ABSTRACT

In this project, we were asked to experiment with a real world dataset, and to explore how
machine learning algorithms can be used to find the patterns in data. We were expected to gain
experience using a common data-mining and machine learning library, Weka, and were expected
to submit a report about the dataset and the algorithms used. After performing the required tasks
on a dataset of my choice, herein lies my final report.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

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NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. History Of Machine Learning 6
2. difference 8
3. Itroduction 9
4. Application Of M. L. 13
Learning Model System 16
5. a. History Of Self Driving Car
b. How To Tesla Car Works 17
6. Machine Learning Examples 18
7. Algorithm
a. Most Common Used Algorithm 19
8. Difference 20
9. Conclusion 21
10. Refference 22
1.

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NO. LIST OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
1. History Of Machine Learning 6.
2. Difference 9.
3. Face Detection 14.
4. Object Detection And Recognition 15.
6. Image Segmentation 16.
7. Learning Model System Of Machine Learning 17.
8. How Tesla Car Works 18.

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2. HISTORY OF MACHINR LEARNING

The name machine learning was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel Tom M. Mitchell
provided a widely quoted , more formal definition of the algorithm studied in the machine
learning filed

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3. DIFFERENCE

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4. INTRODUCTION

1. WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability
to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.

Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use
it learn for themselves. The process of learning begins with observations or data, such as
examples, direct experience, or instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make
better decisions in the future based on the examples that we provide.

The primary aim is to allow the computers learn automatically

without human intervention or assistance and adjust actions accordingly. Some machine
learning methods Machine learning algorithms are often categorized as supervised or
unsupervised.

 Supervised machine learning algorithms

can apply what has been learned in the past to new data using labeled examples to predict future
events. Starting from the analysis of a known training dataset, the learning algorithm produces an
inferred function to make predictions about the output values. The system is able to
provide targets for any new input after sufficient training. The learning algorithm can also
compare its output with the correct, intended output and find errors in order to modify the model
accordingly.

 unsupervised machine learning algorithms

are used when the information used to train is neither classified nor labeled. Unsupervised
learning studies how system scan infer a function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled
data. The system doesn’t figure out the right output, but it explores the data and can draw
inferences from datasets to describe hidden structures from unlabeled data.

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  Semi-supervised machine learning algorithms
fall somewhere in between supervised and unsupervised learning, since they use both
labeled and unlabeled data for training typically a small amount of labeled data and a
large amount of unlabeled data. The systems that use this method are able to considerably
improve learning accuracy. Usually, semi-supervised learning is chosen when the
acquired labeled data requires skilled and relevant resources in order to train it / learn
from it. Otherwise, Acquiring unlabeled data generally doesn’t require additional
resources.

 Reinforcement machine learning algorithms

is a learning method that interacts with its environment by producing actions and
discovers errors or rewards. Trial and error search and delayed reward are the most
relevant characteristics of reinforcement learning. This method allows machines and
software agents to automatically determine the ideal behavior within a specific context in
order to maximize its performance.

1. OBJECTS

The purpose of machine learning is to discover patterns in your data and make predictions
based on often complex then patterns to answer business questions, detect andanalyse trends and
help solve problems.Machine learning is effectively a method of data analysis that works by
automating

2. Supervised learning
Supervised learning is the machine learning task of learning a function that maps an
input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a function from labeled training
data consisting of a set of training examples. In supervised learning, each example is a pair
consisting of an input object (typically a vector)and a desired output value (also called the

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supervisory signal). A supervised learning algorithm analyzes the training data and produces an
inferred function, which can be used for mapping new examples. An optimal scenario will allow
for the algorithm to correctly determine the class labels for unseen instances. This requires the
learning algorithm to generalize from the training data toun seen situations in a "reasonable" way
(see inductive bias).The parallel task in human and animal psychology is often referred to as
concept Learning.

The aim of supervised machine learning is to build a model that makes predictions based on
evidence presence of uncertainty. Supervised learning uses classification and in the regression
techniques to develop predictive models.

• Classification techniques

predict discrete responses

• Regression techniques predict continuous responses using supervised learning to predict Heart
Attack.

3. Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning is a type of self-organized Hebbian learning that helps to find previously unknown

pattern in data set without preexisting lables.

The aim of unsupervised machine learning is to find hidden patterns or intrinsic structures in data. It is
used to draw inferences from dataset consisting of input data without labeled responses. Unsupervised
learning uses clustering techniques to develop models.

• Clustering

- is the most common unsupervised learning technique. It is used for exploratory data analysis to
find hidden patterns or groupings in data .Applications for clustering include gene sequence
analysis, market research, and object recognition. Using Unsupervised Learning to Predict Heart
Attack.

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 4. Decision Time
How to decide which algorithm to use?
• Choosing the right algorithm

hm can seem overwhelming

• There is no best method or one size fits all. Finding the right algorithm is

partly just trial and error

• Algorithm selection also depends on the size and type of data you’re

working with, the insights you want to get from the data, and how those insights will be used.

5. Motivation

To me it was motivating to learn because finally I could see how all the math I had studies at
university is applied in real life, and it's not only interesting, but also very useful. Also just the
thought that given the data you can extract something useful from it is already very motivating.
For example, if you measure you weight every day, then, when you accumulate enough data,
you can extract some helpful stuff about it that overwise you won't be able to learn. Another
motivation could be money. Data science is quite a hot topic nowadays and data scientists are
paid quite well - companies have tons and tons of data and they need people who know how to
mine something useful from this data. And there are more and more "data driven" companies that
need people who can mine insight from the raw floods of information.

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5. Applications of machine learning

 Face detection

The machine learning face recognition process usually goes like that: the created ML-
powered system remembers the features of an individual's appearance and becomes able
to recognize them in the future, even in the event of changes in appearance, such as a new
hairstyle, facial hair, different lightning, and location, etc.

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 OBJECTS DETECTION AND RECOGNITION

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Object recognition is a computer vision technique for identifying objects in images or videos.
Object recognition is a key output of deep learning and machine learning algorithms. When
humans look at a photograph or watch a video, we can readily spot people, objects, scenes, and
visual details

 IMAGE SEGMENTATION

in machine learning, the system is trained with sets of data, be they manually collected or
open-source datasets in order to accurately identify and label the visuals, which are input.
Image segmentation can further be divided into two primary categories — instance
segmentation and semantic segmentation.

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6. LEARNING MODEL SYSTEM OF M.L.

Learning model system of machine learning in driveless car or Auto driving car .

Machine Learning Self-driving cars, also known as autonomous cars, are cars that can
drive with little or no human effort. An autonomous car is supposed to drive you from
one city to another while you are sleeping, relaxing, or doing your business.

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 a. HISTORY OF SELF-DRIVING CAR
 1930s – Self-driving cars predicted (for 1960s) .
 2005 – Standards wins DARPA Grand Challenges .

 2011 – Nevada becomes the first state to legalize autonomous cars .

 2015 – Autonomous cars capable of racing

b. HOW TO TESLA CAR WORKS

 Forward Looking Radar .

 Camera

 360 Degree Ultrasonic Sonar

 Navigation and GPS

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  Primarily based on visual cameras

7. MACHINE LEARNING EXAMPLES

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8. ALGORITHM

 The success of machine learning system also depends on the algorithm.

 The algorithm control the search to find and build the knowledge structures.
 The learning algorithms should extract useful information from traning example.

They also differ on the level of input required from developers and the
condition of the datasets they learn from. The four common machine
learning algorithm types are: Supervised machine learning algorithms.
Unsupervised machine learning algorithms. Semi-supervised machine learning
algorithms.

a. MOST COMMON USED ALGORITHM

 Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm.

 K Means Clustering Algorithm.
 Support Vector Machine Algorithm.
 Apriori Algorithm.
 Linear Regression.
 Logistic Regression.
 Decision Tree.
 Random Forest.
 Artificial Neural Networks.
 Nearest Neighbors. A recent report clearly stated that many of these algorithms will
replace 25 Percent of jobs throughout the world soon

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9. DIFFERENCES

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10.CONCLUSION

We have simple overview of some techniques and algorithms in machine learning ,

Furthermore, there are more and more techniques apply machine learning as a solution.
In the future, machine learning will play an important role in our daily life .

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11. REFRENCES

o www.refreshscience.com

o www.codecademy.com

o www.slideshare.net

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