CLASS XII (2024-25)

PHYSICS
(THEORY)

Max Marks: 70

Marks

Unit–I Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields

16
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Unit-II Chapter–3: Current Electricity

Unit-III Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter 17

Unit-IV Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction

Chapter–7: Alternating Current

Unit–V Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves

18
Unit–VI Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical
Instruments
Chapter–10: Wave Optics

Unit–VII Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and

Matter 12

Unit–VIII Chapter–12: Atoms

Chapter–13: Nuclei

Chapter–14: Semiconductor
Electronics: Materials, Devices and 7
Simple Circuits
Total 70
Unit I: Electrostatics

Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields

• Electric charges, Conservation of charge

• Coulomb's law-force between two- point charges,
• forces between multiple charges; superposition principle
• continuous charge distribution.
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge,
• electric field lines,
• electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole,
• torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications
• to find field due to infinitely long straight wire,
• to find field uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
• to find field uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

• Electric potential, potential difference,

• electric potential due to a point charge,
• a dipole and system of charges;
• equipotential surfaces,
• electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric
dipole in an electrostatic field.
• Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
• Dielectrics and electric polarization,
• capacitors and capacitance,
• combination of capacitors in series and in parallel,
• capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium
between the plates,
• energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).

Unit II: Current Electricity

Chapter–3: Current Electricity

• Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor,

• drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current;
• Ohm's law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),
• electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity,
• temperature dependence of resistance,
• Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell,
• combination of cells in series and in parallel,
• Kirchhoff's rules,
• Wheatstone bridge.
Unit III:

Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

• Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment.

• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire.
• Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment),
• force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field,
• force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere,
• torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field;
• Current loopas a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment,
• moving coil galvanometer- its current sensitivity
• conversion of galvanometer to ammeter and voltmeter.

Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter

• Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only),

• magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only),
• torque on amagnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment
only),
• magnetic field lines.
• Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with
examples,
• Magnetization of materials,effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current;

• Lenz's Law,
• Self induction
• mutual induction.
 Chapter–7: Alternating Current

• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage;

• reactance and impedance;
• LCR series circuit (phasors only), resonance,
• power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current.
• AC generator,
• Transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves

Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves

• Basic idea of displacement current,

• Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature
(qualitative idea only).
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics

Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula,

• refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical fibers,
• refraction at spherical surfaces,
• lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a
lens, combination of thin lenses in contact,
• refraction of light through a prism.
• Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting
and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Chapter–10: Wave Optics

• Wave front and Huygen’s principle,

• reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave
fronts.
• Proof of laws ofreflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.
• Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe
width (No derivation final expression only),
• coherent sources and sustained interference of light,
• diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative
treatment)
Unit VII:

Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

• Dual nature of radiation,
• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations;
• Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
• Experimental study of photoelectric effect
• Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.

Unit VIII:

Chapter–12: Atoms
• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom;
• Bohr model of hydrogen atom,
• Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in
nth orbit, hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).

Chapter–13: Nuclei

• Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force

• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per
nucleon and its variation with mass number;
• nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX:

Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices andSimple

Circuits
• Energy bands in conductors,
• semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)
• Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n type,
• p-n junction Semiconductor diode
• I-V characteristics in forward and reverse-bias,
• Application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.
Physics investigatory Project

1. To investigate how a series of capacitors charges and discharges

2. To Research and Build a Capacitor Storage Circuit LED
3. To Research and Build a Capacitor Charge Oscillator Circuit
4. To learn about Coulomb's law of forces at two points
5. To research the electric field and the superposition principle
6. To investigate the dipole's torque in a consistent electric field
7. To research dielectric materials for cutting-edge applications
8. To Illustrate the Operation Of An Electrolytic Capacitor Using Its Charging And Discharging
With The Aid Of An Audio Oscillator
9. To examine and contrast the two capacitors when used in series and parallel
10. To research the impact of applied voltage and magnetic field
11. To Research the Bar Magnet as a Comparative Solenoid
12. To research using magnetic levitation in elevators
13. The Moving Coil Galvanometer to Study the Magnetic Force on the Current-Carrying
Conductor
14. To investigate the torque that a current loop experiences in a consistent magnetic field.
15. To Study the Magnetic Properties of Materials
16. To study the magnetic force between two parallel current-carrying conductors by experimenting
with magnetic field lines surrounding them.
17. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
18. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation
in
(a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a
fixed distance).
(b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate' the LDR.
19. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror,
an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object
needle.
20. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii)
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
21. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence
using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
22. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith)
balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.
23. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the
effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source
of adjustable frequency.
24. To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting
magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.
25. To Research the Electric Dipole Moment.
List of Experiments:
Section A
1. To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus
current.
2. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a meter bridge.
3. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method, find its figure of merit.
4. To convert given galvanometer into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.

Section B
5.To find focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and v.
6.To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle
of deviation and angle of incidence.
7.To determine the refractive index of liquid by using convex lens and a plane mirror
8.To draw the I-V characteristic of p-n junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.

Activities:
Section A
1. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit
2. To draw the diagram of given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor, key, ammeter
and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit.
3. To assemble a house hold circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a
power source.

Section B
4. To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on a LDR.
5. To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collections
of such items.
6. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab