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STANDARD ABNT NBR

BRAZILIAN ISO
6892-1

First edition
04.04.2013

Corrected version
2 17.09.2018

Metallic materials — Tensile Test

Part 1: Room temperature test method
Metallic materials — Tensile testing
Part 1: Method of testing at room temperature
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ICS 77.040.10 ISBN 978-85-07- 04168-9

Reference number
ABNT NBR ISO 6892-2:2013
70 pages

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

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© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or used by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without written permission from ABNT, the sole
representative of ISO in Brazilian territory.

© ABNT 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or used by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without written permission from ABNT.

ABNT
Av.Treze de Maio, 13 - 28th floor
20031-901 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Tel.: + 55 21 3974-2300
Fax: + 55 21 3974-2346
abnt@abnt.org.br
www.abnt.org.br

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summary Page

National Preface ............................................. .................................................... ..........................iv

Introduction................................................. .................................................... ......................................v
1 Scope ................................................. .................................................... .............................1
two Normative references................................................. .................................................... ...1
3 Terms and definitions.................................................. .................................................... ..........1
4 Symbols and their designations .............................................. ...............................................6
5 Principle................................................. .................................................... ...........................8
6 Test body.................................................. .................................................... ..................9
6.1 Shape and dimensions.................................................. .................................................... ...........9
6.1.1 General ................................................. .................................................... .................................9
6.1.2 Machined specimens .............................................. .................................................... 9
6.1.3 Non-machined test specimens.................................................. ...........................................10
6.2 Types................................................. .................................................... ...............................10
6.3 Preparation of test specimens................................................. .......................................10
7 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area .............................................. ...........10
8 Marking the initial measurement length.................................................. ....................11
9 Accuracy of the test instrument................................................. ....................................11
10 Test conditions ............................................... .................................................... ......11
10.1 Determination of the point of zero force................................................. .............................11
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10.2 Fixing method.................................................. .................................................... ...........12

10.3 Test speed based on strain rate control (method A) .......12
10.3.1 General ................................................. .................................................... ...............................12
10.3.2 Strain rate for determining upper yield strength,
ReH, or the test resistance properties, Rp, and Rt ................................. ....13
10.3.3 Strain rate for determining bottom yield strength,
ReL, and the percentage extension at the yield point, Ae....................................... .13
10.3.4 Strain rate for determining tensile strength, Rm, percentage elongation after fracture, A,
percentage total extension at maximum force, Agt, percentage plastic extension at
maximum force, Ag, and percentage area reduction, Z.. ..............14
10.4 Test speed based on strain rate (method B) ...................................14
10.4.1 General ................................................. .................................................... ...............................14
10.4.2 Yield and test resistances ............................................... ...........................14
10.5 Choice of method and fees.................................................. ..........................................15
10.6 Documentation of the chosen test conditions ............................................... ......15
11 Determination of upper flow resistance.................................................. ....16
12 Determination of bottom flow resistance.................................................. ......16
13 Determination of test resistance in plastic extension.......................................16
14 Determination of test resistance at full extension ....................................... ..17
15 Method of checking the specified permanent resistance.................................17
16 Determination of percentage extension at the yield point ...............................17
17 Determination of percentage plastic extension at maximum force ...............................18

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18 Determination of total percentage extension at maximum force.................................................18

19 Determination of the total percentage extension in the fracture................................................. ......18
20 Determination of percentage elongation after fracture................................................. ..19
21 Determination of percentage reduction in area................................................. ...................20
22 Test report ............................................... .................................................... .........20
23 Measurement uncertainty............................................... .................................................... ......21
23.1 General ................................................. .................................................... ...............................21
23.2 Test conditions ............................................... .................................................... ......21
23.3 Test results ............................................... .................................................... .....21
Bibliography.................................................. .................................................... ......................................68

Attachments

Annex A (informative) Recommendations on the use of tensile testing machines

computer controlled ............................................... ...........................................35
TO 1 General ................................................. .................................................... ...............................35
A.2 Terms and definitions.................................................. .................................................... ........35
A.2.1 computer controlled testing machine.................................................. ...............35
A.3 Tensile testing machine ............................................. .............................................35
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A.3.1 Project................................................. .................................................... ...........................35

A.3.2 Data sampling frequency................................................. ...............................36
A.4 Determination of mechanical properties .............................................. ...................37
A.4.1 General ................................................. .................................................... ...............................37
A.4.2 Superior yield strength.................................................. ...............................37
A.4.3 Proof resistance in plastic extension and proof resistance in full
extension.................................................. .................................................... .............................................37
A.4.4 Total percentage extension at maximum force .............................................. ....................37
A.4.5 Percentage plastic extension at maximum force................................................. .................37
A.4.6 Total percentage extension at fracture ............................................. .................................38
A.4.7 Determination of the slope in the elastic portion................................................. ................39
A.5 Validation of software for determining tensile properties ...................39
Annex B (normative) Types of test specimens to be used for thin products: plates, strips and flat products with a
thickness between 0.1 mm and 3
mm.............. .................................................... .......................................41
B.1 Shape of the test piece ............................................. .................................................... .41
B.2 Dimensions of the test piece................................................. ...........................................41
B.3 Preparation of test specimens................................................. .......................................42
B.4 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area .............................................. ...........43
Annex C (normative) Types of test specimens to be used for shafts, bars and profiles
with a diameter or thickness of less than 4 mm................................................. .....................44
C.1 Shape of the test piece ............................................. .................................................... .44

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C.2 Dimensions of the test piece................................................. ...........................................44

C.3 Preparation of test specimens................................................. .......................................44
C.4 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area .............................................. ...........44
Annex D (normative) Types of test specimens to be used for plates and flat products with a
thickness equal to or greater than 3 mm, and for shapes, bars and profiles with a
diameter or thickness equal to or greater at 4 mm ............................................... .........45
D.1 Shape of the test piece ............................................. .................................................... .45
D.2 Dimensions of the test piece................................................. ...........................................45
D.2.1 Parallel length of the machined specimen .............................................. ...........45
D.2.2 Length of the unmachined test piece ....................................... ...................45
D.2.3 Initial measurement length.................................................. ........................................46
D.2.3.1 Proportional test pieces .............................................. .............................................46
D.2.3.2 Non-proportional test specimens....................................... .......................................46
D.3 Preparation of test specimens................................................. .......................................47
D.3.1
General .............................................. .................................................... ..................................47
D.3.2 Machining tolerances.................................................. .................................................... 47
D.3.3 Shape tolerances.................................................. .................................................... .......47
D.4 Determination of the cross-sectional area ........................................ .....................48
Annex E (normative) Types of test specimens to be used for tubes ................................49
E.1 Shape of the test piece ............................................. .................................................... .49
E.2 Dimensions of the test piece................................................. ...........................................49
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E.2.1 Tube segment.................................................. .................................................... ...........49

E.2.2 Longitudinal or transverse strip.................................................. ........................................49
E.2.3 Circular section test specimen machined from tube wall.................................................49
E.3 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area .............................................. ...........49
Annex F (informative) Estimation of the crossbar separation speed considering
the effect of the stiffness (or deformability) of the testing machine.................................51
Annex G (informative) Measurement of percentage elongation after fracture in cases where
the specified value is less than 5% ....................................... ...........................52
Annex H (informative) Measurement of percentage elongation after fracture, based
in the subdivision of the initial measuring length .............................................. .............53
Annex I (informative) Measurement of the percentage plastic elongation without stricture, Awn, for
long products, such as bars, wires and rebars .............................................. ...............55
Annex J (informative) Estimation of measurement uncertainty................................................. ....................56
Introduction................................................. .................................................... ....................56
J.2
J.1 Estimation of uncertainty.................................................. .................................................... ......56
J.2.1 General ................................................. .................................................... ...............................56
J.2.2 Type A – Through repeated measurements ....................................... ...........................56
J.2.3 Type B – From other sources, for example, calibration certificates or
tolerances................................. .................................................... .............................57
J.3 Effect of equipment parameters on the uncertainty of test
results................................................. .................................................... .................................57
J.4 Parameters that depend on the material and/or test procedure .................59

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Annex K (informative) Tensile test accuracy – Program results

interlaboratory................................................. .................................................... ...........61
K.1 Interlaboratory dispersion................................................. ..............................................61

Figures
Figure 1 – Extension definitions................................................. .................................................... ......22
Figure 2 – Examples of upper and lower flow resistance for different
types of curves ............................................... .................................................... ................23
Figure 3 – Proof resistance in plastic extension, Rp (see 13.1).................. ..........................24 Figure 4 –
Proof resistance at full extension, Rt............ .................................................... ....................24 Figure 5 –
Permanent specified resistance, Rr.................................. .................................................... .............25
Figure 6 – Test resistance in plastic extension, Rp, alternative procedure
(see 13.1)................................................... .................................................... ...........................25
Figure 7 – Different methods of evaluating the percentage extension at the point
flow, Ae.................................................. .................................................... ..................................26
Figure 8 – Different types of stress-strain curve for determining resistance
traction, Rm................................................. .................................................... ....................27
Figure 9 – Illustration of the strain rates to be used in the tensile test, when they are
determined ReH, ReL, Rp, Rt , Rm, Ag, Agt, A, At and
Z................................. ....................28 Figure 10 – Illustration of an unacceptable
discontinuity in the stress-strain curve....29 Figure 11 – Section machined specimens
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rectangular transversal (see Annexes B and D) ...30 Figure 12 – Test specimens formed by a non-m
(see Annex C) .............................................. .................................................... .....................31
Figure 13 – Machined specimens, with round cross-section (see Appendix D) ........... ...32 Figure 14 –
Specimens formed by a pipe segment (see Annex E)......................33 Figure 15 – Specimen taken from
a tube (see Annex E)................................................... ...........34 Figure A.1 – Example of data file
format.......................... .......................................36 Figure A.2 – Schematic representation for definition
of the fracture of the specimen........38 Figure H.1 – Examples of measuring percentage elongation
after fracture...................... ......54 Figure K.1 – Presentation of the values in Table
K.1................................. .....................................62 Figure K.2 – Presentation of Table K values.
two................................................. ..................64 Figure K.3 – Presentation of the values in Table
K.3.................. ..................................................65 Figure K.4 – Presentation of the values in Table
K.4................................................. ..............................67

Tables
Table 1 – Symbols and designations ........................................ .................................................... ....7 Table
2 – Main types of test specimens depending on the type of product.................................10 Table 3 –
Voltage rate ............................................ .................................................... ...................14 Table A.1 –
Maximum differences allowed between results calculated by the
machine computer and manually calculated results.................................40 Table B.1 –
Dimensions of test pieces .................................................... ..........................42 Table B.2 – Specimen
width tolerances........ .................................................... .......42

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Table D.1 – Circular cross-section specimens....................................... ..................46

Table D.2 – Typical dimensions of flat specimens................................................. ...................46
Table D.3 – Tolerances of the transversal dimensions of the specimens ..............................47
Table J.1 – Influences on uncertainties in test results................................................. .........57
Table J.2 – Examples of contribution to uncertainty for different test results,
due to measuring devices................................................. .................................58
Table J.3 – Examples of combined uncertainties................................................. .............................59
Table J.4 – Examples for the 95% confidence level, k = 2
(based on Table J.3)................................................... .................................................... .......59
Table K.1 – Flow resistances (test resistances 0.2% or
higher yield strengths) – Reproducibility observed in interlaboratory
comparison programs (graphic presentation of values in Figure
K.1) ........................... .................................................... ..................61
Table K.2 – Tensile strengths, Rm – Reproducibility observed in programs
interlaboratory comparison (graphic presentation of values in Figure K.2) 63
Table K.3 – Elongation after fracture – Reproducibility observed in programs
interlaboratory comparison (graphic presentation of values in Figure K.3) 64
Table K.4 – Z area reduction – Reproducibility observed in interlaboratory comparison programs
(graphic presentation of values in Figure K.4)............ ......66
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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

National Preface

The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) is the National Standards Forum. The Brazilian
Standards, whose content is the responsibility of the Brazilian Committees (ABNT/CB), the Sector
Standardization Bodies (ABNT/ONS) and the Special Study Commissions (ABNT/CEE), are prepared by
Study Commissions (CE), formed by representatives of the sectors involved, including: producers, consumers
and neutrals (universities, laboratories and others).

ABNT Technical Documents are prepared in accordance with the rules of the ABNT Directive, Part 2.

The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) draws attention to the possibility that some of the
elements of this document may be subject to patent rights. ABNT should not be considered responsible for
the identification of any patent rights.

ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1 was prepared by the Brazilian Committee on Machines and Mechanical Equipment
(ABNT/CB-04), by the Static Mechanical Testing Study Committee (CE-004:005.015).
The Project was circulated in National Consultation according to Notice nº 01, from 01/21/2013 to 02/19/2013,
with Project number 004:005.015-005/1.

This Standard is an identical adoption, in technical content, structure and wording, to ISO 6892-1:2009, which
was prepared by the Technical Committee Mechanical Testing of Metals (ISO/TC 164), in accordance with
ISO/IEC Guide 21-1:2005 .

ABNT NBR 6892, under the general title “Metallic materials – Tensile Test
Part 1: Test method at room temperature”, is expected to contain the following parts:
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— Part 1: Ambient temperature test method;

— Part 2: Test method at elevated temperatures;

The following part is in the preparation process:

— Part 3: Low temperature test method;

The following part is planned:

— Part 4: Test method in liquid helium.

This first edition of ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1 cancels and replaces ABNT NBR ISO 6892:2002.

This corrected version 2 of ABNT NBR 6892-1:2013 incorporates Errata 2 of 17.09.2018.

The Scope of this Brazilian Standard in English is as follows:

scope
This part of ISO 6892 specifies the method for tensile testing of metallic materials and defines the mechanical
properties which can be determined at room temperature.

NOTE Annex A indicates complementary recommendations for computer controlled testing machines.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Introduction

During discussions about test speed in the preparation of ABNT NBR ISO 6892, it was decided to
recommend the use of strain rate control in future revisions of the standard.

In this part of ABNT NBR ISO 6892, two test speed methods are available. The first, method A, is
based on strain rates (including the strut separation speed) and the second, method B, is based on
stress rates. Method A aims to minimize the variation in test speeds when the parameters sensitive
to the strain rate are determined and also to minimize the measurement uncertainty of the test results.
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BRAZILIAN STANDARD ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Metallic materials — Tensile Test

Part 1: Room temperature test method

1 Scope
This part of ABNT NBR ISO 6892 specifies the tensile test method for metallic materials and defines the
mechanical properties that can be determined at room temperature.

NOTE Appendix A presents additional recommendations for computer-controlled testing machines.

2 Normative references

The documents listed below are essential for the application of this document. For dated references, only the
cited editions apply. For undated references, the most recent editions of that document (including
amendments) apply.

ISO 377, Steel and steel products – Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical
testing

ISO 2566-1, Steel – Conversion of elongation values – Part 1: Carbon and low alloy steels

ISO 2566-2, Steel – Conversion of elongation values – Part 2: Austenitic steels

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ABNT NBR NM ISO 7500-1:2004, Metallic materials – Calibration of uniaxial static testing machines – Part 1:
Tensile/compression testing machine – Calibration of force measurement system

ISO 9513, Metallic materials – Calibration of extensometers systems used in uniaxial testing

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
measure length
L
length of the parallel portion of the specimen whose elongation is measured at any time during the test.

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

3.1.1
initial measurement length
Lo
length between measuring length markings (3.1) on the test piece, determined before the test, at room
temperature.

NOTE Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

3.1.2
final measurement length after rupture
final measurement length after fracture
Lu
length between measuring length markings (3.1) on the specimen, measured at room temperature
after rupture, in a condition such that the two parts have been carefully adjusted and that their axes are
aligned
NOTE Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

3.2
parallel length
Lc
length of the parallel part of the reduced section of the specimen

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]
NOTE The concept of parallel length is replaced by the concept of distance between grips for unmachined
specimens.

3.3
stretching
increase in the initial measuring length (3.1.1) at any time during the test
NOTE Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

3.4
percentage elongation
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elongation expressed as a percentage of the initial measuring length, Lo (3.1.1)

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

3.4.1
percentage permanent elongation
increase in the initial gauge length (3.1.1) of a specimen, after removal of a specified stress,
expressed as a percentage of the initial gauge length, Lo
[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

3.4.2
percentage elongation after fracture
A
permanent elongation of gauge length after fracture, (Lu – Lo), expressed as a percentage of the initial
gauge length, Lo

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]
NOTE For proportional specimens, if the initial measuring length is not equivalent where So is the initial cross-
denoting O 1 , sectional area of the parallel length, the symbol A shall be a 5 6, S 5 supplemented by a subscript
the proportionality coefficient adopted, for example, A11.3 indicates a percentage elongation of the measuring
length, Lo, of A11.3 = 11.3 So

For non-proportional specimens (see Annex B), symbol A must be supplemented by a subscript
denoting the initial measurement length adopted, expressed in millimeters; for example, A80 mm
indicates a percentage elongation of a gauge length, Lo, of 80 mm.

1 5 6.5 5 So= _ (S 4O/ ) ÿ

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

3.5
extensometric measurement length
Le
initial extensometric measurement length used to measure extension using an extensometer

NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

NOTE 2 To measure the flow resistance and test parameters, it is recommended that Le encompasses as
much of the parallel length of the test piece as possible. Ideally, it is recommended that the minimum Le value
is greater than 0.50Lo, but less than approximately 0.9Lc. This criterion is expected to ensure that the
extensometer is capable of detecting all flow events that occur in the specimen. Furthermore, to measure
parameters “at” or “after reaching” maximum force, it is recommended that Le be approximately equal to Lo.

3.6
extension
increase in extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5), at any time during the test
[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

3.6.1
percentage extension
"deformation"
extension expressed as a percentage of the extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)
3.6.2
percentage permanent extension
increase in extensometric measurement length after removal of a specified stress from the specimen,
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expressed as a percentage of the extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]
3.6.3
percentage extension at the yield point
Ae
in materials with discontinuous flow, the length between the beginning of flow and the beginning of uniform
hardening, expressed as a percentage of the extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)

NOTE Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

See Figure 7.
3.6.4
percentage total extension at maximum force
Agt
total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of
the extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)
See Figure 1.
3.6.5
percentage plastic extension at maximum force
Ag
plastic extension at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of the extensometric measurement
length, Le (3.5)
See Figure 1.

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3.6.6
total percentage extension at fracture
At
total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) at the time of fracture, expressed as a percentage of the extensometric
measurement length, Le (3.5)

See Figure 1.
3.7 Test speed

3.7.1
strain rate
he
increase in strain with time, measured with an extensometer, at the extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)

NOTE See 3.5.

3.7.2
estimated strain rate over parallel length
eLc
value of the increase in deformation with time of the parallel length, Lc (3.2), of the specimen, based on the speed of
separation of the beam (3.7.3) and the parallel length of the specimen

3.7.3
indent separation speed
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you

displacement of the indent with time

3.7.4
voltage rate
R
voltage increase over time

NOTE The tension rate must be used exclusively in the elastic part of the test (method B).
3.8
percentage area reduction
Z
maximum variation in cross-sectional area occurred during the test, (So – Su), expressed as a percentage of the initial cross-
sectional area, So:
SS
O
ÿ

u
Z = 100×
sO

3.9 Maximum strength

NOTE This part of ISO 6892 does not define the maximum force, Fm, for materials that present discontinuous
flow and that do not have hardening established [see the footnote referring to Figure 8 c)].

3.9.1
maximum force
fm
(materials that do not present discontinuous flow) greater force that the specimen supports during the test

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3.9.2
maximum force
fm
(materials that present discontinuous flow) greater force that the specimen supports during the test after
the start of hardening

NOTE See Figure 8 a) and b).

3.10
voltage
force divided by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen, So, at any time during the test

NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

NOTE 2 All references to voltage in this part of ABNT NBR ISO 6892 refer to engineering voltage.

NOTE 3 In the following, the designations "force" and "tension" or "extension", "percent extension" and
"deformation", respectively, are used on various occasions (such as in figure axis legends or in explanations for
determining different properties). However, for a general description or a definition of a well-defined point on a
curve, the designations "force" and "tension" or "extension", "percent extension" and "deformation" are
interchangeable.

3.10.1
tensile strength
Rm
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tension corresponding to maximum force, Fm (3.9)

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

3.10.2
flow resistance
when the metallic material exhibits a flow phenomenon, the tension corresponding to the point reached in
the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in force

NOTE Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

3.10.2.1 superior yield strength

ReH
maximum stress value (3.10) before the first decrease in force

NOTE Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

See Figure 2.

3.10.2.2 lower yield strength

ReL
lowest stress value (3.10) during plastic flow, disregarding any initial transient effects

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

See Figure 2.

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3.10.3
proof resistance, plastic extension
Rp
tension at which the plastic extension is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometric measurement
length, Le (3.5)

NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005, “proof strength, non-proportional extension”.

NOTE 2 A suffix is added to the subscript to indicate the prescribed percentage, for example, Rp0.2.

See Figure 3.

3.10.4
proof strength, full extension
RT
tension where the total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) is equal to a specified percentage
of the extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)

NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO/TR 25679:2005[3].

NOTE 2 A suffix is added to the subscript of the symbol to indicate the prescribed percentage, for example, Rt0.5.

See Figure 4.

3.10.5
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permanent specified resistance

Rr
tension at which, after removal of the force, a specified permanent elongation or extension has not been
exceeded, expressed respectively as a percentage of the initial measurement length, Lo (3.1.1), or the
extensometric measurement length, Le (3.5)

[ISO/TR 25679:2005[3]]

See Figure 5.

NOTE A suffix is added to the subscript of the symbol to indicate the specified percentage of the initial
measurement length, Lo, or extensometric measurement length, Le, for example, Rr0.2.

3.11
fracture
phenomenon that is considered to appear when total separation of the specimen occurs

NOTE Figure A.2 presents fracture occurrence criteria, which can be used in computer-controlled tests.

4 Symbols and their designations

The symbols and their respective designations used in this part of ABNT NBR ISO 6892 are presented in
Table 1.

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Table 1 – Symbols and designations

Unit Symbol Designation

Test body

to, T to mm initial thickness of a flat specimen or a wall thickness of a tube

initial width of the parallel length of a flat specimen, or average width of

good mm the longitudinal strip taken from a tube, or width of a flat wire

of mm initial diameter of the parallel length of a circular specimen, or diameter of

a circular wire, or internal diameter of a tube
Of mm initial outer diameter of a tube
Lo mm initial measurement length
L'o mm initial measurement length for determining Awn (see Annex I)
Lc mm parallel length
Le mm extensometric measurement length
Lt mm total length of the specimen
Lu mm final measurement length after fracture
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mm final measurement length, after fracture, for determining Awn

L'u
(see Annex I)
Only
mm2 initial cross-sectional area of parallel length
Su mm2 minimum cross-sectional area after fracture
k – proportionality coefficient (see 6.1.1)
Z % area percentage reduction
Stretching
A % percent elongation after fracture (see 3.4.2)
Aww % percent plastic elongation without stricture (see Annex I)
Extension
Ae % percentage extension at yield point
Ag % percent plastic extension at maximum force, Fm
Agt % total extension percentage at maximum force, Fm
At % total percentage extension at fracture
ÿLm mm extension at maximum force
ÿLf mm extension at fracture

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Table 1 (continued)

Speeds

he sÿ1 strain rate

eLc sÿ1 estimated strain rate over parallel length

R MPa sÿ1 stress rate

vc mm sÿ1 crossbar separation speed

Strength

fm N maximum force

Yield strength – Proof strength – Tensile strength

AND MPab modulus of elasticity

m MPa slope of the percentage stress-strain curve at a given moment in the test

w
me MPa slope of the elastic portion of the percentage stress-strain curve

ReH MPa upper yield strength

ReL MPa lower yield strength

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Rm MPa tensile strength

Rp MPa proof strength, plastic extension

Rrr Permanent specified resistance MPa

RT MPa proof strength, full extension

a Symbol used in standards for steel tube products.

b 1 MPa = 1 N mm2.

c In the elastic portion of the percentage stress-strain curve, the slope value may not necessarily represent the modulus of elasticity. This
value can be very close to the value of the modulus of elasticity under optimized test conditions (high-resolution, bilateral, average
extensometers; perfect alignment of the test specimen; etc.)

ATTENTION The factor 100 is necessary if percentage values are used.

5 Principle
The test consists of deforming a specimen by tensile force, generally until fracture, to determine one or
more mechanical properties defined in item 3.

The test must be carried out at room temperature, between 10 °C and 35 °C, unless otherwise specified.
Tests carried out under controlled conditions must be carried out at a temperature of 23 °C ± 5 °C.

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6 Test body
6.1 Shape and dimensions

6.1.1 General

The shape and dimensions of the test specimens may be conditioned by the shape and dimensions of the
metallic products from which these test specimens are extracted.

In general, the test piece is obtained by machining a sample of the product, by stamping, or by casting.
Products with a uniform cross section (profiles, bars, fos, etc.), as well as cast specimens (for example, cast
iron or ferroalloys), can be tested without being machined.

The cross-section of the test piece can be circular, square, rectangular, annular, or, in special cases, the test
piece can have another type of uniform cross-section.

The test specimens must preferably present a relationship between the initial measuring length, Lo, and the
initial cross-sectional area of the parallel length, So, such that L k = S where k is a proportionality O,
O coefficient. These
are the so-called proportional test bodies.
The internationally adopted value for k is 5.65. The initial measurement length cannot be less than 15 mm.
When the cross-section of the specimen is too small for this requirement to apply with k = 5.65, a higher
value (preferably 11.3) or a non-proportional specimen may be used.
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NOTE Using an initial measuring length of less than 20 mm implies an increase in measurement uncertainty.

For non-proportional specimens, the initial gauge length, Lo, is independent of the initial cross-sectional area
of the parallel length, So.

The dimensional tolerances of the test specimens must be in accordance with the requirements of Annexes
B to E (see 6.2).

Other test specimens, such as those specified in product standards or relevant national standards, may be
employed under agreement with the customer, e.g. ISO 3183[1] (API 5L), ISO 11960[2] (API 5CT), ASTM
A370[6], ASTM E8M[7], DIN 50125[10], IACS W2[13], and JIS Z2201[14].

6.1.2 Machined specimens

The machined specimens must incorporate a transition radius between the heads and the parallel length, if
these elements have different dimensions. The dimensions of the transition radius are important and it is
recommended that they be defined in the material specification, as long as they are not given in the
appropriate annex (see. 6.2).

The heads can be of any type to adapt to the jaws of the testing machine. The axis of the test piece must
coincide with the axis of application of the force.

The parallel length, Lc, or, if the specimen does not have transition radii, the free length between claws must
always be greater than the initial measurement length, Lo.

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6.1.3 Non-machined specimens

In cases where the test specimen consists of an unmachined segment of the product or an unmachined
test bar, the free length between grips must be sufficient so that the measuring length markings are a
reasonable distance from the grips (see Annexes B to E)

Cast specimens must incorporate a transition radius between the heads and parallel length. The
dimensions of this transition radius are important and it is recommended that they be defined in the
product specification. The heads can be of any type to adapt to the jaws of the testing machine. The
parallel length, Lc, must always be greater than the initial measuring length, Lo.

6.2 Types

The main types of test specimens are defined in Annexes B to E, according to the shape and type of
product, as shown in Table 2. Other types of test specimens may be specified in the product standards.

Table 2 – Main types of test specimens according to the type of product

Dimensions in millimeters

product type
Corresponding attachment

Plates — Plates — Wire — Bars — Profiles

Flat products
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Thickness Diameter or side

The

0.1 au < 3 — B
— <4 W

to W 3 W4 D
Tubes AND

6.3 Preparation of test specimens

Test specimens must be taken and prepared in accordance with the requirements of the relevant
International Standards for the different materials (e.g. ISO 377).

7 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area

The relevant dimensions of the specimen shall be measured in a sufficient number of cross-sections,
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, in the central portion of the parallel length of the specimen.

A minimum number of three cross sections is recommended.

The initial cross-sectional area, So, is the average cross-sectional area, which must be calculated from
measurements of the appropriate dimensions.

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The accuracy of this calculation depends on the nature and type of specimen. Annexes B to E describe
methods for determining So for different types of specimens and contain specifications regarding
measurement accuracy.

8 Marking the initial measurement length

The ends of the initial measuring length, Lo, should be lightly marked with dashes or lines, but not with
scratches that could result in premature breakage.

For proportional specimens, the calculated value of the initial measurement length may be rounded to
the nearest multiple of 5 mm, provided that the difference between the marked and calculated length
is less than 10% of Lo. The initial measurement length must be marked with an accuracy of ± 1%.

If the parallel length, Lc, is much greater than the initial gauge length, as for example on unmachined
specimens, several partially overlapping original gauge lengths can be marked.

In some cases, it may be useful to draw a line parallel to the longitudinal axis on the surface of the
test piece, along which the original measured lengths are marked.

9 Test instrument accuracy

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The force measurement system of the testing machine must be calibrated in accordance with ABNT
NBR NM ISO 7500-1 and must be class 1, or better.

To determine the test resistance (in plastic or total extension), the extensometer used must comply
with the requirements of ISO 9513, class 1, or better, in the range in which it is used. To determine
other properties (with greater extensions), an ISO 9513, class 2 extensometer can be used.

10 Test conditions

10.1 Determination of the point of zero force

The force measurement system must be reset after the test specimen has been mounted on the
testing machine, but before it is fixed at both ends. Once the zero force point has been established,
the force measurement system cannot be changed at any time during the test.

NOTE Using this method guarantees that, on the one hand, the weight of the fastening system is compensated
when measuring the force; and, on the other hand, that any force resulting from the fixing operation does not affect
this measurement.

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10.2 Fixing method

The test specimens must be fixed using suitable means, such as wedges, threaded ends, flat or shoulder
clamps.

All care must be taken to ensure that the specimens are secured to the machine in such a way that the force
is applied as axially as possible, to minimize the emergence of parasitic bending forces (e.g. ASTM E1012[8]
provides more information). This is very important when testing brittle materials or when determining plastic
extension test strength, full extension test strength, or yield strength.

To obtain a straight specimen and ensure alignment between the specimen and the fastening system, a
preliminary force can be applied, as long as it does not exceed the value corresponding to 5% of the specified
or expected yield strength.

The extension value must be corrected to take into account the effect of the preliminary force.

10.3 Test speed based on strain rate control (method A)

10.3.1 General

Method A aims to minimize the variation in test speeds when determining the properties that depend on these
speeds and minimize the uncertainty of the test results.

This section describes two types of strain rate control. The first is the direct control of the strain rate, eLe,
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based on the signal produced by an extensometer. The second is the control of the estimated strain rate over
the parallel length, eLc, which is achieved by controlling the crosshead separation speed to a value equal to
the specified strain rate multiplied by the parallel length.

If a material presents homogeneous deformation and the force remains nominally constant, the strain rate,
eLe, and the estimated strain rate over the parallel length, eLc, are approximately equal. These two
parameters are different for materials that present discontinuous or serrated flow (this is, for example, the
case of some steels and Al-Mg alloys in the elongation range in which the flow occurs, or of materials that
present serrated flow, similar to the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect), or even in cases where stricture occurs.

In cases of increasing forces, the estimated strain rate may be substantially lower than the intended strain
rate due to the deformability of the testing machine.

The test speed must comply with following requirements.

a) In the range up to and including the determination of ReH, Rp or Rt, the specified strain rate, eLe (see
3.7.1) shall be applied . In this range, to eliminate the influence of the deformability of the testing
machine, it is necessary to use an extensometer coupled to the test piece to establish more exact control
of the deformation rate (when using testing machines with which it is impossible strain rate control, strain
rate control estimated over the parallel length, eLc, can be adopted).

b) In discontinuous flow, the estimated strain rate over the parallel length, eLc (see 3.7.2), must be used. In
this range, it is impossible to control the strain rate using an extensometer attached to the specimen,
because yielding can occur in a section that is outside the limits of the extensometer's measuring length.
The value

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specified estimated strain rate over the parallel length can be kept sufficiently accurate in this
range by establishing a constant crosshead separation velocity, vc (see 3.7.3);

vL
w ceLc =
(1)

where

eLc is the estimated strain rate over the parallel length;

Lc is the parallel length.

c) In the range beyond Rp or Rt, or after the end of the flow (see 3.7.2), eLe or eLc can be used.
The use of eLc is recommended to avoid control problems that may arise from the occurrence of
stricture in a section that is outside the limits of the extensometer measurement length.

The strain rates specified in sections 10.3.2 to 10.3.4 must be maintained when determining the
material property of interest (see also Figure 9).

During the change to a new strain rate or to a new control mode, discontinuities cannot be induced in
the stress-strain curve that could distort the values of Rm, Ag or Agt (see Figure 10). This undesirable
effect can be adequately reduced by gradually switching between rates.

The shape of the stress-strain curve in the strain hardening range can also be influenced by the strain
rate. The testing rate must be documented (see 10.6).
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10.3.2 Strain rate for determining upper yield strength, ReH, or proof strength properties, Rp,
and Rt

The strain rate, eLe, should be kept as constant as possible up to and including the determination of
ReH or Rp or Rt. During the determination of these material properties, the strain rate, eLe, should be
in one of the following specified ranges ( see also Figure 9).

Range 1: eLe = 0.000 07 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %

Range 2: eLe = 0.000 25 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 % (recommended, unless otherwise
specified)

If the testing machine is not capable of directly controlling the deformation rate, the estimated
deformation rate over the parallel length, eLc , i.e., constant speed of separation of the beam, must be
used. This rate must be calculated with Equation (1).

The resulting deformation rate of the test specimen will be lower than the specified deformation rate,
as the deformability of the testing machine is not considered. An explanation is provided in Appendix
F.

10.3.3 Strain rate for determining the resistance to lower yield, ReL, and the percentage
extension at the yield point, Ae

Following detection of the upper yield strength (see A.4.2), the estimated strain rate over the parallel
length, eLc , must be maintained in one of the following two ranges (see Figure 9) until the
discontinuous yield ends.

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Range 2: eLc = 0.000 25 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 % (recommended when determining ReL)

Track 3: eLc = 0.002 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20%

10.3.4 Strain rate for determining tensile strength, Rm, percentage elongation after fracture, A, percentage
total extension at maximum force, Agt, percentage plastic extension at maximum force, Ag, and percentage
area reduction, Z

After determining the test/yield properties of interest, the estimated strain rate over parallel length, eLc , should be
changed to one of the following specified ranges (see Figure 9).

Range 2: eLc = 0.000 25 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %

Range 3: eLc = 0.002 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %

Range 4: eLc = 0.006 7 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 % (0.4 minÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %)
(recommended, unless otherwise specified)

If the purpose of the tensile test is only to determine tensile strength, then an estimated strain rate over parallel
length in accordance with Range 3 or 4 may be applied for the entire test.

10.4 Test speed based on strain rate (method B)

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2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

10.4.1 General

Test speeds must be in accordance with the following requirements depending on the nature of the material. Except
where otherwise specified, any convenient test speed may be used up to a stress equivalent to half the specified
yield strength.
Test speeds above this point are specified below.

10.4.2 Yield and proof strengths

10.4.2.1 Superior yield strength, ReH

The crossbar separation speed must be kept as constant as possible and within the limits corresponding to the
tension rates presented in Table 3.

NOTE For information, materials that typically have an elastic modulus of less than 150,000 MPa include
magnesium, aluminum alloys, brass and titanium. Materials that typically have an elastic modulus greater than
150,000 MPa include cast iron, steel, tungsten and nickel alloys.
Table 3 – Voltage rate

Modulus of elasticity of the material Voltage Rate

AND R
MPa MPa sÿ1
min. max.
< 150 000 two 20
ÿ 150 000 6 60

14 © ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

10.4.2.2 Lower yield strength, ReL

In cases where only the lower yield strength is determined, the strain rate during yielding of the parallel
length of the specimen must be between 0.000 25 sÿ1 and 0.002 5 sÿ1. The strain rate over the parallel
length must be kept as constant as possible. If this rate cannot be controlled directly, it must be fixed by
controlling the stress rate immediately before yielding begins. From then on, the machine controls cannot
be adjusted until the end of the flow.

In no case should the strain rate in the elastic portion exceed the maximum rates presented in Table 3.

10.4.2.3 Upper and lower flow resistances, ReH and ReL

When, in the same test, the upper and lower flow resistances are determined, the conditions for
determining the lower flow resistance must be met
(see 10.4.2.2).

10.4.2.4 Proof resistance in plastic extension and proof resistance in full extension,
Rp and Rt

In the elastic portion, the speed of separation of the beam must be kept as constant as possible and
within the limits corresponding to the tension rates established in Table 3.

In the plastic portion and up to the test strength in the plastic extension or in the total extension, the strain
rate cannot exceed 0.002 5 sÿ1.

10.4.2.5 Crossbar separation speed

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7u.e
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:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

When the testing machine is not capable of measuring or controlling the deformation rate, a beam
separation speed equivalent to the tension rate given in Table 3 must be established until the end of the
flow.

10.4.2.6 Tensile strength, Rm, percentage elongation after fracture, A, percentage total extension
at maximum force, Agt, percentage plastic extension at maximum force, Ag, and percentage area
reduction, Z

After determining the yield strength/proof properties, the test speed may be increased to a strain rate (or
equivalent speed of strut separation) that does not exceed 0.008 s ÿ1.

If only the tensile strength of the material is measured, a single strain rate can be adopted for the entire
test, which cannot exceed 0.008 sÿ1.

10.5 Choice of method and fees

Unless otherwise agreed, it is up to the producer or the testing laboratory designated by the producer to
choose the method (A or B) and the rates, observing the requirements of this part of ABNT NBR ISO
6892.

10.6 Documentation of chosen test conditions

The following system can be employed to briefly report the control mode and assay rates:

ABNT NBR ISO 6892 Annn, or ABNT NBR ISO 6892 Bn where 'A' indicates the use of method A (control
of the deformation rate) and 'B', the use of method B (based on the deformation rate).

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved 15

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

The symbols 'nnn' represent a series of up to 3 characters that refer to the rates adopted during each
phase of the test, as defined in Figure 9, and 'n' can be used to indicate the stress rate (in MPa sÿ 1)
adopted during elastic loading.
EXAMPLE 1 ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2012 A224 indicates a test based on strain rate, using ranges 2, 2 and 4.

EXAMPLE 2 ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2012 B30 indicates a test based on stress rate, carried out at a nominal stress rate
of 30 MPa sÿ1.

EXAMPLE 3 ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2012 B indicates a test based on voltage rate, carried out at a nominal voltage rate
as per Table 3.

11 Determination of upper flow resistance

ReH can be determined by the force-extension curve or by indicating the peak force and is defined
as the maximum value of tension before the first decrease in force. Finally, it is obtained by dividing
the force by the initial cross-sectional area of the force extension specimen, So (see Figure 2).

12 Determination of bottom flow resistance

ReL is determined by the force-extension curve and is defined as the lowest value of stress during
plastic flow, ignoring any transient effect. Finally, it is obtained by dividing the force by the initial cross-
sectional area of the force extension specimen, So (see Figure 2).
42d
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2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

For test productivity purposes, ReL can be reported as the lowest stress that occurs in the first 0.25%
of deformation after ReH, disregarding any initial transient effects. After determining ReL according
to this procedure, the test speed can be increased, observing the requirements of 10.3.4. The use of
this abbreviated procedure must be recorded in the test report.

NOTE This clause only applies to materials that present flow, in situations where Ae is not determined.

13 Determination of test resistance in plastic extension

13.1 Rp is determined on the force-extension curve by drawing a line parallel to the linear portion of
the curve, at a distance from that linear portion equivalent to the specified percentage plastic
extension, for example, 0.2%. The point at which the drawn line intersects the curve gives the force
corresponding to the test strength in plastic extension. The resistance value is obtained by dividing
the force by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen, So (see Figure 3).

If the straight portion of the force-extension curve is not clearly defined, thus preventing the parallel
line from being drawn with sufficient precision, the following procedure is recommended (see Figure 6).

When the assumed proof strength is exceeded, the force is reduced to a value of about 10% of the
obtained force. The force is then increased again until it exceeds the initially obtained value. To
determine the desired test resistance, the diagonal of the hysteresis cycle is plotted.
A line parallel to this diagonal is then drawn, at a distance from the corrected origin of the curve

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

force-extension force extension, measured on the abscissa axis, equal to the specified percentage
plastic extension. The intersection of the parallel line with the force-extension curve gives the force
corresponding to the test resistance. The value of this resistance is obtained by dividing
the force by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen, So (see Figure 6).
NOTE 1 There are several methods for defining the corrected origin of the force-extension curve.
One of these methods consists of constructing a line parallel to the diagonal of the hysteresis cycle, in such a
way that it touches the force-extension curve. The point at which this line intersects the abscissa axis is the
corrected origin of the force-extension curve (see Figure 6).

NOTE 2 The plastic deformation at the initial point of force reduction is only slightly greater than the specified
plastic strain of Rp. Force reduction starting points set at much higher strain values reduce the slope of the
diagonal of the hysteresis loop.

NOTE 3 Except in cases specified in product standards, or in case of agreement with the customer, it is
inappropriate to determine test resistance during and after discontinuous flow.

13.2 The property can be obtained without resorting to drawing the force-extension curve, using
automatic devices (microprocessor, etc.). See Appendix A.
NOTE Another available method is described in GB/T 228[12].

14 Determination of test resistance at full extension

14.1 Rt is determined from the force-extension curve, considering the prescriptions of 10.2, drawing a
line parallel to the ordinate axis (force axis), at a distance from this axis equivalent to the total
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:/E tR
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3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

percentage extension specified. The point of intersection of the line drawn with the curve gives the
force corresponding to the test resistance. The value of this resistance is obtained by dividing the
force by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen, So (see Figure 4).

14.2 The property can be obtained without resorting to drawing the force-extension curve, using
automatic devices (see Annex A).

15 Method of checking the specified permanent resistance

The specimen is subjected, for a period of 10 s to 12 s, to a force corresponding to the specified

tension. The force value is obtained by multiplying the specified stress by the area of the initial cross-
section of the specimen, So. After removing the force, it is confirmed that the extension or permanent
elongation has not exceeded the percentage value specified for the initial measurement length (see
Figure 5).
NOTE This test is a pass/no pass test and is generally not performed as part of a standard tensile test. The
tension applied to the test specimen and the permissible permanent extension or elongation are specified either
by the product specification or by the test requester. For example: reporting “Rr0.5 = 750 MPa Pass” indicates
that a stress of 750 MPa was applied to the specimen and that the permanent deformation was less than or equal
to 0.5%.

16 Determination of percentage extension at the yield point

For materials that present discontinuous flow, Ae is determined from the force-extension curve,
subtracting the extension in ReH from the extension at the beginning of uniform hardening.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

The extension at the beginning of uniform hardening is defined by the intersection of a horizontal line that passes
through the last local minimum point, or of the regression line adjusted to the points of the flow range, before uniform
hardening, and a line corresponding to the greatest slope of the curve at the beginning of uniform hardening (see
Figure 7). The property is expressed as a percentage of the extensometric measurement length, Le.

The method used [see Figure 7 a) or b)] must be recorded in the test report.

17 Determination of percentage plastic extension at maximum force

The method consists of determining the extension at maximum force from the force-extension curve obtained with a
extensometer, and subtracting the elastic deformation.

Calculate the percentage plastic extension at maximum force, Ag, with Equation (2):
ÿ Lm Rm ÿ
Ag = ÿ ÿ × 100ÿ
ÿ

ÿÿ L m
It is AND
(two)

on what:

Le is the extensometric measurement length;

mE is the slope of the elastic portion of the percentage stress-strain curve;

Rm is the tensile strength;

DLm is the extension at maximum force.

42d
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2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

NOTE For materials that present a plateau at maximum strength, the percentage plastic extension at maximum
force is the extension at the midpoint of that plateau (see Figure 1).

18 Determination of total percentage extension at maximum force

The method consists of determining the extension at maximum force from the force-extension curve obtained with a
extensometer.

Calculate the total percentage extension at maximum force, Agt, with Equation (3):
ÿ Lm
= 100× (3)
The gt
L It is

on what:

Le is the extensometric measurement length;

DLm is the extension at maximum force.

NOTE For materials that present a plateau at maximum strength, the percentage plastic extension at maximum
force is the extension at the midpoint of that plateau (see Figure 1).

19 Determination of the total percentage extension in the fracture

The method consists of determining the fracture extension from the force-extension curve obtained with an
extensometer.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Calculate the total percentage extension at the fracture, At, with Equation (4):
ÿ Lf
To t = 100×
L (4)
It is

on what:

Le is the extensometric measurement length;

DLf is the extension at fracture.

20 Determination of percentage elongation after fracture

20.1 The percentage elongation after fracture must be determined in accordance with the definition presented in
3.4.2.

For this purpose, the two broken parts of the specimen must be carefully adjusted, in such a way that their axes
are aligned.

Special precautions must be taken to ensure adequate contact between the two broken parts of the specimen
when measuring the final gage length after fracture. These precautions are particularly important for specimens
with a small cross section and specimens that present small elongation values.

Calculate the percentage elongation after fracture, A, with Equation (5):

LL
uo
ÿ

A =
oD
lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

×100
2A
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4
.ee 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 :/E
s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R tR
B
3
1 e
lnn ir1
A
E
:/E
c7 L
e xr1
e
n
s
y

LO (5)

on what:

Lo is the initial measurement length;

Lu is the final measurement length after fracture.

The elongation after fracture, Lu – Lo, must be determined in multiples of 0.25 mm or less, using a measuring
instrument with sufficient resolution.

If the specified minimum percentage elongation is less than 5%, it is recommended that special precautions be
taken (see Appendix G). The result of this determination is valid only if the distance between the fracture and the
nearest initial measurement length marking is not less than Lo/3. However, the measurement is valid, regardless
of the position of the fracture, if the percentage elongation after fracture is equal to or greater than the specified
value.

20.2 When fracture extension is measured with an extensometer, it is not necessary to mark measuring lengths.
Elongation is measured as the total extension at fracture and, therefore, it is necessary to deduct the elastic
extension in order to obtain the percentage elongation after fracture.
To obtain values comparable to the manual method, additional adjustments must be applied (e.g. adjusting the
extensometer to sufficiently high bandwidth and frequency; see A.3.2).

The result of the determination is valid only if the fracture and localized stricture occur within the limits of the
extensometric measurement length, Le. The measurement is valid regardless of the position of the fractured
section if the percentage elongation after fracture is equal to or greater than the specified value.

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

If the product standard specifies the determination of the percentage elongation after fracture for a given
extensometric measurement length, the extensometer measurement length must be equal to that extensometric
measurement length.

20.3 If elongation is measured over a given fixed length, it may be converted to a proportional length, using
conversion tables or formulas, when agreed before testing (e.g. as given in ISO 2566-1 and ISO 2566- two).

NOTE It is possible to compare percentage elongations only when the extensometer measurement length or
the extensometer measurement length, the shape and the cross-sectional area are the same, or when the
proportionality coefficient, k, is the same.

21 Determination of percentage reduction in area

The percentage reduction in area must be determined in accordance with the definition presented in 3.8.

If necessary, the two broken parts of the specimen must be carefully adjusted so that their axes are aligned.

Calculate the percentage reduction in area, Z, with Equation (6):

SS ÿ

Z = or ×100 (6)
sO
on what:

So is the initial cross-sectional area of the parallel length;

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:/E tR
B
3
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e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

Su is the minimum cross-sectional area after fracture.

Su must be measured with an accuracy of ± 2 % (see Figure 13).

NOTE It may not be possible to measure Su with an accuracy of ± 2 % on small diameter round specimens, or
on specimens with cross-sections of other geometric shapes.

22 Test report

The test report must contain at least the following information, unless previously agreed between the interested
parties:

a) reference to this part of ABNT NBR ISO 6892, extended to indicate test conditions
specified in 10.6; for example, ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1 A224;

b) identification of the test body;

c) specified material, if known;

d) type of test piece;

e) position and sampling direction of the specimens, if known;

f) control mode(s) and test speed(s) or test speed range(s) (see 10.6),
if they differ from the methods and values recommended in 10.3 and 10.4;

g) test results.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Results should be rounded to the following numerical precisions or better, unless otherwise specified
by product standards:

— resistance values, in megapascals, to the nearest whole number;

— values of the percentage extension at the yield point, Ae, to the nearest 0.1 %;

— all other values of extension and percentage elongation, to the nearest 0.5%;

— percentage reduction in area, Z, to the nearest 1%.

23 Measurement uncertainty

23.1 General

Measurement uncertainty analysis is useful for identifying the main sources of inconsistency of
measurement results.

Product standards and material properties databases based on this section of ABNT NBR ISO 6892
and its older editions incorporate an inherent contribution from measurement uncertainty. It is therefore
inappropriate to apply additional adjustments for measurement uncertainty and thus jeopardize the
acceptance of compliant products. For this reason, uncertainty estimates derived following this
procedure are for information only, unless otherwise indicated by the client.
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:/E tR
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e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

23.2 Test conditions

The test conditions and limits defined in this section of ABNT NBR ISO 6892 cannot be adjusted to
take into account measurement uncertainties, unless under specific instruction to the contrary issued
by the customer.

23.3 Test results

Estimated uncertainties may not be combined with test results to assess compliance with product
specifications unless specifically instructed otherwise by the customer.

For uncertainty analysis, see Annexes J and K, which present guidelines for determining uncertainties
related to metrological parameters and values obtained from interlaboratory tests of a group of steel
and aluminum alloys.

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved 21

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R
ÿe

ÿe/2

ÿe/2

mR

me

0 It is

Ag

Agt

At

Subtitle

A percentage elongation after fracture [determined by the extensometer signal or directly by measuring the
specimen (see 20.1)]

Ag percentage plastic extension at maximum force

Agt percentage total extension at maximum force

At total percentage extension at fracture

It is
percentage extension
mE slope of the elastic portion of the percentage stress-strain curve
R voltage

Rm tensile strength
2aiIO
IvtE :/E
s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R Blnnec7
tR
3
1 A
E
L
e
:/E oD
eysxr1
ir1
n lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

Of threshold portion (for the determination of Ag, see Clause 17; for the determination of Agt, see Clause 18)
0D
4
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A 5
1

Figure 1 – Extension definitions

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R
R
HeR

HeR
LeR

LeR
The
The

0 It is
It is
0

The) B)
R

R
HeR

LeR
LeR

0 It is 0 It is

w) d)

Subtitle

It is
percentage extension
R voltage

ReH superior yield strength

ReL lower yield strength

The
initial transient effect.
2aiIO
s5 R
:/E IM
7u.e
r5 lnnec7
tR
B
3
1 A
E
L
:/E
e oD
eysxr1
ir1
n lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

Figure 2 – Examples of upper and lower flow resistance for different types of curves
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A IvtE
0D
4 5
1

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved 23

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R
pR

0 It is

ep

Subtitle

It is
percentage extension

ep specified percentage plastic extension

R voltage

Rp proof strength in plastic extension

Figure 3 – Proof resistance in plastic extension, Rp (see 13.1)

R
TR

0 It is

et
2aiIO
IvtE
0D
4 5
1 s5 R
:/E ItM
7u.e
r5 R
B
3
1 A
E
L
:/E
c7
e
lnn e olD
xr1
ir1
e
n
s
y P
A
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

Subtitle
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A

It is
percentage extension

et specified percentage total length

R voltage

RT proof strength in full extension

Figure 4 – Proof resistance at full extension, Rt

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R
rrR

0 It is
er

Subtitle

It is
percentage elongation or percentage extension

er percentage permanent extension or elongation

R voltage

Rrr permanent specified resistance

R

Figure 5 – Permanent specified resistance, Rr

pR

0 It is

ep

Subtitle
2aiIO
s5 R
:/E .IM
7ue
r5 lnec7
n
tR
B
3
1 L
:/E
e oD
eysxr1
ir1
A
E n lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

It is
percentage extension
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A IvtE
0D
4 5
1

ep specified percentage plastic extension

R voltage

Rp proof strength in plastic extension

Figure 6 – Test resistance in plastic extension, Rp, alternative procedure (see 13.1)

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R R

w w

He R
HeR

Ae Ae B
The

0 It is 0 It is

a) Horizontal line method b) Line of regression method

Subtitle

Ae percentage extension at the yield point

It is
percentage extension

R voltage

ReH superior yield strength

The
Horizontal line passing through the last local minimum point before uniform hardening.
B
Regression line adjusted to the points of the flow range, before uniform hardening.
w
Line corresponding to the greatest slope of the curve at the beginning of uniform hardening.

Figure 7 – Different methods for evaluating the percentage extension at the

yield point, Ae
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A 2aiIO
IvtE
0D
4 5
1 r5
R
:/E
s5 ItM
7u.e R
3
1 E
L
E
e
Blnnec:/7 oD
eysxr1
ir1
A n lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R
R

mR
mR

HeR
0 It is 0 It is

The) ReH < Rm >

B) ReH Rm
R
HeR

0 It is

c) Special case of percentage stress-strain behaviora

Subtitle

and percentage extension

R voltage

ReH superior yield strength

Rm tensile strength
oD
xr1lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

For materials that exhibit this behavior, tensile strength is not defined in accordance with this section of
ir1
A
E e
n
s
y

The
2aiIO
s5 R
:/E ItM
7u.e
r5 R
3
1 e
Blnn L
E
e
c:/7

ABNT NBR ISO 6892. If necessary, separate agreements can be made between interested parties.
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A IvtE
0D
4 5
1

Figure 8 – Different types of stress-strain curve for determining tensile strength, Rm

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

1/-e
s
1/-es

1/-M
aP Rs
10-2 10-2
4a

103

10-3 10-3

102

2a two

10-4 10-4
B
1
101

10-5 10-5
tec tw
100

ReH ReL Rm
t the t the tpl tf t
Rp Agt' Ag ReH ReH ReL Rm

RT At' A Rp Rp Rp Agt' Ag
Z RT RT RT At' A
Z

a) Method A a) Method B
Subtitle
It is
strain rate
R voltage rate
t rehearsal time
tc dash control time
tech extensometer control time or beam control time
time range (elastic behavior) for determining the listed parameters (see Table 1
tel for assignments)
range of time (typically until fracture) for determining the listed parameters (see Table 1
tf for designations)
A
E
L
E
e
Blnnec:/7 oD
eysxr1
ir1
n lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

time range (plastic behavior) for determining the listed parameters (see Table 1
.ee
R
2A
42d
]15-89A IvtE
0D
4 5
1 R
s:/5E
2aiIO ItM
7u.e
r5 R
3
1

tpl for designations)

range 1: e = 0.000 07 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %
1 range 2: e = 0.000 25 sÿ1, with relative tolerance of ± 20 %
two

3 range 3: e = 0.002 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %

4 range 4: e = 0.006 7 sÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 % (0.4 min ÿ1, with a relative tolerance of ± 20 %)
The
Recommended.
B
Expanded range for lower rates if the testing machine is not capable of measuring or controlling the strain
rate (see 10.4.2.5).
NOTE The strain rate in the elastic portion for method B is calculated from the stress rate, taking a value for the
Young's modulus of 210 000 MPa (steel).

Figure 9 – Illustration of the strain rates to be used in the tensile test, when
ReH, ReL, Rp, Rt , Rm, Ag, Agt, A, At and Z are determined

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

28
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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Rm a

Rm

Rp0.2

The The

0 Ag Agt Ag Agt
It is

Subtitle

It is
percentage extension

R voltage

The
False values resulting from an abrupt increase in the strain rate.
B
Stress-strain behavior when the strain rate is abruptly increased.
NOTE For parameter definitions, see Table 1.

Figure 10 – Illustration of an unacceptable discontinuity in the stress-strain curve

2A
42d
]15-89A 0D
4
.ee
R 5
1 s:/5E
2aiIO
IvtE IM
7u.e
r5
R B
3
1 c7
e
lnn
tR A
E
L
e
:/E olD
xr1
ir1
e
n
s
y P
A
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

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doog
ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Only
to the
1

Lo

Lc

Lt

a) Before the test

Lu

b) After the test

Subtitle

to the initial thickness of a flat specimen or a wall thickness of a tube

good initial width of the parallel length of a flat specimen
Lc parallel length
Lo initial measurement length
Lt total length of the test piece
Lu final measurement length after fracture
Only initial cross-sectional area of parallel length
1
E
L
E
e
lnnec:/7 oD
eysxr1
ir1
A n lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

fixing heads
2A
42d
]15-89A 4
.ee
R 2aiIO
IvtE
0D 5
1 s5 R
:/E ItM
7u.e
r5 R
B
3
1

NOTE The shape of the specimen heads is presented simply as a guide.

Figure 11 – Machined specimens with rectangular cross-section (see Annexes B and D)

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Only

Only

Only

Lo

Subtitle
Lo initial measurement length
Only
initial cross-sectional area
42d
]15-89A 0D
.ee
R
2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

Figure 12 – Test specimens formed by a non-machined segment of the product

(see Appendix C)

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved 31

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

fo
Only

Lo

Lc

Lt

a) Before the test

Su

Lu

b) After the test

Subtitle

of initial diameter of the parallel length of a circular specimen

Lc parallel length
Lo initial measurement length
Lt total length of the test piece
E
L
E
e
lnnec:/7 oD
eysxr1
ir1
A n lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

Lu final measurement length after fracture

0D
4
.ee
R
2A 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1

initial cross-sectional area of parallel length minimum cross-

42d
]15-89A

sectional area after fracture

So Su NOTE The shape of the specimen heads is presented simply as a guide.

Figure 13 – Machined specimens, with round cross-section (see Appendix D)

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ot
eh
ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

fO
Lt

Lo
Only

a) Before the test

Su

Lu

b) After the test

Subtitle

to the initial wall thickness of a tube

Of initial outside diameter of a pipe

Lo initial measurement length

Lt total length of the test piece
Lu final measurement length after fracture
Only initial cross-sectional area of parallel length
2aiIO IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E
s5 B
3
1 c7
e
lnn
tR A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
ir1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

minimum cross-sectional area after fracture

IvtE
0D 5
1

Su
2A
42d
]15-89A 4
.ee
R

1
fixing heads

Figure 14 – Test specimens formed by a pipe segment (see Annex E)

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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doog
ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Only
1
to the

Lo

Lc

Lt

a) Before the test

Su

Lu

b) After the test

Subtitle
initial wall thickness of a tube
good _
initial average width of the longitudinal strip taken from a
IM
7u.e Blnnec7
tR
3
1 ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e n oD
eysxr1lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

Lc
2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 r5
R
s:/5E

tube of parallel length

42d
]15-89A R
2A 0D
4
.ee

Lo initial measurement length

Lt total length of the test piece
Lu final measurement length after fracture
Only
initial cross-sectional area of parallel length
Su minimum cross-sectional area after fracture
1 fixing heads
NOTE The shape of the specimen heads is presented simply as a guide.

Figure 15 – Test specimen taken from a tube (see Appendix E)

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex A
(informative)

Recommendations regarding the use of computer-controlled

tensile testing machines

A.1 General
This annex contains additional recommendations for determining mechanical properties when
employing a computer-controlled testing machine. In particular, it presents recommendations that
apply to the software and testing conditions.

These recommendations are related to the design, machine software and its validation, as well as
the operational conditions of the tensile test.

A.2 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this annex, the following definitions apply.

A.2.1
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2A 4 2aiIO
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7u.e
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R
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B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

computer controlled testing machine

machine for which test control and monitoring, measurements and data processing are carried out by
computer.

A.3 Tensile testing machine

A.3.1 Project

The machine must be designed to provide analog output signals, not processed by software. If these
output signals are not provided, the machine manufacturer must provide raw digital data, with
information on how this digital data was obtained and processed by the software. The data must be
provided in SI units, referring to the force, extension, speed of separation of the beam, time and
dimensions of the test specimens. Figure A.1 presents an example of a suitable data file.

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

“Reference”; “ISO 6892”

“Identification”; “Tenstand”
“Material”; “DC 04 Steel”
“Extensometer to crosshead transition”; 0.00; “%”
“Specimen geometry”; “Flat”
“Specimen thickness = ao”
“Specimen width = bo”
“Cross-sectional area = So”
“Extensometer gauge length = Le”
A “Extensometer output in mm”
“Parallel length = Lc”
“Data acquisition rate 50 Hz”
“Data row for start force reduction (Hysteresis) = Hs”
“Data row for end force reduction (Hysteresis) = He”
“Data row for swtich to crosshead = Cs”
“File length N data rows”
“File width M data columns”
ÿ

“ao”;0.711; “mm”
“bo”;19.93; “mm”
“So”;14.17; “mm2”
“Le”;80.00; “mm”
“Lc”;120.00; “mm”
B “N”;2912
“M”;4
“Hs”;0
“He”;0
“Cs”;0
ÿ

“team”; “crosshead”; “extensometer”; “force”

“s”; “mm” “mm”; “kN”
ÿ

0.40;0.0012;0.0000;0.12694
0.42;0.0016;0.0000;0.12992
0.44;0.0020;0.0001;0.13334
0.46;0.0024;0.0002;0.13699
0.48;0.0029;0.0 003;0.14114
42d
]15-89A 0D
.ee
R
2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

W 0.50;0.0035;0.0004;0.14620
0.52;0.0041;0.0006;0.15124
0.54 ;0.0047;0.0007;0.15669
0.56;0.0054;0.0008;0.16247
0.58;0.0060;0.0009;0.16794
0.60;0.0067;0.0012;0.17370
0.62;0.0074;0.0013;0 .17980
0.64;0.0082;0.0014;0.18628
ÿ

Subtitle

The header
B test parameters and specimen dimensions
C data

Figure A.1 – Example of data file format

A.3.2 Data sampling frequency

The frequency bandwidth of each of the measurement channels, as well as the sampling frequency, must be high enough to
record the characteristics of the material to be measured. For example, to capture the ReH value, Equation (A.1) must be used
to determine the minimum sampling frequency, fmin, in reciprocal seconds:

and is
fmin = ×100
(TO 1)
R qH
and

where:

e is the strain rate, in reciprocal seconds;

36 © ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

It is
is the modulus of elasticity, in megapascals;

ReH is the upper flow resistance, in megapascals;

q is the relative accuracy error in force measurement presented by the testing machine, expressed as
a percentage (according to ABNT NBR NM ISO 7500-1).

The use of ReH in Equation (A.1) is due to the fact that this parameter corresponds to a transient characteristic
during the test. If the tested material does not show flow, the test resistance Rp0.2 must be used and the
minimum sampling frequency required can be divided by two.

If method B (based on voltage rate) is used, the minimum sampling frequency must be calculated using Equation
(A.2):
R
fmin = ×100
R eH
q (A.2)

where R is the voltage rate, in megapascals per second.

A.4 Determination of mechanical properties

A.4.1 General

The following requirements must be met by the machine software.

42d
]15-89A 0D
.ee
R
2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

A.4.2 Superior yield strength

ReH (3.10.2.1) should be considered as the stress corresponding to the highest value of force before a reduction
of at least 0.5% of the force, followed by a portion where the force cannot exceed the previous maximum value,
to a deformation range of at least 0.05%.

A.4.3 Proof strength in plastic extension and proof strength in full extension

Rp (3.10.3) and Rt (3.10.4) can be determined by interpolation between adjacent points on the curve.

A.4.4 Total percentage extension at maximum force

Agt (see 3.6.4 and Figure 1) must be considered as the total extension corresponding to the maximum of the
stress-strain curve after the characteristic phenomena of the yield point.

For some materials, it is necessary to smooth the stress-strain curve, in which cases it is recommended to use
polynomial regression. The smoothed range may have an influence on the result. The smoothed curve should
be a reasonable representation of the relevant part of the initial stress-strain curve.

A.4.5 Percent plastic extension at maximum force

Ag (see 3.6.5 and Figure 1) must be considered as the plastic extension corresponding to the maximum of the
stress-strain curve after the characteristic phenomena of the yield point.

For some materials, it is necessary to smooth the stress-strain curve, in which cases it is recommended to use
polynomial regression. The smoothed range may have an influence on the result. The smoothed curve should
be a reasonable representation of the relevant part of the initial stress-strain curve.

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved 37

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

A.4.6 Total percentage extension at fracture

A.4.6.1 Determine At with reference to the fracture definition presented in Figure A.2.

A fracture is considered to have occurred when the force between two consecutive points decreases:

a) more than five times the difference between the values of the two previous points, followed by
of a subsequent decrease of more than 2% of the maximum traction force;

b) more than 2% of the maximum traction force (soft materials).

Another useful method for determining the fracture of the specimen is to monitor the voltage or electrical
F
current that passes through the specimen and consider the values measured at the moment before the Fn,n-1

ÿ
interruption of the current, as that corresponding to the fracture.

fm

n,1+nF
ÿ
1+nF

0 t

Subtitle
F strength

fm maximum force

Fn+1 force at measuring point n + 1

DFn,nÿ1 difference in forces at measuring points nen – 1
DFn+1,n difference in forces at measuring points n + 1 and n
R
s:/5E
2aiIO ItM
7u.e
r5 R
3
1 c7
e
Blnn A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
ir1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
gi[f
o
0
1
e
u
b

t
IvtE
0D 5
1

time
2A
42d
]15-89A 4
.ee
R

1 fracture

ÿ data sampling point

Fracture criteria
|DFn+1,n| > 5|DFn,nÿ1|

and/or

Fn+1 < 0.02Fm

Figure A.2 – Schematic representation for defining the fracture of the test piece

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

A.4.6.2 If the extensometer is kept attached to the specimen and the extension is measured until
fracture, determine At at point 1 in Figure A.2.

A.4.6.3 If the extensometer is removed or if measurement of extension is stopped before fracture but
after the maximum force, Fm, then it is permissible to employ the displacement of the beam to determine
the additional extension before removing the extensometer and the fracture occurrence.
The method used must be demonstrable.

A.4.7 Determination of the slope in the elastic portion

To be valid for specimens of unknown characteristics, the method used cannot be based on a predefined
stress limit, unless this limit is given by the product standard or by agreement between parties relating
to the test.

The most convenient methods are those based on the characteristics of a continuously variable
segment. The parameters are:

a) the length of the continuously variable segment (number of points used);

b) the equation chosen as reference to define the slope of the curve.

NOTE If the linear portion of the force-extension curve is not clearly defined, see 13.1.

The slope of the curve in the elastic portion corresponds to the average slope in a portion where the
following conditions are met:
42d
]15-89A 0D
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2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

c) the slope of the continuously variable segment is constant;

d) the selected portion is representative.

In any case, it should be recommended that the relevant limits of the portion can be selected by the
user, to eliminate values not representative of the slope of the curve in the elastic portion.

References to these and other acceptable methods are found in bibliographical references [5], [17],
[18], [19].

A recommended method for determining the slope of the elastic portion for calculating Rp0.2 (Reference
[20]):

— linear regression of the elastic portion;

— lower limit: ~10 % of Rp0.2;

— upper limit: ~50 % of Rp0.2;

— to obtain more accurate data for Rp0.2, the elastic portion must be checked and, if necessary,
recalculated with other limits.

A.5 Validation of software for determining tensile properties

The effectiveness of the methods used by the testing system to determine the various characteristics of
the material can be verified by comparison with results determined according to the method

© ISO 2009 - © ABNT 2013 - All rights reserved 39

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

traditional, by examination/calculation from analogue or digital data graphs. Data that comes directly from the
machine's transducers or amplifiers must be collected and processed using equipment of frequency bandwidth,
sampling and uncertainty at least equal to that used to generate the results calculated by the testing machine's
computer.

One can have confidence in the data processing carried out by the testing machine's computer if small
differences are observed between values calculated by this means and the respective values calculated
manually for the same specimen. In order to establish the acceptability of these differences, five similar
specimens must be tested and the average difference for each relevant property must fall between the limits
presented in Table A.1.
NOTE 1 This procedure only generates confirmation that the machine is capable of determining the characteristics of
a material for a given specimen shape in particular, the material tested and the test conditions. The procedure does
not generate confidence that the properties of the material tested are correct or suitable for a given purpose.

If other methods are used, for example, the insertion of a set of data referring to a known material, with a
recognized level of quality assurance, the differences must meet the requirements mentioned above, in
addition to those established by Table A.1.
NOTE 2 As part of the TENSTAND project (GBRD-CT-2000-00412), funded by the EU, data files were produced in
ASCII format with accepted values of tensile properties, which can be used for software validation. [Available
(2009-07-23) at http://www.npl.co.uk/tenstand]. Other details can be found in References [21] and [22].
42d
]15-89A 0D
.ee
R
2A 4 2aiIO
IvtE
5
1 s5 IM
7u.e
r5
R
:/E tR
B
3
1 c7
e
lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
y lA
P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

Table A.1 – Maximum differences allowed between results calculated by the machine
computer and manually calculated results
B
From the s
Parameter
Relative c Absolute c Relative c Absolute c
Rp0.2 ÿ 0.5% 2 MPa ÿ 0.35 % 2 MPa
Rp1 ÿ 0.5% 2 MPa ÿ 0.35 % 2 MPa
ReH ÿ 1% 4 MPa ÿ 0.35 % 2 MPa
ReL ÿ 0.5% 2 MPa ÿ 0.35 % 2 MPa
Rm ÿ 0.5% 2 MPa ÿ 0.35 % 2 MPa
A – ÿ 2% – ÿ 2%
The
n
1
D=ÿ D.i
n
i=1

B
1
n
s =
n ÿ

1
ÿ ( DD
) i ÿ
two

i=1
on what
Di is the difference between the manually calculated result, Hi, and the result of a testing machine computer
calculation, Ri, for a specimen (Di = Hi – Ri);
n is the number of identical specimens for a sample (W 5).
c The largest relative and absolute values must be considered.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex B
(normative)

Types of test specimens to be used for thin products: plates, strips and
flat products with a thickness between 0.1 mm and 3 mm

NOTE For products with a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, special precautions may need to be taken.

B.1 Shape of the test piece

In general, the specimen has heads wider than the parallel length. The parallel length, Lc, must be
joined to the heads using transition curves with a radius of at least 20 mm. The width of these heads
should be W 1.2bo, where bo is the initial width.

According to agreement, the specimen may also consist of a strip with parallel sides (parallel-sided
specimen). For products with a width equal to or less than 20 mm, the width of the test piece may be
the same as that of the product.

B.2 Dimensions of the test piece

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lnn ir1
A
E
L
:/E
e oD
xr1
e
n
s
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P
F
g
o
0
1
e
u
b
i[f

Three different non-proportional geometries are widely used for the specimens (see Table B.1).

The parallel length cannot be less than Lo + bo/2.

In case of dispute, length Lo + 2bo must be used unless the material is insufficient.

For parallel-sided specimens of width less than 20 mm, and unless otherwise specified by the product
standard, the initial measuring length, Lo, shall be equal to 50 mm. For this type of specimen, the free
length between grips must be equal to Lo + 3bo.

When measuring the dimensions of each test specimen, the shape tolerances given in Table B.2 apply.

For specimens where the width is the same as the width of the product, the initial cross-sectional area,
So, must be calculated based on the measured dimensions of the specimen.

The nominal width of the specimen may be used to avoid measuring the width of the specimen at the
time of the test, provided that the machining tolerances and shape tolerances given in Table B.2 are
met.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Table B.1 – Dimensions of the test specimens

Dimensions in millimeters

body Initial Parallel length Free length between

type Width Lc grips for parallel-
good
measurement length sided specimen
proof Lo Recommended Minimum

1 12.5 ± 1 50 57 75 87.5
two 20 ± 1 80 90 120 140

3 25 ± 1 50 to 60a – Not defined

a The Lo/bo and Lc/bo ratios for a type 3 specimen, compared to one of types 1 and 2, are very low. As a
consequence, the properties, especially the elongation after fracture (absolute value and range of individual
values), measured with this specimen will be different from those of specimens of other types.

Table B.2 – Specimen width tolerances

Dimensions and tolerances in millimeters

Nominal width of the test The

B Form Tolerance
Machining Tolerance
piece
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12.5 ± 0.05 0.06

20 ± 0.10 0.12
25 ± 0.10 0.12

a These tolerances are applicable if the nominal value of the initial cross-sectional area, So, is used for the
calculation without being measured.
b Maximum deviation between width measurements along the entire parallel length, Lc, of the body
of proof.

B.3 Preparation of test specimens

The test specimens must be prepared in such a way as not to affect the properties of the sample.
Any points that have been hardened by cutting or pressing must be removed by machining.

These test specimens are predominantly taken from sheets or strips. If possible, laminate surfaces should
not be removed.

NOTE The preparation of these specimens by stamping can result in signifcant changes in the material properties,
especially in the yield strength/proof strength (due to mechanical hardening). Materials that present high mechanical
hardening must, in general, be prepared by milling, grinding, etc.

For very thin materials, it is recommended that strips of identical widths be cut and assembled into small
packages, interspersed with oil-resistant paper.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

machining and fitted with thicker strips on each side, before machining to the final dimensions of the test
piece.

The tolerance given in Table B.2, for example ± 0.05 mm for a nominal width of 12.5 mm, means that no
specimen shall have a width outside the limits given below, if the nominal value of the section area initial
transversal, So, is used for the calculations, instead of the measured value:

12.5mm + 0.05mm = 12.55mm

12.5mm – 0.05mm = 12.45mm

B.4 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area

It must only be calculated from measurements of the dimensions of the test piece.

The error in determining the initial cross-sectional area cannot exceed ± 2 %. Since the greatest influence
on this error comes from measuring the thickness of the test piece, the width measurement error cannot
exceed ± 0.2%.

In order for the results obtained to present small measurement uncertainties, it is recommended that the
initial cross-sectional area be determined with an accuracy of ± 1 %, or better. For materials with reduced
thickness, it may be necessary to use special measuring techniques.
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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex C
(normative)

Types of test specimens to be used for shapes, bars and profiles with a
diameter or thickness of less than 4 mm

C.1 Shape of the test piece

The test piece generally consists of a non-machined segment of the product (see Figure 12).

C.2 Dimensions of the test piece

The initial measuring length, Lo, should be 200 mm ± 2 mm, or 100 mm ± 1 mm. The distance between the jaws
of the testing machine must be at least Lo + 3bo, with a minimum of Lo + 20 mm.

If the percentage elongation after fracture is not determined, a jaw distance of at least 50 mm must be used.

C.3 Preparation of test specimens

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If the product is delivered in reels, precautions must be taken when unrolling it.

C.4 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area

Determine So with accuracy of ± 1 % or better.

For circular cross-sectional products, the initial cross-sectional area can be calculated as the arithmetic mean of
two measurements taken in two perpendicular directions.

The initial cross-sectional area, So, in square millimeters, can be determined from the mass of a known length
and the specific mass of the material, according to Equation (C.1):

1000 m
sO = (C.1)
ÿ tL

where

m is the mass, in grams, of the specimen;

Lt is the total length, in millimeters, of the specimen;

r is the specific mass, in grams per cubic centimeter, of the specimen material.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex D
(normative)

Types of test specimens to be used for plates and flat products with a
thickness equal to or greater than 3 mm, and for shapes, bars and
sections with a diameter or thickness equal to or greater than 4 mm

D.1 Shape of the test piece

In general, the specimen is machined and the parallel length is joined by means of a transition radius
to the heads, which can be of any shape for adequate coupling to the jaws of the testing machine (see
Figure 13). The minimum transition radius between the heads and the parallel length must be:

a) 0.75do, where do is the diameter of the parallel length, for cylindrical specimens;

b) 12 mm, for other specimens.

Profiles, bars, etc., can be tested without being machined, if requested.

The cross-section of the specimen may be circular, square, rectangular, or, in special cases, may have
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another shape.

For specimens with a rectangular cross-section, it is recommended that the width/

thickness is not more than 8:1.

In general, the diameter of the parallel length of machined cylindrical parts cannot be less than 3mm.

D.2 Dimensions of the test piece

D.2.1 Parallel length of the machined specimen

The parallel length, Lc, must be at least equal to:

a) Lo + (do/2), for cylindrical specimens;

b) Lo + 1 5, So, for other specimens.

In cases of dispute, the length Lo + 2do or Lo + 2 So must be adopted, depending on the type of test
specimen, unless the material is insufficient.

D.2.2 Length of the unmachined specimen

The free length between the jaws of the testing machine must be adequate so that the measuring
length markings are at least So away from the jaws.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

D.2.3 Initial measurement length

D.2.3.1 Proportional test pieces

As a general rule, proportional specimens are used in situations where Lo is related to the initial cross-
sectional area, So, by Equation (D.1):

LOk= S O (D.1)

where k is equal to 5.65.

Alternatively, 11.3 can be adopted as the value of k.

Test specimens with a circular cross section must, preferably, present one of the sets of dimensions
presented in Table D.1.

Table D.1 – Circular cross-section specimens

Proportionality Diameter Initial Minimum

measurement length parallel length
coefficient d
LOk= S O Lc
k mm mm mm
20 100 110
14 70 77
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5.65
10 50 55
5 25 28

D.2.3.2 Non-proportional test pieces

Non-proportional test specimens may be used as long as specified in the product standard.

The parallel length, Lc, cannot be less than Lo + bo/2. In case of dispute, the parallel length Lc = Lo +
2bo must be used unless the material is insufficient.

Table D.2 presents details of some typical specimen dimensions.

Table D.2 – Typical dimensions of flat specimens

Dimensions in millimeters

Initial Minimum Approximate total

Width measurement length parallel length length
good
Lo Lc Lt

40 200 220 450

25 200 215 450
20 80 90 300

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

D.3 Preparation of test specimens

D.3.1 General

Tolerances for transverse dimensions of machined specimens are given in Table D.3.

An example of the application of these tolerances is presented in D.3.2 and D.3.3.

D.3.2 Machining tolerances

The value given in Table D.3, for example ± 0.03 mm for a nominal diameter of 10 mm, means that no
specimen may have a diameter outside the range established by the limits below, if the nominal value of
the section area initial transversal, So, is used for the calculations, instead of the measured value:

10mm + 0.03mm = 10.03mm

10mm – 0.03mm = 9.97mm

D.3.3 Shape tolerances

The value given in Table D.3 means that, for a specimen with a nominal diameter of 10 mm that satisfies
the machining conditions given above, the deviation between the smallest and largest diameter measured
cannot be greater than 0.04 mm.
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As a consequence, if the minimum diameter of this specimen is 9.99 mm, its maximum diameter cannot
be greater than 9.99 mm + 0.04 mm = 10.03 mm.

Table D.3 – Tolerances of the transversal dimensions of the test specimens

Dimensions and tolerances in millimeters

Nominal Machining
B Form
Designation transverse tolerance of Tolerance
dimension nominal dimension a

ÿ3
± 0.02 0.03
ÿ6
Diameter of machined >6
specimens, with circular cross- ± 0.03 0.04
section and transverse dimensions ÿ 10

of specimens with rectangular > 10

cross-section, machined on all ± 0.05 0.04
ÿ 18
four sides.
> 18
± 0.10 0.05
ÿ 30

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Table D.3 (continued)

Nominal Machining
B Form
Designation transverse tolerance of Tolerance
dimension nominal dimension a
ÿ3
± 0.02 0.03
ÿ6

>6
± 0.03 0.04
ÿ 10
Transverse dimensions of
test specimens with > 10
± 0.05 0.06
rectangular cross-section, ÿ 18
machined on only two opposite sides.
> 18
± 0.10 0.12
ÿ 30

> 30
±, 0.15 0.15
ÿ 50

a These tolerances are applicable if the nominal value of the initial cross-sectional area, So, is used
for the calculations instead of the measured value. If machining tolerances are not met, it is
essential to measure each specimen individually.
b Maximum deviation between measurements of a specified transverse dimension, along the entire
parallel length, Lc, of the specimen.
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D.4 Determination of the cross-sectional area

The nominal dimensions can be used to calculate So, for specimens with circular cross-section and
rectangular cross-section machined on all four sides, which satisfy the tolerances given in Table D.3.
For all other shapes of specimens, the initial cross-sectional area shall be calculated with the measured
values of the appropriate dimensions, with error within the limits ± 0.5 % of each dimension.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Attachment is

(normative)

Types of test specimens to be used for tubes

E.1 Shape of the test piece

The test piece consists of a tube segment, or a longitudinal or transverse strip taken from the tube,
which presents the total thickness of the tube wall (see Figures 14 and 15), or a machined test piece
with a circular section. of the tube wall.

The machined, transverse, longitudinal and circular cross-section specimens are described in Annex B,
for tubes with wall thicknesses less than 3 mm, and in Annex D, for thicknesses equal to or greater than
3 mm. The longitudinal strip is generally used for tubes with a wall thickness greater than 0.5 mm.

E.2 Dimensions of the test piece

E.2.1 Pipe segment

The tube segment may be provided with inserts on both sides. The free length between each insert and
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the nearest initial measurement length marking must be greater than Do/4.
In cases of dispute, the value Do must be used if there is sufficient material.

The length of the part of the insert projected from a claw of the testing machine towards the measuring
length markings cannot be greater than Do and its shape must be such that it does not interfere with
the deformation of the measuring length.

E.2.2 Longitudinal or transverse strip

The parallel length, Lc, of the longitudinal or transverse strips may not be flattened, but the heads may
be flattened to facilitate coupling to the jaws of the testing machine.

The product standard may specify dimensions different from those given in Annexes B and D for
specimens in the form of a longitudinal or transverse strip.

Special precautions must be taken when straightening specimens in the form of a transverse strip.

E.2.3 Circular section test specimen machined from tube wall

Sample sampling is specified in the product standard.

E.3 Determination of the initial cross-sectional area

Only for the test specimen it must be determined with an error of ± 1% or better.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

The initial cross-sectional area, So, in square millimeters, of the tube segment or longitudinal or transverse strip, can be
determined from the mass of the specimen, the measured length and the specific mass of the material, according to Equation
( E.1):
1000 m
sO =
ÿ tL
(E.1)

where

m is the mass, in grams, of the specimen;

Lt is the total length, in millimeters, of the specimen;

r is the specific mass, in grams per cubic centimeter, of the specimen material.

The initial cross-sectional area, So, of a specimen in the form of a longitudinal sample must be calculated according to
Equation (E.2):
BO 12 2D _ BO ÿ BO 12 From the Otwo BO
sO = DbO2 2 arcsin ÿ
O
From
two
ÿ O ÿ 2 arcsin ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ( ÿ the O ) ÿ
O two 2b _
(E.2)
4 ÿ( )+
O ÿÿ O
4 ÿÿ
DO ÿ 4 ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ two ÿÿ ÿÿ From
ÿ

O the
two
Oÿ
ÿ

where

ao is the thickness of the tube wall;

bo is the average width of the strip;

Do is the outer diameter of the tube.

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The simplified Equation (E.3) can be used for longitudinal specimens:

ÿ BO two
ÿ BO ÿ
Sat
ooo
= 1+ if < 0 ,25 (E.3)
2 oo(a
6 DD ÿ) ÿ
DO ÿ

ÿÿ O ÿ ÿ

ÿ
Sat = BO
ooo if < 0 ,10 ÿ

DO ÿ
ÿ

For a test piece in the shape of a pipe segment, the initial cross-sectional area, So, must be calculated according to Equation
(E.4):

So = pao(Do – ao) (E.4)

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex F
(informative)

Estimation of the beam separation speed considering the effect of the

stiffness (or deformability) of the testing machine

Equation (1) does not take into account any elastic deformation of the test equipment (gantry, load cell, grippers, etc.). This means
that the deformation can be divided into elastic deformation of the test equipment and deformation of the specimen. Only part of
the separation velocity of the beam is transferred to the specimen. The resulting deformation rate of the specimen, in reciprocal
seconds, is given by Equation (F.1) (see Reference [39]):

=
ev mc ÿ mS O
+ Lw ÿ (F.1)
ÿÿ WM ÿÿ

where

CM is the stiffness, in newtons per millimeter, of the test equipment (around the point of interest, such as, Rp0.2, if the stiffness
is non-linear, for example, when wedge grips are used);

Lc is the parallel length, in millimeters, of the specimen;

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m is the slope, in megapascals, of the percentage stress-strain curve at a given moment

(e.g. around the point of interest, like, Rp0.2);

Only
is the initial cross-sectional area, in square millimeters;

you
is the separation speed of the crossbar, in millimeters per second.

NOTE The m and CM values from the linear portion of the stress/strain curve cannot be used.

Equation (1) does not compensate for the effects of deformability (see 10.3.1). A better approximation of the head separation
velocity, vc, in millimeters per second, necessary to impose the resulting strain rate on the specimen, and m, around the point of
interest, can be obtained from Equation (F. 2) (see Reference [40]):

ÿ mS O
+ Lw ÿ
cm=
see
(F.2)
ÿÿ WM ÿÿ

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex G
(informative)

Measurement of percentage elongation after fracture in cases where

the specified value is less than 5%

Care must be taken when measuring the percentage elongation after fracture if the specified value is
less than 5%.

One of the recommended methods is as follows.

Before testing, a very small mark should be made in the vicinity of each end of the parallel length.
Using a dividing compass with dry points, with an opening equal to the measuring length, an arc is
described with its center at this mark. After fracture, the fractured specimen is placed on a support
and an axial compression force is applied, preferably with the aid of a vise, sufficient to keep the parts
firmly together during measurement. A second arc of the same radius is then drawn, with the initial
mark closest to the fracture as its center, and the distance between the two markings made with the
compass is measured with a measuring microscope or other suitable instrument. To make the fine
markings made with the compass more visible, paint can be applied to highlight them before testing.

NOTE Another method is described in 20.2 (measurement of the extension in the fracture using an
extensometer).
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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex H
(informative)

Measurement of percentage elongation after fracture, based

on subdivision of the initial measurement length

To avoid rejection of specimens in which the position of the fracture does not meet the conditions
established in 20.1, the following method may be used, provided that it is subject to agreement:

a) before testing, subdivide the initial measuring length, Lo, into N equal, spaced intervals
from 5 mm (recommended) to 10 mm;

b) after the test, use the symbol marked with X.

If n is the number of intervals between X and Y, the elongation after fracture is determined as follows:

1) If N – n is an even number [see Figure H.1 a)], measure the distance between X and Y, l XY, and
the distance from Y to the Z interval marking, l YZ, located at (N – n)/2 intervals beyond Y.

Calculate the percentage elongation after fracture, A, with Equation (H.1):

l + lL
A = XY 2 YZ
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O 100× (H.1)
LO
2) If N – n is an odd number [see Figure H.1 b)], measure the distance between X and Y and the
distance from Y to the interval markings Z' and Z'', l YZ' el YZ' ', located, respectively, at (N – n – 1)/
2 and (N – n + 1)/2 intervals beyond Y.

Calculate the percentage elongation after fracture, A, with Equation (H.2):

IIXY
L ++ ÿ
A= YZ' YZ" o × 100 (H.2)
LO

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

n (Nn)/ 2
lXY'' lYZ

X Y Z

a) Nn is an even number

N
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n (Nn-1)/2

lXY lYZ' 1
lYZ''

X Y Z' Z''

b) Nn is an odd number

Subtitle
n number of intervals between X and Y

N number of intervals of equal length

X marking on the shortest fractured part of the specimen
Y marking on the longest fractured part of the specimen
Z, Z', Z'' range markings
NOTE The shape of the test specimen heads is shown for guidance only.

Figure H.1 – Examples of measuring percentage elongation after fracture

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex I
(informative)

Measurement of unstricted percentage plastic elongation, Awn, for

long products such as bars, wires and rebar

This method applies to the longest part of a tensile specimen.

Before the test, equidistant markings are made on the measuring length, with the distance between two
successive markings equal to a fraction of the initial measuring length, L'o. The initial measuring length, L'o,
must be marked with an accuracy of ± 0.5 mm. The measurement of the final measurement length after fracture,
L'u, is carried out on the longest part of a ruptured specimen and its accuracy must be ± 0.5 mm.

For the measurement to be valid, the following two conditions must be observed:

a) the measuring zone must be located between 5° of the fracture and 2.5° of the claw;

b) the measurement length must be at least equal to the value specified in the product standard.

The percentage plastic elongation without stricture is calculated by Equation (I.1):

'
LL ÿ

A wn = u ' O' 100×

LO (I.1)
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NOTE For many metallic materials, the maximum force occurs at the portion where the necking
begins. This means that the Ag and Awn values for these materials will be approximately equal.
Large differences will be observed for highly cold-deformed materials, such as double-reduced
tinplate, for irradiated structural steel or for tests carried out at high temperatures.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex J
(informative)

Estimation of measurement uncertainty

J.1 Introduction
This annex provides guidance on how to estimate the uncertainty of values determined in accordance with this
part of ABNT NBR ISO 6892. It should be noted that it is not possible to present an absolute statement of
uncertainty for this test method because there are contributions to the statement of uncertainty that are
dependent , just as there are others that are independent contributions to the material.
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3[4] is a comprehensive document, of more than 90 pages, based on rigorous statistical
methods for summing up uncertainties from various sources. Its complexity has motivated several organizations
to produce simplified versions (see NIS80[15], NIS3003[16], Reference [23]).
All of these documents provide guidance on how to estimate measurement uncertainty, based on the uncertainty
worksheet concept. For detailed descriptions, see EN 10291[11] and Reference [24].
Additional information on uncertainty estimation is available in References [25] and [26].
The measurement uncertainty presented here does not describe dispersion resulting from material heterogeneity,
for example, from a batch, from the start and end of an extruded profile, or from a rolled coil, or from different
positions of a casting. Uncertainty results from the dispersion of data obtained from different tests, different
testing machines or different laboratories, from an ideally homogeneous material. Next, the different influences
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will be described and guidance will be given for determining uncertainties.

NOTE The reproducibility values used in Tables J.2 to J.4 are half-width intervals, in accordance
with ISO/IEC Guide 98-3[4], and should be interpreted as values of plus or minus (±) tolerances
of dispersal.

J.2 Uncertainty estimation

J.2.1 General

The standard uncertainty, u, of a parameter value can be evaluated in two ways.

J.2.2 Type A – Through repeated measurements

s
u= (J.1)
n
where

s is the standard deviation of the measurements;

n is the number of observations that were averaged for reporting the measurement result under normal
circumstances.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

J.2.3 Type B – From other sources, e.g. calibration certificates or tolerances

Here, the true value has the same probability of occurring at any point in a defined interval, and so the distribution is
described as rectangular or uniform. Here, the standard uncertainty is given by Equation (J.2):

The

u =
3 (J.2)

where a is the half-width of the interval in which the value of the quantity is assumed to lie.

Often, the estimation of a quantity, y, involves the measurement of other quantities.

The estimation of the uncertainty of y must take into account the uncertainty contributions of all these measurements. In this
way, the estimated uncertainty is known as combined uncertainty. If the estimation involves simply adding or subtracting a
series of measurements, x1, x2 ... xn, then the combined uncertainty of y, u(y), is given by Equation (J.3):

two two two

ux(ux
1)2+ ( ) + +…( nux) )
(J.3)
uy ( ) = (

where u(x1) is the uncertainty of the parameter x1, etc.

If the estimation of u(y) involves multiplying other quantities, then it is often easier to work with relative values, calculated as
percentages, for the component values and uncertainty.
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J.3 Effect of equipment parameters on the uncertainty of test results

The uncertainty in the results of a tensile test contains components linked to the equipment used. Various test results
receive different contributions to their uncertainty depending on how they are determined. Table J.1 indicates the equipment
contributions to uncertainty that must be considered for some of the most common material properties, which are determined
in a tensile test. Some test results can be determined with lower uncertainty than others; for example, the upper yield
strength, ReH, depends only on the measurement uncertainties of the force and cross-sectional area, whereas the proof
strength, Rp, depends on the force, extension, gage length, and cross-sectional area. To reduce the area, Z, the
measurement uncertainties of the cross-sectional area before and after fracture must be taken into account.

Table J.1 – Influences on uncertainties in test results

Test results
Parameter
ReH ReL Rm Rp A Z

x x x x – –
Strength

Extension – – – x x –

Measure length – – – x x –

Only
x x x x – x

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Table J.1 (continued)

Test results
Parameter
ReH ReL Rm Rp A Z
Su – – – – – x
NOTE
x relevant
— irrelevant

Uncertainty in the test results listed in Table J.1 may arise from the calibration certificates of the devices
used to determine the test results. For example, the standard uncertainty value for force, using a machine
with a certified uncertainty of 1.4%, would be 1.4/2 or 0.70%. It should be noted that a classification such
as Class 1.0 (for the tensile testing machine or strain gauge) does not necessarily guarantee an uncertainty
of 1%. The uncertainty could be significantly greater or lesser (for the example of strength, see ABNT NBR
NM ISO 7500-1), and the equipment certificate must be carefully analyzed.

Contributions to uncertainty from factors such as equipment drift since its calibration and its use under
different environmental conditions must also be taken into account.

Continuing with the example, according to Equation (J.3), taking into account the uncertainties of measuring
the force or those carried out with the extensometer, the combined uncertainty of the test results for ReH,
two

13 )= ,
two

, = , two

ReL, Rm and A is 1 4 2 ) + ( %, using 2 0 70 0 (58

, 0
91 + the square root of the sum of squares approach.
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When estimating the uncertainty of Rp, it is not appropriate to simply apply the standard uncertainties of
the components, derived from the classification of the measuring devices. The force-extension curve
should be examined. For example, if the determination of Rp occurs on the force-extension curve at a
point on the curve where the force indication does not vary throughout the range of extension measurement
uncertainty, the uncertainty of the force indication due to the force measurement device extension is
insignificant. On the other hand, if the determination of Rp occurs at a point on the force-extension curve
where the force is varying greatly with respect to extension, the uncertainty of the measured force may be
much greater than the uncertainty component due to the class of device. . Furthermore, determining the
slope of the elastic portion of the percentage tension-extension curve mE can influence the Rp result, if
the curve in this range is not an ideal straight line.

Table J.2 – Examples of contribution to uncertainty for different test results due to measuring
devices

Contribution to uncertainty
%
Parameter
ReH ReL Rm A Z

Strength 1.4 1.4 1.4 – –

Extension – – – 1.4 –
Measurement
Length, Le, Lo – – – 1 –

1 1 1 – 1
– – – – two

So Su a Values given as information only.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

The combined uncertainty of Z, uZ, expressed as a percentage, is given by Equation (J.4):

two two
1 two two

22
5+0,577
ÿ The
s ÿ ÿ The
su
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
two

uZ = O
ÿ+ÿ ÿ= ÿ+ÿ ÿ= 1 ,15 = = ,
0 ,33 1+33, 1 29 (J.4)
ÿÿ 3 ÿ ÿ 3ÿ ÿÿ 3ÿ ÿ 3ÿ

Employing a similar approach, Table J.3 presents examples of combined standard uncertainties for some test results.

Table J.3 – Examples of combined uncertainties

Combined uncertainties for different parameters

%

ReH ReL Rm A Z

0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 1.29

According to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3[4], the total expanded uncertainty is obtained by multiplying the combined standard
uncertainty by a coverage function, k. For the 95% confidence level, k = 2.

Table J.4 – Examples for the 95% confidence level, k = 2 (based on

Table J.3)

confidence level 95%, k = 2 for different parameters

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ReH ReL Rm A Z

1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 2.58

Only contributions to uncertainty that have the same unit of measurement can be combined in the calculation
presented. For more information and for more detailed information on measurement uncertainty in tensile testing, see
CWA 15261-2[9] and Reference [27].

It is highly recommended that periodic sampling be carried out and that control charts of the standard deviation of test
results for a particular material be maintained.
The resulting standard deviation of sample test data over time can indicate whether the uncertainty of the test data
remains as expected.

J.4 Parameters that depend on the material and/or test procedure

The accuracy of the results of a tensile test depends on factors related to the material under test, the testing machine,
the testing procedure and the methods employed to calculate the specified properties of the material. Ideally, all of
the following factors should be considered:

a) test temperature;

b) test speeds;

c) the geometry and machining of the test piece;

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

d) the method used to couple the test piece to the machine and the axiality of the applied force;

e) the characteristics of the testing machine (rigidity and mode of control and actuation);

f) human and software errors associated with determining tensile properties;

g) geometry of the extensometer assembly.

The influence of these factors depends on the specific behavior of the material and cannot be established
as a defned value. If the influence is known, it can be taken into account in the uncertainty calculation, as
shown in Clause J.3. It may be possible to include other sources of uncertainty in the estimation of expanded
measurement uncertainty. This can be done by employing the following approach.

1) The user must identify all possible additional sources that may, directly or
indirectly have an effect on the test parameter being determined.

2) The relative contributions may vary, depending on the material tested and the special test conditions.
Laboratories are encouraged to prepare a list of possible sources of uncertainty and assess their
influence on the result. If an influence is determined
significant, this uncertainty, ui , must be included in the calculation. The uncertainty ui is the
uncertainty of source i about the value to be determined as a percentage, as described by Equation (J.3).
The distribution function of the specific parameter (normal, rectangular, etc.) for ui must be
identified. Then, the influence on the result at the one-sigma level must be determined.
This is the standard uncertainty.
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Interlaboratory tests can be used to determine the global uncertainty of results, obtained under conditions
close to those of industrial laboratories, but these tests are not able to separate the effects related to the
heterogeneity of the material from those that can be attributed to the test method (see Annex K ).

It should be considered that once reference materials are available, there will be a means of estimating the
measurement uncertainty for any testing machine, including the influence of grips, bending, etc., which are
currently difficult to quantify. An example of a certified reference material is the BCR-661 (Nimonic 75),
available from IRMM (see CWA 15261-2[9]).

Alternatively, for quality control purposes, it is recommended that regular tests be carried out with the
laboratory's own materials, which have a low level of dispersion of their properties (non-certified reference
materials); see Reference [28].

There are some examples for which it is very difficult to provide reliable uncertainty values without the use
of reference materials. When it is important to have reliable uncertainty values, in some cases it is
recommended to use certified reference materials or non-certified reference materials to confirm the
estimated uncertainty. If reference materials are not used, it will be necessary to establish appropriate
intercomparison programs; see References [21] and [30].

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Annex K
(informative)

Tensile test accuracy – Results of interlaboratory

programs

K.1 Interlaboratory dispersion

Tables K.1 to K.4 provide an indication of the typical dispersion observed in tensile test results, for
various materials, as reported in interlaboratory comparison programs, including the material's own
dispersion and measurement uncertainty. Reproducibility values, expressed as percentages, are
calculated by multiplying by 2 the standard deviation of the respective parameter, for example Rp Rm,
Z, and A, and dividing the result by the mean value of the parameter, thus resulting in the values of
reproducibility at the 95% confidence level, in accordance with the recommendations of ISO/IEC Guide
98-3[4], which can be directly compared with the expanded uncertainty values calculated using alternative
methods.

Table K.1 – Yield strengths (test strengths 0.2% or higher yield strengths) –
Reproducibility observed in interlaboratory comparison programs (graphic
presentation of values in Figure K.1)
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Yield Reproducibility
resistance
Material Code ± Reference
MPa %
Aluminum

Plate AA5754 105.7 3.2 [31]

Plate AA5182-O 126.4 1.9 [20]
Plate AA6016-T4 127.2 2.2 [20]
EC-H 19 158.4 4.1 [33]
2024-T 351 362.9 3.0 [33]

Steel

Plate DX56 162.0 4.6 [31]

Low carbon, plate HR3 228.6 8.2 [34]
Plate ZStE 180 267.1 9.9 [31]
AISI 105 P245GH 367.4 5.0 [34]
C22 402.4 4.9 [33]
Plate S355 427.6 6.1 [31]

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Table K.1 (continued)

Yield Reproducibility
resistance
Material Code ± Reference
MPa %

SS316L Austenitic Stainless Steel 230.7 6.9 [31]

Austenitic stainless steel X2CrNi18-10 303.8 6.5 [34]

Austenitic stainless steel X2CrNiMo18-10 353.3 7.8 [34]

AISI 316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 480.1 8.1 [33]

Martensitic X12Cr13
stainless steel 967.5 3.2 [33]

High resistance 30NiCrMo16 1 039.9 2.0 [34]

Nickel alloys
INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 268.3 4.4 [33]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 298.1 4.0 [29]
R rp /

Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 302.1 3.6 [31]

12
10
8
6
4
two

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200

Rp /MPa
ReH/MPa

Subtitle
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ReH superior yield strength

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Rp
2A

test resistance
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Rpr reproducibility

Figure K.1 – Presentation of the values in Table K.1

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Table K.2 – Tensile strengths, Rm – Reproducibility observed in interlaboratory comparison programs

(graphic presentation of values in Figure K.2)

Material Code Tensile Reproducibility Reference

strength ±
MPa %

Aluminum

Plate AA5754 212.3 4.7 [31]

Plate AA5182-0 275.2 1.4 [20]
Plate AA6016-T4 228.3 1.8 [20]
EC-H 19 176.9 4.9 [33]
2024-T 351 491.3 2.7 [33]

Steel

Plate DX56 301.1 5.0 [31]

Low carbon, plate HR3 335.2 5.0 [34]
ZStE 180 315.3 4.2 [31]
Plate Fe510C 552.4 2.0 [34]
AISI 105 C22 596.9 2.8 [33]
S355 564.9 2.4 [31]
Plate
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SS316L 568.7 4.1 [31]

Austenitic X2CrNi18-10 594.0 3.0 [34]
stainless steel
X2CrNiMo18-10 622.5 3.0 [34]
Austenitic X7CrNiMo17-12-2 694.6 2.4 [33]
stainless steel

Austenitic
stainless steel X12Cr13 1 253.0 1.3 [33]

AISI 316 30NiCrMo16 1 167.8 1.5 [34]

Martensitic
stainless steel
High resistance

Nickel alloys

INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 695.9 1.4 [33]

Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 749.6 1.9 [29]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 754.2 1.3 [31]

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

R rp /
6

two

0
0 500 1,000 1 500

Rm/Mpa

Subtitle

Rm tensile strength
Rpr reproducibility

Figure K.2 – Presentation of the values in Table K.2

Table K.3 – Elongation after fracture – Reproducibility observed in interlaboratory comparison

programs (graphic presentation of values in Figure K.3)

Material Code Stretching after Reproducibility Reference

fracture ±
A % The

Aluminum

Plate AA5754 27.9 13.3 [31]

Plate AA5182-0 26.6(H80mm ) 10.6 [20]
Plate AA6016-T4 25.9(H80mm ) 8.4 [20]
EC-H 19 14.6 9.1 [33]
2024-T 351 18.0 18.9
The

[33]

Steel

Plate DX56 45.2 12.4 [31]

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Low carbon, plate

R
2A
42d 4
.ee

HR3 38.4 13.8 [34]

]15-89A

Plate ZstE 180 40.5 12.7 [31]

AISI 105 Fe510C 31.4 14.0 [34]

C22 25.6 10.1 [33]

Plate S355 28.5 17.7 [31]

Austenitic SS316L 60.1 27.6 [31]

stainless steel

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Table K.3 (continued)

Material Code Stretching Reproducibility Reference
after fracture ±
A % The

Austenitic X2CrNi18-10
stainless steel 52.5 12.6 [34]

Austenitic X2CrNiMo18-10
stainless steel 51.9 12.7 [34]

AISI 316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 35.9 14.9 [33]

Martensitic X12Cr13
stainless steel 12.4 15.5 [33]

High resistance 30NiCrMo16 16.7 13.3 [34]

Nickel alloys
INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 41.6 7.7 [33]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 41.0 3.3 [29]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 41.0 5.9 [31]
R rp /

a Reproducibility is expressed as a percentage of the respective average value for A for a given material;
thus, for aluminum 2024 – T 351, the absolute value of A is (18.0 ± 3.4) %.

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 A/%
Subtitle
A stretching after fracture
IM
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reproducibility
R
:/E

Rpr
2A
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Figure K.3 – Presentation of the values in Table K.3

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Table K.4 – Z area reduction – Reproducibility observed in interlaboratory comparison programs (graphic
presentation of values in Figure K.4)

Material Code Area reduction Reproducibility ± Reference

Z% %a

Aluminum

EC-H 19 79.1 5.1 [33]

2024-T 351 b
30.3 23.7 [33]

Steel

Low carbon, plate HR3

AISI 105 Fe510C 71.4 2.7 [34]
C22 65.6 3.8 [33]
Austenitic X2CrNi18-10
stainless steel X2CrNiMo18-10 77.9 5.6 [34]
Austenitic X5CrNiMo17-12-2 71.5 4.5 [33]
stainless steel
AISI 316
X12Cr13 50.5 15.6 b [33]
30NiCrMo16 65.6 3.2 [34]
Martensitic
stainless steel
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High resistance

Nickel alloys

INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 59.3 2.4 [33]

Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 59.0 8.8 [29]

a Reproducibility is expressed as a percentage of the respective mean value for Z for a given material;
thus, for aluminum 2024 – T 351, the absolute value of Z is (30.3 ± 7.2) %.
B
Some reproducibility values may appear relatively high; These values probably reflect the difficulty of
reliably measuring the dimensions of the specimen in the portion of the smallest cross section after
fracture. For thin plate specimens, the measurement uncertainty of the specimen thickness can be high.
Likewise, measuring the diameter or thickness of the specimen at the smallest cross-sectional portion
after fracture is strongly dependent on the skill and experience of the operator.

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

25

20

15

10

5
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80Z/%

Subtitle
Rpr reproducibility
Z area reduction

Figure K.4 – Presentation of the values in Table K.4

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ABNT NBR ISO 6892-1:2013

Bibliography

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evaluation of uncertainties in tensile testing

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