christ, his brother tells him he is worse than a Judas. This lack of patience for a
Christian, especially a preacher, is not morally acceptable.
Another action that tells of the preacher's action is the meaning in his silence later
as Mbane nears his death. Christians, good men and women on a Christmas
84 | P a g e
morning also display pretence in the way they curse and call him names instead of
bringing the good knowledge of Christ to him. They claim, in his hearing, that he is
an able-bodied person, only crippled more daily by the idleness of leisurely
begging. He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and
lameness. At times self-pity overcomes him. To him, the God of the Gospel and
religion are comforts beyond his reach as a cripple. His God is his only hope of
deliverance from pain, destitution and despair. lie people's actions discourage him
about Christianity which they profess but not practice.

proclaiming the word of God.
85 | P a g e

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One can gain power at any stage of life.

Tayyib utilises the power given to him in different incidents:

 Encounter with the taxi driver (pg 2)

Good utilisation of power

Role of the Media

INCIDENT IN THE PARK: Meja Mwangi

l. The description of the city park in August afternoon. (p6 - 7).

2. Two idlers' dialogue at the pond. - 10).

3. An ambush by two city constables in the park ending in violence.

4. The fruit merchant condemned unheard. (p 12).

Metaphorically described, the park is seriously affected by the drought in August.

Title of the story

What is the significance of the title Incident in the park?

What is ironic about the two constables' behavior at the park?How

else do the people spend time at the park?

How does the city's jobless population escape their wretchedness?

How does the rural-urban influx affect people's lives?

'horny toes. (p9L

• Conflicts between city authority and street hawkers

• Mob justice / Social injustice

The fruit seller

• He is a responsible man as he remembers he has a family which depends on him

• Style and language use

A comprehensive and detailed guide to a silent song and other stories

3. Explore the use of dialogue in Meja Mwangi's Incident in the Park.

NINEMA -Vrenika Pather- South Africa

About the Author Vrenika Pather

Points to guide interpretation

1. Tough life of a market vendor:

2. Caste and relationships.

4. Need to remain principled and focused.

He is a white man who is a loyal customer of Ninema.

She is a wealthy older woman who is a loyal customer.

d. The strange man

He is immoral, vulgar and lascivious.

1. Compare and contrast Ninema and other lady marketers

EPISODIC ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES

I. Living conditions of Ninema - Pg13 and 16

Il. Ninema's skill of trade - Pg 14-15