Maintenance Work & Construction

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

DEEPAK JAIN
(Registration No. -17BCIM068)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Siddarth Sharma

Asst. Professor

&

Mr. Manish Rai

Junior Civil Engineer

School of Engineering

JECRC UNIVERSITY

JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

(June 2020)

i
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

ii
iii
 APPROVAL

The Project Report on “Maintenance Construction” by Deepak Jain is approved for the
award of the degree of Bachelors of technology in Civil Engineering.

Examiner(s)

Guide(s)

HOD

Date:

Place: Jaipur

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 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others Ideas or words have been included. I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honestly
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will
be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not
been taken when needed.

Date: Deepak Jain

Place: Jaipur Registration No.- 17BCIM068

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project report is a part of partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelors
of technology in Civil Engineering at JECRC University. This Internship has been an
interesting challenge and a good learning experience for me. Throughout this internship
period, people have contributed either directly or by providing support and guidance in the
completion of the research, and faculty members.

I would like to thank my Guide Mr. Siddarth Sharma, My industry Guide Mr. Manish
Rai for their patience, knowledge, encouragement, and mentorship. They provided
considerable insights to find the way of doing my project. They offered excellent advices
whenever I met a problem. This journey would have been directionless and less interesting
without their perspectives and guidance.

Deepak Jain

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 ABSTRACT

Our proposed site is located at Zawar mines, Hindustan zinc limited, Udaipur, Rajasthan.
The project is maintenance of Zawar mine, colony, plumping.

Concrete constructions require proper care in the form of regular maintenance. If structure
remain for several years without proper attention then, various factors like water stagnation,
paint peeling, plaster break- off, fungus growth, cracking of external surfaces will affect
the building. Penetration of moisture into reinforced concrete components promotes
corrosion process and further damages the concrete cover

Buildings are becoming higher and higher nowadays in order to maximize land use and
investment return. Normally, building maintenance is synonymous with property
management. This report only gives some brief explanation about the scope of building
maintenance work. Moreover, the report more focused on the strategy to ensuring
efficiency in building maintenance practices. The conclusion has drawn the important to
maintain the building maintenance in efficiently. Yet these are only exception of a few, and
cannot be described as common trends.

Keywords: Systematization for the Maintenance, Supporting System, the Client-

Server System, Long-lived Buildings, Sustainable Maintenance System.

This internship report is a broad-spectrum contains five chapters in which I try to explain
my experience in my hosting company.

In the opening chapter, I have given details about company background, including its
mission, vision and values. In addition, I have also given details about the project I have
worked in. In the second and third chapter, I have recorded the work that I have been
executing- the main construction procedure, the material and machinery highlighted.
During the internship, I got opportunity to do some research and experiments with design
mix proportions. The fourth chapter lists the mail responsibilities, benefits and challenges
faced during the internship. The conclusion chapter reports my overall experience and
importance of such internship.

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 CONTENTS

S. No. Topic Page No.

1. Completion Certificate ii
2 Certificate iii
3 Approval iv
4 Candidate Declaration v
5 Acknowledgement vi
6 Abstract vii
7 Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1. Company Profile 2
1.2. Values

8 Chapter 2: Maintenance and Repairs

2.1. What is Maintenance? 3
2.2. Objective and scope 3
2.3. Classification 3
2.4. Type of maintenance 4
2.5. Necessity of Maintenance 5
2.5.1 Atmospheric agencies 6
2.5.2. Normal Wear and tear
2.5.3. Failure of Structure

9 Chapter 3. Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting 7-8

10 Chapter 4 Method of Repairs 9
11 Chapter 5. Bar Bending Schedule 10-11
12 Chapter 6: Scaffolding and Formwork 12
6.1. Scaffolding 12
6.1.1 Steel Scaffolding 13
6.2. Formwork 14

13 Chapter 7. Construction Procedure 15

7.1. Reinforcement 15
7.2. Lap Length, 16

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 Development Length,
Covers 17
Chair Rods 17
Anchorage Length
14 Chapter 8 Concreting 18
8.1. Constituents of Concrete 19-23
(Cement, aggregate Water, Admixture)

15 Chapter 9 Brick work 24

9.1. Plaster work 25
16 Chapter 10: Retaining Wall 26-27
Retaining Wall Types

17 Chapter 11: Role and contribution 28-29

18 Conclusion 30
19 Reference 31
20 Annexure 32
NOC 33
Offer letter 34
Joining letter 35
Feedback Form 36
Attendance Report 37

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 List of Tables

S. No. Table Page No.

1. Table 1 14

2. Table 2 17

3. Table 3 19

List of Figures

S. No. Figure Name Page No.

1. Fig 01: Bar Bending Schedule 10

2. Fig 02: Steel Scaffolding 13

3. Fig 03: Formwork 14

4. Fig 04: Lap Length 15

5. Fig 05: Development Length 16

6. Fig 06: Chairs 17

7. Fig 07: Casting and Concreting 18

8. Fig 08: Fine and Coarse aggregate 20

9. Fig 09: Brick Laying 22

10. Fig 10: Plaster (Before and After) 23

11. Fig 11: Retaining Wall 25

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. COMPANY PROFILE

Shree Mahalaxmi Associates is a Sole Proprietorship Farm and operates from the state of
Chhattisgarh, India. The core functions of the company include Plant Operation and
Maintenance (Mechanical, ECI) Services, Civil and Structural, Material Handling, O&M
of Technological Vehicles, Manpower supply etc. The company is operational in various
States of India under the umbrella of various multinational companies and has the vast
revelation in handling the services in Mines, Metal and Power Sector. The metal handling
capacity includes 0.6 Million Ton Smelter (Carbon plant, Poltroon), 80000 Ton Rolled
Products (Fabrication) & 0.3 Million Ton Wire rods (Cast Houses). The power plant
operational capacity is 1200MW of which 600MW is CPP and 600MW is IPP. The
Company has the significant achievements in Civil and structural works in various
Factories and Mines (both surface and underground) as well. The material handling
accentuates on Alumina Handling, Coal Handling, Zinc Concentrate Handling, finished
good Handling (Ingots, Wire Rods & Rolled Products- Plates, Sheets, Busbar, VSSC) that
includes Packing, Loading, shifting (Road and Railway) and Unloading. The number of
manpower handling capacity is more than 5000 (Direct and Indirect).

Mission
To provide a top-class service and thus meeting business objectives for its clients.

Vision
To build a sustainable business bonding with its customers and hold a strong image in the
market.

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1.2. VALUES
• Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)
Our Organization values it's employees, client, vendors and the environment and
communities in which we operate an live. We are very committed in complying Health,
Safety and Environment norms and very active in carrying out our responsibilities to
identify and remove potential risk to a healthy and safe workplace.

• Integrity
When we make commitment, we make sure that we deliver on it. with integrity and
consistency in all that we do.
• Ethical Practices
Ethics constitute an integral part of our everyday functioning. We strive to transparency
in all procurement and delivery transection by adhering to time based ethical process.

• Respect For People

Respect comprise the bedrock of all our relationship. We value each of our stakeholder,
Partner and employee and work on an ongoing basis to strengthen mutual respect.

• Market Driven
We believe in providing our mettle where it really matter out there, in the market
accordance with the spirit, we continue take on big challenges in the real estate and
pride on ourselves on our ability to meet them by virtue of our entrepreneurial spirit.

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 2 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

2.1. What is Maintenance?

Maintenance in civil engineering is the upkeep of buildings and keeping them and their
services working as designed in everyday regular use. The use for which the buildings is
designed is a large factor in the standard of maintenance.

It is the act of maintaining the building in its serviceable condition.

It is defined as the work done to keep the Civil Engineering structures and work in a
condition so as to enable them to carry out the functions for which they are constructed.

2.2. OBJECTIVES OF MAINTENANCE

• Prevention of damages due to natural agencies and to keep them in a good appearance
and working condition.
• Repair of the defects occurred in the structure and strengthen them, if necessary

Scope of Maintenance

• Replace and structure repair of building, white washing, distempering and painting.
• Repair and renewal of furniture .
• Repair of Road, culverts and resurfacing of roads.

2.3. Classification of Maintenance

1. Preventive Maintenance
2. Remedial Maintenance
• Finding the deterioration
• Determining the causes
• Evaluating the strength of the existing structures
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• Evaluating the need of the structure
• Selecting and implementing the repair procedure.
3. Routine Maintenance
4. Special Maintenance

2.4. Types of Building Maintenance

Traditionally, 5 types of maintenance

1. Corrective maintenance: The set of tasks is destined to correct the defects to be found
in the different equipment and that are communicated to the maintenance department by
users of the same equipment.

2. Preventive Maintenance: Its mission is to maintain a level of certain service on

equipment, programming the interventions of their vulnerabilities in the most opportune
time. It is used to be a systematic character, that is, the equipment is inspected even if it
has not given any symptoms of having a problem.

3. Predictive Maintenance: It pursues constantly know and report the status and
operational capacity of the installations by knowing the values of certain variables, which
represent such state and operational ability. To apply this maintenance, it is necessary to
identify physical variables (temperature, vibration, power consumption, etc.).

4. Zero Hours Maintenance (Overhaul): The set of tasks whose goal is to review the
equipment at scheduled intervals before appearing any failure, either when the reliability
of the equipment has decreased considerably so it is risky to make forecasts of production
capacity . This review is based on leaving the equipment to zero hours of operation, that is,
as if the equipment were new. These reviews will replace or repair all items subject to wear.
The aim is to ensure, with high probability, a good working time fixed in advance.

5. Periodic maintenance (Time Based Maintenance TBM): the basic maintenance of

equipment made by the users of it. It consists of a series of elementary tasks (data

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collections, visual inspections, cleaning, lubrication, retightening screws,…) for which no
extensive training is necessary, but perhaps only a brief training. This type of maintenance
is the based on TPM (Total Productive Maintenance).

2.5. Necessity of the Maintenance

2.5.1. Atmospheric agencies

Rain: It is the important source of water, which affects the structure in the following ways;

Physical: Dissolving and carrying away minerals as it is universal solvent.

• Expansion and contraction The materials is subjected to repetitive expansion and

contraction while they become wet and dry and develops the stresses.
• Expansion of water The variation of temperature causes the expansion and contraction
of absorbed water and affects the micro-structures of the materials.
• Erosion Transportation and attrition and abrasion of the materials is quite evident effect
of the water.

Chemical: The water available in nature contains acids and alkaline and other compound
in dissolved form acts over the material to give rise, which is known as chemical
weathering.

Wind: It is the agent, which transports the abrasive material and assists the physical
weathering. Its action is aggravated during rains and when it is moving with high speed, it
may contain some acidic gases like CO2 fumes which may act over the material and
penetrates quite deeply in the materials and structure.

Temperature: The seasonal and annual variation of the temperature, difference in

temperature in two parts of the materials and the surface of material causes expansion and
contraction. By this movement of the material bond and adhesion between them is lost
when it is repeated. This is responsible for the development of cracks and the rocks may
break away into small units.
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• Exploitation or peeling off the shell takes place if exterior layer are heated externally
with respect to internal layers. The temperature variation may also cause change in the
structure and chemical composition of the material.

2.5.2. Normal Wear and tear

During the use of structure, it is subjected to abrasion and thereby it loses appearance and
serviceability.

2.5.3. Failure of structure

Failure is defined as behavior of structure not in agreement with expected condition of

stability or lacking freedom from necessary repair or non-compliance with desired use of
and occupancy of the completed structure. In field it may result in visual collapse of the
structure or even suspension of the services e.g. the collapse of towers, sliding or over
turning of dam, settlement of foundation, crushing of columns etc.

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 3. REPAIR, REHABILITATION, AND RETROFITTING

3.1. Repair
To bring back the position of the structure to its previous condition so it gives performance
same as previously. It doesn’t cover the strength aspect of the structures.

Some examples of Repair: -

• Decoration of structure, Painting, White Washing.

• Checking the wiring of building.
• Re plastering of any wall if required.
• Repairing of damaged flooring.
• Repair of door and window.
• Checking or repairing of pipe line connections, gas line connections and plumbing
serveries. Relaying disturbed roof.

3.2. Rehabilitation:

Rehabilitation of a building means returning a building or a structure to a useful state by

means of repair, modification, or alteration. It is related to the strength aspect of structures
. To Bring back the position and condition of the structure by considering the strength
aspect.

Some of the examples of Rehabilitation:

• To fill the wide cracks using some suitable material.

• Injecting epoxy like material in to cracks in walls, columns, beams etc.
• Removal of damaged portion of masonry and reconstructing it using rich mortar mix.
• Addition of reinforcing mesh on both sides of the wall.

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Principles of rehabilitation:

a) Elimination: Remove the materials that cause damage to buildings. This is no easy matter
, because everything from the floor to the roofing may contain various undesirable
materials in the form of additives and admixtures.

b) Separation: Something just can't be eliminated, but can still be protected. Use sealants
or foil backed drywall to separate structures from damage causing sources.

3.3. Retrofitting:

Earthquake creates great devastation in terms of life, money and failures of structures.

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 4. METHODS OF REPAIR AND REHABILITATION
FORSLAB/WALL CRACKS

1) Stitching
2) Routing and sealing
3) Resin injection
4) Drilling and plugging
5) Grouting
6) Overlays

Methods Of Reapair Of Rcc Structures

1) Shortcrete/Guniting
2) RCC Jaacketing
3) Fibre Wrap Technique
4) Propping and Supporting
5) Plate Bonding

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 5. BAR-BENDING SCHEDULE

Bar-Bending Schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advanced before

cutting and bending of rebars. It describes the location, mark, type, size, length and
number, and bending details of each bar or fabric in a Reinforcement Drawing of a
Structure. It provide the reinforcement calculation for reinforced concrete beam.

Advantages of bar bending schedule is when used along with reinforcement detailed
drawing improves the quality of construction, cost and time saving for concrete
construction works.

Fig 01: - Bar bending schedule (source – Office work)

The Major advantages of Bar bending schedule are as follows:

a) To Estimate the required steel quantity.

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b) To calculate the cutting length of different types of Re bars in different locations and
members exactly.
c) To calculate the no of Stirrups /Rings/Ties/hooks along with cutting length of bars for
different structural members.
d) To provide a guidance to the bar bending workmen and task force in a systematic way.
e) To minimize the wastages.

BBS include Details of:

a) Footing
b) Column
c) Slabs
d) Beams
e) Staircase

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 6. SCAFFOLDING AND FORMWORK

6.1. Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a grid of bamboo, wooden plank and circular steel pipes by which labors can
have access to any point of the structure to be constructed and further formwork and
shuttering can rest over it. Steel Scaffolding is the most commonly used as it is easy
dismantle and reassemble.

Scaffolding is constructed for the following reasons: -

• Scaffolding is constructed for masonry work of structure, walls, column etc. above the
ground level. Generally, above 1.5m.
• For surface finishing such as plastering, paining, cleaning of building etc. at higher
level.

Parts of Scaffolding:
1. Standards: Standards refer to the vertical member of the frame work that is supported
on the ground.

2. Ledgers: Ledgers are the horizontal members running parallel to the wall.

3. Braces: Braces are diagonal members running or fixed on the standard to provide
stiffness to the scaffolding.

4. Put Logs: Put logs refer to the transverse members, placed at right angle to the wall,
one end supported on ledgers and the other end on the wall. Transoms: When both the
ends of put logs are supported on ledgers, then they are said transoms.

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5. Boarding: Boarding are horizontal platform to support workmen and materials which
are supported on the put log.
6. Guard Rail: Guard rails are provided at the working level like a ledger.
7. Toe Board: Toe boards are boards placed parallel to ledgers, supported on put log to
provide protection at the level of working platform.

6.1.1. Steel Scaffolding

Steel scaffolding is similar to mason scaffolding. It consist of steel tubes instead of wooden
members. In such scaffolding, standards are placed at a space of 3m and are connected with
the help of steel tube ledgers at a vertical interval of 1.8m. Steel scaffolding consist of:
Steel tubes 1.5 inch to 2.5-inch diameter. Coupler or clamps to hold pipe in different
positions. Prop nuts to hold single pipe. Bolts, nuts and washers. Wedge and Clips.

Fig 02: - Steel Scaffolding (Source- Field work)

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 Table: 01

Advantages of Steel scaffolding Disadvantages of Steel scaffolding:

Higher initial cost.

Can be used for larger heights.

Durable and Strong. Skilled labor is required.

Can be assembled easily. Periodical painting is necessary.

Higher fire resistance.

6.2. Formwork

Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which

fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork
construction depends on formwork material and type of structural element.

Fig 03: Formwork (Source- Field work)

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 7. REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement are used generally, In the form of bars of circular cross section in
concrete structure. They are like skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or
any other reinforcement is strong in compression but week in tension. Steel is one of the
best form of reinforcement, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear
all kinds of loads. Grade Fe 415 and Fe 500 is being used most nowadays.

7.1. Lap Length

Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side to up to the design
length. Usually, the stock length of steel bars is limited to 12m. This is for easy
transportation of steel bars to the construction site. For example, imagine there is a need to
build a 100ft tall column. But it’s not practically available. Hence the bars are cut every
second story.

In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter, if both bars are of
same diameter.

Fig 04: - Lapping Length (From- internet)

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7.2. Development Length

A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed

to be embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between
the concrete and steel (or any other two types of material).

Calculation of Development Length

Where,
Ø = nominal diameter of reinforcement bar

Fig 05: - Development Length (From- internet)

7.3. Clear Cover, Effective Cover:

• Clear cover is the clear distance between the surface of the concrete and surface of the
steel rebar

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• Effective cover is the distance between the surface of the concrete and the center of
the rebar is the effective cover.
Table 02: - Minimum Cover to reinforcement

Structural Element Cover to reinforcement

Footing 40
Column 40
Slab 15
Beam 25
Retaining Wall 25 For earth Face
20 For Other Face

7.4. Chair Rods:

Chair rods are nothing but just enabling rods that help to maintain the proper space between
the bottom and top reinforcements of a slab. Basically Chairs is provided in slab and
flooring work for maintain spacing in top layer jaali & bottom layer jali for avoiding of
collapse of bar when castion work is start.

Fig 06: - Chairs (Source- Field work)

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7.5. Anchorage Length

Anchorage length is provided if sufficient development length cannot be able to be

provided inside the support/fixed end. L value is generally considered as 8 times diameter
for a 90-degree bend while 6 times diameter for a 135-degree bend and 4 times diameter
of bar for a 180 degree bend. In almost all cases, we use 90-degree bend.

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 8. CONCRETING

Concrete is a composite material consisting of a binder, which is typically cement, rough

and fine aggregates, which are usually stone and sand, and water. These comprise the
constituent materials of concrete. But because of the many variables of the raw materials
and how they are processed and combined, there are many opportunities for problems to
appear in concrete. Having a fundamental understanding of the different materials and
manufacturing processes may help those who inspect concrete to know what problems to
look for, where to look for them, and how to recognize them.

In simple terms:

• cement + water = cement paste;

• cement paste + sand = mortar; and
• mortar + stone = concrete.

Admixtures may be included in the mix to control setting properties. The chemical
reactions that take place when different constituent materials are combined can vary
depending on the properties of the individual materials. The materials can vary in their
chemical makeup.

Different Grades of Concrete and their Area of Application

• The different grades of concrete are given as M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and
M40.
• In the classification of concrete mix, the letter M denote Mix design and the Numbers
represent the predetermined works cube strength of 15cm cube after curing of 28 days
in N/mm2.
• M15 = 15N/mm2 compressive strength after 28 days.

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 Fig 07: - Casting and Concreting(Source- Field work)

Table 03: Grade and Ration of Concrete

Grade of Concrete Mix Ratio Compressive strength

(MPA)
(Cement: Sand: Gravel )

M5 1:5:10 5

M7.5 1:4:8 7.5

M10 1:3:6 10

M15 1:2:4 15

M20 1:1.5:3 20

M25 1:1:2 25

M30 Design mix 30

M35 Design mix 35

M40 Design mix 40

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8.1. CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETING

Cement
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar and many plasters. Cement generally refers to a very fine
powdery substance chiefly made up of limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), bauxite
(aluminum) and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay, blast furnace
slag, slate. The raw ingredients are processed in cement manufacturing plants and heated
to form a rock-hard substance, which is then ground into a fine powder to be sold. Cement
mixed with water causes a chemical reaction and forms a paste that sets and hardens to
bind individual structures of building materials.

Cement is a binding material that means it absorb moisture, in the presence of moisture it
undergoes chemical reaction called hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition
as long as it does not come in contacts with moisture. If cement is more then three months
old then it should be tested for strength before being taken into use. Portland Pozzolana
Cement (PPC) is obtained by either inter grinding pozzolana with clinker and gypsum, or
by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement . Nowadays quality fly ash is
available from thermal power plants which are processed and use in manufacturing of PPC.

Aggregates
Aggregates The majority of a concrete mixture is made up of both coarse and fine
aggregates, which help increase the strength of the concrete beyond. Recycled materials,
including blast furnace slag, glass (mostly for decorative purposes), and ground-up
concrete are starting to be used as concrete aggregates.

Aggregates of concrete generally divided into two categories: Fine and Course
Aggregates. Coarse aggregate: Big sizes aggregates in concrete are coarse aggregates. The
size of it varies between 1/2″ to 1.5″ depending on concrete mix design. Generally, crushed
stone or brick chips are used as coarse aggregate. Fine aggregate: The smaller size

21
aggregates in concrete are Fine aggregates. The FM (Fineness Modulus) of fine aggregates
can be between 1.2 to 2.5 depending on mix design. We use sand as fine aggregate in
concrete.

Fig 08:- Fine and Course Aggregate ( Source- internet )

Water
The most important concrete ingredient is water. Water can decrease and increase the
concrete strength. Water just starts and continues the chemical reaction of cement. The
high-water content in the concrete mix increases the workability of concrete but decreases
the strength. On the contrary, low water content increases the concrete strength but makes
concrete less workable. Other than these, there are some other ingredients used in the
concrete mix such as Admixture. Those are secondary ingredients and added to give
concrete a certain property.

Admixtures

Admixtures are artificial or natural materials added to the concrete besides cement, water
and aggregate to improve certain property of concrete during casting or setting or service
stage.

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• To improve workability of fresh concrete
• To improve durability by entrainment of air
• To reduce the water required
• To accelerate setting & hardening & thus to produce high early strength.

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 9. BRICKWORK

Brickwork is masonry done with brick and mortar and is generally used to build partition
walls. In our site, most of the walls were made of bricks, English bond was used and a
ratio of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 Coarse sand) and 1:6 were used depending upon whether that
wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches.

There are many checks that can be applied to see the quality of bricks used on the site.
Normally, the bricks are tested for Compressive strength, Water absorption, Dimensional
tolerance and efflorescence.

However, at small construction sites the quality of bricks can be addressed based on the
following, which is prevalent in many sites,

• visual checks - brick should be well burnt and of uniform shape and size.
• striking of two bricks together should produce a metallic ringing sound.
• It should have surface so hard that can't scratch by finger nail.
• A good brick should not break if dropped is standing position from 1 m above
ground.

Fig 09: - Brick Laying(Source- Field work)

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9.1. PLASTER WORK
plaster is a building material used for the protective and/or decorative coating of walls and
ceiling and for modeling and casting decorative elements. The most common type of plaster
mainly contains either gypsum, lime, or cement. but all work in similar way. The reaction
with water liberated heat through crystallization and hydrated the plaster then hardens.

plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tool or even sandpaper and can be
modulated, either on site or to make pre-formed section in advance, which are put in place
with adhesive. plaster is not a strong material. it is suitable for finishing rather than load
bearing and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supportive
framework, usually in metals.

Fig 10: - Plaster Before and After (Source- Field work)

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 10. RETAINING WALL

A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil,
when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the
soil. A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall.

Retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it.

10.1. Material for Retaining Wall

There are many types of materials that can be used to create retaining walls like concrete
blocks, poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders. Some are easy to use, others
have a shorter life span, but all can retain soil.

10.2. The Four Basic Types Of Retaining Walls

10.2.1. Gravity Retaining Wall

10.2.2. Cantilevered Retaining Wall

10.2.3. Sheet Piling Retaining Wall

10.2.4. Anchored Retaining Wall

10.2.1. Gravity retaining wall

The most basic of retaining walls, the gravity retaining wall uses sheer weight and mass to
hold the soil at bay. Since it’s mostly about weight, these retaining walls allow for the
widest amount of variety when it comes to materials. Bricks, pavers, and unmortared stone
are just a few options available, and dry-stacked stone is a very popular choice.

10.2.2. Cantilevered retaining wall

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Sometimes called a reinforced retaining wall from the steel bars that run through the
concrete or masonry retaining wall, the cantilevered retaining walls makes use of a
retaining wall affixed to a slab foundation that goes under the soil the wall is supporting in
an “L” shape. The weight of the above soil holds the slab down so that the wall cannot tip
forward. This style is favored in commercial retaining walls for its strength

10.2.3. Sheet Piling Retaining

A very basic kind of wall usually used when space is an issue, a sheet pile retaining wall is
a thin wall of steel, wood, or vinyl that is driven directly into the soil. Often these have a
vertically corrugated structure to provide additional reinforcement.

10.2.4. Anchored retaining wall

An anchored retaining wall allows for a variety of “fronts” of retaining walls to be

supported by anchors driven into the earth behind them and attached by cables or strips.
These anchors are usually mechanically driven into the ground and their ends expanded by
injecting pressurized concrete or mechanical means.

Fig 11 :- Retaining Wall(Source- Field work)

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 11. ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION

As an Intern is a trainee who has signed on with an organization for a brief period. An
intern's goal is to gain work experience, occasionally some university credit, and always
an overall feel for the industry they're interning in. Internships may be paid, partially
paid, or unpaid.

So what does an intern do exactly? That depends on the industry in question and the kind
of internship you’ve signed up for. Research internships come with a different set of roles
and responsibilities than, say, an internship geared toward easing you into a full-time
role.

An intern is primarily a support role – at least in the beginning. When you join up, your
main job will be to assist, learn, and grow. After you’ve settled in, you’ll be expected to
pull your own weight.

1. Assist in day-to-day tasks

2. Learn and gain experience

You’ll be expected to learn as much as you possibly can while you work, regardless of
the kind of internship you’ve signed up for. What kind of learning will you be doing? It
can be broken down into two main areas:

Picking up hard skills:

Hard skills are the technical skills you need to carry out your intern responsibilities, and
eventually job duties, successfully. Examples include learning how to operate a computer
program, drafting a company report, handling the company inventory, and maintaining
the company database.

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Brushing up on your soft skills:

Soft skills are as important as hard skills. Soft skills are all about your ability to relate to
people and building mutually-beneficial relationships. Examples are talking, listening,
conflict handling, time management, and development of empathy. You need soft skills
to manage clients, not to mention get along with your bosses and colleagues.

My work on field

• Calculate steel bar in beam casting.

• Calculate steel bar in slab.
• Calculate volume of concrete in casting of Footing and slab and retaining wall.
• Calculate area of basement and flooring.
• Calculate Cost and Estimation of Maintenance area.
• Calculate Bar Bending Schedule of Rigid Pavement, Footing.
• Checking Proportion of constituents of concrete by batching plant operator.
• Scheduling material and equipment purchase and deliveries.

Challenges Faced During Internship

• Shortage of knowledge in some portion or the work at the site.

• Underestimation by workers such as engineers and foremen.
• Unsatisfactory answer for question from engineer.
• Saftey Facilities.
• Wheather Conditions.

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 12. CONCLUSION

This internship is a bridge between theoretical knowledge and practical work at the
construction site. Mahalaxmi Associates is a leading real-estate developer company. And
it was a great learning experience.

The internship program played an important role to break the conventional throught process
that field work can only implemented by people who have experience in construction.

Working with a technical team helped me to upgrade my knowledge in different aspects of

work. every civil engineering project of this scale requires service of structural enginees,
mechanical engineers, plumbing, sanitry, electrical and supervision team includes site
coordinator, supervisors and labors. From my guide, I got some clues about how to design,
repairs, maintence work and its procedure. My industry guide or engineers gave me proper
insight as to how a construction project is carried out step by step and duty’s of engineers
to ensure the highest quality with in the stipulated budget.

The internship has given me the much needed exposures to the industry and made me aware
of the responsibilities. Overall the internship program has a laid a sound foundation to my
career as civil engineer.

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 13. REFERENCES

1. Handbook on repair and rehabilitation of rcc buildings published by director general

(works),central public works department, government ofindia, nirman bhawan.
2. IS 800:2007 for design of structure
3. IS 10262:2009 for concrete mix design proportioning
4. IS 383(1970) for specification for coarse and fine aggregate
5. “Concrete Structures Repair Rehabilitation And Retrofitting” by Bhattacharjee
6. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/repair-rehabilitation-concrete-structure-failure-
damage

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 ANNEXURES

1. NOC
2. Offer letter from company
3. Joining letter
4. Feedback by industry Guide

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NOC

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Offer Letter

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JOINING LETTER

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FEEDBACK FORM

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ATTENDANCE REPORT

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